Translation Quality Assessment of International Civil Aviation Rules of The Air Text

‫‪Islamic Azad University‬‬
‫‪Bandar Abbas Branch‬‬
‫‪Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of‬‬
‫‪M.A. in English Translation Studies‬‬
‫‪Translation Quality Assessment of International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air Text‬‬
‫‪Based on Julian House’s TQA Model‬‬
‫‪Supervisor:‬‬
‫‪Vafa Nadernia, Ph.D.‬‬
‫‪By:‬‬
‫‪Asghar Rakhshan‬‬
‫‪April 2021‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫دسترسی به این مدرک بر پایة آییننامة ثبت و اشاعة پیشنهادهها‪ ،‬پایاننامهها‪ ،‬و رسالههای تحصیل ت تکمیلی و صیانت از حقوق پدیدآوران در آنها ) وزار ت علوم‪ ،‬تحقیقا ت‪ ،‬فناوری به شمارة ‪/195929‬و تاریخ ‪ (1395/9/6‬از پایگاه اطلعا ت علمی ایران )گنج( در پژوهشگاه علوم و فننناوری‬
‫اطلعا ت ایران )ایرانداک( فراهم شده و استفاده از آن با رعایت کامل حقوق پدیدآوران و تنها برای هدفهای علمی‪ ،‬آموزشی‪ ،‬و پژوهشی و بر پایة قانون حمایت از مؤلفان‪ ،‬مصنفان‪ ،‬و هنرمندان )‪ (1348‬و الحاقا ت و اصلحا ت بعدی آن و سایر قوانین و مقررا ت مربوط شدنی است‪.‬‬
‫‪In the Name of Allah‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪Dedication‬‬
‫‪I dedicate this thesis to my family, specially my parents, my wife, and children. Without their‬‬
‫‪patience, understanding and support, the completion of this work would not have been possible.‬‬
‫‪III‬‬
Acknowledgment
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all of those who assisted me in writing this
thesis. At first, I really appreciate my supervisor, Dr. Vafa Nadernia, for his guidance and
patience throughout writing this thesis. He was an interminable source of support and
suggestion who led me to accomplish this thesis. Also, I would like to appreciate all of my
B.A. and M.A. professors and instructors; the staff of Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas
Branch. Finally, I am profoundly indebted to my parents and family members for their words
of support and encouragement.
IV
‫( از پایگاه اطلعا ت علمی ایران )گنج( در پژوهشگاه علوم و فننناوری‬1395/9/6 ‫و تاریخ‬/195929 ‫ فناوری به شمارة‬،‫ تحقیقا ت‬،‫ و رسالههای تحصیل ت تکمیلی و صیانت از حقوق پدیدآوران در آنها ) وزار ت علوم‬،‫ پایاننامهها‬،‫دسترسی به این مدرک بر پایة آییننامة ثبت و اشاعة پیشنهادهها‬
.‫( و الحاقا ت و اصلحا ت بعدی آن و سایر قوانین و مقررا ت مربوط شدنی است‬1348) ‫ و هنرمندان‬،‫ مصنفان‬،‫ و پژوهشی و بر پایة قانون حمایت از مؤلفان‬،‫ آموزشی‬،‫اطلعا ت ایران )ایرانداک( فراهم شده و استفاده از آن با رعایت کامل حقوق پدیدآوران و تنها برای هدفهای علمی‬
Table of Content
Dedication ............................................................................................................................... III
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................... IV
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... VII
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... VIII
List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. IX
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... X
Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1
1. Preliminaries .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Background of Study.................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................. 5
1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Significance of the Study............................................................................................ 5
1.6. Definition of Key Terms ........................................................................................... 7
1.7. Limitations and Delimitations of the Study............................................................... 9
1.8 The Outline of the Thesis ........................................................................................... 9
Chapter Two: Literature Review............................................................................................. 11
2.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 12
2.2. What is translation?........................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Translation as intercultural communication and social action .............................. 15
2.2.2 Translation as a cognitive process ......................................................................... 16
2.2.3 Translation and equivalence .................................................................................. 17
2.3. The Original House Model of Translation Quality Assessment ....................................... 17
2.3.1 What is a Translation Quality Assessment? .......................................................... 18
2.3.2 Overt translation .................................................................................................... 19
2.3.3 Covert translation .................................................................................................. 19
2.3.4 Field ....................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.5 Tenor...................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.6 Mode...................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.7 Overtly erroneous errors ........................................................................................ 20
2.3.8 Covertly erroneous errors ...................................................................................... 20
2.3.9 Genre ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.4. Literature Review.............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter Three: Method ............................................................................................................ 26
3.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 27
3.2. Participants........................................................................................................................ 28
3.3. Materials............................................................................................................................ 28
3.4. Instruments........................................................................................................................ 29
3.4.1 Identifying Covert Errors ...................................................................................... 31
3.4.1.1 Source Text (ST) Profile................................................................................ 32
3.4.1.2 Target Text (TT) Profile ................................................................................ 36
3.4.2 Source Text and Target Text Profiles Side-by-Side Comparison ......................... 38
3.4.3. Identifying Overt Errors ....................................................................................... 39
3.4.3.1 Not Translated ............................................................................................... 39
3.4.3.2 Slight Change in Meaning ............................................................................. 39
3.4.3.3 Significant Change in Meaning ..................................................................... 39
3.4.3.4 Distortion of Meaning.................................................................................... 39
3.4.3.5 Breach of the TL System ............................................................................... 40
3.4.3.6 Creative Translation....................................................................................... 40
3.4.3.7 Cultural Filtering ........................................................................................... 40
3.4.3.8 Grammatical Mismatches .............................................................................. 40
3.5. Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 41
3.6. Data Analysis........................................................................................................... 42
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion ..................................................................................... 43
4.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 44
4.1.1 Respond to the research questions......................................................................... 44
4.2. Discussion............................................................................................................... 45
4.2.1 Identifying Covert Errors.................................................................................. 45
4.2.3 Identifying Overt Errors ................................................................................... 50
Chapter Five: Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 54
5.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 55
5.2. Summary of the study ....................................................................................................... 55
5.3. Conclusion of the study .................................................................................................... 56
5.4. Implications of the study................................................................................................... 56
5.5 Suggestions for further research ........................................................................................ 58
References ................................................................................................................................ 59
Appendices............................................................................................................................... 61
VI
List of Tables
Table 1: Juliane House Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) Model ................................. 31
Table 2: Translation Errors based on Juliane House TQA Model ........................................... 32
Table 3: Source Text Profile: Field.......................................................................................... 32
Table 4: Source Text Profile: Tenor ........................................................................................ 33
Table 5: Source Text Profile: Mode......................................................................................... 34
Table 6: Source Text Profile: Genre and Function .................................................................. 35
Table 7: Summary of Source Text Profile ............................................................................... 35
Table 8: Target Text Profile: Field .......................................................................................... 36
Table 9: Target Text Profile: Tenor ......................................................................................... 36
Table 10: Target Text Profile................................................................................................... 37
Table 11: Target Text Profile: Genre and Function ................................................................. 37
Table 12: Summary of Target Text Profile .............................................................................. 38
Table 13: Source Text and Target Text Profiles Side-by-Side Comparison ........................... 39
Table 14: The Results of Overt Errors ..................................................................................... 40
Table 15: Source Text Profile: Field........................................................................................ 45
Table 16: Source Text Profile: Tenor ...................................................................................... 45
Table 17: Source Text Profile: Mode....................................................................................... 46
Table 18: Source Text Profile: Genre and Function ................................................................ 47
Table 19: The Summary of Source Text Profile ...................................................................... 47
Table 20: The Target Text Profile: Field ................................................................................. 48
Table 21: The Target Text Profile: Tenor ................................................................................ 48
Table 22: The Target Text Profile: Mode ................................................................................ 49
Table 23: Target Text Profile: Genre and Function ................................................................. 49
Table 24: The Summary of the Target Text Profile................................................................. 50
Table 25: Overt Errors ............................................................................................................. 50
VII
‫‪List of Figures‬‬
‫‪Figure 1: Overt Errors .............................................................................................................. 53‬‬
‫‪Figure 2: Total Frequency of Covert Errors ............................................................................ 53‬‬
‫‪VIII‬‬
‫‪List of Abbreviations‬‬
‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪Source Language‬‬
‫‪ST‬‬ ‫‪Source Text‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪Target Language‬‬
‫‪TQA Translation Quality Assessment‬‬
‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪Target Text/ Translated Text‬‬
‫‪vs.‬‬ ‫‪Versus‬‬
‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪That is‬‬
‫‪IX‬‬
Abstract
It is through translation that all people know about all developments in communication and
technology and keep up to date of latest discoveries in various field of knowledge, and also
have access through translation to literature of several languages and to different events
happing in the world. Translation, thus, refers to an incredibly board notion which can be
understood in many different ways. This research focuses on the translation of an aviation text
as one of the scientific and informative types based on House’s model. The reason for selecting
aviation text is a growing demand of knowledge to the public in this field. Therefore, there is
a call for translation of this works into Persian. To do this end, an English scientific text named
International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air Texts has been selected. The English and Persian
versions of this text were considered as the source and target texts of present research which
are supposed to be compared based on House's TQA model. The researcher attempted to
discover the compliance of overt and covert translation based on Julian House’s Model and
intended to consider mismatches and errors that might have occurred in both translation product
and process.
Keywords: Translation Studies, Translation Quality Assessment, Julian House, Aviation Rules
‫‪Chapter One: Introduction‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
1. Preliminaries
1.1 Background of Study
In these days, translation is an unavailable need on the world, and it is impossible to conceive
a world without translation. It is a wonder that has a huge effect on every day's life. According
to Hatim and Munday (2004), this could range from the translation of a key international treaty
to the following multilingual posters that welcome customers to a small restaurant. Thus, the
translation is both a process and a product. The translator should go over the text, read it,
analyze it and understand every word and then should change it to other language. Newmark
(1988) says that translator is a researcher.
It is through translation that all people know about all developments in communication
and technology and keep up to date of latest discoveries in various field of knowledge, and also
have access through translation to literature of several languages and to different events
happing in the world. Translation, thus, refers to an incredibly board notion which can be
understood in many different ways. Hatim and Munday (2004;124) argue that Jacobson (1959)
distinguish three ways of interpreting a verbal sign. These three kinds of translation are to be
differently labeled:
1) Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of
other signs of the same language.
2) Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of some other language.
3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of signs of nonverbal sign system.
House (1997:31-32) who sees translation as “replacement of a text in source language by
a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in target language. Thus, an adequate
translation text is a pragmatically and semantically equivalent one. As first requirements for
this equivalence, it is posited that a translation text has function equivalent to that of its source
text”. According to Larson (1984:54), translator wants to compare translation with source text
at several points to be sure no addition, deletions, or change of information have not crept in.
It is very important that sufficient time and effort be given to assessment.
As English become the universal language, most of scientific researches are written in
English all over the world. There is a growing demand for communicating scientific knowledge
to the public in the form of popular science magazines and TV documentaries as well as
encyclopedias and books. Consequently, there is also an increasing call for translation of these
works into language for the everyman reader. It is, therefore, essential for translator and
translation trainees to be aware of the translation problems that such popularization may pose
and the factors that affect the quality of translations of such writings.
Judgments on the quality of a translation depend on a variety of factors. Except
linguistic elements, the translator’s interpretation of the text, the reason of the translation, the
readers, variety of publishing and marketing policies which are social factors affect the
translation quality and make the task of criticism difficult (House,2009). It is important that an
evaluator be aware of the difference between (linguistic) analysis and (social) judgments
(House, 2001a). It has been said that the aim of each translation work is to present a good
translation or a good target text. Before assessing a translation, evaluators or the people who
assess translation should focus on this trend.
Quality is certainly an important issue in modern industry and scientific writings.
Consequently, industrial customers come up with quality requirements for translation of their
documentation and localized products. Readers often perceive the end-product of translation,
which means target text, as the only material available for scrutiny. In fact, scientific translation
has been regarded by many translation scholars as the most crucial one. Therefore, most of
these scholars pay their attention to the controversial and problematic issues in translation of
scientific texts.
This research focuses on the translation of an aviation text as one of the scientific and
informative types based on House’s model. The reason for selecting aviation text is a growing
demand of knowledge to the public in this field. Therefore, there is a call for translation of this
works into Persian. To do this end, an English scientific text named International Civil Aviation
Rules of the Air Texts has been selected. The English and Persian versions of this text were
considered as the source and target texts of present research which are supposed to be compared
based on House's TQA model. The researcher attempted to discover the compliance of overt
and covert translation based on Julian House’s Model and intended to consider mismatches and
errors that might have occurred in both translation product and process.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The evaluation of a translation as good or poor is the main concern of Translation Quality
Assessment (TQA) approaches. The main issue is how to measure and express this quality.
There have been many attempts to find the way(s) in order to tackle these issues and evaluate
the quality of a translated work. One of the most recent and applicable approach is the
Translation Quality Assessment Model (1977) provided by German scholar Julian House, in
which she states her model as discourse-based TQA model. In fact, she has considered almost
all kind of texts and translation theories in her study and provides two types of translation as
overt and covert ones.
The purpose of this research is to assess one aviation text called International Civil
Aviation Rules of the Air Texts to discover if it is a covert or overt translation based on House
model. Nowadays aviation texts have many adherents in Iran. The books of this course mostly
are in English; therefore, it is essential for the translator to be aware of the correct translation.
Although, aviation group are able to infer and understand the aviation texts and new words in
English source text, but it is more difficult especially for new aviation students to appreciate
these words, if there wouldn’t be a proper equivalence in Persian. This study is suitable for
aviation group students and aviation authorities as well as academic scholars to make better
decisions in preparing aviation texts in Persian.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objective of present research is to apply Julianne House’s model in assessing the Persian
translation of Aviation text named International Civil Aviation, by using House’s translation
quality assessment model and identifying overt and covert translation. In fact, present research
endeavors to find out what type of overt and covert translation has been followed in the Persian
translation of the International Civil Aviation by the translator.
The findings of current study are helpful to trainers of would-be translators of scientific
texts as a secondary source in learning and teaching process. They are also suitable for aviation
group students and aviation authorities as well as academic scholars to make better decisions
in preparing aviation texts in Persian.
1.4 Research Questions
The present study attempts to answer the following questions:
1) Which of the overt and covert methods of House’s TQA Model is more applicable
for the translation quality assessment of International Civil Aviation Text?
2) Is the Persian translation of International Civil Aviation in compliance with covert
and overt translation of House TQA model?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The translation of scientific texts is an essential need in the modern world which can contribute
to the modernization of our language. Therefore, there are a lot of investigations dedicated to
the translation of these texts. It seems that many non-professionals and semi-professionals
translators undertake the task of translating; therefore, evaluating the translation is a necessary
and sometimes urgent need.
It is obvious that the audiences of translated scientific text are student communities
which are a decisive factor in the selection of appropriate equivalents such as words, styles etc.
Besides this group, there might be some smaller group of people interested in understanding
the happening of scientific world for the sake of knowledge. From this point of view, the
scientific literature may be placed in three categories: a) Text addressed to common mass, b)
Student community c) Expert group (Ghadi, 2010). Then there is a demand for translation of
these texts into different language. But as translation studies is not a homogeneous discipline,
and the linguistic model has largely been replaced (or at least complement) by other
approaches, each of which contributes more insights to the understanding of the complex
phenomenon of translation, and applies partly different criteria to translation quality
assessment (Schaffner, 1998:1). So, it seems reasonable to provide a useful framework to
assess the quality of scientific translation. Among different translation quality assessment
models, House’s approach seems to be promising one to assess scientific translation.
Consequently, this research aim at detailed investigation of the” Aviation Texts” based on
House’s model a power to predict the errors and evaluation in Persian translation of scientific
texts.
In this study, the assessment will be carried out on one professional scientific text
namely, International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air Texts. Then this source is assessed with
its Persian translations rendered by Ali Erfanian. Since House (1997) believes that the scientific
texts should be translated covertly, in this study, her model will be examined to see if the
selected Persian translation of the “Aviation Texts” is covert or overt.
1.6. Definition of Key Terms
The following terms make up the kernel of the present study. So, it seems necessary for them
to be operationally defined.
Translation:
is replacement of one of language known as source language with another that is known as
target. “The process is usually an interlingua translation in which the message in source
language text is rendered as a target text in a different language”. (House, 2009, p.4)
Translation Quality Assessment (TQA):
The evaluation of a translation as good or poor is the main concern of translation quality
assessment approaches. In the field of translation studies have suggested different method for
evaluation a translation. The first applicable model for comparing a source text to a translation
text was Wilss (2001). His model considers syntax, semantic and pragmatic and on each level
the translation is evaluated. This is also the kind of model that Julianne House presented in
1977 and revived in 1997 and which will have use in the study.
Overt Translation:
Overt translation is a kind of translation in which TT addressers are not directly addressed.
Overt translation is a translation of the target text which is meant to be the same as the same
the source text. In spite of that, the target text still refers to the source text so that its
equivalences must be sought at the level of language or text, register, and genre. It is tied to
source language and culture and should be remained as intact as possible. It is a straight forward
translation and has got less culture problems than the covert one. Overt translations are divided
into two types: overt Historically-linked and overt Timeless translation” (House, 1997, p. 65).
Covert Translation:
Covert translation is a translation of the target text which is a not meant to be the same as the
source text. In spite of that, the target text still refers to the source text so that its equivalences
must be sought at the level of language or text, register, and genre” (House, 1997, p.65).
Translation Quality Assessment (TQA)
Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is a type of evaluation. Evaluation is taken to mean the
determination of merit, worth, or significance of a text. By extension, “evaluation” involves
asking a question that has challenged thinkers from the earliest time: Is a particular thing good?
(Williams, 2009). Just like evaluation in the broad sense, TQA can be quantitative or
qualitative: it can be based on mathematical/statistical measurement, as in the case of most
academic instruments, or on readers’ responses, interviews and questionnaires.
Julian House’s TQA Model
Translation Quality Assessment Model provided by the German scholar Juliane House is based
on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory (SFT). It provides the means for the analysis and
comparison of an original text and its translation on three different levels: Language/Text,
Register (Field, Mode and Tenor) and Genre. Also, House’s model is based on pragmatic
theories of language use, and the notion of "equivalence". That is to say, translation is
constituted by a "double _binding" relationship both to its source and to the communicative
conditions of the receiving lingua- culture: (language that includes not only elements such as
grammar and vocabulary, but also past knowledge, local and cultural information, habits and
behaviors), and it is the concept of equivalence which captures this relationship (House, 2001).
Based on Hallidayan systemic- functional model, Julian House introduced her
functional-pragmatic model for evaluating translation quality assessment in 1977 and revisited
in1997. Her model is based on a retrospective comparison of source and Target Texts (TT).
She believed that good assessment of translation can be achieved through ST-TT comparison.
She applied register parameters such as field, tenor and mode to translation. Her model centers
on semantic, pragmatic and textual aspects of meaning in translation. She divides translation
into Overt and Covert types and by comparing these two and finding mismatches and errors,
she determines the quality of a translation.
Translation can be defined as a process done by a translator through which a written
text from the source language, which is called Source Text (ST), is transferred to a written text
in the target language, which is called Target Text (TT), in a specific socio-cultural context.
Being able to translate both textual and contextual meaning of the ST has been considered a
crucial matter in the process of translation. Translation is like a sharp blade and good translation
can ease international communication, world trade, cultural exchanges. This necessitates
translation quality assessment as an evaluative tool for error prevention and improving
translation quality.
1.7. Limitations and Delimitations of the Study
This study investigates at the first, translation quality assessment of Aviation Texts based on
House’s model only, so other models of TQA have been excluded from this research. Second,
it performs only scientific text as the source text; therefore, the study could have considered
more texts on different genre even it could be on some other Aviation Text.
1.8 The Outline of the Thesis
In the first chapter, the researcher focuses on a brief introduction about the topic of this
research. It includes statement of the problem, research questions, significance of the study,
research design, key terms, and limitations and delimitations of the study. In second chapter,
the researcher will focus on a detailed literature review about the corpus of existing literature
on the topic. In this chapter, all related studies performed on translation of aviation texts are
examined in order to find out the similarities and differences in the existing literature.
In chapter three, the researcher concentrates on the methodology of the thesis. House’s
(1998) Model for Translation Quality Assessment, is one of the most recent and applicable
ones as she has considered almost all kinds of texts and translational theories in her study. Her
model provided for the analysis and comparison of an original and its translation on two
different levels: the situational dimensions of Register (Field, Tenor and Mode) and the level
of Genre. Field of a text refers to its subject matter, while tenor refers to the participant
relationship, social action, author’s provenance and stance, participation, social role
relationship, and social attitude. And mode is associated with medium which can be simple
(written) or complex (written to be spoken as if not written).
In chapter four, the researcher will implement the data analysis and come to the results.
In this chapter, a comprehensive discussion will be made on the results of this research. In
chapter five, the researcher will come to an end and concludes the main issue. He will also talk
about implications of the study along with more suggestions for further studies.
10
‫‪Chapter Two: Literature Review‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
2.1. Introduction
The evaluation of a translation as good or poor is the main concern of Translation Quality
Assessment (TQA) approaches. The main issue is how to measure and express this quality.
There have been many attempts to find the way in order to tackle these issues and evaluate the
quality of a translated work. However, it seems that from among these many approaches, a few
of them sound promising and one of the promising approaches is the Translation Quality
Assessment Model provided by the German scholar Juliane House. This assessment model
(House, 1997) is based on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory (SFT).
According to Williams (2009), concern for excellence in translation, especially
translation of literary and religious works, has existed for long time. In the same position, in
Iran, there have been discussions, debates, and approaches about quality of translation and how
good a translation of a text should be. Translators, translation companies and translation
services of governments and international organizations must all be accountable for the quality
of their product. Yet the question of how to judge that quality can be very difficult. This
judgment is different from a person to another and it depends on type of the text. The serious
issue is concerning the quality of translation of literary works. Every community has its own
specific culture, traditions, and language with different structures. Evaluating a translation is a
necessary and sometimes urgent need in most countries including Iran (Shakernia, 2014).
Translation is both a cognitive procedure which occurs in a human beings, the
translators and a social, cross-linguistic and cross-cultural practice. Any valid theory of
translation must embrace these two aspects. To do this, a multidisciplinary approach to
translation theory integrating these aspects in a plausible manner is needed. Further, a theory
of translation is not possible without a reflection on the role of one of its core concepts, that is,
equivalence in translation. Looking at equivalence leads directly into a discussion of how one
12
would go about assessing the quality of a translation. Translation quality assessment can thus
be said to be at the heart of any theory of translation (House, 2015).
In current decades, we have observed an extremely one-sided switch in the field of
translation studies towards observing translation as a mainly social, cultural, political, moral
and ideology-dominated affair. Although such concerns are of course necessary and valuable,
you need to not forget that translation is, at the core, a linguistic take action (House, 2015).
2.2. What is translation?

Translation can be defined as the result of a linguistic-textual operation in which a text in one
language is re-contextualized in another language. As a linguistic textual operation, translation
is, however, subject to, and substantially influenced by a variety of extra-linguistic factors and
conditions. It is this interaction between ‘inner’ linguistic-textual and ‘outer’ extra-linguistic,
contextual factors that makes translation such a complex phenomenon. Some of the interacting
factors we need to consider when looking at translation are:
• The structural characteristics, the expressive potential and the constraints of the two
languages involved in translation.
• The extra-linguistic world which is ‘cut up’ in different ways by source and target
languages.
• The Source Text (ST) with its linguistic-stylistic-aesthetic features that belong to the
norms of usage holding in the source lingua-cultural community.
• The linguistic-stylistic-aesthetic norms of the target lingua-cultural community.
• The target language norms internalized by the translator.
• Intersexuality governing the totality of the text in the target culture.
• Traditions, principles, histories and ideologies of translation holding in the target
lingua-cultural community.
13
• The translational ‘brief’ given to the translator by the person (s) or institution
commissioning the translation.
So, while translation is, as stated above, at its core a linguistic-textual operation, a
multitude of other conditioning and constraining factors also routinely pinged on its processes,
performance and of course on translation quality. However, it is well-nigh impossible for any
practicable model of translation quality assessment to take into account all of these factors,
much less so in an essentially text-based model such as my own. So, we would maintain that
despite the multiple conditioning of translation and the resulting complexity, one may still, as
a common core, retain the minimal definition of translation as a replacement of an original text
in one language with a text in another language.
Viewed this way, translation is by definition a secondary act of communication.
Normally, a communicative event happens only once. In translation, this communicative event
is reduplicated for persons or groups otherwise prevented from appreciating the original
communicative event. More positively, however, translation can be seen as enabling – often
for the first time – original access to a different world of knowledge, to different traditions and
ideas that would otherwise have been locked away behind a language barrier. From this
perspective, translation has often been described as a builder of bridges, an extender of
horizons, providing recipients with an important service and enabling them to move beyond
the borders of the world staked out by their own language (House, 2015).
It is through translation that lingua-cultural barriers can be overcome. So, translation is
one of the most important mediators between societies and cultures. But despite all these assets,
it remains a fact that translation only gives readers access to a message which already exists
(House, 2015). This inherently ‘derived nature’ of translation also means that, in translation,
there is always both an orientation backwards to the existing previous message of the original
text and an orientation forwards towards how texts in a corresponding genre are composed in
14
the target language. This type of ‘double-blind’ relationship is a basic characteristic of
translation which should not be forgotten.
2.2.1 Translation as intercultural communication and social action
As expressed above, interpretation isn't just a phonetic demonstration; it is additionally an
activity of correspondence across civic establishments. Nida (1964) saw interpretation as one
of the significant methods for building portrayals of different societies. He unmistakably
recognized that interpretation consistently involves both various dialects and various societies
essentially on the grounds that the two can't be flawlessly isolated. Language is socially
inserted: it serves to communicate and shape social reality, and the implications of
etymological units must be perceived when considered along with the social settings where
they emerge, and in which they are utilized. In interpretation, consequently, two dialects as
well as two societies perpetually come into contact. In this sense, at that point, interpretation is
a type of intercultural correspondence.
Well beyond perceiving the significance of the two bigger large scale social structures, be that
as it may, the interpreter should obviously likewise consider the more quick 'setting of circumstance'.
This more nearby situational setting has to do with inquiries concerning who composed the content,
when, why, for whom, and who is currently understanding it, and for what reason, and so forth These
inquiries, thus, are reflected in how a content is composed, deciphered, read and utilized. The setting of
circumstance is itself implanted in the bigger socio-social world as it is portrayed in the content and in
reality .
The innately intelligent nature of translational activity uncovers itself in an interpreter's
attention on the situatedness of a book, and their acknowledgment of the cozy interconnectedness of
text and setting. As writings traverse time, space and various orders of indexicality in interpretation,
they should be re-contextualized. Investigating text in setting is in this manner the lone method of
investigating text for the motivations behind interpretation as re-contextualization (House 2006a). As
of late, such reconceptualization in interpretation has included settings portraye d by drastically
15
inconsistent force relations between people, gatherings, dialects and literary works. In these cases,
interpreters are approached to assume a significant part in breaking down, addressing or opposing
existing influence structures (Al-Qinai, 2000; Gehrmann, 2014; Richards and Schmidt, 2002;
Waddington, 2001; Williams, 2009). In these unique situations, interpretations don't just capacity as
strife intervening and settling activities but instead as spaces where pressures are flagged and power
battles are worked out. A limit instance of such pressures is the situating of interpreters in zones of war.
In such a specific circumstance, interpretation researchers have as of late took a gander at the effect the
presentation of interpreters hosts had on the various gatherings in combat areas, regardless of whether
and how interpreters adjust themselves to their bosses or transparently decline to do as such, and how
actually elaborate they become in circumstances of contention and viciousness (J House, 2006a) .
One more late improvement of viewing at interpretation as a socio-social marvel is the worry
with inquiries of morals in interpretation (see for example (Alves et al., 2010 )). This worry goes
connected at the hip with the expanded perceivability of interpreters through their contribution in fierce
clashes and different dissident interpreter gatherings, lobbyist focuses and locales and the attendant
more extensive attention to the part of interpreters in making straightforward basic liberties issues and
the concealment of minorities.
2.2.2 Translation as a cognitive process
Notwithstanding the relational logical way to deal with equal ways, there is another significant new
pattern that shows up at interpretation as a psychological interaction. Psyc hological parts of
interpretation explicitly the cycle of interpretation in the interpreter's brain have been explored for more
than 30 years, with a new upsurge of interest in issues identifying with interpretation as a scholarly
interaction (Alves et al., 2010) .
Nonetheless a worry with new innovative and exploratory methods for tapping the scholarly
cycle of interpretation, another mix of a hypothesis of interpretation and of a neu ro-useful hypothesis
of bilingualism has likewise as of late been proposed (J. House, 2015). This new etymological
psychological direction in interpretation considers rises out of a basic evaluation of the quality and
16
dependability of reflective and review verbally processing contemplated and of different conduct tests
and the helpfulness and pertinence of ongoing bilingual neuro-imaging examines .
Thought about together, interpretation should be respected from two viewpoints: a social
perspective, which assesses the full scale and miniature context oriented imperatives that encroach on
interpretation, and an intellectual perspective, which focuses on the 'interior' way an interpreter will
approach their assignment of deciphering. The two are corresponding, and both can be separated into
various spaces and regions of request (House, 2015).
2.2.3 Translation and equivalence
As indicated by (Rodrigues, 1996), the choice of potential counterparts depends on the (situational and
social) setting yet in addition on a large group of various elements, for example, text type (sort), reason
or capacity of the interpretation, and the idea of the imagined addressees. Numerous interpretation
researchers today concur that proportionality is to be perceived as a rough idea (Rodrigues, 1996)–
fundamentally so in view of the gigantic intricacy of any translational demonstration. As referenced
above, interpretation is consistently dependent upon syntactic, lexical-semantic, expressed
phraseological, and classification and register-related imperatives just as extra-text based, relevant, and
situational limitations .
A new thought of proportionality originates from Pym (2010). Pym proposed the presence of
two essential sorts of identicalness: regular equality, existing autonomously of the interpreter's
activities, and directional comparability, for example comparability from the source language to the
objective language. Pym accepts that directional comparability rises up out of an interpreter's very own
printed choices. How the presence of these two sorts of equality and undoubtedly the contrast between
the two can be experimentally tried remaining parts anyway an open inquiry. As expressed above,
comparability has to do with the degree to which the interpreter figures out how to arrange the semantic
and relevant conditions and imperatives that underlie and convolute any demonstration of interpretation.
2.3. The Original House Model of Translation Quality Assessment

The first House model of interpretation quality evaluation (1977, second ed. 1981) depends on
hypotheses of language use. It was intended to give an investigation of the semantic discoursal just as
17
the situational-social particularities of firsts and deciphered writings, a principled correlation of the two
writings, and an assessment of their relative match. The model is a mixed one and depend s on sober
minded hypothesis, Hallidayan foundational utilitarian semantics, thoughts created in the system of the
Prague school of language and etymology, register hypothesis, stylistics, and talk examination .
This appraisal model (House, 1997) depends on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory (SFT).
It gives the way to the investigation and examination of a unique book and its interpretation on three
distinct levels: Language/Text, Register (Field, Mode, and Tenor), and Genre. In light of this model,
initial, a pilot study was done to test the practicality of executing the model. Likewise, House's model
depends on down to earth speculations of language use, and the thought of "equality": interpretation is
established by a "twofold _binding" relationship both to its source and to the open states of the accepting
lingua-culture (language that incorporates components like punctuation and jargon, yet additionally past
information, nearby and social data, propensities and practices), and it is the idea of proportionality
which catches this relationship (House, 2001).
2.3.1 What is a Translation Quality Assessment?
Since its presentation in 1959, Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) has been among the most tended
to explore points in interpretation considers. During ongoing years, there has been an essential
expansion in the investigation of TQA. Different strategies have gone ahead of the scene. Albeit these
strategies depend on logical hypotheses, a large portion of them has stayed at the degree of hypothesis.
Juliane House's model is among those strategies which are applied in various TQA explores .
Juliane House (1976) has respected practically all translational hypotheses in her book as
Mentalist see; Response–based view; and Discourse and text-based perspectives. She has expressed that
her view is a piece of talk-based speculations which she has explained on her model later on. As
indicated by her "comparability" is the crucial basis of interpretation quality .House, in her model, has
presented two kinds of interpretation which are reasonable for various writings dependent on their
situational measurements and useful equality. These two translational sorts are plain and clandestine
interpretations.
18
2.3.2 Overt translation
Overt translation is a kind of translation in which Target Text (TT) addressees are not directly
addressed. It is tied to the source language and culture.Overt translation is a kind of translation
in which TT addresses are not directly addressed. It is overtly a translation. It is also tied to t he
source language and culture. It should remain as intact as possible. It is a straight forward
translation. Overt translation has got less cultural problems than covert one (House, 2001).
2.3.3 Covert translation
It is a kind of translation that enjoys the status of an original ST in the target culture. This
translation type is directly addressed to a target culture audience. In a covert translation, ST
and TT are pragmatically of equal concern for source and target language addressees. Covert
translation needs cultural filter; hence, there are two kinds of cultural filters. Justified cultural
filter is a cultural filter in which the translator thinks that a TT addressee does not share any
knowledge of ST culture. Unjustified cultural filter is a cultural filter in which a translator
makes some changes in the dimensions of social role, attitude, and participation of the
addresser with his addresses (House, 2001).
2.3.4 Field
Field refers to the subject matter and social action and covers the specify of lexical items. Field
captures the subject matter or topic. It is identical as the same in the original and the translation.
It can be said that the two texts are equivalent in propositional content, that is, in what the
author is talking about or what the text is about (House, 2001).
2.3.5 Tenor
Tenor includes the addresser's temporal, geographical and social provenance as well as his or
her intellectual, emotional or affective stance. Social attitude refers to formal, consultative or
informal style. It refers to the nature of the participants, the author and his or her addressees,
19
the relationship between them in terms of social power and familiarity. How the author relates
to the reader and maybe to the persons depicted in the text. How the author and readers relate
to each other through the text. Equivalence of tenor would mean that two texts represent the
same kind of interpersonal interaction (House, 2001).
2.3.6 Mode
Mode relates to channel of communication and the degree of participation between addresser
and addressee (monologue, dialogue, etc.) how the text is actually manifested, how its parts fit
together as a text and the medium which is used. Equivalence in the dimension of Mode relates
to the means whereby the communication is enacted. (House, 2001).
2.3.7 Overtly erroneous errors
The result of not exactly considering the context of the ST, not taking into consideration the
nuances of meaning the ST embraced, misreading the ST, not paying enough attention to the
cultural differences between the ST and the TT and also the fact that the ST is a play.These
errors are categorized into four categories: 1) Not Translated; 2) Slight Change in Meaning;
3) Significant Change in Meaning; 4) Distortion of Meaning (House, 2001).
2.3.8 Covertly erroneous errors
The mismatch between the author’s provenance and stance (i.e., playwright and poet) and that
of the translator’s (i.e., university instructor and translator) could have been avoided if a
playwright and/or a poet had translated the ST (House, 2001).
2.3.9 Genre
Different types of a scientific and literary forms such as: legal and technical texts as well as
tragedy, comedy, farce, gothic and etc. are within this domaine. In other words, it links text to
culture, in such a way that an individual textual exemplar is related to the shared knowledge
about the nature of other similar texts with which this text shares a communicative purpose.
20
These are examples of the different genres: a market report, a scientific paper, a letter to
shareholders. All of these are culturally determined communicative events which are textually
realized by specific configurations of lexical and grammatical units (House, 1997).
2.4. Literature Review

Translation has come to be considered as "a complex linguistic process carried out by a
professional practitioner who has to maintain a delicate balance when bridging languages and
cultures."(Gonzalez Davies, 2004). According to Merriam Webster Dictionary (1992),
translation is defined as changing from one state of the form to another. The translation is the
act of rendering materials from one language into another. This is the simplest definition of
translation but it has been variously defined by different scholars.
Interpretation, as per (Benhaddou, 1991)," comprises of considering the vocabulary,
syntactic construction, correspondence circumstance, and social setting of the source language
text. Interpretation examines have arisen in the course of recent years as another global and
interdisciplinary scholastic field. In the time frame between the fifties and the seventies,
interpretation examines shaped an indispensable piece of applied and general semantics which
was viewed as the sole wellspring of interpretation contemplates .
James Holmes (1988 [1972]) was the first to give a structure to this order and in doing
so he separated it into two head regions: from one viewpoint interpretation hypothesis just as
the engaging study of interpretation and then again, applied interpretation examines managing
exercises, for example, the preparation of interpreters and the arrangement of interpretation
helps for interpreters just as interpretation analysis and strategy. Notwithstanding the
previously mentioned qualifications, Holmes additionally accommodates the historiography of
the control just as the investigation of the examination approach of interpretation considers .
21
Naude (2002) in an article "Interpretation Practices in International Advertising"
contended that different boundaries like financial, social and philosophical, moral, and
phonetic ones impact promoting writings interpretations. At the end of the day, He accepts that
publicizing text interpretation is intermixed with a bunch of semantic and sober-minded
boundaries, subsequently, the interpreter of these writings should have some information about
a genuine open interdisciplinary expertise named promoting interpretation. To achieve his
assignment effectively, the interpreter is needed to think and to incorporate a specific measure
of information, about advertising and fundamental correspondence as well as about
international relations and ethnology .
A few scientists utilized House's (1997) model to break down the nature of the
interpretation of scholarly works. Mohebbipour (2010) in his article evaluated the nature of the
Persian interpretation of Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury. He zeroed in on the qualification
among clear and clandestine interpretation and expressed that as indicated by House, to
decipher scholarly works, for example, The Sound and the Fury the obvious sort of
interpretation should have been applied. At that point, for investigation of the content, he
characterized plain mistakes and clandestine blunders and furnished some Persian
interpretation models with their records for unmistakable blunders. Mohebbipour likewise gave
word-to word interpretation for blunders that he found in interpretation. He determined the
recurrence of the events of blunders lastly, he utilized Chi-square to break down the aftereffects
of the investigation. By contrasting the ST profile and the TT one, just one befuddle in the tenor
was found. There were additionally occasions of unmistakable mistakes like wrong
interpretation, exclusions, options, and the wrong mix of components in the interpretation. The
scientist asserted that the interpreter had decent information on TL grammar in light of the fact
that there was no proof of a penetration of the TL framework. Processing the recurrence of
mistakes through Chi-square, the outcome showed the genuinely huge distinction between two
22
obviously and clandestine blunders just as the measurably critical contrast among subcategories
of unmistakable mistakes .
Gehrmann (2011) utilized the TQA model proposed by House (1997) to survey the
Swedish interpretation of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. The primary work of the exploration
was to give the literary profiles of both ST and TT. By dissecting the profiles of the two
messages, various befuddles on the components of tenor and field were found. There were
additionally unmistakable blunders brought about by the semantic options. The augmentations
on the element of field caused more noteworthy expresses in the interpretation and expanded
stylish delight for the crowd. Notwithstanding, this controlled the perusers' translation and
creative mind and thus, the relational capacity. The social disposition was changed on the
element of tenor on the grounds that the degree of style turns out to be more scholarly by the
expansion of qualifying adverbials. No blunders were found on the elements of sort and tenor.
In light of the interpreter's view about the interpretation in which interpretation was to resemble
a unique of TT, Gehrmann inferred that the interpretation of The Lord of the Rings was an
undercover sort of interpretation .
Shakernia (2014) applied House's model on a novel named the Grapes of Wrath by John
Stein Beck and deciphered by Mohammad Sadegh Shariati to see if the interpreted works are
interpreted clandestinely or obviously. It is shown that short stories are liked to be cover
interpretation to have a similar capacity of ST for the TT collectors and ST is seen through the
glasses of an objective culture part. This interpretation is more direct for the TT recipients and
particularly ideal for the short stories' interpretations. As indicated by Shakernia (2014), the
outcomes show that the interpreter is avoided the chance to bind to the source language, local
area, and culture. Or maybe he appreciates the first ST in the objective culture. The interpreter
focuses on the TT delivers to have coherent, satisfactory, and justifiable deciphered content
with fewer social challenges and contrasts. Notwithstanding, through looking at ST and TT, it
23
is perceived that ST and TT capacities are kept the same. They have similar purposes.
Accordingly, this made an interpretation of the text will in general have secretive interpretation
than clear interpretation.
Nadue (2002) expressed the model of value evaluation by House as the most popular
model in this field. House presents the worry towards a logical treatment of value in
interpretation. She likewise changes exact investigations coordinated to the gathering of the
deciphered content by the objective – culture delivers and brings to the field the exceptionally
utilized and still helpful idea of open ability. The even minded foundation of her model opened
an approach to additional investigations that consolidated social perspectives to the
comprehension of interpretation .
The model of House (1997) presented a nitty gritty non–quantitative, clear logical way
to deal with interpretation quality evaluation. House excuses that interpretation quality
evaluation is commonly excessively emotional. House (2001) referenced that "In contrast to
the logically based investigation, the evaluative judgment is eventually not a logical one, but
instead an impression of a social, political, moral, good or individual position." Alikhademi
(2015) applied House's model on Longman's clinical embryology and its Persian interpretation.
She uncovered that this logical content was made an interpretation of secretly in light of the
fact that as per House, logical writings ought to be deciphered secretively. Subsequently, this
interpretation can be considered as an incognito sort of interpretation instead of suggestion .
Interpreters, teachers, educators, and understudies in the field of interpretation studies
and medication can exploit this model to survey its interpretation. It appears to be improbable
that interpretation quality evaluation can at any point be externalized in the way of
characteristic science. Also, House's practical - literary methodology as an interpretation works
not with sentences but rather with expressions (House, 2006). House (2006) revealed a venture
about the use of the model of interpretation assessment planned without anyone else to whether
24
or not the English language in its job as a worldwide most widely used language changes
printed standard in other European dialects over the long run or more all the notable lexical
import from English into different dialects. She was affirmed that adjustments in German
content shows which result from contact with English writings through register-explicit variety
in the utilization of certain semantic methods and changed capacity of the whole content. She
presents interestingly research discoveries that may present another point of view on the
discussion about the part of English in numerous spaces of present-day life – away from the
undeniable lexical imports towards the more secret changes fair and square of sentence
structure and text. All in all, the interpreter's interpretation techniques could be uncovered
through the examination of dimensional jumbles by and large and investigation of
unmistakable blunders specifically .
Additionally, Heidari Tabrizi and his attendances (2014) researched the nature of the
Persian interpretation of Orwell's (1949) Nineteen Eighty-Four by Balooch (2004) in light of
House's (1997) model of interpretation quality evaluation. Their outcomes show that the
Persian interpretation of Nineteen Eighty-Four didn't satisfy the standards to be a plain
interpretation. All things considered, this interpretation would in general be a clandestine one.
25
‫‪Chapter Three: Method‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
3.1. Introduction
House's (1997) model of translation quality assessment will be used as a theoretical framework
for this research. Unlike some other models which consider the text consisting of separate
elements, House's model takes the text as a whole phenomenon. The model is functional and
encompasses different dimensions of text such as linguistic, pragmatic and discourse. House's
(1997) model involves textual and register analysis of profiles of both the source and Target
Text (TT). Register analysis of ST and TT profile can be realized via lexical, syntactic, and
textual means. Textual means comprises theme-dynamics, clausal linkage, and iconic linkage.
The model operates at different levels of analysis. It begins from the level of individual
textual function; then, goes to the levels of register and genre; and finally ends at the level of
language/text. The level of register analysis covers three dimensions of field, tenor, and mode.
Field refers to analysis of subject matter and social action. Tenor covers participant relationship
including author's provenance and stance, social role relationship and social attitude (Heidari
Tabrizi et al., 2014). Mode refers to channel or medium of communication and participation in
the text. Comparing ST profile with TT profile brings about mismatches between the two
profiles. Dimensional errors and mismatches referred to as covert errors, whereas, mismatches
of the denotative meanings or breaches of target language system are overt errors .
House also presumes two kinds of translation namely as covert and overt translation. A
covert translation is a translation that appears as if it produces in the target culture. On the other
hand, an overt translation is a translation that the cultural features of the Source Text (ST) are
purposefully retained. After analysis of ST and TT mismatches and errors, the translation can
be recognized as either covert or overt one. While overt translation and its original text need to
be matched at the levels of genre, register, and language/text, in covert translation only genre
and the primary level function have to be matched with the original text. It is worth mentioning
that according to House, overt translation is suitable for the texts such as literary works,
27
fictions, moral anecdotes, comedy dialogues, and historic speeches, while covert translation
covers text types including scientific texts, tourist information booklets, economic texts,
journalistic texts, and advertisements.
3.2. Participants
To avoid subjectivity of the evaluation and for the matter of inter-rater reliability and also in
order to have a valid and reliable study two raters were selected as the participants in this study
by the researcher. They were experts and completely familiar with English language and
aviation texts. The raters studied, analyzed, and compared the same extracted materials with
the same theoretical framework. It is worth mentioning that the raters were professional
professors in aviation fields at university. Furthermore, the researcher of this study was taken
as the other participant who selected materials and analyzed the data in this research too.
3.3. Materials
This study intended to investigate quality assessment of translation of Aviation text,
International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air Texts. The analysis will be based on House’s
translation quality assessment model in order to determine the type of translation (overt or
covert). For this reason, the source text and its Persian translation will be read sentence by
sentence; then fifty sentences from each capture of the book will be selected randomly, and
finally the type of translation strategy adopted in each rendering will be determined. In fact,
the assessment will be based on House’s model based in the levels of language/text, register
(field, tenor, and mode) and genre. Following the analysis, the source and target texts are
compared from any mismatches which House named them overtly erroneous errors and
covertly erroneous errors.
28
3.4. Instruments
The research’s analytic instrument is House’s translation quality assessment model. This model
will be described in the following table. House proposed four levels in her revised model in
2011.
1- The first level, Language/Text: House called it the “Dimension of language user”.
Geographical Origin, Social Class, and Time” are the three subcategories which are
consideration here.
2- The second level, Register: House classified it under the concepts of field, tenor and
mode; which corresponded to the dimension of language use employed for register
analysis.
3- The third level, Genre: House applied this level as a milestone to identify the genre of
the text.
4- The fourth level, function of individual/text: This section concerned the elaboration of
source text textual profile was obtained for the source text. This profile which
characterized the function of text was the norm against which the quality of the
translation text was to be measured. According to "Longman Dictionary of Teaching
and Applied Linguistics"(2010) language is often described as having the following
four major functions: A descriptive function(or ideational function, in Halliday's
framework), which organizes a speaker's or writer's experience of the world and
conveys information which can be stated or denied and in some cases tested. A social
function (interpersonal function in Halliday's term), which is used to establish,
maintain and signal relationship between people. An expressive function, through
which speakers signal information about their opinions, prejudices, past experiences
and so forth; and A textual function, for creating written and spoken texts.
29
Three levels of Register (Field, Tenor, Mode) in House’s Translation Quality Assessment
Model
1- Field captures subject matter (or topic) and social action. It refers to “what is going
on”. Subject matter (or topic) can be Novel, Poem, Play, Scientific Text, Fetc.; and
Social action can be specific, general, popular, etc.
2- Tenor concerns the participant’s relationship, which is divided into: Social Role
Relationship and Social Attitude. Social Role Relationship is determined by the writer,
translator, author or narrator’s point of view which may be either asymmetry or
symmetry. Symmetrical means the text contains features indicating solidarity and
equality between addresser and addressees; and, Asymmetrical means the text contains
features indicating authority relationship between addresser and addressees. But Social
Attitude is determined by the levels of distancing between the author/narrator and the
reader, which establish formality or informality. It also means the text contains features
indicating the degrees of social distance or proximity – or in other words, five styles of
formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate.
3- Mode refers to the means employed for the production of a given text. This category is
divided into: Medium and Participation. Medium is Simple if it is written to be read
and Complex if it is written to be heard. Participation is Simple if it means monologue
or Complex if it means addressing a large community; (House, 2011, p.39).
House also relies on her native speaker intuition and on the judgments of other native
speakers, which are taken as presumptions. House (1977) believes that equivalence relations
between two languages are not absolute but they fall on a scale of more or less equivalent items
which runs from more to less probable. This degree of probability can only be judged by a
subjective, hermeneutic element as the native speaker intuition (Table 1).
30
Table 1: Juliane House Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) Model
3.4.1 Identifying Covert Errors
House suggests that researchers should prepare separate profiles for ST and TT; when the
source text's and the translation text's profiles do not match, there is an error. House describes
two types of errors:
Covert errors: those which result from a mismatch of one situational dimension with a similar
one in TT, and Overt errors: those which result from a non-dimensional mismatch. Such
errors can be divided into seven categories of: Not Translated; Slight change in meaning;
31
Significant change in meaning; Distortion of meaning; Breach of the SL system; Creative
translation; Cultural filtering (Table 2).
Table 2: Translation Errors based on Juliane House TQA Model
To find this type of error, the ST and TT profiles including Register, Genre and the
Function were realized and then analyzed. In the following, the profiles of the Source Text
(ST) and the Target Text (TT) elaborated in details.
3.4.1.1 Source Text (ST) Profile

3.4.1.1.1 Field
This category deals with the subject matter and social action of a text. The subject matter refers
to the topic or the content of the text or easily to the field of activity. Social action is referred
to the degrees of generality or specificity of the field of the Source Text (ST). In this case, the
field is a scientific text, its subject matter is aviation and the social action is specific as
mentioned in (Table 3).
Subject Matter Social Action
Aviation Specific
Table 3: Source Text Profile: Field
32
3.4.1.1.2 Tenor
The first situational dimension of this category refers to author’s provenance and stance which
means the author’s position on a social scale. Also, it is related to the content of the text and
the communicative task he is involved. In this regard, the author’s provenance and stance of
the Source Text (ST) is English author. The content of his text is related to aviation and aircraft
industry.
Another situational dimension in this category is social role relationship which is
referred to the relationship of the addresser and addressees. This relationship may be either
symmetrical marked by existence of equality or asymmetrical marked by the presence of some
kind of authority. In this study, the social role relationship of the Source Text (ST) is
symmetrical since there is an authority between the author and the readers.
The last situational dimension under the category of tenor is social attitude. On this
dimension, the extent of relative formality or informality of the text is taken into consideration.
The social attitude of the Source Text (ST) under investigation is formal since the formal words
and structure is numerous (Table 4).
Author's Provence and Stance Social Role Relationship Social Attitude
English Author Symmetrical Asymmetrical Formal
Table 4: Source Text Profile: Tenor
3.4.1.1.3 Mode
The first situational dimension under this category is medium referring to the spoken or written
channels. It can be further categorized as simple, that is, written to be read or complex, that is
written to be spoken as if not written. The second dimension here is participation. It can also
be simple, that is, a simple monologue or dialogue with no addressee participation built into
the text or on the other hand it can be complex, that is a mixture of various means of indirect
33
participation when there are various addressee-involving mechanisms illustrating the text. As
the Source Text (ST) under investigation is written to be read so the medium of the Source
Text (ST) is simple. Moreover, since the text addresses the readers indirectly and is a mixture
of various means of indirect participation, elicitation and indirect addressee involvement, so
the participation of the Source Text (ST) is complex (Table 5).
Medium Participation
Simple Complex Simple Complex
* *
Table 5: Source Text Profile: Mode
3.4.1.1.4 Genre
As far as describing the genre of the Source Text (ST), the genre of present source text is
scientific and it deals with aviation industry (Table 6).
4.4.1.1.5 Function
The statement of function based on the House’s TQA model can be divided into two categories:
ideational and interpersonal. The ideational function refers to language as a means to describe
the things in the external world. It also conveys information which can be stated, argued, and
explained. On the other hand, interpersonal function language acts as a means to convey the
relationship between the author or speaker and his interlocutors. Moreover, in this type of
function, language is an expression of the attitudes of a speaker or a writer.
According to “Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics”
language is often described as having the following four major functions:1) a descriptive
function (or ideational function), which organizing a speaker’s or writer’s experience of the
world and conveying information which can be stated or denied and , in some cases, tested; 2)
a social function (interpersonal function), used to establish, maintain and signal relationships
34
between people; 3) an expressive function, through which speakers signal information about
their opinions, prejudices, past experiences; and 4) a textual function, which deals with creating
written and spoken texts .As with Source Text (ST) function, it can be said that the present
Source Text's function is ideational function (Table 6).
Source Text
Genre Function
Scientific Ideational
Table 6: Source Text Profile: Genre and Function
The summary of the Source Text (ST)’s textual profile along with its Genre and
Function has been given in Table 7.
Subject Matter Aviation

Field
Social Action Specific
Author's Provence and Distance English Author
Symmetrical *
Tenor Social Role Relationship
Asymmetrical
Register
Social Attitude Formal
*
Simple
Medium
Complex
Mode
Simple
Participation
Complex *
Scientific
Genre
Function Ideational
Table 7: Summary of Source Text Profile
35
3.4.1.2 Target Text (TT) Profile
3.4.1.2.1 Field
The subject matter of the target text (TT) under this category is a scientific and aviation text.
The translator used numerous classical structures and grammars to make a contemporary
Persian frame into each paragraph. Also, the social action of the target text (TT) specific (Table
8).
Aviation Specific
Table 8: Target Text Profile: Field
3.4.1.2.2 Tenor
The first situational dimension under this category is author’s provenance and stance.
Translator is a scientific expert in the field of Aviation industry. The second dimension is social
role relationship which is further divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical. The target text
(TT) is symmetrical since the translator considered the readers equal and there existed an
authority between the translator and the readers. At last, the third dimension of tenor category
is social attitude which is further divided into formal and informal. According to the degree of
formality and informality of the translated text, the social attitude of the target text (TT) is
formal (Table 9).
Scientific Expert in Aviation Symmetrical Asymmetrical Formal
Table 9: Target Text Profile: Tenor

3.4.1.2.3 Mode
This category is divided into medium and participation. The target text (TT)’s medium is
simple given that it’s written to be read. In addition, the participation of the target text (TT) is
36
complex since it addresses the readers indirectly in a form of some mixture of various means
of indirect participation elicitation and indirect addressee involvement (Table 10).
* *
Table 10: Target Text Profile

3.4.1.2.4 Genre
As far as describing the genre of the Target Text (TT), the genre of present target text is
3.4.1.2.5 Function
According to the two types of function definitions, i.e. ideational and interpersonal, the
statement function of the target text (TT) is ideational (Table 11).
Target Text
Genre Function
Table 11: Target Text Profile: Genre and Function
The summary of the target text (TT)’s textual profile along with its genre and function has been
given in Table 12.
Subject Matter Aviation

Field
Specific
Social Action
Scientific Expert in
Register Author's Provence and Distance
Aviation
Symmetrical *
Tenor
Social Role Relationship
Asymmetrical
37
Social Attitude Formal
*
Simple
Medium
Complex
Simple
Mode Participation
Complex *
Genre Scientific
Ideational
Function
Table 12: Summary of Target Text Profile
3.4.2 Source Text and Target Text Profiles Side-by-Side Comparison
Having realized both the source text (ST) and the target text (TT)’s profiles in addition to their
Genre and Function, the covert errors were then identified by comparing the ST and TT
profiles. In Table 3.11, the ST and the TT profiles as well as their Genre, and Function were
side by side compared. In addition, the mismatches found in the category of the Field were
marked by (*) sign. (Table 13)
Source Text Profile Target Text Profile
Field Subject Matter Field Subject Matter
Social Action Social Action
Tenor Author's Provenance Tenor Author's Provenance
and Distance and Distance
Social Role Relationship Social Role Relationship
Social Attitude Social Attitude
Mode Medium Mode Medium
Participation Participation
38
Genre Genre
Function Function
Table 13: Source Text and Target Text Profiles Side-by-Side Comparison
3.4.3. Identifying Overt Errors
The source text (Aviation English Text) and the target text (the translated text) were analyzed
and overt errors were identified. In the following, some examples for each category will be
separately illustrated based on House definitions of overt mismatches. (J. House, 2015).
House's assessment model is based on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory (SFT), but it
also draws eclectically on Prague School ideas, speech act theory, pragmatics, discourse
analysis and corpus-based distinctions between the spoken and written language. It provides
the means for the analysis and comparison of an original text and its translation on three
different levels: Language/Text, Register (Field, Mode and Tenor) and Genre.
3.4.3.1 Not Translated

The error occurs when the words or expressions are not translated into TT. This may be
happened due to either the inability of translator or his negligence (J. House, 2015)
3.4.3.2 Slight Change in Meaning
This error occurs when the meaning is partially conveyed or the TT is not completely faithful
to the ST. However, in this case, this type of change is not so severe.
3.4.3.3 Significant Change in Meaning
This error occurs when there is a big difference between the meaning of the ST and TT.
3.4.3.4 Distortion of Meaning
This subcategory refers to those mistakes which occur when the meaning of the ST is
completely distorted.
39
3.4.3.5 Breach of the TL System
This error occurs when any deviation from the TL norms, syntax and or grammatical rules
happen.
3.4.3.6 Creative Translation
Translator in this case creates a new word, phrase or even a structure which does not have any
equivalent in ST. In this regard, free translation to some extent is accomplished besides some
strategies including creation, addition, and substitution.
3.4.3.7 Cultural Filtering

There are some proper names, words, titles, and phrases which are mostly bound to the source
language, culture, or community which for some of them there is not any equivalent in the
target language and partially are not translatable. In this regard, the translator tries to find or
create an equivalent or alternative for them in the TT. Moreover, translator does, in some cases,
not render the word rather he keeps the exact word in TT with no translation or equivalent.
3.4.3.8 Grammatical Mismatches
As House has suggested the errors of translation were categorized into covert and overt errors.
Overt errors were further categorized into seven subcategories: 1) Not Translated; 2) Slight
Change in Meaning; 3) Significant Change in Meaning; 4) Distortion of Meaning; 5) Breach
of the Source Language System; 6) Creative Translation; and 7) Cultural Filtering. According
to House's model, poetry has to be translated overtly and deviations will be considered as errors.
The results of identifying overt errors are shown at table 14.
Not Slight Significant Distortion Breach of Creative Cultural Grammatical Total

Translated Change in Change in of Meaning SL System Translation Filtering Mistakes
Meaning Meaning
Table 14: The Results of Overt Errors
40
3.5. Data Collection
In this study data will be gathered from one aviation text book, International Civil Aviation
Rules of the Air Texts and its Persian translation by Ali Erfanian. Some part of these texts will
be selected randomly (fifty sentences from each book). Then the original texts and the
translation would be compared according to House’s model of translation quality assessment.
At first, based on House’s (1997) model, the ST analyzed and its profile including the
register obtained. Based on register analysis of ST, ST genre realized. Then, a statement of
function made for the source text. Then, the same steps taken for the TT, that is, TT profile
obtained. The TT profile analyzed and compared with the ST profile. The results were
mismatches and errors including lexical, syntactic, textual mismatches They categorized into
two groups of covert errors and overt errors. The frequency of occurrences of the overt errors
calculated.
It should be mentioned that the unit of errors recognized in the study was phrase. Each
phrase contains one or more errors. Every single error taken into account in the process of
calculation of the frequency of occurrences. Each error and mismatch provided with a
description and an example from ST and TT. Statements of quality made base on the results of
analysis ST and TT. Finally, the type of translation recognized based House’s distinction
between overt and covert translation
Since this study were based on House’s (1997) model and this model is a non-
quantitative and descriptive-explanatory one, a non-statistical and descriptive method use in
order to analyze the data. By comparing the randomly select parts of the source text with their
Persian counterparts in the translated text, some mismatches and errors revealed. The
dimensional errors referred to as covert errors; while, those errors related to denotative
mismatches or target system errors referred to as overt errors. Because of significance role of
41
overt errors in translation quality assessment of literary translations, the frequency of
occurrences of overt errors and their percentages computed .
3.6. Data Analysis
This study is a descriptive design and intends to analyze the data based on House’s translation
quality assessment model after gather from aviation books and discover if it is overt or covert
translation. After gathering the data, this study tends to analyze the data to find out
International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air Texts and its Persian translation by Ali Erfanian.
is following covert or overt translation and what the translator’s tendency is in choosing the
adequate approach of the translation.
42
‫‪Chapter Four: Results and Discussion‬‬
‫‪43‬‬
4.1. Introduction
In this study, the social role relationship of the source text (ST) is asymmetrical since there is
an authority between the author and the readers .The social attitude of the source text under
investigation is formal since the formal words and structure are numerous.
The mode of text is medium referring to the spoken or written channels. It can be further
categorized as simple, so the participation of the source text is simple-complex. As far as
describing the source text genre is concerned it can be said that the source text genre is a
technical text. As with source text function, it can be said that the source text function is
ideational and social function (interpersonal function).
4.1.1 Respond to the research questions
Revisiting the first research question
1) Which of the overt and covert methods of House’s TQA Model is more
applicable for the translation quality assessment of International Civil Aviation
Text?
Revisiting the second research question
2) Based on House’s model of translation quality assessment, is the Persian
translation of International Civil Aviation text as a covert or an overt type?
Along with Source Text (ST) function, it can be said that the Source Text (ST) function
of the text is ideational and has a social function (interpersonal function), but more ideational.
Also, Source Text (ST) function is compatible to the Translated Text (TT) functions. The result
of present study shows that overt translation is more frequently applicable in translating
International Civil Aviation Text.
44
4.2. Discussion
4.2.1 Identifying Covert Errors
To find this type of error, the ST and TT profiles including Register, Genre and the
Function were realized and then analyzed. In the following, the profiles of the Source Text
(ST) and the Target Text (TT) are elaborated in details.
4.2.1.1 Source Text (ST) Profile

4.2.1.1.1Field
The field of the Source Text (ST) is a scientific text which its subject matter is aviation and the
social action is specific (Table 15).
Aviation Specific
Table 15: Source Text Profile: Field
4.2.1.1.2 Tenor
In this regard, the author’s provenance and stance of the Source Text (ST) is scientific English
text and author. The content of his text is related to aviation industry. In this study, the social
role relationship of the Source Text (ST) is symmetrical since there is an authority between the
author and the readers. The social attitude of the Source Text (ST) under investigation is formal
since the formal words and structure is numerous (Table 16).
English Author Symmetrical Asymmetrical Formal
Table 16: Source Text Profile: Tenor
4.2.1.1.3 Mode
Since the Source Text (ST) of this investigation is written to be read, so the medium of the
Source Text (ST) is simple. Moreover, since most of the text addresses the readers indirectly
45
and also some other ones are a mixture of various means of indirect participation, elicitation
and indirect addressee involvement, so the participation of the Source Text (ST) is complex
(Table 17).
* --------- --------- *
Table 17: Source Text Profile: Mode

4.2.1.1.4 Genre
As far as describing the genre of the Source Text (ST), the genre of present source text is
4.2.1.1.5 Function
The statement of function based on the House’s TQA model can be divided into two categories:
ideational and interpersonal. The ideational function refers to language as a means to describe
the things in the external world. It also conveys information which can be stated, argued, and
explained. On the other hand, interpersonal function language acts as a means to convey the
relationship between the author or speaker and his interlocutors. Moreover, in this type of
function, language is an expression of the attitudes of a speaker or a writer.
According to “Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics”
language is often described as having the following four major functions:1) a descriptive
function (or ideational function), which organizing a speaker’s or writer’s experience of the
world and conveying information which can be stated or denied and, in some cases, tested; 2)
a social function (interpersonal function), used to establish, maintain and signal relationships
between people; 3) an expressive function, through which speakers signal information about
their opinions, prejudices, past experiences; and 4) a textual function, which deals with creating
46
written and spoken texts .As with Source Text (ST) function, it can be said that the present
Source Text's function is ideational function (Table 18).
Source Text
Genre Function
Table 18: Source Text Profile: Genre and Function
The summary of the Source Text (ST)’s textual profile along with its Genre and
Function has been given in Table 19.
Aviation
Subject Matter
Field
Specific
Social Action
English Author
Author's Provence and Distance
Symmetrical *
Tenor Social Role Relationship
Asymmetrical
Formal
Register Social Attitude
*
Medium Simple
Complex
Mode
Simple
Participation
*
Complex
Genre Scientific
Function Ideational
Table 19: The Summary of Source Text Profile
4.2.1.2 Target Text (TT) Profile

4.2.1.2.1 Field
The subject matter of the target text (TT) under this category is a scientific and aviation text.
The translator used numerous classical structures and grammars to make a contemporary
47
Persian frame into each paragraph. Also, the social action of the target text (TT) is specific
(Table 20).
Aviation Specific
Table 20: The Target Text Profile: Field
4.2.1.2.2 Tenor
The first situational dimension under this category is author’s provenance and stance.
Translator is a scientific expert in the field of Aviation industry. The second dimension is social
role relationship which is further divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical. The target text
(TT) is symmetrical since the translator considered the readers equal and there existed an
authority between the translator and the readers. At last, the third dimension of tenor category
is social attitude which is further divided into formal and informal. According to the degree of
formality and informality of the translated text, the social attitude of the target text (TT) is
formal (Table 21).
Scientific Expert in Aviation Symmetrical Asymmetrical Formal
* -----
Table 21: The Target Text Profile: Tenor

4.2.1.2.3 Mode
This category is divided into medium and participation. The target text (TT)’s medium is
simple given that it’s written to be read. In addition, the participation of the target text (TT) is
complex since it addresses the readers indirectly in a form of some mixture of various means
of indirect participation elicitation and indirect addressee involvement (Table 22).
48
* *
Table 22: The Target Text Profile: Mode

4.2.1.2.4 Genre
As far as describing the genre of the Target Text (TT), the genre of present target text is
4.2.1.2.5 Function
According to the two types of function definitions, i.e. ideational and interpersonal, the
statement function of the target text (TT) is ideational (Table 23).
Target Text
Genre Function
Table 23: Target Text Profile: Genre and Function
The summary of the target text (TT)’s textual profile has been given in Table 24.
Aviation
Subject Matter
Field
Specific
Social Action
Scientific Expert in
Author's Provence and Distance
Aviation
Tenor
Symmetrical *
Social Role Relationship
Asymmetrical ----
Register
Formal
Social Attitude
*
Medium Simple
----
Complex
Mode
----
Simple
Participation
*
Complex
Genre Scientific
49
Function Ideational
Table 24: The Summary of the Target Text Profile
4.2.3 Identifying Overt Errors
The source text excerpts and the target text translations were analyzed in here and overt errors
were identified. In the following, some examples for each category will be separately illustrated
in table 25 and Figure 1.
Table 25: Overt Errors
Number of Errors
Source Text (ST) Translated Text (TT) Slight Breach

Significant Distortion
Change of the
Change in of
in TL
Meaning Meaning
Meaning System
Acrobatic flight. :‫پرواز آکروباتیک‬
Manoeuvres intentionally ‫مانورهای تعمدی انجام شده توسط یک‬

performed by an aircraft
‫هواگردکه شامل تغییر ناگهانی در‬ 1 0 0 1
involving an abrupt change
in its attitude, an abnormal ‫ یک حالت غیر عادی یا تغییر‬،‫حالتش‬
attitude, or an abnormal
variation in speed (p.1-1). .‫ناگهانی سرعت می شود‬
Aerodrome. :‫پایگاه هوایی‬
A defined area on land or

water (including any ‫یک ناحیه ی تعریف شده روی زمین یا‬
buildings, installations and ‫ تاسیسات یا‬،‫آب(شامل هر ساختمان‬ 1 0 0 2
equipment) intended to be
،‫تجهیزات) که تماما یا جزئا برای ورود‬
used either wholly or in part
for the arrival, departure and ‫خروج و حرکت سطحی هواگردها مورد‬
surface movement of aircraft .‫استفاده قرار میگیرد‬
(p.1-1).
Air traffic advisory

: ‫سرویس مشو رتی ترافیک هوایی‬
service.
1 1 1 2
A service provided within ‫سرویسی که به قصد حصول اطمینان از‬
advisory airspace to ensure ‫ بین‬،‫ تا حد عملی بودن‬،‫جدایی‬
separation, in so far as
50
‫‪practical, between aircraft‬‬ ‫هواگردهایی که بر اساس طرح پرواز‬
‫‪which are operating on IFR‬‬
‫‪ IFR‬عملیات انجام می دهند‪ ،‬در فضای‬
‫‪flight plans.‬‬
‫پرواز مشورتی ارایه می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪ETOPS en-route alternate.‬‬ ‫یدکی در مسیر ‪ETOPS‬‬
‫‪A suitable and appropriate‬‬ ‫یک پایگاه هوایی یدکی مناسب و‬

‫‪alternate aerodrome at which‬‬ ‫مقتضی که هواپیمای در عملیات‬
‫‪an aeroplane would be able‬‬
‫‪ ، ETOPS‬پس از مواجهه با از کار‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪to land after experiencing an‬‬
‫‪engine shutdown or other‬‬ ‫افتادن موتور یا دیگر شرایط غیر عادی یا‬
‫‪abnormal or emergency‬‬
‫‪condition while en route in‬‬ ‫اضطراری در مسیر‪ ،‬خواهد توانست در آن‬
‫‪an ETOPS operation.‬‬ ‫فرود آید‪.‬‬
‫‪Automatic dependent‬‬
‫‪surveillance (ADS).‬‬ ‫نظارت وابسته ی خودکار – پخش‬
‫)‪(ADS‬‬
‫‪A surveillance technique in‬‬
‫‪which aircraft automatically‬‬ ‫وسیله ای که با آن هواگردها‪ ،‬خودروهای‬
‫‪provide, via a data link, data‬‬ ‫پایگاه هوایی و دیگر اشیاء می توانند به‬
‫‪derived from on-board‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪navigation and position-‬‬ ‫طور خودکار و به روش بخش‪ ،‬داده هایی‬
‫‪fixing systems, including‬‬ ‫مانند شناسه‪ ،‬موقعیت و داده های اضلفی‬
‫‪aircraft identification, four-‬‬
‫‪dimensional position and‬‬ ‫مناسب را‪ ،‬از طریق ارتباط داده ای‪ ،‬ارسال‬
‫‪additional data as‬‬ ‫و‪/‬یا دریافت کنند‪.‬‬
‫‪appropriate.‬‬
‫‪Changeover point.‬‬
‫نقطه تغییر‬
‫‪The point at which an‬‬
‫‪aircraft navigating on an‬‬ ‫نقطه ای که در آن انتظار می رود‪،‬‬
‫‪ATS route segment defined‬‬
‫‪by reference to very high‬‬ ‫هواگردی که روی بخشی از مسیر مراقبت‬
‫‪frequency omnidirectional‬‬ ‫پرواز که بر مبنای ‪ VOR‬تعریف شده‪،‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪radio ranges is expected to‬‬
‫‪transfer its primary‬‬ ‫ناوبری می کند‪ ،‬مبنای ناوبری اصلی خود‬
‫‪navigational reference from‬‬ ‫را از دستگاه پشتی به دستگاه بعدی در‬
‫‪the facility behind the‬‬
‫‪aircraft to the next facility‬‬ ‫جلوی هواگرد تغییر دهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ahead of the aircraft.‬‬
‫تراز پرواز‬
‫‪Flight level.‬‬
‫‪A surface of constant‬‬ ‫سطحی از فشار ثابت هوا که به مبنای‬

‫‪atmospheric pressure which‬‬ ‫فشاری مشخص ‪ 1013/2‬هکتوپاسکال‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪is related to a specific‬‬
‫‪pressure datum, 1 013.2‬‬ ‫مربوط است و از دیگر سطوح فشاری این‬
‫‪hectopascals (hPa), and is‬‬ ‫چنینی‪ ،‬با فاصله ای معین‪ ،‬جدا می باشد‪.‬‬
‫‪separated from other such‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
‫‪surfaces by specific pressure‬‬
‫‪intervals.‬‬
‫‪Heading.‬‬ ‫راستا‬
‫‪The direction in which the‬‬ ‫جهتی که محور طولی یک هواگرد به‬

‫‪longitudinal axis of an‬‬
‫سوی آن است و معموال در قالب درجه از‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪aircraft is pointed, usually‬‬
‫‪expressed in degrees from‬‬ ‫شمال ( حقیقی‪ ،‬مغناطیسی‪ ،‬قطب نما یا‬
‫‪North (true, magnetic,‬‬
‫‪compass or grid.).‬‬ ‫شبکه ای) بیان می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪Prohibited area.‬‬ ‫ناحیه ی ممنوعه‬
‫‪An airspace of defined‬‬ ‫یک فضای پرواز با ابعاد تعریف شده‪،‬‬

‫‪dimensions, above the land‬‬
‫روی زمین یا آب های تحت حاکمیت‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪areas or territorial waters of‬‬
‫‪a State, within which the‬‬ ‫یک کشور‪ ،‬که پرواز هواگردها در آن‬
‫‪flight of aircraft is‬‬
‫‪prohibited.‬‬ ‫ممنوع است‪.‬‬
‫‪Radiotelephony.‬‬ ‫رادیو تلفنی‬
‫‪A form of‬‬

‫شکلی از مکالمات رادیویی که هدف‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪radiocommunication‬‬
‫‪primarily intended for the‬‬ ‫اصلی از آن‪ ،‬تبادل اطالعات در قالب‬
‫‪exchange of information in‬‬
‫گفتار است‪.‬‬
‫‪the form of speech.‬‬
‫‪Overt errors shown in figure 1 are divided into four groups (Slight Change in Meaning‬‬
‫‪Significant Change in Meaning Distortion of Meaning Breach of the TL System). The result‬‬
‫‪of present study shows that Breach of TL System errors are more than others in translation.‬‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫‪Sl i ght change in‬‬
‫‪9‬؛‪mea ning‬‬
‫‪Brea ch of the target‬‬
‫‪ 19‬؛‪l a nguage s ystem‬‬
‫‪Si gnificant change i n‬‬

‫‪Di s tortion of‬‬

‫‪Slight change in meaning‬‬ ‫‪Significant change in meaning‬‬

‫‪Distortion of meaning‬‬ ‫‪Breach of the target language system‬‬
‫‪Figure 1: Overt Errors‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪Slight change in meaning‬‬ ‫‪Significant change in‬‬ ‫‪Distortion of meaning‬‬ ‫‪Breach of the TL system‬‬
‫‪meaning‬‬
‫‪Figure 2: Total Frequency of Covert Errors‬‬
‫‪53‬‬
‫‪Chapter Five: Conclusion‬‬
‫‪54‬‬
5.1. Introduction
The objective of present research is to apply Julianne House’s model in assessing the Persian
translation of Aviation text named International Civil Aviation, by using House’s translation
quality assessment model and identifying overt and covert translation. In fact, present research
endeavors to find out what type of overt and covert translation has been followed in the Persian
translation of the International Civil Aviation by the translator.
5.2. Summary of the study

This research aimed to assess one aviation text called International Civil Aviation Rules of the
Air Texts to discover if it is a covert or overt translation based on Juliane House model.
Nowadays aviation texts have many adherents in Iran. The books of this course mostly are in
English; therefore, it is essential for the translator to be aware of the correct translation.
Although, aviation group are able to infer and understand the aviation texts and new words in
English source text, but it is more difficult especially for new aviation students to appreciate
these words, if there wouldn’t be a proper equivalence in Persian. This study is suitable for
aviation group students and aviation authorities as well as academic scholars to make better
decisions in preparing aviation texts in Persian.
Through analyzing Persian translation of English Aviation text, several cases of overtly
erroneous errors were identified. There were seven subcategories in the category of overtly
erroneous errors of target language system. And it's worth mentioning that there was a
significant difference between the frequencies of the two error types. The need for translated
texts evaluation and assessment has always been felt by translators, Target Text readers,
translation scholars, companies, and publishers, and now it’s even stronger than ever. Various
methods which were based on scientific theories came on scene. House's method is one of the
most applicable, reliable and scientific methods on translation quality assessment.
55
5.3. Conclusion of the study
The results of present study showed that the field of the source text (ST) is a scientific field in
aviation industry in which the subject matter is aviation rules and the social action is specific.In
this thesis, the social role relationship of the source text (ST) is symmetrical since there is no
authority between the author and the readers .The social attitude of the source text under
investigation is formal since the formal words and structure are numerous.The mode of source
text , International Aviation Rules, is simple in medium referring to the spoken or written
channels and it can be further categorized as complex, so the participation of the source text is
complex.As far as describing the source text genre is concerned it can be said that the source
text genre is scientific text. As with source text function, it can be said that the source text
function is ideational function (interpersonal function).
The subject matter of the target text (TT) under this category is also a scientific text and
the translator used numerous structures to make a contemporary Persian frame into each part
of the text. Also, the social action of the target text (TT) is specific as well. The first situational
dimension under this category is author’s provenance and stance. Translator is an expert of
English translation of scientific texts. The second dimension is social role relationship which
is further divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical. The target text is symmetrical since the
translator considered the readers equal and there existed no authority between the translator
and the readers. At last, the third dimension of tenor category is social attitude which is further
divided into formal and informal. According to the degree of formality and informality of the
translated stories, the social attitude of the target text is formal.
5.4. Implications of the study

The analysis of original and translation revealed a number of mismatches along the dimensions
of FIELD, TENOR, and MODE. These mismatches caused a change of the functional
56
component. There were also a large number of overt errors that affected the ideational
component and the transmission of information.
The greater amount of loss was due to overt errors where a total number of 40 overt
errors were identified. Out of this number, 9 errors (about 23% of total number of errors)
belonged to slight change in meaning which constituted a notable group of overt errors.
Significant change in meaning allocated 7 errors (about 18% of total errors) respectively.
Distortion of meaning was the third overt error which covered 4 errors (about 10% of total
errors) of the study. And finally, breach of the TL system was the most prevalent overt error
with 19 errors (about 49% of total errors) in the selected expects of the source text.
To answer question one of research, the findings of the study including dimensional
mismatches and overt errors should be taken into account. In other words, the translator's
translation strategies could be revealed through the analysis of dimensional mismatches in
general and analysis of overt errors in particular. According to the analysis, the strategies used
by the translator were slight change in meaning, significant change in meaning, distortion of
meaning and the breach of TL system. However, the most frequent strategy used in translation
was the breach of TL system with 19 items and the most applicable strategy is overt translation.
To answer question two and finally make the statement of quality, the criteria and
features needed for overt translation should be borne in mind. It is obvious that in some parts
of the text, the translator did not take account of denotative meanings of the words of the
original. The author's style was not paid so much attention. In several cases, the translator
manipulated the text which did not sound to be reasonable.
The findings of this study can be helpful for aviation students and scientific texts'
translators to get familiar with problems in translation of scientific texts as well as strategies
used to cope with such problems. The instructors and would-be translators can use the findings
of the study in the process of learning and teaching translation. The major limitation of the
57
study was this fact that House's (1997) model of TQA consisted of several different parts and
it took into account almost all aspects of translation. Therefore, in this study, analyzing a
number of pages took so much time and it became a monotonous task. In this study, only the
frequencies of occurrences of overt errors were computed.
5.5 Suggestions for further research

For further research, the frequencies of occurrences of dimensional mismatches can be
calculated as well. Overt errors can be subdivided into more categories. The quality of
translation of the source text can be assessed by means of the other models of TQA and the
results can be compared with those ones of this study. Additionally, other types of text with
different genres can be assessed with House’s model.
58
References
Baker, M. (Eds) (2001/2004). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge.
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Crystal, D and Davy, D. (1969). Investigation English style. US: Indiana University Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Holmes, J. S. (1988). Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi
Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1973) Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
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House, J. (2001). Translation Quality Assessment: Linguistic description versus social evaluation.
Meta, 243-257 .
House, J. (2006a). Covert translation, language contact, variation and change. SYNAPS, 19, 25-47 .
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59
Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence, University
press of America Lanham.
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Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation, Prentice hall New York.
NIDA, E. (1964). "Toward a Science of Translating (Leiden: Brill)." NidaToward a Science of
Translating1964.
Nobokov, V. (1955). Problems of Translation: Onegin in English. In: L. Venuli (Eds), The Translation
Studies Reader (pp. 71- 83). London: Rouledge.
Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics, (1997). New York: Oxford University Press.
Reiss, K. and Vermeer, H. J. (1971). Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translations Theories. übingen:
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Williams, M. (2009). Translation Quality Assessment. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
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Williams, J. and & Chesterman, A (2002). The map: a beginner's guide to doing research in
translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Waddington, C. (2001). Different methods of evaluating student translation: The question of validity.
Meta, 311-325 .
Williams, M. (2001). The application of Argumentation Theory to Translation Quality Assessment.
Meta, 326-344 .
Williams, M. (2009). Translation quality assessment. Mutatis Mutandis, 3-23 .
Williams, M. (2009). Translation Quality Assessment. University of Ottawa, 2(1), 1-9 .
Yamini, H. and F. Abdi "The Application of House’s Model on William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” and
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60
‫‪Appendices‬‬
‫‪Number of Errors‬‬
‫)‪Source Text (ST‬‬ ‫)‪Translated Text (TT‬‬ ‫‪Slight‬‬ ‫‪Breach‬‬

‫‪Significant‬‬ ‫‪Distortion‬‬
‫‪Change‬‬ ‫‪of the‬‬
‫‪Change in‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬
‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪TL‬‬
‫‪Meaning‬‬ ‫‪Meaning‬‬
‫‪Meaning‬‬ ‫‪System‬‬
‫‪Acrobatic flight.‬‬ ‫پرواز آکروباتیک‪:‬‬
‫‪Manoeuvres intentionally‬‬ ‫مانورهای تعمدی انجام شده توسط یک‬

‫‪performed by an aircraft‬‬
‫هواگردکه شامل تغییر ناگهانی در‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪involving an abrupt change‬‬
‫‪in its attitude, an abnormal‬‬ ‫حالتش‪ ،‬یک حالت غیر عادی یا تغییر‬
‫‪attitude, or an abnormal‬‬
‫‪variation in speed (p.1-1).‬‬ ‫ناگهانی سرعت می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪Aerodrome.‬‬ ‫پایگاه هوایی‪:‬‬
‫‪A defined area on land or‬‬

‫‪water (including any‬‬ ‫یک ناحیه ی تعریف شده روی زمین یا‬
‫‪buildings, installations and‬‬ ‫آب(شامل هر ساختمان‪ ،‬تاسیسات یا‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪equipment) intended to be‬‬
‫تجهیزات) که تماما یا جزئا برای ورود‪،‬‬
‫‪used either wholly or in part‬‬
‫‪for the arrival, departure and‬‬ ‫خروج و حرکت سطحی هواگردها مورد‬
‫‪surface movement of aircraft‬‬
‫استفاده قرار میگیرد‪.‬‬
‫‪(p.1-1).‬‬
‫‪Air traffic advisory‬‬ ‫سرویس مشورتی ترافیک هوایی ‪:‬‬

‫‪service.‬‬
‫سرویسی که به قصد حصول اطمینان از‬
‫‪A service provided within‬‬
‫‪advisory airspace to ensure‬‬ ‫جدایی‪ ،‬تا حد عملی بودن‪ ،‬بین‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪separation, in so far as‬‬ ‫هواگردهایی که بر اساس طرح پرواز‬
‫‪practical, between aircraft‬‬
‫‪ IFR‬عملیات انجام می د هند‪ ،‬در فضای‬
‫‪which are operating on IFR‬‬
‫‪flight plans.‬‬ ‫پرواز مشورتی ارایه می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪ETOPS en-route alternate.‬‬ ‫یدکی در مسیر ‪ETOPS‬‬
‫‪A suitable and appropriate‬‬ ‫یک پایگاه هوایی یدکی مناسب و‬

‫‪alternate aerodrome at which‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪an aeroplane would be able‬‬ ‫مقتضی که هواپیمای در عملیات‬
‫‪to land after experiencing an‬‬ ‫‪ ، ETOPS‬پس از مواجهه با از کار‬
‫‪engine shutdown or other‬‬
‫‪abnormal or emergency‬‬ ‫افتادن موتور یا دیگر شرایط غیر عادی یا‬
‫‪61‬‬
‫‪condition while en route in‬‬ ‫اضطراری در مسیر‪ ،‬خواهد توانست در آن‬
‫‪an ETOPS operation.‬‬
‫فرود آید‪.‬‬
‫‪Automatic dependent‬‬
‫‪surveillance (ADS).‬‬ ‫نظارت وابسته ی خودکار – پخش‬
‫)‪(ADS‬‬
‫‪A surveillance technique in‬‬
‫‪which aircraft automatically‬‬ ‫وسیله ای که با آن هواگردها‪ ،‬خودروهای‬
‫‪provide, via a data link, data‬‬ ‫پایگاه هوایی و دیگر اشیاء می توانند به‬
‫‪derived from on-board‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪navigation and position-‬‬ ‫طور خودکار و به روش بخش‪ ،‬داده هایی‬
‫‪fixing systems, including‬‬ ‫مانند شناسه‪ ،‬موقعیت و داده های اضلفی‬
‫‪aircraft identification, four-‬‬
‫‪dimensional position and‬‬ ‫مناسب را‪ ،‬از طریق ارتباط داده ای‪ ،‬ارسال‬
‫‪additional data as‬‬ ‫و‪/‬یا دریافت کنند‪.‬‬
‫‪appropriate.‬‬
‫‪Changeover point.‬‬
‫نقطه تغییر‬
‫‪The point at which an‬‬
‫‪aircraft navigating on an‬‬ ‫نقطه ای که در آن انتظار می رود‪،‬‬
‫‪ATS route segment defined‬‬
‫‪by reference to very high‬‬ ‫هواگردی که روی بخشی از مسیر مراقبت‬
‫‪frequency omnidirectional‬‬ ‫پرواز که بر مبنای ‪ VOR‬تعریف شده‪،‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪radio ranges is expected to‬‬
‫‪transfer its primary‬‬ ‫ناوبری می کند‪ ،‬مبنای ناوبری اصلی خود‬
‫‪navigational reference from‬‬ ‫را از دستگاه پشتی به دستگاه بعدی در‬
‫‪the facility behind the‬‬
‫‪aircraft to the next facility‬‬ ‫جلوی هواگرد تغییر دهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ahead of the aircraft.‬‬
‫‪Flight level.‬‬
‫تراز پرواز‬
‫‪A surface of constant‬‬
‫‪atmospheric pressure which‬‬ ‫سطحی از فشار ثابت هوا که به مبنای‬
‫‪is related to a specific‬‬
‫فشاری مشخص ‪ 1013/2‬هکتوپاسکال‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪pressure datum, 1 013.2‬‬
‫‪hectopascals (hPa), and is‬‬ ‫مربوط است و از دیگر سطوح فشاری این‬
‫‪separated from other such‬‬
‫‪surfaces by specific pressure‬‬ ‫چنینی‪ ،‬با فاصله ای معین‪ ،‬جدا می باشد‪.‬‬
‫‪intervals.‬‬
‫‪Heading.‬‬ ‫راستا‬
‫‪The direction in which the‬‬ ‫جهتی که محور طولی یک هواگرد به‬

‫‪longitudinal axis of an‬‬
‫سوی آن است و معموال در قالب درجه از‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪aircraft is pointed, usually‬‬
‫‪expressed in degrees from‬‬ ‫شمال ( حقیقی‪ ،‬مغناطیسی‪ ،‬قطب نما یا‬
‫‪North (true, magnetic,‬‬
‫‪compass or grid.).‬‬ ‫شبکه ای) بیان می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪Prohibited area.‬‬ ‫ناحیه ی ممنوعه‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪62‬‬
‫‪An airspace of defined‬‬ ‫یک فضای پرواز با ابعاد تعریف شده‪،‬‬
‫‪dimensions, above the land‬‬
‫روی زمین یا آب های تحت حاکمیت‬
‫‪areas or territorial waters of‬‬
‫‪a State, within which the‬‬ ‫یک کشور‪ ،‬که پرواز هواگردها در آن‬
‫‪flight of aircraft is‬‬ ‫ممنوع است‪.‬‬
‫‪prohibited.‬‬
‫‪Radiotelephony.‬‬ ‫رادیو تلفنی‬
‫‪A form of‬‬

‫‪radiocommunication‬‬ ‫شکلی از مکالمات رادیویی که هدف‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪primarily intended for the‬‬ ‫اصلی از آن‪ ،‬تبادل اطالعات در قالب‬
‫‪exchange of information in‬‬
‫گفتار است‪.‬‬
‫‪the form of speech.‬‬
‫‪63‬‬
‫چکیده فارسی‬
‫ارزیابی کیفی ترجمه یکی از مهم ترین و اساسی ترین حیطه های ترجمه است که در آ ن کیفیت یک ترجمه توسط صاحب نظران‬
‫آن رشته مورد ارزیابی قرار می گیرد‪ .‬از طریق ترجمه است که همه مردم از همه پیشرفتهای ارتباطات و فناوری اطالع دارند و به‬
‫روزترین اکتشافات در زمینه های مختلف دانش را به روز رسانی می کنند و همچنین از طریق ترجمه به ادبیات چند زبان و رویدادهای‬
‫مختلف در جهان که برای آنها خوشایند است دسترسی دارند‪ .‬بنابراین ‪ ،‬ترجمه به مفهومی فوق العاده اشاره دارد که به روشهایی‬
‫مختلف قابل درک است‪ .‬این تحقیق بر ترجمه متون هواپیمایی به عنوان یکی از انواع علمی و آموزنده بر اساس مدل جولیان هاوس‪،‬‬
‫نظریه چرداز آلمانی‪ ،‬تمرکز دارد‪ .‬از نظر این نظریه پرداز آلمانی ‪ ،‬آن دسته مترجمانی در ترجمه خویش موفق هستند که بتوانن د‬
‫ترجمه نهان انجام دهند تا مخاطب ب ه سختی متوجه شود که آن متن ترجمه است و تصور نماید از ابتدا آن متن به زبان مقصد و توسط‬
‫یک نویسنده در همان زبان مقصد نگاشته شده است‪ .‬دلیل انتخاب متن هواپیمایی ‪ ،‬تقاضای روزافزون دانش برای افراد برای کسب‬
‫درک بیشتر در این زمینه است‪ .‬بنابراین فراخوان بسیاری برای ترجمه این آثار به فارسی وجود دارد‪ .‬برای این منظور ‪ ،‬یک متن علمی‬
‫انگلیسی به نام " متون قوانین بین المللی هوایی" انتخاب شده است‪ .‬نسخه های انگلیسی و فارسی این متن به عنوان منبع و متون تحقیق‬
‫حاضر در نظر گرفته شده است که قرار است براساس مدل ‪ TQA‬هاوس مقایسه شود‪ .‬محقق در این پژوهش تالش کرد تا مطابقت‬
‫ترجمه آشکار و پنهان را بر اساس مدل جولیان هاوس کشف کند و قصد داشت عدم تطابق و خطاهایی را که ممکن است هم در‬
‫محصول و هم در فرآیند ترجمه رخ داده باشد در نظر بگیرد و ارزیابی نماید‪.‬‬
‫کلمات کلیدی‪ :‬مطالعات ترجمه‪ ،‬ارزیابی کیفیت ترجمه‪ ،‬جولیان هاوس ‪ ،‬متون قوانین بی المللی هوایی‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی‬
‫واحد بندرعباس‬
‫دانشکده علوم انسانی‬
‫پایان نامه برای دریافت درجه کارشناسی ارشد رشته مترجمی زبان انگلیسی‬
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Translation Quality Assessment of International Civil Aviation Rules of The Air Text

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Translation Quality Assessment of International Civil Aviation Rules of The Air Text

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‫‪Islamic Azad University‬‬

‫‪Bandar Abbas Branch‬‬

of support and encouragement.

‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪Source Language‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬ ‫‪Source Text‬‬

‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪Target Language‬‬

‫‪TQA Translation Quality Assessment‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪Target Text/ Translated Text‬‬

‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪That is‬‬

(1988) says that translator is a researcher.

1) Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of

other signs of the same language.

2) Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by

means of some other language.

3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by

means of signs of nonverbal sign system.

House (1997:31-32) who sees translation as “replacement of a text in source language by

a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in target language. Thus, an adequate

It is very important that sufficient time and effort be given to assessment.

Judgments on the quality of a translation depend on a variety of factors. Except

assess translation should focus on this trend.

Quality is certainly an important issue in modern industry and scientific writings.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

overt and covert ones.

decisions in preparing aviation texts in Persian.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

translation of the International Civil Aviation by the translator.

in preparing aviation texts in Persian.

1.4 Research Questions

The present study attempts to answer the following questions:

for the translation quality assessment of International Civil Aviation Text?

2) Is the Persian translation of International Civil Aviation in compliance with covert

and overt translation of House TQA model?

1.5 Significance of the Study

and sometimes urgent need.

phenomenon of translation, and applies partly different criteria to translation quality

assessment (Schaffner, 1998:1). So, it seems reasonable to provide a useful framework to

models, House’s approach seems to be promising one to assess scientific translation.

selected Persian translation of the “Aviation Texts” is covert or overt.

Translation Quality Assessment (TQA):

Translation Quality Assessment (TQA)

determination of merit, worth, or significance of a text. By extension, “evaluation” involves

qualitative: it can be based on mathematical/statistical measurement, as in the case of most

academic instruments, or on readers’ responses, interviews and questionnaires.

Julian House’s TQA Model

Based on Hallidayan systemic- functional model, Julian House introduced her

she determines the quality of a translation.

Translation can be defined as a process done by a translator through which a written

1.7. Limitations and Delimitations of the Study

1.8 The Outline of the Thesis

(written) or complex (written to be spoken as if not written).

(House, 1997) is based on Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Theory (SFT).

According to Williams (2009), concern for excellence in translation, especially

Translation is both a cognitive procedure which occurs in a human beings, the

translation must embrace these two aspects. To do this, a multidisciplinary approach to

be said to be at the heart of any theory of translation (House, 2015).

In current decades, we have observed an extremely one-sided switch in the field of

2.2. What is translation?

language is re-contextualized in another language. As a linguistic textual operation, translation

conditions. It is this interaction between ‘inner’ linguistic-textual and ‘outer’ extra-linguistic,

factors we need to consider when looking at translation are:

languages involved in translation.

norms of usage holding in the source lingua-cultural community.