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  • Ma 200 - Sampling Techniques

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    xandra joy abadeza
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    Sampling techniques are used to draw conclusions about populations from samples. A sample should be representative of the larger population to generalize results. There are challenges to directly measuring large or inaccessible populations which is where sampling provides benefits. Errors can occur from poor sample representation (sampling error), biases in selection (sampling bias), or issues in measurement (non-sampling error). Researchers minimize errors through random selection, pilot testing, and expert review of instruments. Sample size depends on the study design, with quantitative research requiring larger samples for breadth and qualitative research smaller samples for depth of findings.

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    Sampling techniques are used to draw conclusions about populations from samples. A sample should be representative of the larger population to generalize results. There are challenges to directly measuring large or inaccessible populations which is where sampling provides benefits. Errors can occur from poor sample representation (sampling error), biases in selection (sampling bias), or issues in measurement (non-sampling error). Researchers minimize errors through random selection, pilot testing, and expert review of instruments. Sample size depends on the study design, with quantitative research requiring larger samples for breadth and qualitative research smaller samples for depth of findings.

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    7 views14 pages

    Ma 200 - Sampling Techniques

    Uploaded by

    xandra joy abadeza
    Sampling techniques are used to draw conclusions about populations from samples. A sample should be representative of the larger population to generalize results. There are challenges to directly measuring large or inaccessible populations which is where sampling provides benefits. Errors can occur from poor sample representation (sampling error), biases in selection (sampling bias), or issues in measurement (non-sampling error). Researchers minimize errors through random selection, pilot testing, and expert review of instruments. Sample size depends on the study design, with quantitative research requiring larger samples for breadth and qualitative research smaller samples for depth of findings.

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    of 14

    SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

    Definition
    • A population is a group of individual units
    with some commonality
    • A sample is a group of people, objects or items
    that are taken from a larger population for
    measurement
    ▫ It should be representative of the population to
    allow generalization of result findings
    Purpose
    • To draw conclusions about populations from
    samples
    • Determine population’s characteristics by
    directly observing only a portion of the
    population
    Challenges to measuring populations
    • Large size
    • Inaccessibility
    ▫ GIDA, Under-reported cases, disaster survivors,
    sensitive cases
    • Destructiveness of the observation
    • Accuracy and sampling
    ▫ A sample may be more accurate than the total
    study population
    Sampling error
    • Poor representation of target population due
    solely to chance
    ▫ Can be corrected by using a large sample size
    Sampling bias
    • The tendency to favor the selection of
    participants that have particular characteristics
    • This happens due to
    ▫ Wrong study population
    ▫ Poor study design
    Non-sampling error
    • Also referred to as measurement error
    • Results solely from the manner in which the
    observations are made
    ▫ May be produced by participants
    ▫ May be an innocent byproduct of the sampling
    plans and procedures
    ▫ Ex: inaccurate tools, social desirability of the
    participants, personal biases of the researcher
    Minimizing errors
    • Interviewers’ effect
    • Respondent effect
    • Knowing the study purpose
    • Critique of research instruments by experts;
    pilot-testing
    Selecting the sample
    • Random method
    • Non-random
    ▫ Simple random
    sample method
    ▫ Systematic random – Convenience
    sample sample
    ▫ Stratified sample – Purposeful sample
    ▫ Cluster sample – Snowball/ chain
    sample
    Sample size
    • Based on a well-defined study population
    • In quantitative designs, it depends on the
    following:
    ▫ Type of data analysis to be performed
    ▫ Desired precision of the estimates
    ▫ Kind and number of comparisons
    ▫ Number of variable that will be simultaneously
    studied on
    ▫ Heterogeneity of the population
    Sample size
    • In qualitative designs, it depends on the
    following:
    ▫ What you want to know
    ▫ Purpose of the inquiry
    ▫ What is at stake
    ▫ What will be useful
    ▫ What will have credibility
    ▫ What can be done with available time and
    resources
    QUANTITATIVE DESIGN QUALITATIVE DESIGN

    Bigger sample size to Smaller sample size


    achieve breadth of to achieve depth of
    findings findings
    Sample size determination
    • Power calculation – test of hypothesis
    References
    • Sampling in Research from Education Centre,
    The Hillingdon Hospital. Email:
    gay.bineham@tnh.nhs.uk

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