Significance of

Krebs cycle in ATP

formation
And the production of NADH and FADH²,
Oxidation and decarboxylation
Keep in mind that:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

● ATP consists of a base, in this case adenine (red), a ribose (magenta) and a phosphate chain
(blue).

NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and
hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

● NADP+ is created in anabolic reactions, or reaction that build large molecules from small
molecules.

FADH²: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs
Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain.

Oxidation: A chemical reaction that takes place when a substance comes into contact with oxygen or
another oxidizing substance.

Decarboxylation, the removal of carbon dioxide from organic acids

 Krebs Cycle
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main
source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration. The cycle harnesses
the available chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into the reducing power of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
 Krebs Cycle cont.

The Krebs cycle is a cycle of reactions that occurs in the mitochondrion. The Krebs cycle begins
with an acetyl group and produces carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH and FADH2/
The pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the cytosol passes into the mitochondrion where it will
enter the Krebs cycle. Inside the mitochondrion, pyruvate undergoes both oxidation and
decarboxylation. During the course of this reaction, a molecule of NADH is generated from
NAD.
● Remember that NAD is an electron acceptor and the electrons that are removed from
pyruvate when it is oxidised are accepted by NAD. NAD can oxidise a metabolite by
accepting electrons and can reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons.
 Krebs Cycle cont.
The Krebs cycle has eight steps and during these steps some of the energy
released by the oxidation of carbon atoms is used to convert ADP to ATP. The
conversion of ADP to ATP in the Krebs cycle occurs by substrate-level
phosphorylation.
One molecule of ATP is generated for each turn of the Krebs cycle but most of
the chemical energy is transferred to NAD and FAD. The electrons and H+
removed in the oxidation of carbon are accepted by NAD to give NADH and by
FAD to give FADH2.
Three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are generated for each
turn of the cycle and these molecules take their high-energy electrons to the
electron transport chain.
 Krebs Cycle cont.
An overall general summary for the Krebs cycle can be represented as follows:

oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + 3H2 O + ADP + P (inorganic phosphate) + 3NAD + FAD A

oxaloacetate + 2CO2 + CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2
.
Oxaloacetate is CH2CO (COOH)2 and acetyl-CoA is CH3CO–CoA.

● Remember that two pyruvate molecules are produced from one glucose molecule
and each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA. Therefore,one glucose results in
two turns of the Krebs cycle.
 Krebs Cycle cont.

A glucose molecule is converted to pyruvate during glycolysis and is then completely

oxidised in the Krebs cycle. Energy remains in the electrons that were removed from the
carbon atoms as they were oxidised. Most of the energy of the glucose molecule remains in
the electrons that were passed to the electron carriers NAD and FAD.
Electrons at a high-energy level in NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain at
the final stage of aerobic respiration. In glycolysis, two ATP molecules and two NADH
molecules were generated per glucose molecule. In the Krebs cycle, two ATP, six NADH
and two FADH2 molecules were generated per glucose molecule.
Krebs Cycle Diagram
 YouTube Explaination

Krebs Cycle diagram explain

https://youtu.be/ubzw64PQPqM

Krebx Cycle Explained

https://youtu.be/juM2ROSLWfw
https://youtu.be/ubzw64PQPqM