Jopia, Gabriel Abram C.

Midterm Exam

EE41S1 02/12/2022

1. Discuss and explain the Thermal Stress of Transformer

- Mechanical and thermal stress are the most common causes of power transformer
difficulties. Monitoring the thermal stress and temperature of the transformer fluid and other
components is one of the first steps in locating a defect. The location of the measurements is
equally as crucial as the temperature measurement. In this case, an optical fiber sensing-
based pre-fault detection system is proposed in this research. The phosphorescence of the
material has been used to detect temperature. The temperature of the selected hotspots on
the transformers will be monitored continually and fed back to the cooling and protective
systems. The circuit breaker is tripped before the protective systems of the transformer can
be activated, boosting system dependability.

2. What is the basic function of Differential relay?

- When there is a particular difference in current value between the primary and secondary
sides of the transformer, the differential relay sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker. A
differential relay is a power system protection relay that activates when the phasor difference
of two or more comparable electrical values exceeds a preset threshold.

3. What is the function of CT and PT in a Medium Voltage system?

- A CT reduces current signals for measurement, whereas a PT reduces high voltage values to
lower ones. Transformers are used to determine if power systems are accurate and safe.
Furthermore, the CT and PT transformers lower current and voltage from a high to a low
value. A current transformer simply reduces (steps down) a large current to a lower, safer
level that you can appropriately handle. It reduces the current to be measured so that an
average-range ammeter may be used to measure it. Potential transformers, also known as
voltage transformers, on the other hand, measure a component of the power supply. A
potential transformer monitors voltage, whereas a current transformer measures current.

4. Research about the history of NETA Standards

- The electrical business was growing in the 1960s, thanks to decreasing pricing and a massive
rise in the quantity and reach of power lines, which made electricity more in demand than
ever before. By 1972, it was commonly acknowledged that such fast expansion necessitated
some supervision to enhance safety, system dependability, and quality testing. This demand
was directed toward the formation of NETA, the National Electrical Testing Association, by
nine firms. NETA published its first standard, Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical
Power Equipment and Systems, the same year. NETA then focused on enhancing the job of
electrical technicians.
5. Research about the history of IEC Standards.
- The ANSI/NETA Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power
Equipment and Systems is a document used globally by individuals seeking to ensure that the
electrical power equipment and systems in their care operate reliably and safely in
accordance with industry and manufacturer standards and tolerances.