4.

Vehicle Maximal Braking Performances

We consider all four wheels braking with maximum forces. We will have to take into
account the followings:
➢ t – which is the total reaction time. It is the sum of the reaction time of the driver
(tc), and the reaction time of the braking system (ts) (tc + ts = 1 s + 0.36 s = 1.36 s)
➢ μ – the adhesion coefficient (between the tire and the ground) ( 0,85 - dry roads;
0,7 – dirt road; 0,6 - wet roads; 0,22 - snow; 0,1 – ice)
➢ α – the inclination of the ramp, on which the vehicle travels, and in our case it will
be 0, we will make the calculations on a flat road, to achieve the maximum braking
performances
➢ g – the gravitational acceleration
➢ s – the distance, during which the vehicle will stop completely

𝑣2
𝑠 =𝑣∗𝑡+
2 ∗ (𝜇 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ) ∗ 𝑔
➢ v – the speed of the vehicle, which will be used at the part of Ratios, and is
calculated by the
The computations, and the graphs were made in Matlab:
>> v=0:181; t=1.36; g=9.81; alfa=0;

>> u=0.85; u2=0.7; u3=0.6; u4=0.22; u5=0.1;

>> s=v*t+v.^2/(2*(u*cos(alfa)+sin(alfa))*g);

>> s2=v*t+v.^2/(2*(u2*cos(alfa)+sin(alfa))*g);

>> s3=v*t+v.^2/(2*(u3*cos(alfa)+sin(alfa))*g);
>> s4=v*t+v.^2/(2*(u4*cos(alfa)+sin(alfa))*g);

>> s5=v*t+v.^2/(2*(u5*cos(alfa)+sin(alfa))*g);
>> plot (v)

>> hold on
>> plot (v,s)

>> plot (v,s2)

>> plot (v,s3)

>> plot (v,s4)

>> plot (v,s5)

 300

Ice
250
Snow

Braking distance (s) [m]

Wet road
200
Dirt
Dry roads
150

100

50

Speed (v) [km/h]

Next we will represent the influence of ramp angles on the braking performances. For this,
we will consider dry conditions, and the calculations will be made for flat road surface, for
an ascending road for 10°, and for a road descending for 10°.

200
Braking distance [m]

150
Descending ramp (-10 ̊)

Flat road (0 ̊)
100
Ascending road (+10 ̊)

50

0
 The maximum speed of the vehicle will be calculated by the following equation:

𝐵𝑣 2 𝐴𝑣 3
3 3
𝐵𝑣 𝐵𝑣 𝐴𝑣 𝐵𝑣
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ + √( )2 + ( )3 − √− + √( ) + ( ) = 50,3 ≈ 181 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
2 2 3 2 2 3

where:
𝐺𝑖 ∗𝜓𝑣 𝜂𝑡𝑟 ∗𝑃𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐾 , and 𝐵𝑣 =
𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑟

Gi= 16481 N
ψv= 0,014
Sair= Bec* Hin=2.13 [m2]
Kair= ½ * ρair * Cx= ½* 1,225 * 0,3= 0,18
ηtr= 0,92 – for automobiles
Pvmax= 78 kW