Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Compendium Unit 2
Compendium Unit 2
Inglés V
Contenido pag.
Resultado de aprendizaje de la unidad ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support .............................. 8
2.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support............................. 16
3.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support............................. 19
4.2 Vocabulary: Medicine and different treatments to diseases and agriculture and how to take care of
animal… .......................................................................................................................................... 23
4.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support............................. 24
Bibliografía ..................................................................................................................................... 28
2
Resultado de aprendizaje de la asignatura
At the end of the course, (English proficiency level V) students will be able to communicate in an
effective way. They will have a sufficient range of language to be able to give clear descriptions,
express viewpoints on most general topics, without much conspicuous searching for words, using
some complex sentence forms to do so.
Resultado de aprendizaje de la unidad: To interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that
makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.
3
Lesson 1
OR RATHER:
When we want to correct what we have just said or make it more precise, we often use the
expression “or rather”.
It was really my doing, or rather my drawings, that has brought us to this brink
4
1.2 Vocabulary: Chemical elements of the periodic table.
H Hydrogen Hidrógeno
Li Lithium Litio
Na Sodium Sodio
K Potassium Potasio
Rb Rubidium Rubidio
Cs Cesium Cesio
Fr Francium Francio
Be Beryllium Berilio
Mg Magnesium Magnesio
Ca Calcium Calcio
Sr Strontium Estroncio
Ba Barium Bario
5
Ti Titanium Titanio
V Vanadium Vanadio
Cr Chromium Cromo
Mn Manganese Manganeso
Fe Iron Hierro
Co Cobalt Cobalto
Rh Rhodium Rodio
Ni Nickel Níquel
Pd Palladium Paladio
Cu Copper Cobre
Ag Silver Plata
Au Gold Oro
Zn Zinc Zinc
Hg Mercury Mercurio
6
Al Aluminum Aluminio
C Carbon Carbón
Ge Germanium Germanio
N Nitrogen Nitrogéno
P Phosphorus Fósforo
O Oxygen Oxígeno
Hydrogen
Magnesium
Mercury
Nitrogen
Gold.
The chemical element (symbol N) with an atomic number of 7 and atomic weight of 14.0067. It is a
colorless and odorless gas.
7
1.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support.
Civil engineering history.
HISTORY
The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in the foundation in
France in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in 1747 grew the École Nationale
des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and Highways”). Its teachers wrote books that
became standard works on the mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics, and leading
British engineers learned French to read them. As design and calculation replaced the rule of
thumb and empirical formulas, and as expert knowledge was codified and formulated, the
nonmilitary engineer moved to the front of the stage. Talented, if often self-taught, craftsmen,
stonemasons, millwrights, toolmakers, and instrument makers became civil engineers. In Britain,
James Brindley began as a millwright and became the foremost canal builder of the century; John
Rennie was a millwright’s apprentice who eventually built the new London Bridge; Thomas
Telford, a stonemason, became Britain’s leading road builder.
John Smeaton, the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began as an instrument maker. His
design of Eddystone Lighthouse (1756–59), with its interlocking masonry, was based on a
craftsman’s experience. Smeaton’s work was backed by thorough research, and his services were
much in demand. In 1771 he founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now known as the
Smeatonian Society). Its object was to bring together experienced engineers, entrepreneurs, and
lawyers to promote the building of large public works, such as canals (and later railways), and to
secure the parliamentary powers necessary to execute their schemes. Their meetings were held
during parliamentary sessions; the society follows this custom to this day.
8
Lesson 2
RATHER THAN :
I prefer to leave now rather than wait for all the speeches.
WOULD RATHER :
The expression ‘would rather’ is followed by the bare infinitive (the infinitive without ‘to’).
Would you rather live here or go back to London? I’d rather live here. (= I would prefer to live
here.)
I don't want to go to the swimming pool. I’d rather go to the beach. (= I would prefer to go to the
beach.)
To say that one person would prefer another person to do something, ‘would rather’ is generally
followed by a past tense.
To express regret about something that has already happened, ‘would rather’ is followed by the
past perfect.
I’d rather you hadn’t done that = I wish you hadn’t done that.
-ING forms:
When the main clause has a verb in the –ing form, ‘rather than’ can be followed by –ing.
I'd rather + bare infinitive usually means “I'd prefer”, as in the following
example:
9
I’d rather have a cup of tea. = I’d prefer to have a cup of tea / I'd prefer a cup
of tea.
I’d rather like a beer = I’d quite like a beer / I would enjoy a beer.
General Preferences
A general preference is something you like more as a whole. It is not tied to a specific event or
time. It is simply a fact about your likes. For example, you probably like one style of music more
than another style. And, you like one kind of food more than another food.
Phrases we usually use for general preferences are “prefer” and “like better.” They have the same
meaning.
Prefer…
Let’s talk about the word “prefer” and hear the coffee and tea example again:
Do you prefer coffee or tea?
Notice that the word “or” is used in the question form. In the answer, we use the preposition “to”
or “over.”
I prefer tea to coffee.
I prefer tea over coffee.
As you might know, in English, when we answer a question, we do not usually answer with full
wording. If asked about a preference, you can simply name the preference, like this:
I prefer tea.
In American English, “prefer” is a little more formal but still common enough to use in everyday
speech.
Like better…
10
But Americans are more likely to use the phrase “like…better” when talking with others. We use
the word “than” after this phrase. Here is how we do that in a question and answer:
Do you like tea or coffee better?
I like tea better than coffee.
Specific Preferences.
Would rather…
Let’s look at the phrase “would rather.” It is much more common in American spoken English than
“would prefer.”
For both phrases, we almost always use the short form of the word “would” with a personal
pronoun. We call the shortened form a “contraction.” For example, the contraction of “I would” is
“I’d.” When "would" is contracted, it looks and sounds just like the letter “d.”
Pay attention to the normal form and the contraction of “would rather.” With “would rather,” we
use the word “than” in the response.
Would you rather go out or stay home?
I would rather go out than stay home.
I’d rather go out than stay home.
And, if there is only one main verb after “would rather,” we do not say it two times. Here is an
example:
Would they rather study French or English?
11
And the answer:
They’d rather study English.
Notice that the verbs “go,” “stay” and “study” are in simple form – the basic form without “to”
(infinitive) before it or any letters at the end. After “would rather,” we always use the simple form
of verbs.
Would prefer…
Just like “would rather,” we can use “would prefer” to talk about specific preferences. But, to
Americans, “would prefer” sounds more formal and we do not use it often in speaking. Here is an
example of a question and answer:
Would you prefer to go out or stay home?
I’d prefer to go out.
Note that, when Americans do use “would prefer,” we usually only name the preference, as in the
example.
However, when the answer mentions both choices, Americans usually say it this way:
I’d prefer to go out than stay home.
Note that would rather is followed by a bare infinitive without to, whereas prefer requires to +
infinitive. Would rather (but not would prefer to) is also followed by a past tense when we want
to involve other people in the action, even though it has a present or future meaning.
Positive
Subject + would rather ('d rather) + verb
Peter'd rather spend time on the beach.
I would rather learn a new language than study math.
Question
Would + subject + rather + verb
Would you rather stay at home?
Would they rather do homework tomorrow morning?
Negative
12
Subject + would rather ('d rather) + not + verb
She'd rather not go to class today.
I'd rather not answer that question.
Would Rather Or
Would rather, can also be used to ask for a choice between two with the conjunction or:
Would you rather eat here or go out?
Would you rather study or watch TV?
Positive
Subject + would rather ('d rather) + object + past tense
I would rather my son worked in finance.
Susan would rather Peter took a plane.
Question
Would + subject + rather + object + past tense
Would you rather her sister flew home tomorrow?
Would you rather he came with us to the meeting?
Would Prefer
It's also possible to use would prefer instead of “would rather” to speak about present
preferences. In this case, follow prefer by the infinitive form of the verb:
Positive
Subject + would prefer ('d prefer) + infinitive (to do)
Jennifer would prefer to stay at home tonight.
The teacher'd prefer to have the test next week.
13
Question
Would + subject + prefer + infinitive (to do)
Would you prefer to go out for dinner tonight?
Would they prefer to stay in New York for the week?
Positive
Subject + prefer + object + to + object
She prefers coffee to tea.
I prefer summer vacations to winter vacations.
Question
Do + subject + prefer + object + to + object
Do you prefer wine to beer?
Does she prefer New York to Chicago?
When stating preferences for activities, use ”prefer” followed by either the gerund or the infinitive
form of the verb:
Positive
Subject + prefer + to do / doing + object
My friend prefers to finish his chores early in the morning.
Jack prefers doing his homework at home to doing it in the library.
Question
Do + subject + prefer + to do / doing + object
When do you prefer staying at home to going out at night?
Does she prefer to eat in restaurants?
14
2.2 Vocabulary: Crime and Punishment.
Match the definition with an appropriate word. Use the words from the box.
Crime - Evidence - Witness - Court - Jury - Judge - Accused - Guilty - Deny - Trial - Punish - Jail
A formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide
guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings
A place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime
Culpable of or responsible for a specified wrongdoing
A body of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of
evidence submitted to them in court
State that one refuses to admit the truth or existence of _
Inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense, especially a transgression
of a legal or moral code
A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place
A tribunal presided over by a judge, judges, or a magistrate in civil and criminal cases
An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is
punishable by law
The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
15
2.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support.
Crime and punishment story.
In the past days, everyone was alarmed because of the breaking news of a crime committed in the
city. According to the official version from the police, a total of a million dollars was stolen from
the Central Bank in the middle of the night.
Following the evidence and the descriptions given by very few witnesses who were around the
bank that night, in an extensive police operation, the officers found two possible criminals who
were arrested and detained. By the way, one of the witnesses expresses that “The place doesn’t
offer any security to the people who live there. There are no cameras, or police assistance even
there is an important bank in this block.”
The alleged perpetrators were taken to court this morning to face the jury and the judge in this
impacting case. The Prosecutor accused them, giving sustainable proves which gave a clear view to
the jury that those individuals were guilty.
In spite of the evidence to the contrary, the perpetrators denied all the accusations, but at the end
of the trial, the jury determined that they were not innocent and must be punished. They were
immediately sent to jail with a final sentence of 5 years.
In the end, justice was effective, but, many people in the court think that 5 years were not
enough. They need to find other ways to reduce the cases of robbery and crime in the city. They
make a call to the government to take measures in this social problem which affects all the
citizens.
What were the key elements which let the police arrest the suspects?
According to the text, write (F) if the sentence is a fact of (O) if it is an opinion.
16
Lesson 3
We can use may not, to refuse permission or to say that someone does not have permission, but
it is formal and emphatic:
You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it!
Students may not wear jeans.
We use might when we are not sure about something in the present or future:
17
3.2 Vocabulary: Digital connection.
Back up Update
Match the definition with an appropriate word. Use the words from the box.
A relationship between two things or situations, especially where one thing affects the other.
Using radio, microwaves, etc. (as opposed to wires or cables) to transmit signals.
3.1 Grammar:
18
3.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support.
Digital connection history.
Many people know that the internet is a system of the global network that provides us a lot of
information around the world but, how much do you know about it?
Everything started in 1957 when the USSR launched into an elliptical low orbit of our planet, the
first artificial satellite called Sputnik I. Its objective was to study the Earth and other planets,
observe the distance of the Universe and help us to communicate in a better and faster way.
During almost a decade, many scientists, the U. S. government, and businesses created different
technologies based on codes that permit machines to exchange data, but there were many
limitations yet. After many attempts, in 1966 it was created ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network); an early form of the Internet we know today. It developed some
protocols to allow the connection of different computer networks. The first effective connection
occurred in 1969 when the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at Los Angeles,
the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah achieved to link their
nodes. From now on, everything has been evolution including the wireless connection that allows
us to access mobile devices from anywhere.
This great technological advance gave way to the creation of the WEB, which is not the same as
the Internet. In 1989, Peter Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web (WWW). It is a subset of
the internet consisting of pages or sites that can be accessed by a web browser and contain
documents, images, videos, and other online content. BuzzFeed or Wikipedia are examples of
them. In 1998, Google begins operations making it the leader of web search engines. Webpages or
sites also include interactive social media that allows the users to post, share and get stories in
real-time like Facebook or YouTube. Others offer web applications like G Suite by Google. Here
you can find the email which lets you attach and download files, upload and back up important
documents or photos in the cloud and do some online works like presentations or forms. You just
need to create an account and log in to access them. Take care when you download information
from suspicious sites to avoid malware that affects the efficiency of your computer. Update it from
safe sites and don’t forget to save changes before shutting down.
Exercise 5. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
19
What does WWW mean?
Exercise 6. Read the following sentences and put them in chronological order according to the
information provided in the text.
a. The first effective connection occurred between the nodes from three different universities
and an institute.
b. The WWW was created as a subset of the Internet
c. The leader of web search machines started operations.
d. The USSR launched to orbit the first artificial satellite called Sputnik I.
e. ARPANET was created to develop protocols of connection.
20
Lesson 4
I haven't received your letter. It may have got lost in the post.
It's ten o'clock. They might have arrived by now.
21
Can - May - Might
CAN means "capable of doing" (ability)
MAY is used to ask permission - or - to say there is a fair possibility
MIGHT is used to say there is a possibility but that it is not very likely
Some Examples.
I haven't received your letter. It may have got lost in the post.
You might not have sold your car if you really needed it.
We may not have passed the semester, because we didn’t answer any questions.
He might have accepted the job offer in China if his ex-wife hadn’t wanted him back.
You might have paid a little extra when you get there
22
4.2 Vocabulary: Medicine and different treatments to diseases and agriculture and how to take
care of animals.
Read the descriptions. Choose a word from the box that matches with each one of them.
Drug - Analysis - Relief - Specialist - Treatment - File - Appointment - Surgery - Surgeon - Cure
A set of papers, records, etc. that contain information about a particular person or subject.
Careful examination of something in order to understand it better or find out what it consists of.
Medical treatment in which a doctor cuts open your body to repair or remove something.
23
4.3 Reading: Recognize examples and their relation to the idea they support.
Gabriela’s job story.
Gabriella works for a very traditional company. She starts work at 8:30 am and leaves at 5:30 pm
or later depending on the day. Most of her work is based on consumers’ attention. She and her
coworkers have to share information, advertise and offer the company’s goods and services to
interested people in buying them or maybe just help.
My sister is the chief of the agency in Portoviejo. She is responsible for the work. Every weekend,
she has to report to the head of the company the results from her team. She cares about the
progress, strengths, and weaknesses of the group of employees with whom she works. Her
leadership has helped to achieve significant sales in recent months, and it has let them establish
themselves as one of the most reliable companies in the market.
The race is not easy. In our city, many companies are offering cheaper products or benefits in the
payment, but not all of them are truthful. These kinds of competitors encourage my sister’s
workgroup to improve themselves to take advantage of the quality of the products they offer. The
opposition represents an important role in her action plan, analyzing how to be better than it.
My sister is a brilliant woman. She is a mother, friend, a very smart sales executive and I love her. I
am studying business administration and in the future, I would like to have my own company and
be like her.
Gabriella works in a traditional company. She is allowed to work from home and spend time with
her family.
True ( ) False ( )
Gabriela’s work is based on sharing information and offering the company’s goods and services to
other people.
True ( ) False ( )
It is easy for Gabriella to know if employees are not working effectively.
True ( ) False ( )
Gabriella considers work as a race to fight and demonstrate which company is the best.
True ( ) False ( )
24
According to the text. Answer the following questions.
What is the relationship between Gabriella and the author?
What do you think the author feels when he/she refers to Gabriella? Why?
25
Lecturas complementarias
Los siguientes recursos complementarios son sugerencias para que Ud. pueda ampliar la
información sobre los temas trabajados, como parte de su proceso de aprendizaje autónomo:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/rather?q=Or+rather
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki5AGoN8w-w
https://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/grammar/rather.html
26
4.1 Grammar: May/might (+not) have.
May/might + have.
May/might + not have.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcs1CPVWYpM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWlVE219ge8
4.2 Vocabulary: Medicine and different treatments to diseases and agriculture and how to take
care of animals.
http://www.saberingles.com.ar/lists/health.html
27
Bibliografía
Vera, Garcia, Mera, Cedeño, Castro, Cedeño, Cantos, Ponce, & Loor. (2018). Better Together B1.
Universidad Técnica de Manabí.
Birchley, S. y Samuell, M.(First Edition). (2011). English in Common 2. Pearson Education ESL.
Rogers, M., Taylor-Knowles, J. y Taylore-Knowles, S. (2010). Open Mind Level 2. MacMillan
Publisher. S.A.
28
29