Untt 3 DESTGN FAcToRS

Destqr hlhul load; And Coalat re gsule

Ihe tackne dign q alba pauemut pimay

wfth ustuul lcds t
lpeuds On tu vaniouw aclors ago@atud
Neavy veuio.
icker
HRgun maqiuflude of totee Load ob houky nead
awwwt,"phovidad sthe olikgn {aclon'ae Ate bamt
in pavement
y He axiouo load fatlbra o d onstdrus
desig ae
Maximum suel load
Coatatt pressi
ohul load CconsRquaatiou dual mulliple
wh oad assenby
Kpiutieu g wueed loads
luing oluich pe
tta loaclad
emagniliude e tu tohtal lmd CP)aud
t a CA) a a thlatt prsUL Cp) a u lo k akeu nle
dlistaibulidns
& lu {aess
u amaluyho a
a cCoumt or
wf uiu bu paumumt
P
Koad 6otiel
Contact Pressue, b A
CDatat aRNa al mmpriut

aRea , A e ldu
tshael laod
Koackud ana lte tonlatt
ltu
e Cxular in hape qady a,
s aumd to
P Ap Ka'p
stum it olaplu lue to nipkn
d l i s t t b u t o e o ohenl
homogentous elasii"
eiAtular load *ope
appl:s
Koussinesa,.
was aualytically
0ORked ouB kep
haingle kaey
kauy
 Vau t h ematie tu voukatuon o vatical saun
outtu elptu a patad,
2 (Vtital tict)

P,. ita
:7
hae
Prut

Rquas ltat
tu u ceua p
t n a y be ARU Rou e i D
phKulL, p ttu liju"lo pRedaminaut
Contaet
upp Acus
. Contad pasuc dininishos
A t a qRualii dapt tue et y
tu load, P ealabrz maor iafucne
& Aa 'magnillide o
Ontu mägnuiud 'e
vadcal a u dstnbuti.
olemaud high-
hich 'magniliuds luupore
U lyru bressule q U

emalnialh n
u uppe lauyv.
uailiy
Conlaut Þrussuae mdu wheal Loa.ols o
Howex, u genuallu/
heamy vehicls ith poeumail lips an
Lo 15 kglm Seldon tn ceecd 10
u hanqe e6.5
M

it is tnoion Ahat olal dup o pavenand

w
not nutn ced eu lipu preAAURI,
*

w l d , ilti coatant lipa prutue, tre öl l Aoad

tu «Mou lu op ubracke..
gover
io ampoRtant ko kmow ku nohuel
| leat ting i , t euy
wu
in otich lu
teGuuatim Q tta
manntr
Load
Aoac pavemonl Suj
oads oaheauy vilicbu
aRl applud en th
Dus lad
L lypical oul load_Conkguralou
d

Dual
toie

a)til: xic
vehiclu
load heau
h maimwm lgal aal otuel
I4 lonnts tu total
Ln ucdia eamlin S. Aearoal
dual vchub q
ilteu eud oingo
Load potmcds
(70co
4.085t Dr A05 kq
10,2
tonntn. 5,
l5,1 eatlu
eath)
ft in
A Aikion , at prueut
i itonnes.

Fer landem ohulo, bruseut

slomdand a lad or a
du BBD Aludila , t
tatshy
Oulay
duia
QURgn 4undba pavemeut 8.lt tonnty
n ndia Sa lakm as
tbelpavemint

O 8lto kg e pu Rc 81- M8
 quivatt Snal Loheel load (ESWL)
lu oRdu lo i i t ttu maimum load n
amge dhurl
vo Chin t e Apeciped u i t amd to camy grealu"Lood
tk So netesony poviMdo olual cheel akevnbuy a a
RCU aauo heavy eLoad veliclho.

|ESul u q dual ohul Xoad ammbly out a duplh,z

way obe blyuine d a a i a l e ohed Load itpla anoud q tu
oual LoheLoaA aKmbuy uotich whill cawe tu same
ual
magnkude o utical oleelisn Dr somma valua o
COmpreu res at tiat oluypth .
uu EshlL at any dipth, z may ou otixAmimed
oud en efthu eqivaluut duio equdvait
tm Crelenon.
ar

a) quivalunt diyetio Crekeia

ppose a cludd oheel Load Qmmbly Cau a Cealaim
lamiMUm dooeien A at a Þontiulan
volue o
ko tu tiknu T o t
olept (say, oleptlu z'equal
wmemt).
ltu EstOL o that aingl otus
A s per doleuie Creberi en
toatact presuaa, p ohi
Loadhaving u
6ame
4

bsodu
same voaue q manimum odujluuia
z.
out hu depttu

b) Stress Crektra
L Suimilany tte ESwL o o&mgl voheel Xomd produtia
Similay ,

Maximum streM ot t e clesiaad

tta 4ame 'valu o
olepth z as the dhal ohett load atmby
 d

Appondt d

h e aboue egue mouws thu evnd Aeo of a dual vdhee

load aewnbly
i a Raue &uo tutaalio tu stven Oulap n a singk

Layex olua to oluLol oheelk

det ttu spacing betuoun C Cuuun q the 2 ohule be S
V lko lanut sidu q ttu owheb
n d (he cha gap betwen

u ondu to mplly tu analyiun, ktu load otsperion

sames o be at ampu o 45
ydet 'a be u nadiuo he eqrvalut iauku Cankaik
0Rta o eath ohel

4u dtea
tupto o tto olyth 2: d/, ea oheul loadP ael
inolupnolmiuy
At oleptho qualu lha dlg, thu Comprttsiu sbrek
bzias lo
wiiw tu bamemt du to each lead
ueulap.
LAt olepth Z-2s & abouw, uu Onulapped ta
Comp rek u tAs o Conicluably igh olen Compand
otolal oa COuud duu to tu olual oheel londs.
OrCsu
to dual whnbs al an
LhooR«, khe kolal atau odue hu
lkau 9S » tonndusd lo e equívnrunt
depta qkaau
to maqiludt 9P.

strm dus lo dual

dL OKdu to aimpliy diliuminalion e
voel oad at any dtied d1plt t o (omyout
PanoMmu

ttu EShoL alue ho optim Macle Va q.

dig,
zte
e ESWL io uwually olehimmed ky iuivalmt
metuod.
Cittio Osmg a
ANpe qraphi cal
tlu Jol l
aValuu o esWL vauo dipudip upon
io to duigned.
vmnt dhidknas Lohlck
tt Atguuuw tial&&ewor mellhod& itu mp
| hupu
rabhi col mellwd.
is
w grauhical mlhed, a atraight ino aulation chap
a ud ketweem ESw & oluph n og og scale.

ELampu
Caluulal EswuL 0a dual whul asnbly eamyig
kg each foblal tavewuuk
2ickaM valuu of 150,
00, & 9s0mm, teule ko loube spaci da 9 ljrta 3t0 mm
& clean qap bm ta oall oklo = A10mm.

soluiey :
P: 0044 kq, P- 4098 ka
d ltomm S H0mm

Pounh X &Y a pothd Aa lg qrosk bla Esuw

panewnmt mcknm.
 r -

6000

3039

C, d

000
0 150 00
ictnu, m

Pont x P, db) (9044, 5

Pout V [an, as]- (A038, 540)
auuewut ickn E SWL

50 9160
00 3000
3930

Qual kamdu vohul Xoad aseuby

khe 6amL mautv,

C0orcunalin to o make Ua a (d)a(a,25)

S1 L diagoual distaue betuotn l t conU al Ouuliu
ohel o ite dual vohueb ole qst tandem aale &
Cel o tu inner dual vwhonl o lhe Secnd tcomdmm
D
Anle.
tquivalet hlheel load farlovs,i Ehll Coulept
Cou(pt
ww.

a patiulas pavcmud uutliut jilh ottu Ni

Da
nilmbu opetiono load P kg 6 stnilady
nuubaAtpelutaDns load bkg ecm also Caut
stautlis
pokernud dafuua dau paummt
AAN N, &B cA Coni diurd a e i valut.

|AASHO > Amevica Assotauon o stalu tlighuony fa

Canicd Out entnsiu Aoad beat diouo, y altDing
6o00, 100
Coalurtlud ovumout of oheul loa da e 5000,
O0ou l2.oo p0ume n apiMmiunte
S000, 1OOD, l0.000, It.
u t d tuthu diaunt ickneu,

The aualyin dleppd hom Ansto toad lest

eualTon
egualon ' idly a Ctopid fa tu olulminalio o4
ENLE.
Hptcal Culcomu tu vcsull of Scmd tst studu

thul load epttatisno tokgquovalut lo EOLF

aiuat, (o)

&68 05.000 .0
50. 000 0.0
I . SDO
3145
3.000 &. 2
36 &1
6. 3
6500

32.0 3
A536 3300
62.0 64
110
05.0
54 43 000
 Based en he npieute gaunecel
apka t&Jul t
amalysin lablo wL ORimad Jov
,
Equavalbut vohul ko
Fal, O "Equlvalui Axe koad fadöx' fr vehicu
wilt wiglu
&tamdkm aruo.
Ruay acupid apprea i
tAe touatu oar haus'
kau
Conveman aale Loacd
anla. dl maqriiuott
moqriudte to o std
std
Pi .
EWLF uu ohed load | hmk loa d
3td Loul load/ Ana
load
Hppli calien o EwoL dalan
e CwLf Q a
iohul laal lood inclicatu ih posible
danoqiug eheto a onfo pakuut tuinn 0a
oueel [ anu load.
tov uigl ank, Std.anle > 8l60 k
Std, wheul Ao8o

foy Std. ohull anu load EwF o kakm as .00

hepaats q magtludo Rhon tham d . Snd hanw
Vo .

, l EwLF (s) 6
(wi ww.am that tus Oueloadwg io olouble kat o
slandand load, tt Eldawagwy aut will ee l6lumb
Lhat o u kandcad Load.
a a l u Koado qXoue maqnetaul han std. anla. oad
0
haue muc oÁ damagmg t ..
 t p ) - os , lun EtwLF : (05)- o.062-5

|EWL a mad Vm oo Conveat daiy tkate Com

Coad Jenulkepauemoul
o eath Calugou e anlu l'oueel
duig
lhat
| A o thlo EwLE Contept, it in alo enplauad
9 cheulon
RghtRght veiclts u a pasengena Ca
anl oado olo net pract' ta
wit
w ven low m simiktaut
t vem euau
ttu staulinat lenm of onible pauemonl
-

y alpit
Xange tonkon
Ca n O,5t,
Rea &ea amle o passeuu
Vey &imall Valluu
hou EwE 0.5 0.000014I.

96
teammd as Gauivalenoy tatlovs
EWLF valuts aRe
O
damagiug louu p oluaunt Anu locl'
omd
Velaa Dannagig talo VDf.

DE valu Jor ci magniuduy o mKoaclo

os ght Equd valmy faudi Civaleny faul

ofSwigt àala tamdoiu qnle.
@aal, ko
O. 0002
. 031 O. 00 3
3 630
O. 006
H540 O. 03
0. 35 0. 0
6350
O.61 0.04 3
0.0To
140 .00
0 &10 3.9t O. 24

0. 3u2
3 610 .8D 0.633
4520 0.0 0.83
 15 420 (.08

63 20 15.5 l 38

8O 93.0
is8 33.D 8.6

A6.5
23 581 6.14
0.4
8 2660 1.3
36283 31-4

Enapllo
uwo
. Qlanww. h ElLF O VDF value o ltu otlowiaq
Loads in ttum amdand arle Voad e 8,t6 t.
a). LCV 0tth Aear a load q 20t
). HCV wilh Aiav aal ood o 15. SE

Soution
0
0.0036
a) EwLF Or VDF -

VD 15.5 13.02
&.16
P

9 ataake sueluo load dlistAbutron ktuclito

aak
iucktcatrd hat
Camied out duauMg puojeet Þrpouaiin
Aear li
asl load l
)S600 CVPD wf(t
2hta 6.5% P. a &
ange ol500o 3500 kg & aottu Rale q
) . 100hcany lommhtial Vehiclu CtHCv) with aar aile
oa do in t i aamg. e Looo to l30o kg & qeouota Aale
oH5).. me oad päiawut o eaptuid to ke Construubd
tin a beudd oj 3.0 yeals ajtu i Atiudye & u anable
paemut sAsulan loo oluagmeed for a u op 1Sypara
Detam valuu o CSA or dkiqn.

Soluutiow
Velacla clom t);
, 5600, ootu nati v 6.57., uoth peiod (mtr): 3+t
18
Avuq oad 2500+3 500 30tp k

VDE, F /3000 O.01

Cta)
CSA 365,Fi[+) - 1 )
C19)
3655600x O.Or2+0.065

.06S

CSA 1.11 msa

hich lau t):

Na 100. Ya 0.o4s, m+n) 18 ytara, P - |2000 kg

VDF ,F 2000 CSA 3t.0t msa
Dei valu q CSA l2+84.07
4.6 88.26 Sasy &?