APRYL MARIE JOY TORRES  INTEROCEPTORS

 Respond to stimuli arising within the

REVIEWER IN ANATOMY AND
body
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN
 PROPRICEPTORS
MOVEMENT
 Respond to muscle or tendon stretch
PART 1 and help the body monitor body
position
 SENSORY RECEPTORS AND  TYPE OF STIMULUS DETECTED
REFLEXES  Mechanoreceptors
 One of the characteristics of a living
organism it its ability to respond and
stimuli
 SENSORY RECEPTORS
 Are dendrites of sensory neurons
specialized for receiving specific
kinds of stimuli

 Thermoreceptors

 Photoreceptors

 STRUCTURE
 SIMPLE
 Similar to modified dendritic endings
 COMPLEX
 Localized collection of cells that
works together to perform a specific
process
 LOCATION
 EXTEROCEPTORS
 Any receptor that responds to stimuli
outside the body

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 Nociceptors

 REFLEX
 A reflex is an automatic, involuntary
response.
 Spinal cord of brain tissue
 Reflexes
 A reflex is a response to a stimulus.
- The actual anatomical and
physiological basis behind a
reflex is a reflex arc.
- A reflex arc is the simplest of
all nerve pathways. Involves at
least 2 neurons – a sensory and
motor neuron.
 COMPONENTS OF A REFLEX
 Sensory receptor  Motor neuron

 Sensory neuron

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 Effector organ/tissue  MYOTIC REFLEX
- is a muscle contraction in
response to stretching within the
muscle

 Types of Reflexes
 Two types of reflexes Somatic
reflexes & Autonomic/visceral
reflexes
- How reflexes are categorized
depends on the effector tissue
involved.  WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
 AUTONOMIC - Involves three neurons
- The effector tissues of autonomic - remove a limb or body part form a
reflexes are smooth muscle, cardiac painful stimulus.
muscle and glandular tissue.
- Both the brain and spinal cord
can act as integrating centers for
autonomic reflexes
 SOMATIC
- The effector tissue of somatic
reflexes is skeletal muscle.
- You have conscious control over
all of your skeletal muscles.
 three common somatic reflexes
discussed in most anatomy and  CROSSES-EXTENSOR REFLEX
physiology courses: - Associated with a withdrawal
- Stretch (knee-jerk, patellar) reflex of the lower limbs.
reflex. - Prevents falls by shifting weight
- Withdrawal (flexor) reflex. of body to unaffected limb
- Crossed-extensor reflex.
 STRETCH REFLEX
- Simplest reflex arc. Involves two
neurons.

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PART TWO o Protects internal organs /
Protection of soft organs
BIOMECHANICAL CHARCTERISTICS
OF BONE o Produces blood cells
o Stores and releases
minerals and
 SKELETAL SYSTEM  COMPONENTS OF THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
- The skeletal system is composed
of four main fibrous and
mineralized connective tissue:
1. Bones (skeleton)
2. Ligaments
3. Tendons
4. Joint

 SKELETAL SYSTEM (A)

- The adult human skeletal system
consists of 206 bones, as well as
a network of tendons, ligaments
and cartilage that connects them.
- Human infants are born with
about 300 bones. By the time
humans reach adulthood, they
have 206 bones. Human males
grow until their late teens and
females grow until two years after
the beginning of their menstrual
cycle, typically.

 The skeletal system is the body

system composed of bones and
cartilage and performs the
following critical functions for the
human body:
o Supports the body
o Facilitates movement /
Movement due to attached
skeletal muscles

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 Bone
- A rigid form of connective tissue
that is part of the skeletal system
of vertebrates and is composed
principally of calcium.
 Ligament
- A small band of dense, white,
fibrous elastic tissue. Ligaments
connect the ends of bones
together.
 Tendon
- A tough, flexible and inelastic
band of fibrous connective tissue
that connects muscles to bones.
 Joint
- joints hold the skeleton and
support movement. They can be
grouped together by function and
structure, such as ball-and-
socket, hinge, and pivot joints.
 The skeletal system has two
distinctive
1. Axial skeleton - with a total
of 80 bones, consists of the
vertebral column, the rib
cage and the skull.
2. Appendicular skeleton -
consists of the bones of the
appendages and the girdles
that connect them with the
axial skeleton. The
appendicular skeleton has a
total of 126 bones. (Pelvis,
extremities)
 BONE
- a typical bone has a dense and
tough outer layer. Next is a layer
of spongy bone, which is lighter
and slightly flexible. In the middle
of some bones is jelly-like bone
marrow, where new cells are
constantly being produced
 Bones of the Human Body
- The adult skeleton has 206
bones

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