Table 1

Palp. Muscle Origin Insertion

HIP AND LEG

SUPERFICIAL GLUTEAL

P Gluteus maximus Lateroposterior surfaces of Sacrum Upper bers - Illiotibial tract, Lower A:
and coccyx, Posterior gluteal line bers - Gluteal line of femur
and iliac crest.

P/np Gluteus medius Gluteal surface of ilium Lateral aspect of greater trochanter A:

np Gluteus minimus Gluteal surface of ilium Anterior aspect of greater trochanter A:

DEEP (6) GLUTEAL

P Piriformis Anterior surface of sacrum Posterior greater trochanter, superior A:

aspect

np Superior gemellus Ischial spine Obturator internus tendon to A:

Posterior medial surface of greater
trochanter

np Obturator internus Posterior surface of obturator Obturator internus tendon to A:

membrane, inferior surface of Posterior medial surface of greater
obturator foramen trochanter

np Inferior gemellus Superior aspect of the Ischial Obturator internus tendon to A:

tuberosity Posterior medial surface of greater
trochanter

np Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Intertrochanteric crest A:

np Obturator externus Rami of pubis and ischium, anterior Trochanteric fossa A:

aspect of obturator membrane

DEEP HIP FLEXORS

Iliopsoas

np Psoas major Anterior aspect of T12-L5 Lesser trochanter A:

vertebrae

np Iliacus Iliac fossa Lesser trochanter A:

SUPERFICIAL THIGH

P Tensor fasciae latae Anterior Iliac crest Iliotibial Tract into lateral Tibia A:

P Sartorius ASIS Superior medial surface of Tibia A:

P Iliotibial tract

ANTERIOR THIGH

Quadriceps femoris (QF)

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P (QF) Rectus femoris AIIS Tibial tuberosity A:

P (QF) Vastus lateralis Linea aspera of femur Tibial tuberosity A:

P (QF) Vastus medialis Linea aspera of femur Tibial tuberosity A:

np (QF) Vastus intermedius Anterior shaft and Linea aspera of Tibial tuberosity A:
femur

MEDIAL THIGH

P Pectineus Superior ramus pubis Pectineal line of femur A:

P Adductor longus Pubic tubercle Middle third of Medial lip of liner

aspera of femur

np Adductor brevis Inferior ramus of pubis Pectineal line and upper third of line
aspera of femur

np Adductor magnus Inferior ramus of pubis and ischial Linea aspera, supracondylar line,
tuberosity (behind hip joint) adductor tubercle

P Gracilis Inferior ramus of pubis Proximal, medial shaft of tibia at pes

anserina tendon

Pes anserinus Sartorius, Gracilis, and

Semitendonosus tendons join at the
pes anserinus and insert to medial
shaft of tibia

POSTERIOR THIGH

P Biceps femoris Long head: Ischial tuberosity, Short Head of bula

head: Linea aspera of femur

P Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Medial superior tibia

np Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial superior tibia

POSTERIOR
SUPERFICIAL LEG

Triceps Surea

P (TS) Gastrocnemius Posterior femoral condyles Calcaneal tendon to calcaneus

np (TS) Soleus Solear line, posterior head of bula Calcaneal tendon to calcaneus

np Plantaris Lateral supracondylar line of femur Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

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np Popliteus Lateral condyle of femur Proximal, posterior aspect of tibia

POSTERIOR DEEP LEG

np Flexor hallucis longus Middle half of posterior bula Distal phalanx of rst toe

np Flexor digitorum longus Middle, posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of toes 2-5

np Tibialis posterior Proximal Posterior shafts of tibia All ve tarsal bones and bases of
and bula, interosseous membrane metatarsals 2-4

LATERAL LEG

P Fibularis (peroneus) Distal two thirds of lateral bula Styloid process of fth metatarsal
brevis

P Fibularis (peroneus) Head of bula, proximal two-thirds Base of rst metatarsal, medial
longus of lateral bula cuneiform

ANTERIOR LEG

P Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal- Medial cuneiform, base of rst
lateral surface of tibia metatarsal

np Extensor digitorum Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal- Middle and distal phalanges 2-5
longus anterior shaft of bula,
interosseous membrane

np Extensor hallucis longus Anterior surface of bula, Distal phalanx of rst toe
interosseous membrane

np Fibularis (peroneus) Distal end of bula Base of the fth metatarsal

tertius

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF
THE FOOT

P Extensor digitorum Superolateral calcaneus Long extensor tendons of Phalanges

brevis 2-5

P Extensor hallucis brevis Superolateral calcaneus Distal phalanx of rst toe

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P Abductor hallucis Medial aspect of calcaneus Base of proximal phalanx of rst toe

P Flexor digitorum brevis Calcaneal tuberosity Sides of middle phalanges of toes

2-5

P Abductor digiti quinti Calcaneal tuberosity Lateral aspect of the base of the
(minimi) proximal phalanx of the 5th toe

np Quadratus plantae Medial and Lateral aspects of Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon
Calcaneus

np Lumbricals Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon Extensor Digitorum Longus Tendon

np Flexor hallucis brevis 1-3 Cuneiforms Base of proximal phalanx of rst toe

np Adductor hallucis Oblique Head: bases of Lateral aspect of proximal phalanx

metatarsals 2-4, cuboid, lateral of rst toe.
cuneiform, and bularis longus
tendon; Transverse Head:
ligaments of toes 3-5

np Flexor digiti quinti Base of 5th Metatarsal Lateral aspect of base of proximal
(minimi brevis) phalanx of 5th toe

np Plantar interossei Inferior medial aspects of Medial aspect of base of proximal

metatarsals 3-5 phalanges of toes 3-5 and ext. dig.
Long. Tendon

np Dorsal interossei Adjacent aspects of all metatarsals Base of proximal phalanges of toes
2-4

SHOULDER AND
ARM
Posterior Extrinsic
Muscles of the Shoulder

P Trapezius O: External Occipital protuberance, I: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, A:

Medial portion of superior nuchal spine of scapula
line of the occiput, ligamentum
nuchae, spinous processes C7-T12

P Latissimus Dorsi O: Spinous processes of T6-12, Ribs I: Intertubercular groove of humerus A:

8-12, Thoracolumbar fascia,
Posterior Iliac crest

P Rhomboid Minor O: Spinous processes of C7-T1 I: Superior Vertebral border of scapula A:

P Rhomboid Major O: Spinous processes of T2-T5 I: Inferior Vertebral border of scapula A:

P Levator Scapulae O: Transverse processes of C1 I: Superior Vertebral border of scapula A:

(superior head) and C2-C4 (inferior
head)

Anterior Extrinsic
Muscles of the Shoulder

P Pectoralis Major O: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, I: Lateral lip of intertubercular groove A:
costal cartilage of Ribs 1-6 of humerus

np Pectoralis Minor O: Ribs 3-5 I: Coracoid process of scapula A:

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P Serratus Anterior O: Ribs 1-9 I: Anterior, Medial border of scapula A:

np Subclavius O: Rib 1 I: Middle third of inferior clavicle A:

Deep Scapular Muscles

P Supraspinatus O: Supraspinatus fossa I: Greater tubercle of humerus A:

P Infraspinatus O: Infraspinatus fossa I: Greater tubercle of humerus A:

P Teres Minor O: Superior lateral border of Scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus A:

np Subscapularis O: Subscapular fossa I: Lesser tubercle of humerus A:

Super cial Scapular

Muscles

P Deltoid O: Lateral third of clavicle, Acromion, I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus A:

and Spine of scapula

P Teres Major O: Posterior surface of inferior angle I: Medial lip of intertubercular groove A:
of scapula of humerus

Posterior Brachial
Muscles

P Triceps Brachii O:
Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of I: Olecranon process of the Ulna A:
the scapula; Lateral head: Posterior
surface of humerus, superior to
radial groove; Medial head:
posterior surface of humerus,
inferior to radial groove

Anterior Brachial
Muscles

P Biceps Brachii O: Long head: supraglenoid tubercle I: Bicipital tuberosity of the radius and A:
of the scapula, Short head: the bicipital aponeurosis to the deep
Coracoid process of the scapula fascia of the forearm

P Brachialis O: Distal third of the anterior aspect of I: Coronoid process of the Ulna A:
the humerus

P Coracobrachialis O: Coracoid process of the scapula I: Middle of the medial aspect of the A:
humerus.

ANTERIOR MUSCLES of
the FOREARM (Layer 1,
Super cial)
from medial to lateral

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Pronator teres O: Humerus, medial epicondyle I: Radius, middle of lateral surface A:

Flexor carpi radialis O: Humerus, medial epicondyle I: Base of second and third metacarpal A:

Palmaris longus O: Humerus, medial epicondyle I: Palmar aponeurosis A:

Flexor carpi ulnaris O: Humerus, medial epicondyle, Ulna I: Pisiform bone, hook of hamate, 5th A:
(olecranon process and posterior metacarpal
border of shaft)

ANTERIOR MUSCLES of
the FOREARM (Layer 2,
Intermediate)

Flexor digitorum O: Humerus, medial epicondyle; Ulna, I: Base of middle phalanges of digits A:
super cialis coronoid process; and radius, 2-5
superior, anterior aspect of shaft.

ANTERIOR MUSCLES of
the FOREARM (Layer 3,
Intermediate)

Flexor pollicis longus O: Radius, anterior surface and I: Base of distal phalanx of 1st digit A:
Interosseous membrane (Thumb)

Flexor digitorum O: Proximal three-quarters of ulna, I: Distal phalanges of ngers 2-5 A:

profundus and interosseous membrane

ANTERIOR MUSCLES of
the FOREARM (Layer 4,
Deep)

Np Pronator quadratus O: Distal quarter of anterior Ulna I: Distal quarter of anterior Radius A:

Posterior Forearm
Muscles (Super cial 7)
from lateral to medial

P Brachioradialis O: Humerus, supracondylar ridge I: Styloid process of the radius A:

above the lateral epicondyle

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P Extensor carpi radialis O: Common extensor tendon, from I: Base of second metacarpal A:
longus lateral epicondyle of Humerus

P Extensor carpi radialis O: Common extensor tendon, from I: Base of third metacarpal A:
brevis lateral epicondyle of Humerus

P Extensor digitorum O: Common extensor tendon, from I: Extensor expansions of digits 2-5 A:
lateral epicondyle of Humerus

P Extensor digiti minimi O: Common extensor tendon, from I: Extensor expansion of fth digit A:
lateral epicondyle of Humerus

P Extensor carpi ulnaris O: Lateral epicondyle of Humerus, I: Base of fth metacarpal A:

posterior border of Ulna

np Anconeus O: Humerus, lateral epicondyle I: Olecranon process, and posterior A:

proximal surface of ulna.

Posterior Forearm Origins and muscle bellies run from Insertions, tendons run from lateral
Muscles (Deep 5) proximal to distal to medial.
from proximal to distal

P Supinator O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, I: Lateral, posterior, and anterior A:

Radial collateral ligament, annular surfaces of the the proximal third of
ligament, and superior crest of the the radius.
ulna.

P Abductor pollicis longus O: Posterior surface of the proximal I: Base of rst metacarpal A:
half of the Radius, Interosseus
membrane, and Ulna

P Extensor pollicis brevis O: Posterior surface of the distal third I: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb A:
of radius and interosseus
membrane.

P Extensor pollicis longus O: Posterior surface of distal third of I: Posterior aspect of distal phalanx of A:
Ulna and Interosseus membrane thumb

np Extensor indicis O: Posterior surface of distal shaft of I: Extensor expansion of the distal A:
Ulna and Interosseus membrane phalanx of the index nger

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF
THE HAND,
Thenar Compartment

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P Abductor pollicis brevis O: Flexor retinaculum, Tubercles of I: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb A:
scaphoid and trapezium via radial sesamoid bone.

P Flexor pollicis brevis O: Super cial head: Flexor I: Lateral aspect of the base of the A:
Retinaculum, tubercle of proximal phalanx of the thumb via
trapezium. Deep head: Trapezoid radial sesamoid bone.
and capitate.

np Opponens pollicis O: Tubercle of trapezium, exor I: Radial border of rst metacarpal. A:

retinaculum

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF
THE HAND,
Adductor Compartment

Adductor pollicis O: Oblique head:Capitate, Transverse I: Medial base of proximal phalanx of A:

head: Metacarpals 2-3 thumb via ulnar sesamoid bone.

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF
THE HAND,
Hypothenar
Compartment

p Abductor Digiti Minimi O: Pisiform and tendon of exor carpi I: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th A:
ulnaris digit.

p Flexor Digiti Minimi O: Hook of hamate and exor I: Palmar base of proximal phalanx of A:
Brevis retinaculum 5th digit.

p Opponens Digiti Minimi O: Hook of hamate and exor I: Shaft of fth metacarpal, ulnar A:
retinaculum surface.

Np Palmaris brevis O: Palmar aponeurosis and exor I: Dermis of skin of hypothenar A:

retinaculum eminence.

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF
THE HAND,
Central Compartment

np Lumbricals O: Flexor digitorum profundus I: Extensor aponeurosis on dorsal A:

tendons surface of phalanges 2-5

np Palmar interossei O: Base of Metacarpals 1,2,4,5 I: Base of proximal phalanxes of digits A:

1,2,4,5

np Dorsal interossei O: Adjacent aspects of all I: Base of proximal phalanx of digits A:

metacarpals 2,3,4, and extensor aponeurosis

The Back, Super cial

Layer

Trapezius O: External Occipital protuberance, I: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, A:

Medial portion of superior nuchal spine of scapula
line of the occiput, ligamentum
nuchae, spinous processes C7-T12

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Latissimus Dorsi O: Spinous processes of T6-12, Ribs I: Intertubercular groove of humerus A:

8-12, Thoracolumbar fascia,
Posterior Iliac crest

Rhomboid Minor O: Spinous processes of C7-T1 I: Superior Vertebral border of scapula A:

Rhomboid Major O: Spinous processes of T2-T5 I: Inferior Vertebral border of scapula A:

Levator Scapulae O: Transverse processes of C1 I: Superior Vertebral border of scapula A:

(superior head) and C2-C4 (inferior
head)

Splenius capitis O: Nuchal Ligament, Spinous I: Lateral superior Nuchal Line of A:

processes of C7-T3 occipital bone, mastoid process of
temporal bones

Splenius cervicis O: Spinous processes of T3-T6 I: Transverse processes of C1-C3 A:

The Back, Intermediate

Serratus posterior O: Nuchal Ligament, Spinous I: Superior border of ribs 2-5 A:

superior processes of C7-T3

Serratus posterior O: Spinous processes of T11-L2 I: Inferior border of ribs 9-12 A:

inferior

The Back, Deep

Super cial layer Erector
Spinae Group

Iliocostalis cervicis O: Ribs 1-6 I: Transverse processes of C4-C6 A:

Iliocostalis thoracis O: Ribs 7-12 I: Ribs 1-6 A:

Iliocostalis lumborum O: Posterior iliac crest, posterior I: Transverse processes of L1-L3, Ribs A:
sacrum 6-12

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Longissimus capitis O: Transverse processes of upper I: Mastoid process of temporal bones A:

thoracic vertebrae

Longissimus cervicis O: Transverse processes of upper I: Transverse processes of cervical A:

thoracic vertebrae verbs

Longissimus thoracis O: Posterior sacrum I: Ribs 4-9, Transverse processes of A:

T1-T12

Spinalis cervicis O: Nuchal Ligament and Spinous I: Spinous processes of C2 to T1 A:

processes of C7

Spinalis thoracis O: Spinous processes of upper I: Spinous processes of upper thoracic A:

lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
vertebrae

The Back, Intermediate

Transversospinalis group

Semispinalis capitis O: Articular processes of C4-C7, I: Between Superior and Inferior A:

transverse processes of T1-T6 Nuchal lines of occipital bone.

Semispinalis cervicis O: Transverse processes of T1-T6 I: Spinous processes of C2-C5 A:

Semispinalis thoracis O: Transverse processes of T6-T10 I: Spinous processes of C6-T4 A:

Multi di O: Transverse processes of all I: Spinous processes of vertebrae 2, 3 A:

vertebrae & 4 above origin

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Rotatores O: Transverse processes of all I: Lamina near spinous processes of A:

vertebrae vertebrae 1 and 2 above origin

The Back, Deep

Intervertebral group

Intertransversarii colli O: Transverse processes of cervical I: Transverse processes of adjacent A:

vertebrae C1-C7 vertebrae C2-C7

Intertransversarii O: Transverse and accessory I: Transverse and mammillary A:

lumborum processes of L1-L4 processes of succeeding vertebra
(L2-L5)

Interspinalis O: Superior aspect of spinous I: Inferior aspect of spinous processes A:

processes of vertebrae C3-T1,T2, of vertebrae C2-C7, T1, T10 & T11,
T11 & T12 (variable), L2-L5 L1-L4

Levatores costarum O: transverse processes C7-T11 I: to rib directly inferior to point of A:

origin (ribs 1-12)

The Back of the Neck

Suboccipital group

Rectus capitis posterior O: Spinous process of axis I: Lateral part of inferior nuchal line of A:
major occipital bone

Rectus capitis posterior O: Posterior tubercle of atlas I: Medial part of inferior nuchal line of A:
minor occipital bone

Obliquus capitis superior O: Transverse process of atlas I: Occipital bone (between superior A:
and inferior nuchal lines)

Obliquus capitis inferior O: Spinous process of axis I: Transverse process of atlas A:

Deep Thoracic

External intercostals O: inferior edge of rib superior I: superior edge of rib inferiorly A:

Internal intercostals O: inferior edge of rib superiorly I: superior edge of rib inferiorly A:

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 Palp. Muscle Origin Insertion

Innermost intercostals O: inferior edge of rib superiorly I: superior edge of rib inferiorly A:

Diaphragm O: Costal: inner surface lower six ribs; I: Central tendon A:

Lumbar: upper 2 or 3 lumbar
vertebrae; Sternal: inner part of
xiphoid process

Abdominal

Quadratus lumborum O: Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament I: Inferior border of rib 12, transverse A:
processes of vertebrae L1-L4

Rectus abdominis O: Pubic crest, pubic symphysis I: Cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid A:
process

External oblique O: External surfaces of 5th to 10th I: Anterior part of iliac crest, abdominal A:
ribs aponeurosis to linea alba

Internal oblique O: Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest I: Internal surface of lower three ribs, A:
and thoracolumbar fascia abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Transversus abdominis O: Internal surfaces of costal cartilage I: Linea alba A:

of ribs 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia,
iliac crest, iliopectineal arch,
inguinal ligament

Pyramidalis O: pubic symphysis I: linea alba A:

Linea alba O: Xiphoid process I: Anterior bers: pubic symphysis; A:

Posterior bers: pubic crests on
both sides

Anterior Neck

Sternocleidomastoid O: Manubrium, Medial third of clavicle I: Mastoid process, lateral portion of A:

superior nuchal line.

Anterior scalene O: Transverse processes of C3-C6 I: Rib 1 A:

Middle scalene O: Transverse processes of C3-C7 I: Rib 1 A:

Posterior scalene O: Transverse processes of C5-C7 I: Rib 2 A:

Suprahyoids

Geniohyoid O: Inferior mental spine I: Body of the hyoid bone A:

Mylohyoid O: Mylohyoid line of mandible I: Mylohyoid raphe, body of hyoid A:

bone

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Stylohyoid O: Styloid process of temporal bone I: Body of hyoid bone A:

Digastric O: Anterior belly: digastric fossa of I: Body of hyoid bone (via intermediate A:
mandible; Posterior belly: mastoid tendon and its brous sling)
notch of temporal bone

Infrahyoids

Sternohyoid O: Manubrium of sternum, medial end I: Inferior border of body of hyoid bone A:
of clavicle

Sternothyroid O: Posterior surface of manubrium of I: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage A:

sternum, Costal cartilage of rib 1

Thyrohyoid O: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage I: Inferior border of body and greater A:
horn of hyoid bone

Omohyoid O: Inferior belly: superior border of I: Inferior belly: intermediate tendon A:

scapula near the suprascapular Superior belly: body of hyoid bone
notch; Superior belly: intermediate
tendon

Jaw

Masseter O: Maxillary process of zygomatic I: Lateral surface of ramus and angle A:

bone, Inferior border of zygomatic of mandible
arch

Temporalis O: Temporal fossa I: Apex and medial surface of coronoid A:

process of mandible

Medial Pterygoid O: Super cial part: Tuberosity of I: Medial surface of ramus and angle A:
maxilla, Pyramidal process of of mandible
palatine bone; Deep part: Medial
surface of lateral pterygoid plate of
sphenoid bone

Lateral Pterygoid O: Sphenoid bone I: Joint capsule of TMJ, Pterygoid A:

fovea on neck of condyloid process
of mandible

Anterior Cervical

Longus capitis O: Anterior tubercles of transverse I: Basilar part of occipital bone A:

processes of C3-C6

Longus colli O: Anterior tubercles of transverse I: Anterior parts of C1-C6 A:

processes of vertebrae C3-T3

Oral Facial

Buccinator O: Alveolar process of maxilla and I: Modiolus, blends with muscles of A:

mandible; Posterior part: upper lip
Pterygomandibular raphe,
buccinator crest of mandible

Depressor anguli oris O: Mental tubercle and oblique line of I: Modiolus A:

mandible

Depressor labii inferioris O: Oblique line of mandible I: Skin and submucosa of lower lip A:

Levator anguli oris O: Canine fossa of maxilla I: Modiolus A:

Levator labii superioris O: Frontal process of the maxilla I: Perichondrium and the skin over the A:
alaeque nasi major alar cartilage of the nose.

Mentalis O: Incisive fossa of mandible I: skin of the chin at the level of the A:
mentolabial sulcus of the mandible

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Orbicularis oris O: Modiolus I: peripheral portion: dermis of the lips; A:

marginal portion: contralateral
modiolus and vermillion border

Platysma O: Skin/fascia of infra- and supra- I: Lower border of mandible, skin of A:

clavicular regions buccal/cheek region, lower lip,
modiolus, orbicularis oris muscle

Risorius O: Modiolus I: Parotid fascia, Buccal skin, A:

zygomatic bone

Zygomaticus major O: Lateral aspect of zygomatic bone I: Modiolus, blends with muscles of A:
upper lip

Zygomaticus minor O: Lateral aspect of zygomatic bone I: muscles of upper lip (medial to A:
zygomaticus major muscle)

Nasal Facial

Levator labii superioris

alaeque nasi (LLSAN)

Nasalis O: Alar part: Frontal process of maxilla I: Alar part: Skin of ala; Transverse A:
(superior to lateral incisor); part: Merges with counterpart at
Transverse part: Maxilla dorsum of nose
(superolateral to incisive fossa)

Procerus O: Nasal bone, (superior part of) I: Skin of glabella, bers of frontal belly A:
lateral nasal cartilage of occipitofrontalis muscle

Orbicular Facial

Corrugator supercilii O: Medial end of superciliary arches I: Skin above middle of supraorbital A:
margin

Orbicularis oculi O: frontal bone, frontal process of I: Skin of orbital region, lateral A:
maxilla, medial palpebral ligament, palpebral raphe, superior and inferior
lacrimal bone tarsal plates

Scalp

Auricularis anterior O: epicranial aponeurosis I: spine of the helix A:

Auricularis superior O: epicranial aponeurosis I: cranial part of the auricle A:

Auricularis posterior O: aponeurotic muscular fasciculi I: ponticulus A:

from the mastoid process

Occipitalis O: Lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line I: Epicranial aponeurosis A:

Frontalis O: Skin of eyebrow, muscles of I: Epicranial aponeurosis A:

forehead

Galea aponeurotica

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

P Extend, laterally rotate, abduct hip A: Lower bers only - adduct hip

P/np Primary Abductor of hip, Stabilize pelvis A: Anterior bers only - Flex hip, Medially rotate hip / Posterior
during contralateral leg exion bers only - extend hip, Laterally rotate hip

np Abduct hip A: medially rotate hip, ex hip

P Lateral rotation of hip A: Abduction of hip when in exion.

np Lateral rotation of hip A: Stabilizes femur within Acetabulum

np Lateral rotation of hip A: Abduction of hip when in exion. Stabilization of hip joint.

np Lateral rotation of hip A: Stabilizes femur within Acetabulum

np Lateral rotation of hip A: -

np Lateral rotation of hip A:

np Flex hip A: Laterally rotate hip and adduct thigh, stabilize lower back,
tilt pelvis when insertion is xed.

np Flex hip A: Laterally rotate hip and adduct thigh, stabilize lower back,
tilt pelvis when insertion is xed.

P Flex hip A: Medially rotate and abduct thigh, during walking steadies
hip and knee on standing side

P Flex, laterally rotate and abduct thigh A: Flex knee

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

P Extend knee A: Flex hip

P Extend knee A: -

P Extend knee A: -

np Extend knee A: -

P Adduct thigh A: Flex and medially rotate hip

P Adduct thigh Flex and medially rotate hip

np Adduct and medially rotate thigh Flex and medially rotate hip

np Adduct and medially rotate thigh Flex and medially rotate hip, posterior bers are innervated
separately, and extend hip

P Adduct thigh Medially rotate hip, ex knee, medially rotate exed knee

P Extend, laterally rotate thigh Flex, laterally rotate knee

P Extend, medially rotate thigh Flex, medially rotate knee

np Extend, medially rotate thigh Flex, medially rotate knee

Plantar ex ankle

P Plantar ex ankle Initiate exion of the knee

np Plantar ex ankle -

np Weak plantar ex ankle Weak exion of the knee

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

np Flex knee Medially rotate exed knee

np Flex rst toe Weak plantar exion of ankle, Invert foot

np Flex second through fth toes Weak plantar exion of ankle, Invert foot

np Invert the foot Plantar Flex the Ankle

P Evert Foot Assist to plantar ex foot

P Evert Foot Assist to plantar ex foot

P Dorsi ex the ankle Invert the foot

np Extend second through fth toes Dorsi ex the ankle, evert the foot

np Extend rst toe Dorsi ex the ankle

np Weak dorsi exion Weak everter of the foot

P Extension of toes 2-5 -

P Extension of rst toe Adduction of rst toe

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

P Abduction of rst toe Flexion of rst toe

P Flexion of toes 2-5 Supports the arch

P Abduction of fth toe Flexion of the fth toe, supports the arch.

np Assists exion of toes 2-5 Straightens FDL tendons

np Flexion and adduction of toes 2-5 at Proximal Extension of toes 2-5 at Distal InterPhalangeal joints (DIP)
InterPhalangeal joints (PIP)

np Flexion of rst toe at Metatarsal Phalangeal -

joint.

np Adduction and exion of rst toe, Adduction Support of arches

of toes 3-5

np Flexion of 5th toe -

np Adduction of toes 3-5 -

np Abduction of toes 3 and 4 -

P Elevation and upward rotation of Scapula A: Retraction of scapula, Abduction of arm greater than 90 D-
degrees

P Extend and adduct shoulder A: Medially rotate shoulder D-

P Elevation and downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

P Elevation and downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

P Elevation and downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

P Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of A: - D-

Humerus

np Downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

P Upward rotation of scapula A: Holds medial border of scapula against rib cage D-

np Pull clavicle inferiorly and anteriorly A: Stabilize sternoclavicular joint D-

P Abduct shoulder A: Stabilize glenohumeral joint. D-

P Adduct and laterally rotate shoulder A: Stabilize glenohumeral joint. D-

P Adduct and laterally rotate shoulder A: Stabilize glenohumeral joint. D-

np Medially rotate shoulder A: Stabilize glenohumeral joint.

P Abduct shoulder A: Anterior bers - Flex and medially rotate shoulder, Posterior D-
Fibers - Extend and laterally rotate shoulder

P Internal rotation and adduction of humerus A: Extension of humerus. D-

P Extend the forearm A: Long head only: extension and adduction of the D-
glenohumeral joint

P At Shoulder Joint - Flex Arm. Long head: A: At Elbow Joint - Flex forearm, Supinate forearm. D-
Abducts and Inwardly rotates Arm. Short
head: Adducts arm.

P Flex forearm A: - D-

P Flex and adduct arm A: - D-

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Pronation of forearm at proximal radioulnar A: Flexion of the forearm at the elbow. D-

joint.

Flexion of the wrist. A: Abduction of the wrist. D-

Flexion of the wrist. A: Tenses palmar aponeurosis. D-

Flexion of the wrist. A: Adduction of wrist. D-

Flexion of digits 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal A: - D-

and proximal interphalangeal joints

Flex thumb, at metacarpophalangeal and A: - D-

interphalangeal joints

Flex ngers, at the metacarpophalangeal and A: - D-

interphalangeal joints

Np Pronation of the forearm A: - D-

P Rapid exion of forearm. A: Partial supination of forearm. D-

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Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

P Hand extension. A: Hand abduction (Radial/Lateral deviation) D-

P Hand extension. A: Hand abduction (Radial/Lateral deviation) D-

P Finger extension. A: - D-

P Finger extension of fth digit. A: - D-

P Hand extension. A: Hand adduction (Ulnar/Medial deviation) D-

np Stabilize and extend the elbow A: - D-

P Forearm supination A: - D-

P Abduction and extension of thumb A: Hand extension D-

P Extension and abduction of thumb A: Hand abduction (Radial/Lateral deviation) D-

P Thumb extension A: Weak hand extension. D-

np Extension of second digit A: Weak hand extension. D-

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P Thumb abduction A: - D-

P Thumb exion A: - D-

np Thumb opposition A: - D-

Thumb adduction A: - D-

p Abduction of fth digit. A: Flexion at metacarpophalangeal joint, extension at D-

interphalangeal joints.

p Flexion of fth digit. A: - D-

p Flexion and opposition of fth digit. A: - D-

Np Tightens palmar aponeurosis, grip A: - D-

np Extend ngers at IPJ, Flex ngers at MCPJ A: - D-

np Adduct ngers A: Flexion of ngers. D-

np Abduct ngers A: Weak exion of ngers. D-

Elevation and upward rotation of Scapula A: Retraction of scapula, Abduction of arm greater than 90 D-
degrees

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Extend and adduct shoulder A: Medially rotate shoulder D-

Elevation and downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

Elevation and downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

Elevation and downward rotation of scapula A: - D-

Bilateral contraction: Extend head and neck. A: - D-

Unilateral contraction: lateral exion and
ipsilateral rotation of head.

Bilateral contraction: extension of neck. A: - D-

Unilateral contraction: lateral exion and
ipsilateral rotation of neck.

Elevate ribs, Inhalation A: - D-

Depress ribs, Exhalation A: - D-

Bilateral contraction: Extension of spine; A: - D-

Unilateral contraction: Ipsilateral, lateral
exion of spine

Bilateral contraction: Extension of spine; A: - D-

Unilateral contraction: Ipsilateral, lateral
exion of spine

Bilateral contraction: Extension of spine; A: - D-

Unilateral contraction: Ipsilateral, lateral
exion of spine

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Bilateral contraction - Extension of head and A: Bilateral contraction: Extension of spine; Unilateral D-
neck; Unilateral contraction - Ipsilateral lateral contraction: Ipsilateral lateral exion of spine.
exion and rotation of head

Bilateral contraction - Extension of spine; A: - D-

Unilateral contraction - Ipsilateral lateral
exion of spine.

Bilateral contraction - Extension of spine; A: - D-

Unilateral contraction - Ipsilateral lateral
exion of spine.

Bilateral contraction: extension of cervical A: - D-

spine; Unilateral contraction: ipsilateral lateral
exion of cervical spine.

Bilateral contraction: extension of thoracic A: - D-

spine; Unilateral contraction: ipsilateral lateral
exion of thoracic spine.

Bilateral contraction: Extend head, neck and A: Unilateral contraction: lateral ipsilateral exion of head, D-
thoracic spine. contralateral rotation of head.

Bilateral contraction: Extension of head, A: Unilateral contraction: lateral ipsilateral exion of cervical D-
cervical and thoracic spine. and spine, contralateral rotation of cervical spine.

Bilateral contraction: Extension of thoracic A: Unilateral contraction: lateral ipsilateral exion of thoracic D-
spine. spine, contralateral rotation of thoracic spine.

Bilateral contraction: extend vertebral column A: Unilateral Contraction: rotate vertebral column D-
contralaterally

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Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Bilateral contraction: extend vertebral column A: Unilateral Contraction: rotate vertebral column D-
contralaterally

Bilaterally: extend vertebral column A: - D-

Unilaterally: laterally ex the vertebral column

Bilaterally: extend vertebral column A: - D-

Unilaterally: laterally ex the vertebral column

Extend vertebral column A: - D-

elevate ribs during deep inhalation A: - D-

Bilateral contraction at the atlantooccipital A: - D-

joint: Head extension Unilateral contraction at
the atlantoaxial joint: Head rotation (ipsilateral)

Bilateral contraction - Atlantooccipital joint: A: - D-

Head extension

Bilateral contraction - Atlantooccipital joint: A: Postural D-

Head extension Unilateral contraction -
Atlantoaxial joint: Head lateral exion
(ipsilateral)

Bilateral contraction - Atlantooccipital joint: A: - D-

Head extension Unilateral contraction -
Atlantoaxial joint: Head rotation (ipsilateral)

Inhalation A: - D-

Exhalation A: - D-

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Exhalation A: - D-

Inhalation A: - D-

Bilateral: xes Ribs 12 during respiration; A: - D-

Unilateral: ipsilateral exion of trunk, tilt pelvis

Flex vertebral column, tilt pelvis posteriorly A: Compress abdominal viscera D-

Unilaterally: laterally ex VC to same side; A: Compress abdominal viscera D-

rotate VC to opposite side. Bilaterally: ex VC

Unilaterally: laterally ex, rotate VC to same A: Compress abdominal viscera D-

side. Bilaterally: ex VC

Unilaterally: ipsilateral trunk rotation; A: Compress abdominal viscera D-

Bilaterally: Exhalation

tenses linea alba A: - D-

Formed by the interlacing aponeuroses of A: - D-

three vertical abdominal muscles: external
oblique, internal oblique and transversus
abdominis muscles

Bilaterally: Flex neck, assist to elevate ribs A: Unilaterally: Laterally ex head ipsilaterally. Rotate head D-
during inhalation contralaterally.

Elevation of Ribs, Accessory muscles of A: Flexion and Lateral Flexion of the neck D-
Inspiration

Elevation of Ribs, Accessory muscles of A: Flexion and Lateral Flexion of the neck D-
Inspiration

Elevation of Ribs, Accessory muscles of A: Flexion and Lateral Flexion of the neck D-
Inspiration

Elevates and draws hyoid bone anteriorly A: Shortens the mouth oor, widens pharynx D-

Forms oor of oral cavity. Elevates hyoid bone A: depresses mandible D-

and oor of mouth.

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 Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Elevates and draws hyoid bone posteriorly A: D-

Depresses mandible A: Elevates hyoid bone during chewing, swallowing D-

Depresses hyoid bone (from elevated position) A: D-

Depress the larynx A: D-

Depresses hyoid bone A: Elevates larynx D-

Depresses and retracts hyoid and larynx A: Tenses carotid sheath D-

Elevates and protrudes mandible A: D-

Anterior bres: Elevates mandible A: Posterior part: Retracts mandible D-

Bilaterally - Elevates and protrudes mandible A: Unilaterally - Medial rotation of mandible D-

Bilaterally - Protrudes and depresses A: Unilaterally - Medial rotation of mandible D-

mandible

Bilateral: head exion; Unilateral: head A: D-

rotation (ipsilateral)

Bilateral: Neck exion A: Unilateral contraction: Neck contralateral rotation, neck D-

lateral exion (ipsilateral)

Compresses cheek against molar teeth A: D-

Depresses angle of mouth A: D-

Depresses lower lip inferolaterally A: D-

Elevates angle of mouth A: D-

Elevate and evert the upper lip A: D-

Depress and evert the base of the lower lip A: creating wrinkles on the skin of the chin D-

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Palp. Primary Action Secondary Actions

Movement of the lips A: D-

Depresses mandible and angle of mouth, A: D-

tenses skin of lower face and anterior neck

Extends angle of mouth laterally A: D-

Elevates and everts angle of mouth A: D-

Elevates upper lip, exposes maxillary teeth A: D-

Alar part: Depresses ala laterally, dilates A: D-

nostrils; Transverse part: Wrinkles skin of
dorsum of nose

Depresses medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles A: D-

skin of glabella

Creates vertical wrinkles over glabella A: D-

Orbital part: Closes eyelids tightly Palpebral A: Deep palpebral part: Compresses lacrimal sac D-
part: Closes eyelids gently

movement of the pinna A: D-

movement of the pinna A: D-

movement of the pinna A: D-

Retracts scalp A: D-

Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead A: D-

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

P Largest, most super cial muscle of the Gluteals Inferior Gluteal Inferior and
posterior hip. Nerve superior gluteal
arteries

P/np Distal bers travel deep to gluteus Maximus. Gluteals

lesser gluteals may be considered analogous
to the “rotator cu ” of the hip joint, “Deltoid
of the hip joint.”

np Deepest of the super cial posteriolateral Gluteals

muscles of the hip. Deep to both Gluteus
Maximus and Medius. These lesser gluteals
may be considered analogous to the “rotator
cu ” of the hip joint

Deep 6 - deep to gluteus maximus, lie

horizontal on transverse plane

P Only lateral rotator super cial to sciatic Lateral Rotators

nerve. Most superior of Deep 6 Gluteals.
Passes through greater sciatic notch.

np Thin, small muscle of the deep 6 just inferior Lateral Rotators

to the piriformis, This muscle follows
superior to and fuses with the larger
obturator internus tendon along with its twin
muscle which follows just below that same
tendon.

np Bilateral triangular-shaped muscle of the Lateral Rotators

deep 6 gluteals.  Passes through lesser
sciatic notch.

np Thin, small muscle of the deep 6 just superior Lateral Rotators

to the quadratus femoris, This muscle
follows along inferior to and fuses with the
larger obturator internus tendon along with
its twin muscle which follows just above that
same tendon.

np Rectangular-shaped muscle of the deep 6 Lateral Rotators

gluteal region. It is the most inferior of lateral
rotators.

np Largest and deepest of the Deep 6 gluteal Lateral Rotators

muscles. Origin is on the anterior surface of
the obturator foramen, so the body of this
muscle is more visible from anterior side.

np “Tenderloin” - long, thick, fusiform muscle Hip Flexors / Lumbar plexus

located in the lumbar region of the trunk Iliopsoas

np Wide origin along entire superior anterior Hip Flexors / Femoral

fossa of the ilium. Iliopsoas

P Super cial, fusiform muscle located in the Hip Flexors Superior gluteal
lateral aspect of the thigh. It belongs to the
muscles of the gluteal region, but the belly of
this muscle lands more anteriorly on the hip.

P longest muscle in the human body, located Hip Flexors Femoral

on the super cial, anterior thigh. Runs an
oblique course from superior lateral to
inferior medial.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

P Most super cial of the quadriceps group, the Hip Flexor / Femoral
only one to cross both the hip and knee Quadriceps Group
joints

P Sole muscle of the lateral thigh, deepest Quadriceps Group Femoral

bers run adjacent to biceps femoris

P Forms a “teardrop” at the distal medial end Quadriceps Group Femoral

of the anterior thigh.

np Deepest of the quadriceps group. Quadriceps Group Femoral

Adductor group forms 3 layers when viewed

anteriorly:

P Flat super cial muscle of anterior layer of Adductor Group

adductors. It is the most smallest and most
superior of this group.

P Large, fan-shaped super cial anterior muscle Adductor Group

of the adductors. Its origin is high on the
pubis, medial to the pectineus. It inserts
lowest on the femur, making it the biggest of
the anterior adductors.

np Middle layer of adductor muscles, origin is Adductor Group

the lowest on the pubis, and insertion is just
below the pectineus on the femur, but it is
deep to the adductor longus anteriorly, and
almost completely hidden.

np Largest and most posterior of the adductor Adductor Group

group, insertion travels along the entire
femur, includes the adductor hiatus allowing
passage of the femoral artery and vein,
ending at the medial epicondyle of the femur.
Deep to the other adductors from the
anterior, deep to the gracilis on the medial
side, and deep to the semimembranous and
semitendonous from the posterior side.

P Long thin, medial muscle of the thigh. Most Adductor Group

super cial and medial of the adductor group,
travels along medial line of thigh and is the
only adductor to insert below the knee.

P Lateral hamstring, has long and short heads Hamstring Group

P Medial hamstring Hamstring Group

np Medial hamstring, deep to semitendinosus Hamstring Group

Ankle and Toe

Flexors

P Large, high, two headed muscle of the Ankle and Toe Tibial nerve Posterior tibial
posterior leg. The most super cial muscle in Flexors artery
this compartment.

np Wide at muscle of the leg. Deep to Ankle and Toe Tibial nerve Posterior tibial
Gastrocnemius, but palpable on the lateral Flexors artery
and medial edges of the leg, especially below
the apex of the bellies of the two heads.

np Small thin muscle with a very long tendon. Ankle and Toe
This muscle is absent in about 10% of Flexors
people. Deepest of the super cial posterior
leg muscles.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

np small, short muscle that forms the oor of the Knee Unlocker
popliteal fossa. It belongs to the deep
posterior leg muscles, and the body travels
obliquely across the posterior knee from
lateral to medial.

np Lateral side of the posterior deep Ankle and Toe

compartment. Deep to Triceps surae. Flexors

np Medial side of the posterior deep Ankle and Toe

compartment. Deep to Triceps surae. Flexors

np Deepest muscle of the posterior deep Ankle and Toe

compartment. Deep to both Flexors Flexors
digitorum and hallucis as well as triceps
surae.

P Short fusiform muscle of the lateral Ankle and Toe

compartment of the leg. Its tendon is wide Flexors
and at, beginning at the distal third of the
leg. This muscle is actually super cial to the
other muscle it shares this compartment
with.

P Superior, super cial long muscle of the lateral Ankle and Toe
compartment of the leg. Its belly sits high on Flexors
the leg, but when it passes the bularis
brevis tendon, it goes deep and the tendon
crosses the bottom of the foot.

P Largest, most superior and super cial Dorsi exors Deep bular nerve
muscle in the anterior compartment of the
leg. Easily palpable immediately lateral to
the anterior shaft of the tibia

np Long, feather like muscle of the anterior Dorsi exors Deep bular nerve
compartment of the leg. Somewhat deep
and lateral to tibialis anterior.

np Deepest, thin feather shaped muscle in the Dorsi exors Deep bular nerve
anterior compartment in the leg. Origin and
muscle belly are distal to the other larger
muscles in this compartment. It runs
obliquely from lateral to medial.

np Smallest and most distal muscle in the Dorsi exors Deep bular nerve
anterior compartment of the leg. In fact, it is
so small that in some individuals it is absent
or fused with the extensor digitorum longus
tendon.

P Variability in humans means this muscle may Dorsal Layer of

have two to four heads, and may have intrinsic muscles of
independent tendons to insert on the the foot
phalanges, or they may fuse into the tendons
of the extensor digitorum longus.

P Sometimes considered part of the extensor Dorsal Layer of

digitorum brevis rather than its own muscle, intrinsic muscles of
it is the most medial of the intrinsic muscles the foot
of the dorsal foot, all found originating from
the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is
deep to the tendons of the longer dorsi exor
muscles in the leg.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

P Most Super cial and medial intrinsic muscle Plantar Layer 1 Medial plantar Medial plantar and
of the plantar foot. nerve (S1-S3) rst plantar
metatarsal arteries

P Broad, middle, super cial muscle of the rst Plantar Layer 1 Medial plantar Posterior tibial
plantar layer of the sole of the foot. nerve

P Unipennate, most lateral super cial muscle in Plantar Layer 1 Lateral plantar Posterior tibial
the rst plantar layer of the foot. The muscle
belly is largest below the tarsals, and thinner
as it extends distally.

np Two-headed muscle of the second plantar Plantar Layer 2 Lateral plantar Posterior tibial
layer of the foot. Located centrally within the
arch of the foot. Deep to FDB, but super cial
to Add. Hallucis

np Small, distal muscles of the second plantar Plantar Layer 2 Lateral and medial Plantar
layer of the foot. Originate from and sit plantar
between the tendons of the exor digitorum
longus.

np Small, deep, medial muscle of the 3rd plantar Plantar Layer 3 Medial plantar Posterior tibial
layer of the foot.

np Two-headed central, distal muscle of the Plantar Layer 3 Lateral plantar Posterior tibial
third plantar layer of the foot.

np Small, deep, distal lateral muscle of the third Plantar Layer 3 Lateral plantar Posterior tibial
plantar layer of the foot.

np Three small, distal, wing-like muscles of the Plantar Layer 4 - Lateral plantar Deep and Lateral
fourth plantar layer of the foot. They lie Toe Adductors plantars
between the metatarsal bones of the lateral
toes.

np Four small, distal, feather-like muscles of the Plantar Layer 4 - Lateral plantar Anterior Tibial
fourth plantar layer of the foot. They lie Toe Abductors
between the metatarsal bones.

P Large, broad, and most super cial medial

muscle of the neck, shoulder and upper
back. 3-part muscle connects to the upper
shoulder.

P Large, broad fan-shaped super cial muscle Thoracodorsal

of the mid to low back. (C6,7,8)

P Small, rhombus-shaped muscle between the Dorsal Scapular

spine and the shoulder blade. Superior to its
larger sister muscle.

P Small, rhombus-shaped muscle between the Dorsal Scapular

spine and the shoulder blade. Inferior to its
even smaller sister muscle.

P Super cial long, thin two-headed muscle of Dorsal Scapular

the lateral neck and medial shoulderblade,
runs nearly straight up and down.

P Broad super cial fan-shaped muscle of the Lateral and medial

chest. pectoral (C5-8, T1)

np Small, three-headed muscle of the chest, Medial pectoral and

deep to it’s larger sister muscle. partial lateral
pectoral (C6-8, T1)

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

P Multipennate muscle of the anterior shoulder Long thoracic nerve

blade. 8-9 individual heads. Medial bers (C5-8)
and insertions are deep to the bone of the
scapula.

np Very small, thin muscle deep to the Subclavian C5-6

pectorals, runs parallel but inferior to clavicle,
connecting it to the costal cartilage of the
rst rib.

P Most superior of the rotator cu muscles Rotator Cu

P Broadest of the rotator cu muscles, fan Rotator Cu

shaped origin reaches along entire inferior
medial scapula.

P Most inferior rotator cu muscle, origin is Rotator Cu

deep and lateral to the origin of the
infraspinatus, making it shorter and smaller.

np Anterior rotator cu muscle, fan-shaped and Rotator Cu

larger than Supraspinatus or Teres minor.

P Large, V-shaped 3-headed muscle, most Axillary

super cial of the superior, medial shoulder.
Origins are the same as the insertions of the
trapezius.

P “Lat’s little helper.” Thin fusiform muscle Lower subscapular

running from posterior scapula to anterior
humerus.

P Only intrinsic muscle of the posterior Forearm Extensor

compartment of the upper arm. Only the
long head crosses the shoulder joint. The
medial head can appear bipinnate and forms
the most distal muscle belly to

P Large, two headed super cial muscle of the Forearm Flexors

upper arm. Short head is medial, and belly is
slightly higher and thicker. Long head has a
longer tendon that runs laterally over the
shoulder joint to connect at the supraglenoid
tubercle.

P Short, thick muscle deep to biceps brachii, Forearm Flexors

contributes to the shape of the short distal
bulge we typically associate with the exed
biceps.

P Medium, thin muscle deep to the biceps on Forearm Flexors

the proximal, lateral side of the upper arm.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

Short, fusiform muscle of the anterior Forearm Pronator Median Nerve

forearm. Most super cial and proximal of the (C6-7)
rst exor layer, its belly runs obliquely from
lateral to medial, ending deep to
brachioradialis about halfway down the
forearm. The only muscle of its group not to
cross and act at the wrist joint.

Long, fusiform muscle of the anterior Wrist Flexors Median Nerve

forearm. Second most super cial of the rst
exor layer, its belly runs somewhat obliquely
from lateral to medial, ending about halfway
down the forearm, however its tendon
continues into the hand to the metacarpals.

Long fusiform muscle of the anterior forearm. Wrist Flexors Median Nerve
The second most medial of the rst exor
layer, its belly sits mostly deep to exor carpi
radialis and super cial to exor carpi ulnaris.
Its tendon forms the palmar aponeurosis at
the central metacarpals.

Long fusiform muscle of the anterior forearm, Wrist Flexors Ulnar Nerve
and the most medial. Its tendon inserts on
the pinky side of the hand, at the hamate,
pisiform, and fth metacarpal.

Largest muscle of the anterior forearm. Has Finger exors Median Nerve
two heads, one humeroulnar and one radial,
V-shaped muscle in the intermediate layer, its
belly sits high and medial, and it splits into 4
tendons before entering the carpal tunnel.

Short, bipennate muscle of the distal, Finger exors Median Nerve

anterior forearm, located in the intermediate
layer one the lateral side of the median nerve.

Short, fusiform muscle of the anterior Finger exors Median and Ulnar
forearm nerve, located in the intermediate Nerves
layer on the medial side of the median nerve.
Its belly sits higher on the forearm, and it
splits early into four tendons.

Np Deepest muscle of the anterior forearm, not Forearm Pronators Median Nerve
visible in the models. Thin, short, at,
rectangular muscle within the distal part of
the forearm near the wrist.

P Largest and most super cial fusiform muscle Radial Group

of the lateral and posterior forearm, Its
muscle belly runs the entire length of the
forearm but it does not cross the wrist joint.
Its primary function is forearm exion, but it
is considered part of the posterior (extensor)
compartment. Sometimes called the “Beer
Raising” muscle.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

P Most proximal and lateral of the wrist Radial Group

extensor muscles in the posterior forearm.
Its thin belly sits high on the forearm, and its
tendon travels straight down to the second
metacarpal.

P Fusiform muscle of the proximal lateral Radial Group

posterior forearm. Its lightly thicker belly sits
slightly lower, and deep to the ECR longus,
but its tendon travels parallel, straight down
to the third metacarpal

P Long central, super cial fusiform muscle of Extensors of the

the posterior forearm. Easily recognizable for Hand
its tendon which splits just above the wrist to
the four ngers.

P Long central, super cial fusiform muscle of Extensors of the

the posterior forearm. Just medial to the Hand
extensor digitorum, its tendon stays singular
and extends to the fth digit. Sometimes
called the “tea-drinking muscle”

P Most medial of the long super cial fusiform Extensors of the

muscles of the posterior forearm. Its belly is Hand
thin and travels obliquely from lateral to
medial, inserting high on the medial side of
the hand.

np Small, triangular muscle of the super cial Forearm Extensor

posterior forearm. It travels a very short
distance from the lateral epicondyle of the
humerus, behind the radius, to the lateral
surface of the olecranon of the ulna.

P Short, latitudinal lateral muscle, the most Forearm Supinators

proximal of the deep 5 muscles of the
posterior compartment of the forearm, and
the only one that does not cross the wrist
joint.

P Short, oblique muscle of the deep 5 posterior Thumb Extensors

compartment of the forearm. Second most
proximal, its insertion is also highest on the
thumb.

P Deepest, central muscle of the deep 5 Thumb Extensors

posterior compartment of the forearm.
Slightly more proximal, but also deep to EPL,
its tendon is slightly shorter, inserting at the
proximal phalanx of the thumb. Its tendon
forms the lateral border of the anatomical
snu box.

P Second most distal muscle of the deep 5 Thumb Extensors

posterior compartment of the forearm. Its
belly is larger, and more super cial than the
EPB, and its tendon is longer, inserting at the
distal phalanx of the thumb.

np Narrow, elongated muscle, the most distal of Extensors of the

the deep ve posterior compartment of the hand.
forearm. Its belly is largely deep to EPL, but
its tendon is the most central, extending to
the back of the index nger rather than the
thumb like the rest of the muscles in this
group.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

P Most lateral and most super cial muscle of Thenar muscles

the thenar eminence.

P Short, broad, two-headed muscle. The Thenar muscles

medial super cial muscle of the thenar
eminence.

np Deep, short muscle of the thenar eminence, Thenar muscles

its slender belly acts on the metacarpal, not
phalanx.

Deepest muscle of the thenar eminence. It is Thenar muscles

a wide, fan-shaped two-headed muscle. The
ulnar nerve, deep palmar arch and radial
artery pass through the hiatus between its
heads.

p Short, most medial and super cial fusiform Hypothenar

muscle of the hypothenar eminence, it has muscles
the most posterior insertion of this group.

p Sometimes absent, this muscle is slender Hypothenar

and slightly deep and lateral to the ADM. muscles

p Strongest and deepest of the muscles of the Hypothenar

hypothenar eminence. Its also the shortest, muscles
with its insertion medially on the metacarpal.

Np Most super cial of the hypothenar eminence, Hypothenar

but is not individually palpable because it is muscles
so thin, and is often not counted as part of
the hypothenar group. It is rectangular and
short, with bers running transversely and
inserting directly to the dermis.

np Four small, distal, feather-like muscles of the

central compartment of the hand. They
originate on tendons of the palmar surface,
but insert on the dorsal side of the
phalanges, allowing them to ex and extend
the ngers at di erent joints.

np Three short, wing-like muscles of the central

compartment of the hand. They originate
from the metatarsal bones and insert into
proximal phalanx of the second, fourth, and
fth digits.

np Four short, bipinnate muscles of the hand,

found on the dorsal aspect of the hand
between the metacarpals.

Large, broad, and most super cial medial

muscle of the neck, shoulder and upper
back. 3-part muscle connects to the upper
shoulder.

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Large, broad fan-shaped super cial muscle

of the mid to low back.

Small, rhombus-shaped muscle between the

spine and the shoulder blade. Superior to its
larger sister muscle.

Small, rhombus-shaped muscle between the

spine and the shoulder blade. Inferior to its
even smaller sister muscle.

Super cial long, thin two-headed muscle of

the lateral neck and medial shoulderblade,
runs nearly straight up and down.

Super cial layer of the deep intrinsic back

muscles, it has a bandage-like appearance.
Muscle bers run superiorly and laterally,
inserting into the mastoid process and the
lateral section of the superior nuchal line.
Large and lateral, although deep to the
trapezius it is still easily identi able.

Super cial layer of the deep intrinsic back

muscles. Paired, at, and bow-shaped, they
curve out from the spinous processes of T3-
T6, then back into the transverse processes
of C1-C3, lateral and deep to its capitis
bers, and deep to levator scapulae, making
it hard to identify.

Small paired muscles of the intermediate Respiratory

layer of the upper back. Similar in location
and shape to the rhomboids, these muscles
are deep and superior, their insertions are
four oblique nger-like projections onto the
ribs, not the scapula.

Small paired muscles of the intermediate Respiratory

layer of the mid back. Super cial to
the ESG and the thoracolumbar fascia, these
bers run superolaterally from spinous
processes of T11-L2 to the lower four ribs.

Most inferior and lateral cords of the ESG,

these upper bers arise from the angles of
ribs 3-6 and inserts to the transverse
processes of vertebrae C4-C6.

Most inferior and lateral cords of the ESG,

these middle bers originate from the same
level as the lumbar bers, via an aponeurotic
sheath. Fibers are serially aligned, so that
those attaching to the fth rib are the most
medial and inferior, while those inserting to
the twelfth rib are the most lateral and
superior.

Most inferior and lateral cords of the ESG,

these inferior bers connect the sacrum,
ilium, and thoracolumbar fascia to transverse
processes of vertebrae L1-L4 and to the
adjacent part of the middle layer of
thoracolumbar fascia. The muscle bers are
laminated so that the more superior bers are
the most super cial and medial, and the
inferior are deep and lateral.

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Longest, thickest and most central muscles

of the ESG. They originate at the transverse
elements, and insert into the costal elements
of a given vertebral segment. This muscle
has many distinct originating bers, traveling
super cial and lateral to semispinalis capitis,
inserting at the mastoid process, deep to
SCM and splenius capitis.

Longest, thickest and most central muscles

of the ESG. They originate at the transverse
elements, and insert into the costal elements
of a given vertebral segment. These bers
share origins with their capitis bers, at the
transverse processes of T1-T5, however they
insert lower at the posterior tubercles of C2-
C6.

Longest, thickest and most central muscles

of the ESG. This largest section, running
vertically between spinals and iliocostalis,
connects the ilium, spinous and transverse
processes of the lumbar and cervical
vertebrae, and the ribs.

Slender, at fascicles of varying lengths that

occupy the medial aspect of the ESG,
connecting spinous processes of inferior and
superior vertebrae. The medial fascicles tend
to run the shortest distance, while the more
lateral fascicles run longer distances.
Cervical bers are irregular and poorly
developed–when present, they connect C7 –
T1 to C2 – C4.

Slender, at fascicles of varying lengths that

occupy the medial aspect of the ESG,
connecting spinous processes of inferior and
superior vertebrae. The medial fascicles tend
to run the shortest distance, while the more
lateral fascicles run longer distances.
Thoracic are the most prominent and well-
organized part of this muscle group,
connecting T11-L2 to T2-T8.

Long paired muscle, the most super cial and transversospinal

superior of the transversospinal group. This
group of bers originates from several
transverse processes across multiple
vertebral levels from T6-C4, however it
shares a single, common insertion at the
occiput. Deep to splenius capitis, it is more
medial and recognizable by its a horizontal
tendinous intersection at about the level of
C3.

Longest and most super cial of the transversospinal

transversospinal group, attaches between
the spinous and transverse processes of
vertebrae, bridging ve to six vertebral levels.
These bers lie deep to semispinalis capitis,
connecting T1-T6 to C2-C5.

Longest and most super cial of the transversospinal

transversospinal group, this thoracic
vertebral muscle belly consists of ve
fascicles bridging over ve to six vertebral
levels between the transverse and spinous
processes from T6-T10 to C6-T4.

Short, triangular transversospinal muscles. transversospinal

The thickest and second longest muscles of
the group, extending from the cervical to
lumbar. Each bridges over three to six
vertebral levels.

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 Palp. Notes Functional Group Ennervation Blood Supply Picture

Deepest and shortest transversospinal transversospinal

muscles. Small, quadrilateral muscles
primarily located between thoracic vertebrae.
Some may be present above and below the
thorax, sometimes indistinguishable from the
multifudi. They have long and short bellies,
connecting to a vertebra two above, or
immediately above.

Small muscles of the back found between Intervertebral

contiguous transverse processes of the
cervical vertebrae. They comprise the
deepest layer of the intervertebral (deep
back) muscles, and consist of separate
anterior and posterior bellies.

Small muscles of the back found between Intervertebral

contiguous transverse processes of the
lumbar vertebrae. They comprise the deepest
layer of the intervertebral (deep back)
muscles.

Short, paired muscles that belong to the Intervertebral

deepest layer of the intrinsic muscles of the
back. They extend between adjacent spinous
processes. They are only properly developed
in the cervical and lumbar spine.

12 small triangular muscles of the Intervertebral

intervertebral group that connect the thoracic
vertebrae with the adjacent ribs. Located
along either side of the posterior aspect of
the thoracic vertebra they descend adjacent
to the spine, spanning the thoracic region
from C7 to T12.

Despite the name, these bers travel Suboccipitals posterior ramus of

obliquely from the spinous process of C2 out spinal nerve C1
to the lateral edges of the inferior nuchal line
of the occiput, giving them wide, but fairly
at triangular shape, so they are actually only
the second largest of the suboccipitals.

Smallest of the suboccipitals, these paired Suboccipitals posterior ramus of

triangular muscles sit at the center of the spinal nerve C1
back of the head.

Small, fan-shaped suboccipitals, these are Suboccipitals posterior ramus of

the most superior and lateral, and despite spinal nerve C1
their name, their bers travel vertically from
transverse processes of C1 to just above the
inferior nuchal line of the occiput.

Largest, but most inferior and oblique of the Suboccipitals posterior ramus of
suboccipital triangle. These paired muscles spinal nerve C1
connect C2-C1 superolaterally.

Most super cial intercostal muscles. They Respiratory Thoracic

connect obliquely, inferomedially between
the ribs.

Middle layer of the intercostals. The bers Respiratory Thoracic

travel obliquely, inferolaterally between costal
grooves of adjacent ribs.

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Deepest intercostals. Their bers travel Respiratory Thoracic

obliquely, inferolaterally. They form the
intercostal tunnel space between these and
the internal intercostals.

Unpaired, dome-shaped skeletal muscle of Respiratory Phrenic C3, 4, 5

the trunk. Its musculotendinous sheet
separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.
When its muscle bers contract, it is
attened.

Deepest muscle of the posterior abdominal Abdominal wall Subcostal nerve

wall, posterior to the iliopsoas. Sometimes (T12), anterior rami
considered a muscle of the back. Its shape is of spinal nerves L1-
generally quadriangular. It attaches to the L4
spine and twelfth rib which makes it very
important for stabilization during various
movements of the spine.

Anterior abdominal muscle, extending from Abdominal wall

the rib cage all the way to the pubic bone. It
lies within the rectus sheath, which is formed
by the merging of the aponeurosis of the
lateral abdominal muscles. Its bers run
vertically, but it has three to four horizontal
tendinous intersections.

A super cial, paired muscle located on the Abdominal wall

lateral sides of the abdominal wall. Its bers
run obliquely from the ribs upper laterally to
lower medially at an aponeurosis behind the
rectus abdominis.

Broad thin muscular sheet found on the Abdominal wall

lateral side of the abdomen. Its bers are
obliquely oriented, perpendicular to those of
the external abdominal oblique, running from
lower lateral to upper medial.

A broad paired muscular sheet found on the Abdominal wall Intercostal 7-12,
lateral sides of the abdominal wall. Its bers Iliohypogatstric,
are oriented transversely, perpendicular to ilioinguinal
the linea alba.

Deep to rectus abdominis, absent in 20% of Abdominal wall Thoracic T12

population

A tendinous, brous raphe that runs vertically Abdominal wall

down the midline of the abdomen. In leaner,
more muscular individuals, it is visible
externally as a longitudinal, shallow groove

Largest and most super cial, two-bellied

muscle of the anterior neck.

Most medial of the short, paired suparhyoid Suprahyoid

group.

Broad, paired triangular suprahyoid muscles Suprahyoid

that join along the midsaggital plane at a
raphe.

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Thinnest, most lateral of the supra hyoids Suprahyoid

Above the hyoid bone, the two muscle bellies Suprahyoid

unite as the intermediate tendon, encircled
by a U-shaped brous tissue sling.

Medial, strap-like super cial infrahyoid Infrahyoid

muscles.

Paired, medial strap muscle deep to the Infrahyoid

sternohyoid, inferior to thyrohyoid

Paired, medial strap muscle deep to the Infrahyoid

sternohyoid and superior to the sternothyroid

Narrow, at oblique super cial infra hyoid Infrahyoid

muscles with two bellies, joined by an
intermediate tendon.

paired, strong, thick and rectangular muscles Masticatory

of the super cial cheek. Two-layered, its
deeper bers arise from the interior of the
zygomatic arch.

thin, fan-shaped muscle situated within the Masticatory

temporal fossa of the skull, its origin is wide,
superior, and super cial, while its insertion is
thin and deep, passing behind the zygomatic
arch to the mandible.

quadrangular muscle situated in the Masticatory

infratemporal fossa. Two-headed, deep bers
originate from the sphenoid and palatine
bones, while the smaller bers of the
super cial head come from the maxilla.

two-headed, fan-shaped muscle in the Masticatory

infratemporal fossa. Deep to the temporalis
and masseter muscles, it has two-heads.
The superior part is very thin,

Deep, medial, anterior neck muscles that run

in front of the cervical spine.

Deep, medial, anterior neck muscles that run

in front of the cervical spine. Deep and
inferior to longus capitis.

Main muscle of the cheek, providing it with Buccolabial

structure and tightness. Thin quadrilateral
facial muscle of the buccolabial group

Triangular muscles at the lower edge of the Buccolabial

lips.

Quadrangular paired muscles on the chin Buccolabial

Short, paired strap-like muscle, above the Buccolabial

angles of the lips.

Slender, strap-like muscle found on both Buccolabial

sides of the nose.

short, conical, medial muscles of the chin. Buccolabial

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circular composite muscle that surrounds the Buccolabial

mouth and forms the majority of lips.

thin sheet-like muscle that lies super cially. Buccolabial

slender and narrow muscle of the super cial Buccolabial

layer of the face

thin, paired facial muscle that extends Buccolabial

diagonally from the zygomatic bone

thin paired facial muscle extending Buccolabial

horizontally over the cheeks

Nasal

paired muscle that covers the dorsum of the Nasal

nose, composed of alar and transverse parts.

small, triangular muscle of the glabella, which Nasal

is the region located between the eyebrows

small, pyramidal paired muscle found deep

to the medial end of each eyebrow.

paired facial muscle that surrounds each

orbit and the adjacent periorbital region

Smallest of the three extrinsic muscles of the Extrinsic Ear

ear. Deep to temporalis.

Largest of the three extrinsic muscles of the Extrinsic Ear

ear. Deep to temporalis.

Shortest of the three extrinsic muscles of the Extrinsic Ear

ear, and the only one not deep to temporalis.

long and wide muscle of the scalp, spanning

from the eyebrows to the superior nuchal
lines of occipital bones.

long and wide muscle of the scalp, spanning

from the eyebrows to the superior nuchal
lines of occipital bones.

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 Table 1
BONES Joint 1 - Superior or Proximal Joint 2 - Inferior or Distal Joint 3+ Palpable landmarks Non-palpable landmarks

PELVIS - OS COXA Sacro-Iliac Acetabulum (Hip socket) Obturator foramen

Ilium Sacro-Iliac Iliac crest, Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS), Greater sciatic notch, Iliac fossa, Anterior
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) inferior iliac spine, Posterior inferior iliac spine

Pubis Pubic symphysis Inferior Pubis Ramus (Joint w/ Superior Pubis Ramus (Joint w/ Pubic Crest,
Ischium) Ilium)

Ischium Superior ischial ramus (Joint w/ Inferior ischial ramus (Joint w/ Ischial tuberosity (SITs bones) Ischial spine, Lesser sciatic notch
Ilium) Pubis)

LEGS

Femur Hip Joint Knee Joint Greater trochanter, Medial epicondyle, Lateral Neck/Head, Lesser trochanter, Linea aspera,
epicondyle Intercondylar fossa, Gluteal tuberosity, Medial/
Lateral condyles, Patellar surface

Patella Sesamoid — rectus femoris - - Anterior Surface, Apex (inferior) Posterior surface — Vertical ridge, Medial/
tendon Lateral facets

Tibia Knee joint Ankle Joint Tibio bular joints Tibial tuberosity (Insertion of patellar ligament), Medial/Lateral condyles, Intercondylar
Medial malleolus (inside ankle) eminence, Fibular notch

Fibula Proximal tibio bular Joint Distal tibio bular joint Head, Lateral malleolus (outside ankle) Interosseous membrane

FOOT/ANKLE

Tarsals (T)

(T) Talus Ankle joint (talocrural joint) Talonavicular joint Subtalar joint (talocalcaneal
joint)

(T) Calcaneus Calcaneal tubercle, Calcaneal tuberosity (back/

bottom of heel)

(T) Navicular Navicular tuberosity

(T) Cuboid

(T) M,I,L Cuneiform

Metatarsals, 1-5 Tuberosity of fth metatarsal

Phalanges (P)

(P 1) Hallux Dist./Prox.

(P 2-5) Dist./Mid./Prox.

BONES of the Upper Limb

PECTORAL GIRDLE

Clavicle

Scapula

ARM

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

WRIST/HAND

Carpals (8)

(C) Scaphoid

(C) Lunate

(C) Triquetrum

(C) Pisiform

(C) Trapezium

(C) Trapezoid

(C) Capitate

(C) Hamate

Metacarpals (1-5)

Phalanges (P)

(P1) Pollix Prox./Dist.

(P2-5) Prox./Mid./Dist.

1
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