PRDEC23

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY
TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Fake News Epidemic:
The Study on how exposure to Fake news and Online behavior are related.
By:
Tabor, Sean Lei, Gordula
Senior High School Department
TVL – ICT Strand
Mr. Rowell L. Marquina
Instructor, Practical Research II
January 2023
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Name of School: Tunasan National High School
Address: Centennial Ave., Laguerta, Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
E-mail Address: 320704@deped.gov.ph
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THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter contains an introduction, statement of the problem, hypothesis, significance of

the study, scope and limitations, conceptual framework, and definition of terms.
The majority of Filipinos (86%) think that the spread of false information in the
nation is a problem. Typically, this misinformation originates from former internet
personalities. (Phil star MANILA, Philippines (October 11, 2022) to the most recent Pulse
Asia survey) This is what Pulse Asia discovered in its Ulat ng Bayan survey, Tuesday, which
was carried out this year between September 17 and 21 2022 using in-person interviews.
Only 14% of the 1,200 respondents to the survey believe that this isn’t a problem in the
Philippines right now. This is the basis for the false information that prompts people to alter
their conduct because they hold a false belief. GMA News reported on May 7th, 2022 which
they took from statista.com, the Philippines is the world's social media epicenter. Numerous
studies have shown that if you browse on social media for an extended period of time or
scroll incessantly, there is a good possibility that you may become overwhelmed by false
information. When the pandemic was at its worst, WHO also faced the issue of people
distributing untrue information about the disease's spread. A recent WHO analysis concludes
that infodemics and disinformation have a negative impact on people's health behaviors (1
September 2022).
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A recent WHO assessment reveals that incorrect interpretations of health
information, which rise during epidemics and disasters, frequently have a detrimental impact
on people's mental health, raise vaccine hesitancy, and can -delay the-delivery of
healthcare. The authors come to the conclusion that "forming legislative rules, producing
and promoting awareness campaigns, improving health-related material in mass media, and
increasing people's digital and health literacy" are effective ways to combat infodemics and
health misinformation online. 31 research were identified in the systematic evaluation of
published studies that examined health-related fake news, misinformation, disinformation,
and infodemics.
Disinformation also included false or biased information, fabricated stories or facts, and
propaganda. Misinformation was defined as information that is intentionally false or
inaccurate with the intent to mislead. These data were obtained, compared, and presented
by the authors in an effort to find solutions to the problems caused by the dissemination of
inaccurate health information.
And during pandemic, based on the study of (The Cybersmile 2020)
Health experts and government authorities are concerned about the increasing
amount of misinformation online regarding COVID19 and the effect this is having on
the mental wellbeing of internet users.
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As the global coronavirus pandemic continues to affect everybody’s lives,
people are trying to learn more about the virus and how to stay safe through the
internet and social media. Unfortunately, when searching for accurate and reliable
information, internet users are complaining of being served a tide of coronavirus
related content that is either inaccurate or completely untrue. In short the pandemic
anxiety has occur during the times of pandemic because of false information about
the disease.
Numerous pupils have fallen prey to false information( Melinda Wenner Moyer ,
February 1 2022, Scientific American). We are conducting research to determine the precise
relationship between a student's online behavior and their propensity for consuming fake
news.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Is there a significant relationship between the spread of fake news and online
behavior?
2. Who is most impacted by fake news in terms of their online behavior? a male or
female?
Hypothesis
 The following null hypothesis was tested in this study. There is no significant
relationship to both of the two variables which are the fake news and the
Online behavioral changes to students.
 The following null hypothesis was tested in this study. Males have greater
effect on their online behavior because of fake news than females.
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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
Our study has been conducted since August 22, 2022 with our respondents being the
students in the HUMMS strand, 20 students (grade 12 Democritus section) who are studying
at Tunasan National High School Centennial Avenue Laguerta Muntinlupa, Metro Manila City,
Philippines.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research entitles "fake news epidemic: Impact of fake news causing behavioral changes
to students" seeks to find out what is the relationship between fake news and the behavior
of a student. This study will benefit the following:
Beneficiaries:
Students: because students will be more aware about fake news and how to avoid it. and
they will be aware that it has an effect on our psychological health especially when we are
drowned in fake news
Parents: parents will be reassured because their children are aware if the news they
believe is still true. and it will also benefit the parents because their children will teach them
to know the real news because most of the baby boomers today are easily influenced by the
wrong.
Teachers: The teacher will also benefit because the teacher will know immediately what
exactly affects the behavior of a child or the belief that a student shows in school. maybe
one of the reasons for this is fake news.
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Conceptual Framework
ONLINE ANXIETY
Online
Fake news Behavior of
student
Online
frustration
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Theoretical framework
2.1. False news's actual consequences on behavior
A increasing collection of research on the ability of fake news to impact opinions has
been created in response to the requirement to examine fake news mitigation strategies for
online platforms. Experimental research in this field often compares the credibility of false
information against the credibility of false information when it is supported by a mitigating
mechanism. It is propelled by four main research streams. Online studies have revealed, in
one stream, that fact-checking labels on Twitter-based anti-vaccine propaganda can raise
vaccine acceptance. (Featherstone et al., 2019), and that political position labels and
credibility labels on fake news subtly influence how credible it is considered to be. (Gao et
al., 2018). The credibility of false information after it has been corrected is the subject of a
separate line of inquiry. For instance, one such study discovered that platform users other
than public health authorities were more effective in correcting false information. (Vraga &
Bode, 2017), While another study discovered that algorithmic corrections were equally as
beneficial as those made by other users. (Bode & Vraga, 2018). A third line of inquiry draws
on the body of knowledge in cognitive psychology about the "continued influence effect. (H.
M. Johnson & Seifert, 1994), to determine whether corrected misinformation still has an
impact on inferences (Desai & Reimers, 2018; Rich & Zaragoza, 2016; Thorson, 2016). A
fourth stream, which includes a research by Balmas, focuses on how bogus news affects
perceptions. (2014) which discovered proof of an indirect, positive relationship between

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false news viewing and emotions of ineffectiveness, alienation, and cynicism toward
politicians.
The ability of fake news to affect beliefs could affect behaviour (Gross, 2017; Levy,
2017). The behavioral sciences have a long history of examining the logical and social
factors that influence behavior, which supports this. For instance, social psychology has
looked at how prosocial conduct is affected by trust and education. (Bierhoff, 2002; Twenge
et al., 2007) and political discourse have investigated the impact of affective and rhetorical
persuasion on voting (Clarke et al., 2006; Wahl-Jorgensen, 2019). However, response biases
in self-reports make it difficult to establish causality in complex behaviors. (Fisher, 1993;
Podsakoff & Organ, 1986), the drawbacks of using rational decision-making models for
routine actions (Back, 1961; Green & Shapiro, 1996), impact of subconscious beliefs (Lodge
& Taber, 2013), and the combination of confusing factors (Ewert & Sibthorp, 2009). It has
been challenging to predict complicated behaviour from the rational processing of particular
disinformation as a result. This calls for methods, like the one used in the present study,
that examine behavior as a complex process rather than a discrete result.
A new research stream on behavior has been added to the study of how credible
fake news is. However, while social media data makes it possible to analyze behavior
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resulting from exposure to false information, the literature that has already been published
has largely focused on people's propensity to spread false information. For example, ( Guess
et al. 2019) reported that dissemination of bogus news is predicted by age and political
affiliation. Among healthcare professionals, ( Chua & Banerjee , 2018) discovered that
sharing of medical rumors is predicted by personal interaction. ( Boehmer & Tandoc , 2015)
discovered that the perceived relevance of a content to the user and their audience is what
drives sharing. ( Colliander 2019) users were less likely to spread fake news stories that
received negative comments in the post's comments section, it was discovered. A more
psychologically nuanced framework is required to comprehend how fake news can covertly
modify behavior that isn't always conscious, especially behaviors other than sharing that
might be the target of a fake news article. While this research is important for identifying
groups most exposed to or susceptible to fake news.
2.2. Unconscious attitudes and behavior
There is evidence that online fake news has the potential to influence subconscious
attitudes and influence behavior. Psychology has recently placed a strong emphasis on how
unconscious attitudes might impact moral, emotional, and cognitive functions. ( Greenwald
and Banaji 1995, p. 8 ) Implicit attitudes are "introspectively misidentified (or mistakenly
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identified) residues of past experience that mediate favorable or negative feeling, thought,
or behavior towards social objects," according to the definition. ( Gawronski, Hoffman &
Wilbur , 2006) explained that people might not be aware of the origin, nature, or influence
of these attitudes on their cognition or decision-making. Likewise, ( Wilson , 2000) proposed
a model that states that implicit attitudes can exist alongside explicit attitudes and that a
person holding an implicit attitude might not even be aware of it. These ideas share the idea
that, unless actively suppressed, implicit attitudes are automatic, may direct action, guide
conduct, or both. ( Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005; Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996; Fazio, 1990;
Fazio & Olson, 2014, Fishbein and Ajzen, 2011; Greenwald & Banaji, 2017 ). This is
consistent with correlational data on eating behavior and implicit sentiments. ( Hofmann &
Friese, 2008 ), consumer conduct ( Maison et al., 2004 ), dependence on exercise and
intensity ( Forrest et al., 2016 ), in addition to that summarized by meta-reviews ( e.g.
Greenwald et al., 2009 ).
Three interventions are used in this study to change implicit attitudes and produce
predictable behavioral outcomes. The idea that implicit attitudes can be changed ( Dasgupta
& Rivera, 2008 ) As a result, interventions that modify implicit attitudes to produce
predictable behavioral outcomes have been identified. Several studies in behavioral
medicine, for example, propose influencing implicit attitudes toward physical activity as a
means of promoting physical well-being. ( Chevance et al., 2018; D. E., 2017; Conroy et al.,
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2010; Forrest et al., 2016 ). Similar interventions have been proposed to encourage healthy
eating habits. ( Hollands et al., 2011; Houben et al., 2010; Mattavelli et al., 2017 ) as well
as smoking cessation ( Lee et al , 2017 ). In the field of social sciences ( Dasgupta and
Rivera , 2008 ) suggest that when members of outgroups are not present or visible in
communities, positive media exposure can modify behavioral intentions and reduce implicit
bias against them.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
For better clarification and understanding of the terms related to this study, the
following
terms are defined conceptually and operationally.
Pulse Asia Survey- Our reference to the problem statement and data basis.
WHO- (world health organization) Our basis on health related about, what is the
effect of fake news on their mental health.
Infodemics- Infodemics is refer to information that spreads faster. And no one

knows if this is legitimate information and worth to trust.
Biased- refers to the people whose blind and drowned by fake news
Social Media Epicenter- Refers to the country that have the most number of people using
Social Media.
Disinformation: information that is false or inaccurate, and that was created with a
deliberate
intention to mislead people.
Fake News: News content published on the internet that aesthetically resembles actual
legitimate mainstream news content, but that is fabricated or extremely inaccurate. Also
referred to as false, junk, or fabricated news.
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Chapter 2 Review of related Literature
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-
depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art,
theoretical and conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done and lastly
the definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.
Fake news and Behavior
The organic spread of misinformation online is amplified by private interests seeking

political or financial rewards, that micro-target vulnerable individuals as seeds to further
spread misinformation(Z.Bastick2021).
At scale, the spread and creation of intentionally false information, referred to as

disinformation, risks impacting society, skewing markets, and, ultimately, subverting
democracy. This systemic risk assumes that disinformation can generate effects that, even if
small at the individual level, aggregate sufficiently to produce large-scale outcomes. While
concerted attempts to manipulate public opinion through disinformation are prevalent
worldwide (Bradshaw & Howard, 2018),
(Journal of applied research in memory and cognition 2019). Delusion-

prone individuals may be more likely to accept even delusion-irrelevant implausible ideas
because of their tendency to engage in less analytic and less actively open-minded thinking.
Consistent with this suggestion, two online studies with over 900 participants demonstrated
that although delusion-prone individuals were no more likely to believe true news headlines,
they displayed an increased belief in “fake news” headlines, which often feature implausible
content. Mediation analyses suggest that analytic cognitive style may partially explain these
individuals’ increased willingness to believe fake news.
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According to their studies, fake news have role to alter our beliefs or to change our
behavior such as being “dogmatism” even you know the truth you’ll be able to belief what is
not legitimate.(Synthesis)
The Effects of Fake News on the Philippine Media and the Economy
Local Literature
(Genesis Munsayac 2017)We’ve all had that experience of coming across shared
news stories with hyperbolic headlines while scrolling through our social media feeds. Some
of us would click and read the accompanying article in disbelief, while others would just
immediately share it around without verifying the source. Though critical readers would
spend a few minutes of Google-directed due diligence to reveal a story’s veracity, by then, it
may be too late the story may have already gone viral and received millions of page views.
Fake news has seriously caught on. It has greatly influenced the way media platforms
operate, the
This article, which engages with the special issue's theme of media freedom "from
below," provides comparative research that is ethnographically based on two democratic
Southeast Asian nations—Indonesia and the Philippines—that are currently facing serious
threats to their respective democracies and media freedom. Through the employment of
buzzers (in Indonesia) and trolls, among other methods, our research identifies the primary
disinformation work patterns in Southeast Asia (the Philippines). Our study looks at how
trolls, buzzers, and misinformation are becoming more and more connected to political elites
and the ambiguous line that separates them. We seek to enhance awareness of how
political disinformation campaigns and journalist harassment are organized in order to
prevent them in the future by outlining recent practices of these efforts. using an analysis of
four prevalent misinformation work patterns.( Asian Journal of Communication, 1-17,
2021)
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On social media platforms, fake news spreads more quickly and widely. Platforms for
algorithm-driven news delivery have lowered barriers to entry and expanded the market for
news readers and publishers. They also distinguish between the functions of content editors
and news distribution curators. The latter becomes algorithm-driven, frequently in an effort
to increase traffic and ad sales. This makes reputable editors less effective as high-quality
middlemen and makes it easier for incorrect and fake news to spread. Failures in the news
market could result. Platforms for distributing news are now more conscious than ever of
the necessity to make adjustments for these possible setbacks. Fact-checking, improved
media literacy, and news media codes of behavior are examples of non-regulatory activities
that can also help.( Digital Economy Working Paper 2018-02, Joint Research Centre
Technical Reports, 2018)
based on the studies that we got in different articles. Fake news has many effects
not only on people's thoughts but also on the economy because there are two things that
affect it, it's either you are the victim or you are the one spreading fake news or trolls if
called. it can affect our lifestyle due to misinterpretation of things.(Synthesis)
Fake news and Social Media
The use of social media for news consumption has pros and downsides. On the one
hand, individuals seek out and consume news via social media due to its low cost, ease of
access, and quick transmission of information. The massive distribution of fake news, which
is low quality news containing purposefully incorrect information, has the potential to have
tremendously harmful effects on people and society, hence fake news detection on social
media has lately emerged as an area of research that is gaining a lot of attention.( ACM
SIGKDD explorations newsletter 19 (1), 22-36, 2017)
Social media platforms are vulnerable to abuse, false information, and consequently,
fake news due to the unrestricted freedom they offer. Social media has emerged as a major
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force in the last few years in influencing public debate in a democratic setting (Marda &
Milan, 2018). Although regulators have put pressure on service and platform providers,
neither user nor platform owner responsibility has advanced in any significant way. Social
media misuse has increased steadily in India, as have the number of users of the platform.
The development of online social media in recent years has tremendously improved
how individuals communicate with one another. Online social media users communicate with
others, share information, and keep up with current events. However, a lot of recent
information that has been shared on social media is questionable and, in some cases,
deliberately misleading. Fake news is a common label for such material. Large-scale
dissemination of bogus news online has the potential to have detrimental effects on society.
(Zhang, X., & Ghorbani, A. A. 2020)
Fake news and online influencers
According to the study, listening online can assist identify online influencers who can
shift the narrative, identify possible problems that might attract bogus news, and inspire
reaction measures. The research makes recommendations for the best ways to manage fake
news through influencer connections, including fostering goodwill, motivating advocacy,
exhibiting responsiveness and transparency, and combining media relations and social media
tactics. The results of the study are in line with the fundamental assumptions of the SMCC
model and demonstrate how companies can effectively be ready for a socially mediated
crisis. For instance, the SMCC model and the public relations professionals who took part in
the study advise online monitoring of social dialogues to identify potential crisis triggers and
vulnerable areas.( Michele Ewing, Cheryl Ann Lambert 2019)
It is still unclear how false news operated on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential
election and what impact it had. In this study, we analyze a dataset of 171 million tweets
from the five months prior to election day to find 30 million tweets from 2.2 million people
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that link to news sources. based on www.categorisation . of news sources, open sources.
We discover that 25% of these tweets disseminate false or blatantly biased information. We
apply causal modeling to analyze the information flow networks and identify the key
traditional and fake news disseminators, as well as how fake news affected the presidential
election. While prominent figures disseminating conventional news with a left or center slant
heavily affect. (Alexandre Bovet, Hernán A Makse 2019).
In accordance of their study about online influencers and fake news. The online
influencers have a big role to spread false news because they can manipulate the minds of
people specially the people whose idolized the online influencers. And even the influencers
have spread false news, the fans will listen to them because the beliefs of fans have altered
by the online influencers.(Synthesis)
Fake news and COVID-19
The threat posed to humanity by the COVID-19 pandemic's ongoing spread,

regardless of one's location, is being amplified by false information that is slowly gaining
popularity. While part of the flood of these untruths may be inconsequential, others may
constitute a major hazard by persuading the populace to rely on false and/or unsupported
claims of protection and favoritism. (Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Edward Kwabena
Ameyaw, John Elvis Hagan Jr, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Thomas Schack)
The World Health Organization has referred to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic
as a "infodemic" of false information. Based on a total sample of more than 38 million
articles published in English-language media worldwide between January 1 and May 26,
2020, this study identifies and examines the most significant COVID-related disinformation
themes.( Sarah Evanega, Mark Lynas, Jordan Adams, Karinne Smolenyak, Cision
Global Insights)
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The first is misinformation, which is deliberately spread by those with ulterior motives.
Disinformation has been propagated about COVID-19, accusing racial groups,
undocumented immigrants, and even governments of spreading the virus. It seems that
some political parties and government operatives would want to spread turmoil in order to
advance their political agendas. Misinformation, which is false but is conveyed innocently, is
the second type of fake news. Misinformation about COVID-19 includes things like incorrect
diagnoses, delusional beliefs about ineffective treatments, and improbable predictions about
how the virus would spread.(Dr.Greg Nyilasy 2020, University of Melbourne)
Social Media Fake News
People now frequently use social media to read and distribute news. However,
technology has also made it possible for fake news, or news that contains purposefully
misleading information, to spread widely, which has had a tremendous detrimental impact on
society. In order to address this issue, a lot of emphasis has recently been paid to the study
of false news identification.( Kai Shu, Deepak Mahudeswaran, Suhang Wang, Dongwon
Lee, Huan Liu 2020)
Social media has grown in popularity as a means of consuming news over the last
ten years because it is simple to use, spreads information quickly, and is inexpensive. Social
media, on the other hand, also makes it possible for "fake news," or news that contains
purposefully misleading information, to spread widely. Social media misinformation can have
a serious negative impact on society.( Synthesis lectures on data mining and knowledge
discovery 11 (3), 1-129, 2019)
Recent events on social media have reverberated amid the spread of false
information, making people hesitant to share actual news for fear that it is untrue. Therefore,
it is imperative that this fraudulent content be found and deleted from social media. This
study investigates various strategies for preventing fake news on social media, including
hybrid models and natural language processing. We concluded that while identifying false
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news is a difficult and complex problem, it is nevertheless a manageable one.( Journal of

Information and Telecommunication 5 (2), 247-266, 2021)
According to their study, the people whose trying to spread fake news is to be trend
last decades using the social media. Until nowadays we’ve seen a lot of people whose trying
to seek attention so they spread information to gain more views or for money purposes.
Historical revisionism
We must be extremely careful when discussing historical revisionism since it can

sometimes take the form of explicitly party political use of the past in political debates,
which is quite different from how it is used in the scholarly community. In actuality, Lenin
(1870-1924), who called the socialist reformer Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) a traitor,
coined the term "revisionist" near the end of the 19th century. By thinking about adapting
Marxist theory in light of the most recent trends in Western capitalist society and theorizing
about the use of the reformist road over the revolutionary, whose high point came after
1917, he had separated himself from the master Karl Marx (1818–1833).
The history of Native American-white relations in North America has recently been
the subject of a wave of cinematic interpretations, providing an opportunity to study how
young people perceive films that bridge the revisionist gap in popular culture. This study
explores the moral implications of high school students' readings of prevalent historical
cinema portrayals. (American Journal of Education 102 (3), 261-285, 2010)
Any reinterpretation of historical events is referred to as historical revisionism, however it is

widely debated whether this approach is good, bad, or indifferent. The rewriting of old facts
to suit modern morality is a much more contentious element of the problem than permitting
freshly discovered data and facts to enter the historical record. Many are also concerned
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that, as with Holocaust denial, the historical record may be corrupted as a result.( Barbara
Krasner 2019)
Base on their study, the historical revisionism is a popular issue until now because
many people alter the history events in the past decades to change the beliefs of every
people. To promote their political candidates and political beliefs.
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Republic of the Philippines

Fake News Epidemic:

Tabor, Sean Lei, Gordula

TUNASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Department

TVL – ICT Strand

Mr. Rowell L. Marquina

Instructor, Practical Research II

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter contains an introduction, statement of the problem, hypothesis, significance of

nation is a problem. Typically, this misinformation originates from former internet

A recent WHO assessment reveals that incorrect interpretations of health

health misinformation online. 31 research were identified in the systematic evaluation of

published studies that examined health-related fake news, misinformation, disinformation,

propaganda. Misinformation was defined as information that is intentionally false or

inaccurate health information.

And during pandemic, based on the study of (The Cybersmile 2020)

Health experts and government authorities are concerned about the increasing

the mental wellbeing of internet users.

As the global coronavirus pandemic continues to affect everybody’s lives,

information, internet users are complaining of being served a tide of coronavirus

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

drowned in fake news

one of the reasons for this is fake news.

2.1. False news's actual consequences on behavior

information against the credibility of false information when it is supported by a mitigating

perceptions. (2014) which discovered proof of an indirect, positive relationship between

in self-reports make it difficult to establish causality in complex behaviors. (Fisher, 1993;

that examine behavior as a complex process rather than a discrete result.

groups most exposed to or susceptible to fake news.

2.2. Unconscious attitudes and behavior

of these attitudes on their cognition or decision-making. Likewise, ( Wilson , 2000) proposed

intensity ( Forrest et al., 2016 ), in addition to that summarized by meta-reviews ( e.g.

Greenwald et al., 2009 ).

predictable behavioral outcomes have been identified. Several studies in behavioral

bias against them.

terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

Infodemics- Infodemics is refer to information that spreads faster. And no one

intention to mislead people.

referred to as false, junk, or fabricated news.

Chapter 2 Review of related Literature

Fake news and Behavior

The organic spread of misinformation online is amplified by private interests seeking

At scale, the spread and creation of intentionally false information, referred to as

(Journal of applied research in memory and cognition 2019). Delusion-

Fake news and Social Media

Fake news and online influencers

Fake news and COVID-19

The threat posed to humanity by the COVID-19 pandemic's ongoing spread,

Social Media Fake News

news is a difficult and complex problem, it is nevertheless a manageable one.( Journal of

We must be extremely careful when discussing historical revisionism since it can

Any reinterpretation of historical events is referred to as historical revisionism, however it is

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