6. Classification of polymers.

Natural Polymers: Natural polymers are organic polymers that are found in nature.

Examples: Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, rubber, and peptidoglycan

Semi-synthetic Polymers: Semi-synthetic polymers are polymers that are derived from natural
sources but have been modified or combined with synthetic materials to produce new materials
with specific properties

Examples: Cellulose derivatives (cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, and cellulose propionate),
polyurethane, nylon, viscose, and rayon are examples of semi-synthetic polymers.

Synthetic Polymers: Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers created through chemical
processes.

Examples: Polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, PET, and polycarbonate

7. Classification of ceramics.

Glass-matrix ceramics: Glass-matrix ceramics are a type of ceramic material that consists of a
glass matrix reinforced with ceramic fibers.

Example: Boron carbide-reinforced glass ceramics, silicon carbide-reinforced glass ceramics,

alumina-reinforced glass ceramics, and zirconia-reinforced glass ceramics

Polycrystalline ceramics: Polycrystalline ceramics are a type of ceramic material that is

composed of many small, randomly oriented crystals.

Example: Alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide.

Resin-matrix ceramics: Resin-matrix ceramics are a type of ceramic material that consists of a
resin matrix reinforced with ceramic fibers

Example: Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, glass fiber-reinforced polymer, and aramid fiber-
reinforced polymer.
8. Classification of metals.

Non-Ferrous metals: Non-ferrous metals are a group of metals that do not contain iron.

Example: Aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin.

Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals are a group of metals that contain iron.

Example: Iron, steel, cast iron, and stainless steel.

9. Mention 5 elements that feature allotropy.

Allotropy is the property of some elements to exist in more than one form under different
conditions

 Carbon: Carbon is well known for its allotropy as it exists in three different forms:
diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon.
 Iron: Iron is another example of an element that exhibits allotropy, existing as both ferritic
and austenitic forms.
 Sulfur: Sulfur exists in three allotropic forms: rhombic sulfur, monoclinic sulfur, and
amorphous sulfur.
 Phosphorus: Phosphorus exists in three allotropic forms: white phosphorus, red
phosphorus, and black phosphorus.
 Silicon: Silicon exists in two allotropic forms: crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon.

10. Which are the principal mechanical properties of materials?

The principal mechanical properties of materials are those properties that describe a material's ability to
withstand an applied load or force. The following are the most important mechanical properties of
materials:

Strength: Strength is a measure of a material's ability to withstand an applied load without breaking or
deforming.

Toughness: Toughness is a measure of a material's ability to absorb energy before breakin.

Hardness: Hardness is a measure of a material's resistance to permanent deformation or scratching.

Elasticity: Elasticity is a measure of a material's ability to return to its original shape after being deformed.

Plasticity: Plasticity is a measure of a material's ability to be permanently deformed without breaking.

Ductility: Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to be stretched into wire without breaking.

Malleability: Malleability is a measure of a material's ability to be pounded into sheets without breaking.