communication
communication
COMMUNICATION
 the imparting or exchanging of information
or news.
 A two way process of delivering information
 It occurs between two or more people
 LANGUAGE: a symbol and signal of
communication
SALIENTS OF COMMUNICATION:
1. Communication allows us to gather
information about other people
2. It establishes personal identities
3. Communication has the power to
influence others
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 VERBAL
 Planned
 Specific
 Always planned
 Structured
 Reading, Writing, Speaking,
Listening
 NON VERBAL
 Spontaneous
 Unstructured
 Unreversed
TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
 PHONOLOGICAN MEANING:  an
inventory of sounds and their features,
and. rules which specify how sounds
interact with each other.
 SYNTATIC MEANING: Rules of language
and grammatical order
 SEMANTIC MEANING: Meaning of
words, sentence, or text
 PRAGMATIC MEANING: Meaning in
context, how people make and
comprehend
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
 BODY LANGUAGE: the process of
communicating nonverbally through
conscious or unconscious gestures and
movements.
 GESTURES: a movement of part of the
body, especially a hand or the head, to
express an idea or meaning.
 EYE GAZE
 APPEARANCE
 HAPTICS:  is any form of interaction
involving touch
 PROXEMICS: the branch of knowledge
that deals with the amount of space that
people feel it necessary to set between
themselves and others
 PARALINGUISTICS: is the study of voice
and how words are said.
WHAT IS THE DIIFERENCE BETWEEN
GESTURES AND BODY LANGUAGE
 A gesture is a movement performed by
the body, like waving your hands, for an
example
Body Language, is the signals you
communicate due to your posture and
gestures.
HOW TO IMPROVE NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 Maintain eye contact
 Use posture to show interest
 Probe for more information
 Study cultural diversities
 Observe yourself in the mirror
 Improve your decoding skills
 Enlist family and friends
 Appearance say something
EXPRESSING USING VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
 ETHICS: GREPS (Gender Roles, Etjnicity,
Preferecnce, Status)
  VIVIDNESS: Focus on the concrete rather
than the abstract
 APPROPRIATENESS: Communication should
fit the context
 BREVITY: Simple, but precise and
meaningful
 CLARITY: able to understand
STAGES IN COMMUNICATION
1. STAGE 1: SENDER
 Sender has an idea
 Know the message you want to
communicate and make sure that
message contain useful and correct
information.
2. STAGE 2: ENCODING STAGE
 “I deliberate stage.”
 engage in long and careful
consideration.
3. STAGE 3: TRANSMISSION
 “I throw”
 Sender has sent the message to the
receiver through a specific type of
channel
4. STAGE 4: RECEIVE
 “I obtain”
 The receiver will try tp comprehend
the message in the best possible
way such that the communication
objective is obtained
5. STAGE 5: DECODING
 “I interpret.”
 The receiver begins to interpret the
symbols sent by the sender,
translating the message to their
own set of experiences. Successful
communication when the receiver
CORRECTLY interprets the sender’s
message
6. STAGE 6: RESPONDING STAGE
 Ensures that the receiver has
received the message and
interpreted it correctly.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 SOURCE: The source is the person (or thing)
attempting to share information. The
source can be a living or non-living entity.
The only qualifications necessary for a
source are an origin of information (in
Information Theory, the source generates
data that one would like to communicate)
and an ability to transmit this information,
through a channel, to a receiver.
 MESSAGE: the information you want to
communicate.
 ENCODING: Encoding is the process of
assembling the message (information, ideas
and thoughts) into a representative design
with the objective of ensuring that the
receiver can comprehend it.
Communication is only established when it
results in both the source and the receiver
understanding the same information.
 CHANNEL
 DECODING: communication is only
successful when it results in both the source
and the receiver understanding the same
information.
 RECEIVER: A good communicator takes the
receivers preconceptions and frames of
reference into consideration; how they will
react, where common ground is shared,
their sense of humor, their moral conduct,
etc. All of these things will affect how the
receivers decode messages.
 FEEDBACK: Reaction or response
 CONTEXT: Context is simply the
environment in which your message is
delivered
 BARRIER: anything that prevents you from
receiving and understanding the messages
others use to convey their information,
ideas and thoughts.
TENETS OF COMMUNICATION
 COMMUNICATION IS DYNAMIC:
 Communication cannot be a static process.
 Communication relies on the nature of  PERCEPTION AND LANGUAGE:
human perception which can change over - Version of reality
time.  - Own perception or schema
 a world that is a constant source of - Not agreeing on something due to
accessible information. various beliefs and how you view the
 COMMUNICAYION IS CONTEXTUALIZED world
 Communication can occur in various - Reality and Language may vary
settings and circumstances
 COMMUNICATION IS LEARNED  EMOTIONAL INTERFERENCE
 Communication is mastered through - Our emotions get in t he way of what
practice we want to say
 COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE  POOR LISTENING
 Communicstion cannot be taken back - Sometimes people listen to only what’s
relevant to them
 COMMUNICATION IS TRANSACTIONAL - Selective listening
 Since communication is continuous, there is  INCORRECT FILTERING
CONSTANT REVERSAL OF ROLES FOR - Information is edited.”
SENDER AND RECEIVER - “hyperbole”
 COMMUNICATION IS A SHARING OF MEANING  CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
 Effective communication requires that both - What maybe acceptable to others may
parties should be on the same page not be acceptable to the other culture
 COMMUNICATION IS CONTINUOUS:  PHYSICAL DISTRACTION
 It may involve constant interaction between Various types of noises
the sender and the receiver until needs are - May be psychological, signals,
satisfied relationships, technical
 COMMUNICATION AS TWO LEVELS OF - The success of receiving the information
MEANING may depend on the environment and
 Ideas and understanding of which may the medium
depend on intended meaning and the  INFORMATION OVERLOAD
relatgionship between the sender and the - Too much of something may not always
receiver lead to a positive result
 CLOSED COMMUNICATION CLIMATE
- Not willing to listen
- A communicative context when dissent
is not welcomed

COMMUNICATION MODELS
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION  ARISTOTLE’S MODEL (300 BC)
BARRIER: anything that prevents you from receiving  First and simplest
and understanding the messages others use to
convey their information, ideas and thoughts.
  Speaker delivers a speech to
audience to create a desired
impact
 Speaker’s demeanor is
important (APPEARANCE)
 LINEAR
 ELEMENTS: Speaker -> Speech -
>Audience -> Effect
 LASWELL’S MODEL (1948)
 Convenient way to describe an
act of communication
 ANSWERS THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS
 WHO: THE
FORMULATES THE
MESSAGE
 WHAT: CONTENT
 WHICH: MEDIUM
 WHOM: RECEIVER
 EFFECT
 Used to check or evaluate news
 Manipulation of the audience
 LInear
 SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (1949)
 Made by a mathematician and a
scientist
 Known as the MOTHER OF ALL
MODELS
 There is a concept of NOISE
 Technical with use of machine
 Sender, encoder, channel,
decoder, receiver, feedback
 SCHRAMM’S MODEL (1954)
 INTERPERSONAL
 Plain Venn Diagram
 Experience of sender and
receiver must be on the same
page
 Feedback
 Interactive model
 BERLO’S MODEL (1960)
 SMCR: Source, Message,
Channel, Receiver
 Each of the components has
various factors that will affect
the source, message, channel,
and receiver.
 Linear
 BARLUND’S MODEL(1970)
 Articulates that sending and
receiving of messages
simultaneously happens
between people
 TRANSACTIONAL: A constant
reversal of roles
 JULIA WOOD’S MODEL (2009)
 As we get to know somebody in
time, it is easier to
communicate with people
 Transactional model
 Recursive
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
HOW PEOPLE DIFFER IN CULTURE
– sending and receiving of messages across
languages and cultures
– happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and
create meanings while bringing in their varied
cultural backgrounds
– takes place when people draw from their cultural
identities
 Others look at intercultural communication that is
influenced by different ethnicities, religions, and
sexual orientations
 SOCIAL VALUES: – a group’s expectations
from its people (ex: people in the U.S. vs.
people in Asia)
 ROLES AND STATUS: – differences in how
people contribute to the society (ex:
women in the Middle East vs. women in the
U.S.)
 DEICION-MAKING CUSTOMS: – differences
in the length of time spent to come up with
a decision (ex: Canadians vs. Japanese)
 CONCEPTS OF TIME: – differences in the
value of time (ex: just in time, ahead of
time, past the time)
 PERSONAL SPACE: differences in proximity
when communicating (ex: American vs.
Latin American —> Americans prefer to be
 distant while Latin Americans prefer to be
near when having a conversation)
 CULTURAL CONTEXT: – refers to differences
in how meaning is conveyed.
High context – relies heavily in nonverbal
Low context – relies heavily in verbal
 GESTURES AND BODY LANGUAGE
 LEGAL AND ETHNICAL: – differences in the
laws of the land and the society
 CORPORATE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: –
cultural differences between companies (ex:
ABSCBN vs. GMA)
 BEHAVIOR AND MANNERS: – differences in
the concept of what is rude and polite
COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS
 INFORMATIVE: Inform other people what
we know
 INSTRUCTIVE: Those in higher ranks
communicate to instruct people what to do
 PERSUASIVE: To influence the opinion of
other people; to believe and accept your
stand or claim
 MOTIVATION: To entice or direct people to
act and reach their goals
 AESTHETIC: Pleasure and enjoyment
 REGULATION: Control on other people’s
actions and behavior
 SOCIAL INTERACTION: Help us start,
maintain, regulate relationships with others
SPEECH CONTEXTS
 CIRCUMSTANCES: dependent on the
number of participants involved in the
communication process
 INTRAPERSONAL: happens when the same
person acts as the sender and the receiver.
Making decisions builds self concept
(perdev charot)
 INTERPERSONAL: Sender and receiver are
two different people. DYADIC
 GROUP: Happens when there are more
than one sender and receiver intersecting
with one another. Delivery of message
depends on behavior
 PUBLIC: One sender, big audience, one
venue
 MASS COMMUNICATION: TV, Newspaper,
etc.
TYPES OF GROUP MEMBERS
 CONTROLLING: leader, dominant, what
leader wants, leader gets
 EGALITARIAN: gives information, but allows
others to do the same; fair share
 STRUCTURING: OC. Feels it that All
members should follow a systematic way of
doing things
 DYNAMIC: Encourages other people to
participate
 RELINQUISHING: Gives way to avoid
disagreements
 WITHDRAWING: freeloader
CONFLIC RESOLUTIONS
 ACCOMODATING: 25% self, 75% others;
wants to be heard
 AVOIDING: not paying attention to conflict
and not taking any action to resolve it.
 COMPETING: Using formal authority or
other power that you possess to satisfy your
concerns without regard to the concerns of
the party that you are in conflict with.
 COLLABORATING: cooperating with the
other party to understand their concerns
and expressing your own concerns in an
effort to find a mutually and completely
satisfactory solution (win-win).
 COMPROMISING: attempting to resolve a
conflict by identifying a solution that is
partially satisfactory to both parties, but
completely satisfactory to neither.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF
INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY (DMIS) –
offers a structure that explores how people
experiences cultural differences
6 STAGES OF DMIS (BENNET & BENNET, 2004):
1. Denial – the individual does not recognize cultural
differences.
2. Defense – the individual starts to recognize
cultural differences and is intimidated by them,
resulting in either a superior view on own culture
(Ethnocentrism) or an unjustified high regard for a
new one.
3. Minimization – individuals see cultural, but they
bank more on the universality.
4. Acceptance – the individual begins to appreciate
important cultural differences in behaviors and
eventually in values.
5. Adaptation – this individual is very open to world
views when accepting new perspectives.
6. Integration – individuals start to go beyond their
actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.

“Let us not grow weary of doing good. For in

due season, we will reap if we do not give up.”

GALATIANS 6:9