Undergraduate Research 1

LECTURE / MODULE 5 AND 6/ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

MODULE 5
DEFINITION OF LITERATURE REVIEW
• A literature review is a written document that
supports a thesis position by building a case from
credible evidence obtained from previous research
• It provides the context and the background about the
current knowledge of the topic and sets a logical case
to defend the conclusions it draws.
• This case establishes a convincing thesis to answer
the study question
PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
• Helps the researcher assess critically text and other
relevant material that is directly and indirectly
related to the proposed topic and to formulate
potential strategies for the study conduct and
improve research methodology.
• Determines how your research integrate with the
existing body of knowledge and scientific contribution
• Serves as a source of data in its own right
WHY CONDUCT A LITERATURE REVIEW?
• Determine what researchers has been conducted on
the topic of inquiry
• Determine level of theory and knowledge development
relevant to your project
• Determine relevance of the current knowledge base to
your problem area
• Provide a rationale for selection of the Research
strategy
• First-line resource for medical researches
BEWARE OF PREDATORY JOURNALS
• Check if the journals you have is a predatory journal:
https://beallslist.net/
WHAT TO DO IF YOU CANNOT ACCESS A JOURNAL
• https://sci-hub.st/
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
• Direct plagiarism - verbatim
• Accidental plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism – 2 places or duplicate publication
• Mosaic plagiarism - patchwork
PLAGIARISM IS A CRIME
(INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC ACT 8293)
Under Philippine law, copyright infringement is punishable by
the following:
• Imprisonment of between 1 to 3 years and a fine
between 50,000 to 150,000 pesos for the first
offense
• Imprisonment of 3 years and 1 day to six years plus a
fine of between 150,000 pesos to 500,000 pesos for
the second offense
• Imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 9 years plus a
fine ranging from 500,000 to 1,500,000 pesos for
the third and subsequent offenses.

SIX STEPS TO CONDUCTING A LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Determine when to conduct a search
2. Delimit what is searched
3. Access databases for periodicals, books, documents,
and other resources
4. Organize the information
5. Critically evaluate the literature
6. Write the literature review

ACADEMIC DATABASES
• Freely available academic databases
• Anyone in the world can use
• Other examples are:
o Wiley
o Science Direct

GOOGLE SCHOLAR
• Most popular
• Indexes a wide range of journals across all academic
fields
• Simple
• Powered by Google

PubMed
• Indexes high-quality journals in the health and life
science

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Undergraduate Research 1
LECTURE / MODULE 5 AND 6/ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
MODULE 6
USING APA CITATION STYLE
PURPOSE OF CITATION
• To uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding
plagiarism)
• To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the
correct sources
• To allow the reader to determine independently
whether the referenced material supports the author’s
argument in the claimed way
• To help the reader gauge the strength and validity of
the material the author has used
CITATION FORMATS
• American Medical Association (AMA)
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• National Library of Medicine (NLM)
• American Psychological Association (APA)
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)
• The American Psychological Association (APA) style
provides a foundation for effective scholarly
communication because it helps authors present their
ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner.
o Style Language
o Docx Format
o In-text citation
o Reference
IN-TEXT CITATION
• It is known as an author-date style of referencing
• Author’s surname and the year of publication are
necessary to refer to in the essay’s body.
• Two Formats:
o Parenthetical
o Narrative
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PARENTHETICAL CITATION
• The author name and publication date appear in the
parentheses
• Both the author and the date, separated by a comma,
appear in parenthesis for a parenthetical citation
• A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the
end of a sentence
NARRATIVE CITATION
• The author appears in running text and the date
appears in parentheses immediately after the author
name
EXAMPLE
• According to Smith (1998), APA style is an easy
citation format for first-time learners.
• APA style is an easy citation format for first-time
learners (Smith, 1998)
NOTE
• If citing a particular page or chapter of a document,
include that information in the parentheses.
o APA style is an easy citation format for
first-time learners (Smith, 1998, p. 203)
• At the end of the paper, in a section called
REFERENCES, full citations are listed in alphabetical
order
o Smith, P. (1998). Learning to cite using APA
Style. Journal of College Writing, 6, 60513
MULTIPLE AUTHORS
• When a source that one or two authors, include the
author names every time the source is cited
o In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand
(&) between names for a work with two
authors or before the last author when all
names must be included to avoid ambiguity
o In narrative citations, spell out the word
“and”
▪ Examples:
• (Luna, 2020)
• Luna (2020) state
• (Salas & D’Agostino,
2020)
• Salas and D’ Agostino
(2020) argue that
• When a source that has three or more authors is
cited, include the name of only the first author plus et
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LECTURE / MODULE 5 AND 6/ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
al. in every citation including the first citation, unless DIRECT QUOTATIONS
doing so would create ambiguity • When a direct quotation is used, always include the
o Example author, year, and page number as part of the citation
▪ Reviews of research on religion and • A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be
health have concluded that at least enclosed in double quotation marks and should be
some types of religious behaviors incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence
are related to higher levels of • Example:
physical and mental health o Patients receiving prayer has “less
(Salsman et al., 2015, p. 3761). congestive health failure, required less
Salsman et al. (2015, p. 3761) diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer
showed that episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac
• In the reference list a source which has three or more arrests, and were less frequently intubated
authors, ALL the authors (up to 20) are spelt out in and ventilated” (Vance, 2001, p. 829)
the reference list
• If there are more than 21 authors “…” is used between JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH A DOI
the 19th author and the last author Format:
• Example: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp.
htps://doi.org/xxxx

WORKS WITH THE SAME AUTHOR AND SAME YEAR

• When multiple references have an identical author (or
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH NO DOI, WITH A NONDATABASE URL
authors) and publication year, include a lowercase
Format:
letter a, b, c, etc. after the year
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year).
• Example:
Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp.
o (Judge & kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a)
htps://xxxx
o Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b)

AUTHORS WITH SAME SURNAME

• If the first authors of multiple references share the
same surname but have different initials, include the
first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the
year of publication differs JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH DOI, FROM AN ACADEMIC
• For Example: RESEARCH DATABASE
o (J. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015; G. Taylor,
2015)
• If the authors have the same surname and the same
initials, then you write out their given full names.
• For example:
o (James Taylor, 2015) and (John Taylor, JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH A DOI, 21 OR MORE AUTHORS
2015) • Either the long or short form of the DOI is acceptable.
List the first 19 authors, then use … and then list the
FORMAT OF DOIS AND URLS last author’s name
• Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e.
beginning with “http:” or “https:”)
• Not necessary to include the words retrieved from or
accessed from before a DOI or URL
• Acceptable to use either the default setting for
hyperlinks in your word processing program (e.g.
usually blue font, underlined) or plain text that is not
underlined.

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Undergraduate Research 1
LECTURE / MODULE 5 AND 6/ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
GENERAL THINGS ABOUT APA 7TH EDITION
1. The reference list begins on a separate page
2. Entries in your reference list appear in alphabetical
order by the surname of the first author
3. APA uses a hanging indent. This is where the lower
lined hand inwards underneath the top line
4. APA has opposite rules for capitalization of titles
between the in-text citations and the reference list
5. Sentence case is used for capitalization of reference
list titles
6. APA citations and reference use an ampersand
between authors surnames not and
7. Present both DOIs and URLs in your reference list as
hyperlinks
8. When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use
short DOIs or shortened URL If desired
9. DO NOT include a retrieval date for a reference,
unless it is from a webpage that is inherently designed
to change or reflects information that changes
overtime
10. APA 7th edition DOES NOT REQUIRE that the city,
state (US) or country where the book was published
to be provided

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