MUSIC

- Renaissance music is also known as the "Golden age of a capella choral music"
- Mass - the commemoration of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross; consists of
some texts to be sung and others to be recited
- The name Mass is derived from the last item, Ite missa est
- Motet - a short polyphonic musical compositions that is typically set in Latin text;
characterized as having cascading passing chords between multiple voices.
- Madrigal - a vocal composition that combines homophonic and polyphonic
lectures; a piece for several voices set to a short poem. usually about love.
- Music was a popular music form of entertainment during the renaissance era
- A vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment is cantata.
- Opera is a drama song with instrumental accompaniment.
- Aria , solo song for voice
- Fugul (fugue) music - is a compositional technique ( in classical music )
- The arrival of Renaissance music and departure from medieval music may be
liked to changes in people's preference from rock to rap music
- Renaissance style placed more importance on the text than on the music in a
Vocal Work
- Renaissance notation are arranged in such a way that melody moved along the
scale with a new enormous leps
- Melodic constructions were based on modes
- During the Renaissance, closely spaced restatement in or more voice parts of the
melody became the primary structural characteristics in music
- Renaissance mass song were used in litergies not only in Catholic Church but also
in Anglican Communion and in the Lutheran Church Lauda Spiritual - was an
important form of vernacular sacred music
 - in 1600's, madrigal spiritual, an instrument form, was used as accompaniment in
occasions
- Giovanni da Palestrina is one of the famous motet composersof Renaissance Era
- Guillaume de Machaut's the Messe de Nostre Dame consists of five movements.
- The word Baroque comes from the Portuguese word barroco meaning "misshapen
pearl".
- Suite - is an important Baroque instrumental form of the solo harp, clavichord or
orchestral instruments

ARTS

- Florence is the city state of Italy that do patrons and business people finance
huge researches for the step out of science and technology in catching up with
the East
- Renaissance artists wanted to break the design of Archaic art of the Egyptians
and Minoans , which are primarily founded on stiff and angular lines
- Main motifs of Da Vinci's painting it conveys emotions
- Baroque artist want to convey with their canvas, human quality of emotions
- The rediscovery of these Graeco-Roman arts and scinces together with the
Arabic knowledge of algebra and navigation was awakened when various city
states of Italy were the entry-points of trade in Europe in the mid-15th century.
- Renaissance art includes painting, sculpture, architecture, and allied arts
produced in Europe between 14th century and 16th century. The word
Renaissance literally means "rebirth" and is the French translation of Rinascita .
- Leonardo Da Vinci ( 1452 - 1519 )- Leonardo Da Vinci was not only as a masterful
painter but as an architect, a sculptor, an engineer, and a scientist.
- Michelangelo Buonarroti ( 1475 - 1564 ) - was born in Caprese, a village own
primarily not only as an outstanding painter and sculptor, but he was also an
accomplished architect and poet. He had a forceful personality as well. His
 extraordinary accomplishments in painting, sculpture , and architecture made
him one of the outstanding figures in Renaissance art.
- Baroque Art - is the style dominating the art of Europe and certain European
colonies in the Americas throughout the 1600s, and in some places until 1750.
- Religion determined many aspects of Baroque Art.
- painters chose religious subjects to be executed either directly from the bible or
from Greek mythologies for metaphors
- Orphaned as a child, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1573-1610) struggled
hard to work as an apprentice and assistant to various artists. Passionate and
hot-tempered as he was due to hardships of making a living, he often found
trouble working with his peers. However, he produced fascinating piece of
Artworks, which departed from the Renaissance style of idealizing the human and
religious experiences. He painted his subjects who live through and suffer as
ordinary humans do. Catholic prelates were amazed by his style of Realistic
Naturalism.
- Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640): Flemish Catholic, Treated art as the highest level
of orderliness. His background as a son of a rich and prominent Flemish legal
adviser of Spanish administrators in Belgium made him highly educated in arts,
the court etiquette, and diplomacy, but he was not spoiled.
- The lines are swirling, curving, and diagonal conveying motion and energies.
(referring to Ruben's artworks)
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini ( 1598-1680 ) : Italian Catholic, Bernini was trained under
the rigid discipline of craft man ship of hi sculptor father. His comprehensive
studies of Ancient Greek sculptures and of works of Michelangelo Buonarroti
enabled him to convey the character and emotions of his sculptures.Several
masterpieces of artworks established him as a prolific and noble artist who was
authorized by papacy to do religious art and design. In fact Pope Urban VIII
commissioned him to be the architect of the dome in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His Architectural design of said symbolic structure of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
suggested Baroque classical music frozen to be appreciated for indefinite time.
- Diego Rodriguez de Silva Velazquez (1599-1660): Spanish Catholic, his mastery of
human expressions is unequalled. His brushstrokes almost penetrates the
character of his subjects like the grim expression of pope Innocent X
- Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669): Dutch Protestant ,Descended
from Jewish ancestry, Rembrandts individualism and compassion to the masses
 and poor people was shown in his artworks all through his lifetime. He seemed to
understand a lot about human and nature that he reflected them into the canvas
in life like and theatrical quality. His brilliant execution of chiaroscuro ( play of
dark and light ) is quite unorthodox since light comes from no definite source bu
this approach got him to convey the emotions and character of his subjects. His
celebration of the economic prosperity of Amsterdam endures almost indefinitely
when he painted the coming of Dutch businessmen escorted by soldiers in public
venue ("The Nightwatch").

PE
- Agility = Speed + Change of position or direction
- Speed = Distance and manipulation + shortest time performed
- Balance = maintaining an equilibrium
- Coordination = Eye + Brain + exact movement of certain body part toward a
target
- Power = strength + quick movement
- Reaction Time = Stimulus + Response
- Agility - is the ability to move and change direction
- Speed - is the ability to perform a task or cover a distance in a shortest time
possible
- Balance is the ability to maintain an upright position while standing or moving
- Coordination is the linking of senses through the brain to the different parts of
the body
- Power is the ability to exert maximum force very quickly
- reaction time is the amount of time it takes to make physical response to
stimulus
- Skill related fitness assessment
1. Agility : Shuttle Run
2. Speed : 30-meter Sprint
3. Balance : Stork Balance Stand Test
4. Coordination : Alternate Hand Wall Toss
 5. Power : Standing Long Jump
6. Reaction time : Cardboard Reaction Time Test
- Principles of training are the rules to follow when using physical activity
programmes.
- Concepts and Principles of training
1. Overload - additional stress is needed in order to make your body progress
and develop into a more competitive physique. Doing the activity overtime
leads to stress adaption that enable the body to work more efficient and
enable to cope high level of performance. The following are the principles
of overload (FITT):
- frequency - increasing the time you train each week
- Intensity - increasing the difficulty of exercises
- Time - Increasing the lenght of time of training each session.
- Type - increasing the difficulty of training
2. Specificity - Your training should be specific and intended for your sports.
You need to train the specific body parts that you use predominantly to
your particular event
3. Reversibility - This is also known as " Use it or Lose it". When one stops
training, the improvement he/she acquired during the training will be lost
or reversed.
4. Variance - Make sure that you have variety of workout to keep your
interest to your training. Variation also gives your body different
challenge.

HEALTH
- Nutrition is the area of health that focuses on making food choices that will
promote growth and development and will reduce the risk of diseases and
illnesses.
- NUTRITION CONCERNS OF ADOLESCENTS
1. Skipping breakfast
2. poor selection of foods eaten during meals/lunch
3. Poor snacking
 4. Practice of diet to lose weight
5. Eating disorders
- THE REASON WHY ADOLESCENTS ARE UNDERNOURISHED
1. Poor eating habit
2. Poor food choices and intakes because of peers and media
3. Too conscious of the kinds and amount of food they eat
4. School canteens and cafeterias serve less nutritious foods
- NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG ADOLESCENTS
1. Delay in Growth and Development
2. Poor performance in school
3. Being sluggish and gets tired easily
4. Delay in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics

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Macro Importance Signs and Symptoms

Nutrients of Deficiency
1. Proteins Needed for growth and Ridges or white lines in both
for building and fingernails and toenails; hair loss and
repairing body tissues thinning or brittleness; muscle
deterioration
2. Carbohydrates Main source of energy Irritability, nausea, bad breath, loss
of muscle mass, muscle cramps,
excessive fatigue and exhaustion,
poor brain function, increase in fat
percentage of the body, loss of
sodium in the body, diarrhea or
constipation, frequent headaches,
loss of water content in the body
3. Fats Needed for immune Dry and scaly skin, hair loss, low
system functions and body weight, intolerance to cold,
helps the body store bruising, poor growth, lower
and use vitamins resistance to infection, slow wound
healing, loss of menstruation
4. Water Needed for waste Dehydration, muscle cramps,
removal, regulates body confusion, nausea, slurred speech,
temperature, cushions and disorientation
 the spinal cord and
joints
5. Vitamins Helps the body use Anemia, painful joints, cracks in the
carbohydrates, proteins teeth, depression, frequent
and fats infections
Vitamin A Maintains healthy skin, Anemia, depression, convulsion and
bones, teeth, and hair; skin rashes
Vitamin B6 aids vision
Anemia, nervous system
degeneration, progressing to
paralysis, hypersensitivity
Vitamin B12
Red blood cell breakage, anemia,
muscle degeneration, difficulty
walking, leg cramps
Vitamin E Aids in maintenance of
red blood cells Anemia, frequent infections,
bleeding gums, loosened teeth,
muscle degeneration and pain, joint
Vitamin C pain, blotchy bruises, failure of
Aids in bone, teeth and wounds to heal
skin formation and
resistance to infection
Folate
Aids in the formation of
red blood cells and Anemia, heartburn, frequent
protein infections, smooth red tongue,
depression and mental confusion
6. Minerals Helps in regulating the
chemical reactions in
the body
Iron Anemia, weakness, fatigue, pale
Helps in energy
appearance, reduced attention span,
metabolism; important
developmental delays in children
for transporting oxygen
in the bloodstream;
prevention of anemia
Calcium Stunted growth
Helps build and
maintain bones and
teeth; nerve and muscle
function and blood
 clotting
7. Zinc Helps carry out body Growth failure, delayed sexual
processes; it plays a role maturation, slow wound healing
in immune function,
protein synthesis and
wound healing