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GOVERNMENT

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (w)

PONNAMPET-
571216
A mini project Report on

AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL

Submitted to

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

PONNAMPET

ITI IN ELECTRONICS MECHANIC

BY

1. SHASHANK S V
2. ARUN KUMAR G
3. BHEEMAIAH K B

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF JTO PRAKASH N, SANDESH, YATHISH KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS MECHANIC

JTO PPL
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AKCKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be put
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.

It is my greatest pleasure to thank Mr Yogesh Kumar H E principal of the institute,

JTO Mr Prakash N head of the department (EM), Mr Sandesh guest lecturer Mr
Yathish Kumar guest lecturer for providing heart full encouragement support and
allowing us to work in such a resourceful lab of this esteemed institute and thereby
fulfilling one of my dreams.

I whole heartedly thank my project guide guest lecturer Yathish Kumar Y M for his
consistent guidance, expert academic and support throughout the project, without his
great concepts and inspiration it would have been impossible.

I thank my parents, friends for their emotional and financial support which they
provided during this project.

I thank to all faculties who directly and indirectly helped us in the completion of this
projects.
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ABSTRACT

Saving power is very important in today’s life. We need to conserve energy because it
is impossible to replace
Most of the energy sources we rely on, such as coal and natural gas. One of the major
powers consuming Factors in any city are "STREET LIGHT." Most of the time we
see street lights are ON even after sunrise so a lot of Energy is wasted. This problem
can be avoided by having an automatic light and dark sensing system that turns the
street lights ON & OFF when the ambient light falls below particular intensity.

INTRODUCTION

The Automatic Light & Dark Sensing System Electronics is a simple and powerful
concept that
Uses transistor (2222A) as a switch to automatically switch ON and OFF the light & a
light-dependent resistor (LDR) that senses the light, made of a piece of exposed
semiconductor material, i.e. cadmium sulphide, that changes its electrical resistance
from several thousand Ohms in the dark to just a few hundred Ohms when light hits
the device, the photographic resistor. This makes them jump into
the conductive band and conduct electricity as a result When the light goes below the
visible region, the circuit switches ON lights automatically and switches OFF lights
automatically when light falls on it, using a sensor that senses the light just like our
eyes. The circuit also has a long response time that requires several seconds to
respond to a light intensity change.
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Material and Methodology

Automatic Light & Dark sensing control system works like this: when it's dark, the
LDR is highly resistant this makes the base voltage of the transistor too low to turn the
transistor on. From the Collector to the transistor emitter, therefore, there will be no
current. Instead, the LDR and the Potentiometer passes through all the current. When
light, the LDR has low resistance. This makes the base voltage of the transistor high
enough to turn the transistor on. As the transistor is turned on, the current flows
through the transistor. It flows from the positive battery terminal to the negative
battery terminal through the resistor and the transistor. This brings light to the LED.

Circuit Diagram

Transistor 2N222

The 2N2222 transistor is an NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose
applications like
Low-power amplifying or switching applications it is designed for low to medium
current, low power, medium voltage and can operate at moderately high speeds.
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LDR

LDR means light dependent resistance also called a photo resistor or a cadmium
sulphide (CdS) cell is a light –controlled variable resistor. A photo resistor is made of
a high resistance semiconductor. It is basically a photocell that works on the principle
of photoconductivity. One of the most commonly used symbols is shown in the figure.
The arrow indicates light falling on it. If LDR placed in darkness, the resistance of
LDR increases and when light falls on it the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a
conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness changes its resistance and
depends on different types of LDR.

RESISTORS
Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current the resistor's
ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units of ohms
(symbol: Ω).
LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current flows through it. When current passes through an LED, the electrons
recombine with holes emitting light in the process, LEDs allow the current to flow in
the forward direction and blocks the current in the reverse direction.
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The following results were successfully obtained after the completion of the project.
They are mentioned below:

Advantages

Easy to operate & Fast response.

Smaller in size
Low power consumption very small voltage for its operation
Sensor (LDR) is cheap and is readily available.

Applications

1. Light intensity Control for Street Lights

2. Lighting Switch from Sunset to Sunrise
3. Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF.

Conclusion

In this project we made an attempt to design Automatic Light & Dark Sensing
System. When in
Light it works as a Light Sensor with Low Resistance and more brightness to Switch
on Led. When is dark it works as a dark Sensor with high Resistance and more
darkness to Switch on LED Our circuit has detected both the presence of Light and
darkness Finally, the project has been successfully
Implemented & tested.