MLS 041- HUMAN HISTOLOGY

Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

Lesson title: EPITHELIAL TISSUE and GLANDS Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Pen, paper, lecture book0 e-

book
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Recall the 4 fundamental types of tissues

2. Discuss the functions of epithelial tissue References:
3. Classify epithelial tissues according to morphology and
cell arrangement Mescher, Anthony L., Junquera’s
4.Categorize organs according to the lining epithelium. Basic Histology., McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2013, pp 71-93

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction

Perhaps on the last discussion, you have been introduced to the parts and functions of the cell. Now being
said that the cell is the functional unit of the body, hence, when a cell multiplies on a certain anatomical
location it can be called a tissue. When a tissue further develops, it comprises an organ and eventually upon
further growth it can then be part of an organ system.

FUNDAMENTAL TISSUES
4 Major Types:
1. Epithelial Tissues
2. Connective Tissues
3. Muscular Tissues
4. Nervous Tissues

EPITHELIAL TISSUES- closely apposed polygonal cells with little or no intercellular material
General Characteristics:
1. Highly cellular
2. Arranged in sheets or in layers
3. Intimate contact with one another
4. Avascular
5. Forms glands
6. Scanty or absent intercellular substance
7. Supported by a basement membrane

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FLM 1.0
 Human Histology & Embryology Lecture
For Dentistry and Optometry Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

FUNCTIONS:
1. Protection 5. Reproduction
2. Transport 6. Secretion
3. Sensory reception 7. Excretion
4. Absorption

EPITHELIA - Occur as membranes and as glands

MEMBRANES - formed by sheets of cells; cover an external surface or line an internal surface
GLANDS - down growth of epithelial surfaces into underlying connective tissue
-Usually, connection to surface remains as a duct (e.g. exocrine glands). In some cases, surface
connections is lost and the gland secretes internally into the vascular system

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIA- based on number of cell layer and the morphology of the cells.

I. SIMPLE – one layer of cells.

A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS- single layer of flattened cells

- cells are saddle-like with serrated edges and a centrally located nucleus
(top view)
- on surface view, cells appear elongated or spindle in shape

B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL- cells look like tiny squares where the height of the cell is equal to
Its width.

C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR- cells resemble tall prism-like rectangles; height is more than its
width.

D. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIA- layers of cells having false stratification; all cells in all
layers are attached to the basement membrane.

E. MODIFIED EPITHELIA- usually are columnar cells with added specializations.

 Glandular or pyramidal - secretory type like the goblet cells
 Ciliated - cilia is present on the top surface of the cell
 Pigmented Epithelia - cells contain colored pigment granules
 Neuroepithelium - for sensory reception

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FLM 1.0
 Human Histology & Embryology Lecture
For Dentistry and Optometry Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

II. STRATIFIED OR COMPLEX- multi-layer; serves chiefly for protection.

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
- topmost layer: flattened cells
- middle layer : 2 or more layers of polyhedral cells
- basal layer: cuboidal to columnar cells

2 types:
1. Keratinized- topmost layer undergo metamorphosis (e.g. )Skin
2. Non-keratinized- seen in wet, moist surfaces that is subjected to
considerable wear and tear.

Ex:
 Buccal mucosa
 Esophagus
 Epiglottis
 Vagina
 Anus
 Cornea
3. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR-
top: columnar cells
middle layer: irreg. shaped polyhedral cells
basal: columnar cells touching the basement membrane

4. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- composed of large polyhedral cells with topmost layer being
big cuboidal cells.
5. TRANSITIONAL
- Variety of stratified epithelium
- Transition b /w stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelia
- Superficial cells tend to bulge into the lumen giving a dome-shaped profile called
“umbrella cells”(facet cells)

SPECIALIZATIONS ON THE SURFACE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS

I. LATERAL EPITHELIAL SURFACE- specialized junctions for adhesion communication

between cells and in restricting movement of materials into and out of
lamina.

A. JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX- intricate arrangement of membrane associated

Structures.
 Zonula occludens
 Zona adherens
 Macula adherens

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FLM 1.0
 Human Histology & Embryology Lecture
For Dentistry and Optometry Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

B. GAP JUNCTIONS
- nexus or communicating junctions
- couple adjacent cells metabolically and electrically
- common in certain tissues like CNS, cardiac and
smooth muscles.
- composed of an ordered array of subunits called connexons.

B. LATERAL INTERDIGITATIONS- regular, fingerlike projections that interlock

adjacent epithelial cells.

II. BASAL EPITHELIAL SURFACES

A.BASAL LAMINA
2 Zones:
- Lamina rara or lucida
 lies next to plasma membrane lamina densa.
 denser meshwork.
 lies adjacent to the reticular lamina of the deeper connective tissue.
- basement membrane
 underlying reticular lamina observed by light microscopy
B. HEMIDESMOSOMES
C. BASAL PLASMA- membrane infolding; common in ion-transporting epithelia

III. APICAL EPITHELIAL SURFACES

A. Microvilli
- finger-like projections of epithelia that extend into the lumen
- characterized by a glycocalyx (sugar coat) on their exterior surface
- bundle of 30 actin filaments
- constitutes the:
 brush border of kidney PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
 striated border of intestinal absorptive cells
B. Stereocilia
- very long microvilli; located in the:
 epididymis
 vas deferens

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FLM 1.0
 Human Histology & Embryology Lecture
For Dentistry and Optometry Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

C. Cilia
- actively motile processes
- propel substances along epithelial surfaces
- core of longitudinally arranged microtubules (axoneme)
- which arise from a basal body during ciliogenesis

GLANDS

- specialized as organ of secretion or excretion; formed when epithelial tissues grow down into the
underlying connective tissue

Classifications:
I. According to morphology- based on duct branching,

A. SIMPLE- duct does not branch.

 Simple straight tubular- (e.g. Crypts of Lieberkuhn)

 Simple coiled tubular- (e.g. Sweat glands)
 Simple branched tubular- (e.g. Gastric glands, uterine glands)
 Simple unbranched alveolar- (e.g. Tarsal glands)
 Simple branched saccular- (e.g. Sebaceous gland)

B. COMPOUND- duct branches

 Compound tubular- (e.g. Testes)

 compound alveolar- (e.g. Glands in the respiratory tracts)
 Compound tubulo-alveolar- (e.g. Large salivary glands)
 Compound saccular- (e.g. Mammary gland)

II. According to number

A. Unicellular- single cell functioning as a gland

B. Multicellular- many cells joined together in producing a gland

III. According to site of secretion - based on how the glands discharge its secretory
products A. exocrine- secrete into a duct or onto a surface
- most glands in the body are of this type

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FLM 1.0
 Human Histology & Embryology Lecture
For Dentistry and Optometry Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

B. Endocrine- ductless
- secrete into the blood

IV. According to types or nature of secretions

A. Serous- watery secretion, often rich in enzymes

B. Mucous- thick viscous secretion
C. Seromucous or mixed- both cell types are present in a single alveolus
 serous secreting cells are found in the periphery of a mucous alveoli
 so-called serous demilunes of Gianuzzi

V. According to mechanism of secretion

A. Merocrine
B. Apocrine
C. Holocrine

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1. What is the difference of Mitosis from Meiosis?

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FLM 1.0
 Human Histology & Embryology Lecture
For Dentistry and Optometry Module #2

Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________

Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________

2. Illustrate the cell division and provide the details each stage.

A. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning
Teacher directs the student to mark (encircle) their place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help
students track how much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do. This tracker will
be part of the student activity sheet.

AL Strategy: CAT 3-2-1, Random Calling

Write down below:

3 things they have learned

2 things they wish to know
1 thing they are still unsure

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