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Idoc - Pub - 1997 Ubc Earthquake Design
Idoc - Pub - 1997 Ubc Earthquake Design
In this section, the various terms of the static base shear equation are examined in
more detail.
• I = importance factor.
o Classifying buildings according to use and importance.
• Essential facilities, hazardous facilities, special occupancy
structures, standard occupancy structures, miscellaneous
structures.
• Essential facilities mean that the building must remain
functioning in a catastrophe.
• Essential facilities include: hospitals, communication centers,
fire and police stations.
• Design for greater safety.
o '97 UBC Table 16-K.
• I = 1.25 for essential and hazardous facilities.
• I = 1.0 all others.
• T = building's fundamental period of vibration.
o Fundamental period of vibration is the length of time, in seconds, it
takes a structure to move through one complete cycle of free vibration
in the first mode.
• Nv and Na = near source factors that are applicable in only seismic zone 4.
They account for the very large ground accelerations that occur near the
seismic source (the fault).
o Nv is generally used with Cv for structures located < 9.3 miles (15km)
from the fault.
• Nv is found in '97 UBC Table 16-T
o Na is used with Ca for structures located < 6.2 miles (10 km) from the
fault.
• Na is found in '97 UBC Table 16-S.
o Both Na and Nv are based upon the type of seismic source, A-C. This
source type, and location of fault, must be established using approved
geotechnical data like a current USGS survey.
• Now that we have the base shear force, what type of induced forces act through the height of the
building?
o How to model the inertial force that acts opposite to yank of paper on the cereal box?
• Recall for wind loads
o First, calculate loads/pressures over the height of building.
o Then developed base values.
o These values are at the allowable stress level.
• In contrast, with seismic -
o First, determine base force.
o Then determine and distribute forces over the height of the building, called story forces,
Fx.
o There are two different sets of story forces distributed to the primary LFRS:
• For vertical elements, use Fx.
• For horizontal elements, use Fpx.
• Recall that the primary LFRS for a box building = horizontal diaphragms and
vertical shear walls.
o Then adjust these strength level forces by a redundancy/reliability factor, ρ, and an
allowable stress factor of 1.4 discussed further in item d, below.
and
Where:
.07TV ≤ .25V or
Ft
{ 0 if T ≤ .7 sec.
Where:
Eh = load developed from V, (like Fx or Fpx) or Fp, (the design force on a part of a
structure).
Ev = 0 for ASD
ρ = redundancy/reliability factor, discussed below.
o E is at strength level and must be divided by 1.4 for use in allowable stress design.
The application of 1.4 and p are shown in example one of this sub-module.
o The redundancy/reliability factor penalizes structures in seismic zones 3 and 4 that do not
have a reasonable number and distribution of lateral force resisting elements, such as shear
walls. These structures with a limited number of shearwalls are referred to as non-
redundant structures where the failure of one wall loads to the total collapse of the
structure.
Where:
o To maintain a ρ = 1.0, the minimum length of the most heavily loaded shea
wall is fixed as:
Develop the applicable seismic forces for a one-story, box-type industrial building
located in Southern California. Assume partially grouted CMU walls weighing 61
lb/ft2, a roof dead load of 9 psf, and the building is not located near (further than 9.3
miles) a seismic source. No geotechnical investigation was completed.
o Calculate V:
F1 = V = .244W
3. Story force for horizontal elements, Fp1
o In a one story masonry building with flexible diaphragms, recall that:
Fp1 = 1.125V
Fp1 = 1.125(.244)W = .275W
4. Calculate the diaphragm design forces in the transverse loading direction due
to seismic.
o To do this, need to first determine W, the weight of the structure that is
supported by the diaphragm.
• Consider this weight (and resulting force) on a per foot basis.
A 1' strip of dead load = the mass that causes the inertial forces on a
per foot basis in the diaphragm.
• Similarly in the longitudinal direction:
E = ρ Eh + 0
• Recall that r = 1.0 for this type of building when
•
o On the right-hand side of our building, a window occurs;
• Adjusting to ASD:
transverse:
Fp = 476/1.4 = 340 lb/ft
longitudinal:
Fp = 600/1.4 = 429 lb/ft
Where:
o the subscript "p" refers to elements or components (e.g. parts) of the structure.
o ap = in-structure component amplification factor found in '97 UBC Table 16-O
• ≤ ap ≤ 2.5
o Ca = seismic response spectrum value found in '97 UBC Table 16-Q.
o Rp = component response modification factor form '97 UBC Table 16-O
o hx = the location (elevation) of the attachment point of the part taken with respect to grade
o hr = the structure's roof elevation with respect to grade
o wp = the weight of the element or component under consideration
o Fp is at strength-level and must be adjusted by 1.4 to reduce it to ASD level.
o ρ = 1.0 for elements and components.
• A common calculation that makes use of this element's provision is to determine the seismic force
normal to a wall as shown in the following figure. A sample calcualtion is given in Example 2.
o Please note that there appears to be a height mistake and a code interpretation problem in
Breyer's Example 2.17
1. Diaphragm anchorage:
• Lateral forces acting perpendicular to the wall will tend to separate the wall from the
horizontal diaphragm.
o Must provide a positive anchorage system connecting masonry walls to
diaphragms, shown above as the "specially designed anchor".
• This anchorage must resist:
o Wind forces on wall element.
o Seismic force normal to the wall using UBC '97 Eqn 32-2. According to '97 UBC
1633.2.81:
• In seismic zones 3 and 4 with a flexible diaphragm, Rp = 3.0 and a
This apfactor essentially increases the design forces at the wall to diaphragm
by 50%.
• In seismic zone 4, the Fp for wall anchorage ≥ 420 lb/ft.
o Regardless of governing lateral force (wind vs. seismic) the code specifies a
minimum, strength-level, anchorage force of 280 lb/ft for concrete and masonry
walls ('97 UBC 1605.2.3 and 1611.4)
• Requirements about anchorage detailing for concrete or masonry walls:
o In seismic zones 3 and 4 ('97 UBC 1605.2.3)
• Use embedded straps that attach or hook around reinforcing steel or ensure
effective transfer of forces to steel.
• Limit anchor spacing to ≤ 4' unless wass are designed to resist bending
between anchors.
o In seismic zones 2, 3, and 4('97 UBC 1633.2.9.5)
• Anchorage shall not use nails in withdrawal or toe nails.
• Ledgers or framing shall not be used in cross-grain bending/tension, which
is shown in the following figure.
• To avoid these problems, use specially designed seismic ties that are known
as purlin anchors by Simpson Strong-Tie, a manufacturer of prefabricated,
light-gauge, steel connectors for wood construction.
• Continue with the previous example, Example 1, and examine the following:
6. Shear wall design force.
7. Lateral forces normal to the wall.
8. Shear wall overturning.
9. Shear wall drift.
b. The above unit shear shear wall forces were developed for the 50' end wall that had no
openings. What happens when the wall has openings, like th 15' on on the other end wall?
• The lateral load must be carried by the effective wall segments known as shear
panels if wood walls or piers if concrete or masonry walls.
• Different procedures are used to distribute the horizontal diaphragm reaction to the
effective wall segments, depending if wood or masonry walls.
o In shear panels, the unit shear is the same in every panel due to the
assumption that the panel force is inversely proportional to the panel length
o In piers, the pier force in inversely proportional to pier rigidity. The unit
shear in wider pier will be greater than the unit shear in a narrow pier.
• In this example, however, the endwall piers are the same with the same rigidities.
The unit shear in each 17.5' pier will be:
o It is assumed that the walls perpendicular to the ground motion span vertically between the
roof diaphragm and foundation.
a. Force on main wall using '97 UBC Eqn 32-2:
Also note: Fp = .587Wp is greater than .7(.44) (1.0)Wp = .308Wp and less than 4.0(.44)
(1.0)Wp= 1.76 Wp according to '97 UBC 1632.2
• Recall that if in seismic zones 3 or 4, ap for the main wall is increased to 1.5. This
increases the main wall force by 50% for use in anchorage force calculation.
• This exceeds the code minimum requirement of 420/1.4 = 300 lb/ft (at ASD level).
• Therefore, provide an anchorage system capable of resisting 520.8 lb/ft.
7. Overturning check on shearwalls:
o A lower factor of safety is permitted in seismic design vs. that used in wind because of the
transient and reversing nature of the seismic forces.
• The factor of safety is accounted for by reducing the resisting moment to dead load
by .9.
o Consider overturning of the short walls due to seismic forces acting in the transverse
building direction.
7. Story drift, ∆: