ROBOTICS 10 ● voltage is constant

● sum of currents through each component

SECOND QUARTER
is the total current

OHM’S LAW
● formula used to calculate the relationship SERIES PARALLEL
between voltage, current, and resistance in
an electrical circuit current flows in current has 2 or
one path more paths

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT RT = R1 + R2 + R3 +... 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +

1/R3 +...
Voltage E Volt (V)
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 IT + I1 + I2 + I3 +...
Current I Amperes (A)
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 +... VT = V1 = V2 = V3
Resistance R Ohm (Ω)

Power P Watts (W) 3. Complex

● combination of series and parallel circuits

CIRCUITS ● battery and R1 are in series

1. Series ● R2 , branch R3 and R4 , and R5 are in parallel
● resistors are arranged in a chain ● R3 and R4 are in series
● current only has one path
Solving a Complex Circuit (for Resistance)
Given:
R1 = 5Ω
R2 = 10Ω
R3 = 10Ω
R4 = 5Ω
● current flowing through each component R5 = 20Ω
is constant
● voltage across the circuit is the sum of the Step 1: Add R3 and R4 (series)
individual voltage drops across each 10Ω + 5Ω = 15Ω
component
Step 2: Solve for the RT of the parallel circuit
2. Parallel 1/RT = (1/R2 + 1/R34 + 1/R5)-1
● all components are connected between 1/RT = (1/10 + 1/15 + 1/202)-1
the same set of electrically common 4.615Ω
points
Step 3: Add the resistors (series)
5Ω + 4.62Ω = 9.62Ω
LOGIC GATES
contact (temperature contact (magnetic
sensor) sensor)

2. Power Requirement
active passive

does not need any requires external

external energy energy power
source (excitation signal)

directly generates an
modifies the
electric signal in
excitation signal to
response to the
provide output
external

photodiode strain gage

SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

Sensor PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
● converts ANY form of energy to an
electrical signal FLOW TEMPERATURE
Transducer - ultrasonic - thermistors
● converts one form of energy to another - electromagnetic - radiation
- positional - RTD’s
displacement
SENSORS TRANSDUCERS
LEVEL PRESSURE
converts physical
- mechanical - fiber optic
parameter of a quantity transforms energy from
- magnetic - electronic
into corresponding one form to another
- thermal - vacuum
electrical output

input device (sensor), Classification of Transducers

does not have any other processing device
component except itself (signal conditioning), active passive
output device do not need any need an external
external source of source of power
all sensors are NOT all transducers contain power (self-generating)
transducers a sensor
piezoelectric, resistive, inductive,
Detects the change in electromagnetic capacitive
physical parameter of
converts energy to other
qty. To produce
forms converts input quantity into an
corresponding electrical
analog signal output
signal analog
strain gauge, thermistors
Classification of Sensors
generate an electrical output in
1. Connection Type the form of pulses (forms a code)
contact non-contact digital
unique code is generated for
each discrete value sensed
requires physical requires no physical
 mechanical device that converts two-terminal
primary physical quantity into mechanical semiconductor that
Diode
signal conducts electricity in one
direction
electrical device that converts
mechanical signals produced by Resistor limits flow of e current
secondary
the primary transducer into
electrical signal Photoresistor resistance decreases
(light sensor) when light increases

transducer inverse transducer controls voltage / current

Transistor and amplifies electrical
electrical to electrical electrical to signals (switch)
non-electrical
two-terminal device that
Capacitor stores energy in the form
RESISTORS of electrical charge
● electronic components which have a
specific, never changing electrical turn on / off (making /
Switch breaking electrical
resistance
current)
● limits the flow of e- in a circuit
● only consumes power (passive), it can’t integrated circuit used as
generate IC 555 Timer a timing device to
generate pulses (blinking)

electricity to light (LED

Light Bulb
with a shell)

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
COMPONENT DEFINITION

stores chem energy and

Battery
converts it to electrical

flexible metallic conductor

Wires
carries electric current

LED light emitting diode