Bio
Nerve Tissue
Location:
● Main Nervous System: brain,
spinal cord, and nerves
● Central Nervous System (CNS)
● Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Central Nervous System
➢ Brain - process information
➢ Spinal cord
- composed of long nerves
that enter and exit through
the vertebrae in the spinal
column.
- sends messages between
the brain and the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
➢ Nerves
➢ Neurons
(both)
- outside the brain or spinal
cord
- sense stimuli in the
environment
- send motor information to
the body
Cells:
➢ Neurons
➢ Glial Cells
(both)
- be found in different
locations in the body
Neurons
- “conducting” cells
- transmits impulses and are the
structural units of the nervous
system
- may be small as a few millimeters
or as large as three or four feet
(the longest runs from the base of
the brain to the big toe)
- Highly specialized and amitotic
(No mitosis process)
- Unrepairable
3 Basic Parts:
a. a cell body (soma)
b. one or more dendrites
c. a single axon
Cell body (Soma)
- main part of the neuron cell
- similar to other types of cell
- lacks centrioles
- carries on the general functions
and receives information
Dendrites
- cytoplasmic extensions
- are usually, but not always, short
and branching (increases their
surface area to receive signals
from other neurons, an afferent
process (to receive))
- (The number of dendrites on a
neuron varies
Axon
- have infrequent branches called
axon collaterals (terminate in
many short branches or
telodendria (has an output
receptor at the end of it known as
an axon or synpatic terminal
- efferent (gives signal)
Synaptic Terminal
- transmits chemical messages
and releases neurotransmitters
onto other cells
Synapse
- the space between the synaptic
terminal and the input receptor of
the next cell
Myelin Sheath
- segmented, white, fatty
substance that surrounds axon
- produced by Schwann cells
- enables nerve impulses to travel
more freely down the axon
Nodes or Ranvier
- the unmyelinated regions
between the myelin
Types of Neurons
➢ Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
➢ Interneurons (Association)
➢ Motor Neurons (Efferent)
(Types: According to the direction in
which they transmit impulses relative to
the central nervous system)
Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
- to receive stimuli
- taps at the parts of the body that
receive stimuli
- carry impulses from peripheral
sense receptors to the CNS
- usually have long dendrites and
relatively short axons
Motor Neurons (Efferent)
- transmit impulses from the CNS
to effector organs such as
muscles and glands
- usually have short dendrites and
long axons
Interneuron (Association)
- located entirely within the CNS
and they form the connecting link
between the afferent and efferent
neurons
- have short dendrites and may
have either a short or long axon
Functions:
1. Interpreting the Environment
- Sensory neurons –
detects changes in color,
light, chemicals, pressure,
heat, and more.
2. Responding to the
Environment
- motor neurons allow us to
respond to our
environment – running,
talking, and even moving
our eyes to focus on new
stimuli
3. Monitoring Internal Conditions
- monitor the internal
environment – Sensory
neurons detect changes in
blood pressure, pH,
temperature, and more
- helps our body monitor
potential problems within
our organ systems
Neuroglia or Glial Cells
Types:
➢ Astrocytes - neural metabolism
➢ Microglial cells - immune cells
of CNS, brains infection, and
inflammation
➢ Ependymal cells - forms the
lining of the fluid-filled spaces in
the brain and spinal cord
➢ Oligodendrocytes - provide
support and insulation to axons in
the CNS
➢ Schwann cells - development,
maintenance, function, and
regeneration of peripheral nerves
(the only nerve that has the
capability of regenerations)
Plant Tissues c. Vascular Tissue
Two main types: Surface/Dermal Tissue
➢ Meristematic tissues - covers and protects the surface
➢ Permanent tissues of plant organs
(both) - located on the surface of roots,
- based on the capacity of cell stems, and leaves
division Epidermal cells
Meristematic Cells - flattened top
- undifferentiated cells - irregular in shape
- functions: participate in the - lack chloroplasts
growth (apical and lateral) of - have thick outer cellulose walls
plants Leaf Epidermis
Apical Meristems - example of surface tissue
- occur at the shoot and root tips - outer cell wall: covered with a
and are responsible for primary layer of cuticle
growth (i.e. plant lengthening) Cuticle
- give rise to new leaves and - made of cutin (a waxy substance
flowers that prevents water loss)
Lateral Meristems - protects against bacteria and
- occur at the cambium (area of other organisms that may cause
the woody plant where growth harm to the plants
occur) Leaf Epidermis
- pag lapad - contains openings known as
- makikita sa trunk stomata
- responsible for secondary growth Stomata
(i.e. plant widening/thickening) - for exchange of gases
and for the production of bark - surrounded by two types of
Meristems specialized plant cells, guard
- produce cells that quickly cells
differentiate or specialize and Guard Cells
become permanent tissue (cells - large crescent-shaped modifies
take on specific role) epidurals cells
Permanent Tissue - control the closing and opening of
- cells take on specific role stomata
- cells are no longer actively - uptake of carbon dioxide and
dividing release of oxygen
Differentiated into three main Leaf Epidermis
types: - has trichomes
a. Surface/Dermal Tissue ❖ hair-like structures
b. Fundamental Tissue
 ❖ help to reduce
transpiration
❖ increases solar reflectance
❖ store compounds that
defend the leaves from
herbivores
Root Epidermis
- aids in the absorption of water
and minerals
Periderm: Peridermal Tissue
- replaces the function of epidermis
in plants that undergo secondary
growth (root and stems)
- acts as armor protecting the
plant’s inner tissues from biotic
and abiotic stress
- will be developed into cork or
bark of an old tree.
Fundamental/Ground Tissue
- form the main bulk of plants
- fill most of the spaces in any
plant organ
- Cells - (involved in the production
and storage of food) - stalk (petiole)
- (support for the plant)
- made up of three types of cells:
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
Parenchyma Tissue
- typical plant cells
- found in all organs of the plant
- large, thin-walled which contain
mostly cellulose
- usually have a large central
vacuole and contain plastids
- carry out important life processes
such as photosynthesis: food and
water storage
Parenchyma Cells
- make up the edible parts of most
fruits and vegetables
- remain alive at maturity with a
fully functional cytoplasm and
nucleus
- capable of cell division, cell
regeneration, and wound healing
- can do mitosis
Collenchyma Cells
- In the stem, often form bundles
just beneath the epidermis
- appear like parenchyma except
that they have a thicker cell wall
(made up of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and pectins) and
irregularly shaped corners
- provide flexible support that
allows organs to bend without
breaking
- found in areas that are growing
rapidly and need to be
strengthened such as a leaf
- has second walls
(for)
- flexibility of plants
- provides flexible support that
allows organs to bend without
breaking
Sclerenchyma Cells
- the Greek word “Scleros” which
means harder and “Enchyma”
which means infusion
- have thick secondary
wall(impregnated with lignin(an
organic substance that makes the
cell wall tough and hard))
- refers to a dead tissue because
of its dead, degenerated, or
 functionless inner protoplast
(cytoplasm, nucleus, cell
membrane)
- refers to a dead tissue because
of its dead, degenerated, or
functionless inner protoplast
(impervious to the exchange of
water, solutes, gases, and other
substances between the
environment and the inner
protoplast due to lignification
- Primary function: give
mechanical support and tensile
strength to the mature regions of
the plant
classify broadly into two
classes:
a. Fibers
b. Sclereids
Sclereid Cells
- cell-wall thickening is non-uniform
and contains several simple pits
with round apertures
- usually comprises of the narrow
lumen
- Define as Mechanical tissue
- found associated with the plant’s
vascular tissue, namely xylem,
and phloem
- variable in shape
- occurs singly or in groups
Fibro-Sclerenchyma Cells
- second category of
sclerenchymatous cells in plants
- elongated cells with pointed ends
- cell lumen is very narrow
- possess very thick and hard
lignified secondary cell wall
- main mechanical support in
plants
- form elements of xylem and
phloem: as xylem fibers and
phloem fibers
Two main types of tissues in plants:
● Meristematic
● Permanent Tissues
○ Surface (dermal)
○ fundamental (ground)
○ vascular
Permanent Tissues
a. Simple Permanent Tissues
➢ made up of only one type
of cell
○ all the cells are
similar
○ have the same
structures
b. Complex Permanent Tissues
➢ made up of more than one
type of cell
○ coordinate together
to perform the same
specialized
functions in plant
body
Vascular Tissues (Complex
Permanent Tissue)
➢ Vascular - with vascular system
➢ Nonvascular - without vascular
system
Vascular System
➢ complex conducting tissues that
extend from the root through the
stem to the leaves and vice versa
➢ contains xylem and phloem
Vascular Plants
➢ higher plants become tall due to
the structural support gained from
their lignified xylem
Non-vascular Plants
➢ lower plants such as mosses and
algae
➢ grow on the surface of the ground
or at the tree trunks
Xylem
- plant’s primary water(xylem
sap)-conducting tissue
- forms continuous system that
runs throughout the plant body
- water flow - unidirectional
- composed of four types of cells
which are known as xylem
elements:
a. vessels (dead cells)
b. tracheids (dead cells)
c. xylem fibers(sclerenchyma
fibers) (dead cells)
d. xylem parenchyma (the
only living cells)
Main conducting cells:
a. vessels
b. tracheids
Fundamental Ground
a. Xylem Fibers
b. Xylem Parenchyma
Tracheids
- elongated, hollow, and
thick-walled (lignified) dead cell
- with a narrow lumen and tapered
ends that overlap
- placed end to end in long vertical
rows
- have small holes between their
ends - allows water to move
between the cells
- have small holes called pits on
their sides - allows water to move
laterally
- less efficient in water conduction
due to the absence of
perforations.
Vessel Element
- large, hollow tube-like dead cells
- have very thick lignified cell walls
and narrow lumen stacked on top
of each other
- have end walls with pores
(perforation plates) - water can
move through
Phloem
- Greek word phlois means inner
bark
- main food-conducting tissue
- act as a continuous channel for
the conduction of water, minerals,
and food ((sucrose) form leaves
to other parts of the plant for
storage and growth)
- movement of food - bidirectional
- four types of cells
a. sieve tube
(angiosperms/flowering
plants) and/or sieve cells
(gymnosperms/non-floweri
ng plants) (Living
conducting cells)
b. companion cells or
albuminous cells (Living
conducting cells)
c. phloem parenchyma
(Living conducting cells)
d. phloem fibers
(sclerenchyma fiber)
Sieve Tube
➢ elongated narrow cells with few
organelles such as ribosomes
and Golgi apparatus
➢ no nucleus at maturity
 ➢ the end walls is called sieve
plates (perforated, allows the sap
to move easily from cell to cell
Companion Cell
➢ Specialized parenchyma cells
(its nucleus controls the
metabolic activities of the
sieve tube member)
Vascular Bundle
➢ One xylem and one Phloem