3.

Variance for ungrouped data:-

a) The Population Variance:-Tells us how data points
in a specific population are spread out. It is the average of the
distances from each data point in the population to the mean,
squared.
σ (𝑋𝑖 − ത
𝑋)2
2
𝜎 =
𝑛
b) The Sample Variance: Is the expectation of the squared
difference of data points from the mean (average) of the data set.

σ(𝑋𝑖 − ത
𝑋) 2
2
𝑆 =
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 𝑛−1 101
Example : Find the Population Variance,
for the following data:- 13, 17, 14, 11, 15
Sol:-

σ5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 13 + 17 + 14 + 11 + 15 70
𝑥ҧ = = = = 14
𝑛 5 5
σ 5 2
2 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 20
𝜎 = = =4
𝑛 5
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 102
Example : Find the Sample Variance,
for the following data. 13, 17, 14, 11, 15
Sol:-

σ5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 13 + 17 + 14 + 11 + 15 70
𝑥ҧ = = = = 14
𝑛 5 5
σ 5 2
2 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 20 20
𝑆 = = = =5
𝑛−1 5−1 4
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 103
3. Variance for grouped data:-
a) The Population Variance:-

𝑛 ത 2
2
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)
𝜎 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
b) The Sample Variance:-
𝑛 ത 2
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)
𝑆2 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 − 1
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 104
Example: The lengths of (32) plants are distributed as the
following distribution. Find the Variance ?
Classes 20 -22 23-25 26-28 29-31 32-34

frequency 3 6 12 9 2
Sol:
classes 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋ത ത 2
𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)

20-22 3 21 63 -6.1 111.63

23-25 6 24 144 -3.1 57.66
26-28 12 27 324 -0.1 0.12
29-31 9 30 270 2.9 75.69
32-34 2 33 66 5.9 69.62
Total 32 867 314.72
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 105
 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 867
𝑋ത = 𝑛 = = 27.09375 = 27.1
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 32
Population Variance
𝑛 ത 2
2
σ 𝑓 (𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 − 𝑋) 314.72
𝜎 = 𝑛 = = 9.835
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 32

Sample Variance
𝑛 ത 2
σ 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋) 314.72
𝑆2 = 𝑛 = = 10.152
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 − 1 31
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 106
4. Standard Deviation for ungrouped data:-

a) The Population Standard Deviation:-

ത 2
σ(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)
𝜎= = 𝜎2
𝑛
b) The Sample Standard Deviation :-
ത 2
σ(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)
𝑆= = 𝑆2
𝑛−1
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 107
Example : Find The Population Standard Deviation.
For the following data : 13, 17, 14, 11, 15
Sol:-

σ5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 13 + 17 + 14 + 11 + 15 70
𝑥ҧ = = = = 14
𝑛 5 5
5 2
2
σ 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 20
𝜎 = = =4
𝑛 5
𝜎 = 𝜎2 = 4 = 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 108
Example : Find The Sample Standard Deviation.
For the following data : 13, 17, 14, 11, 15
Sol:-

σ5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 13 + 17 + 14 + 11 + 15 70
𝑥ҧ = = = = 14
𝑛 5 5
5 2
2
σ 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 20 20
𝑆 = = = =5
𝑛−1 5−1 4

𝑆 = 𝑆 2 = 5 = 2.236
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 109
5. Standard deviation for grouped data:-
a) The Population Standard deviation :-
ത 2
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)
𝜎= 𝑛 = 𝜎2
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
b) The Sample Standard deviation :-
ത 2
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)
𝑆= = 𝑆2
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 − 1
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 110
Example: The lengths of (32) plants are distributed as the
following distribution. Find the Standard deviation ?
Classes 20 -22 23-25 26-28 29-31 32-34
frequency 3 6 12 9 2

Sol:
classes 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋ത ത 2
𝑓𝑖 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)

20-22 3 21 63 -6.1 111.63

23-25 6 24 144 -3.1 57.66
26-28 12 27 324 -0.1 0.12
29-31 9 30 270 2.9 75.69
32-34 2 33 66 5.9 69.62
Total 32 867 314.72
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 111
 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 867
𝑋ത = 𝑛 = = 27.1
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 32

Population Standard Deviation (P.S.D):

σ 𝑛 ത 2
2
𝑓 (𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 − 𝑋) 314.72
𝜎 = 𝑛 = = 9.835
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 32
𝜎= 𝜎 2 = 9.835 = 3.136

Sample Standard Deviation (S.S.D):

σ 𝑛 ത 2
2
𝑓 (𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 − 𝑋) 314.72
𝑆 = 𝑛 = = 10.152
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 − 1 31
𝑆= 𝑆 2 = 10.152 = 3.186

Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 112

Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 113
 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 281
𝑋ത = 𝑛 = = 11.24
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 25

Population Standard Deviation (P.S.D):

σ 𝑛 ത 2
2
𝑓 (𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 − 𝑋) 282.25
𝜎 = 𝑛 = = 11.29
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 25
𝜎= 𝜎 2 = 11.29 = 3. 36

Sample Standard Deviation (S.S.D):

σ 𝑛 ത 2
2
𝑓 (𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 − 𝑋) 282.25
𝑆 = 𝑛 = = 11.76
σ𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 − 1 24
𝑆= 𝑆 2 = 11.76 = 3.429

Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 114

Homework: Find the variance and standard deviation of
the following :
a) 10, 16, 12, 15, 9, 16, 10, 17, 12, 15
b) 74, 72, 83, 96, 64, 79, 88, 69
Lecturer: Mustafa Khairi 115