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Table of Contents
Factual Questions...............................................
Premium Questions...............................................
Interpretive Questions..........................................
Notes.........................................................

----Factual Questions----

1) Explain the following with an example: 'Physical Regularities; Regularly

occurring physical properties of the environment.'
Answer source: Physical Regularities; Regularly occurring physical properties of
the environment.For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in
the environment than oblique orientations, in human-made environment as well as
natural.

2) Perceiving objects and scenes. Researchers have found neurons that responded
best to more _______ _______.
Answer: complex stimuli

3) Semantic regularities; Semantic regularities are the characteristics associated

with the functions carried out in different types of scenes. They are properties of
the scene as a whole and do not depend on time-consuming processes such as
perceiving large details, recognizing individual objects, or separating one object
from another.
Answer: False
Correct Sentence: They are properties of the scene as a whole and do not depend on
time-consuming processes such as perceiving small details, recognizing individual
objects, or separating one object from another.

4) Meaningfulness or Familiarity. According to the law of _______, things that form

patterns that are familiar or meaningful are likely to become grouped together.
Answer: familiarity

5) You can appreciate how meaningfulness influences _______ _______ by doing the
following demonstration. Module No.
Answer: perceptual organization

6) Describe 'Scene'.
Answer source: A scene is a view of a real-world environment that contains
background elements and multiple objects that are organized in a meaningful way
relative to each other and the background .

7) At first glance this scene appears to contain mainly trees, rocks, and water.
Can you find all 13 faces hidden in this picture?
Answer: True

8) Applied to perceiving _______, semantics refers to the meaning of a scene.

Answer: scenes

9) Bubbles has been called “The most mysterious thing in the world.” here are some
reasons why it is mysterious.
Answer: False
Correct Sentence: Brain has been called “The most mysterious thing in the world.”
here are some reasons why it is mysterious.

10) Gestalt approach means a whole configuration that cannot be described merely as
the sum of its parts Wundt’s structuralism approach suggested that perceptions are
created by combining elements called sensations. This _______ disputed by Gestalt
psychologists; Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Ivo Kohler, laboratory at the
University of Frankfurt.
Answer: Idea
A)Idea
B)Really
C)Great
D)Concept

11) Perceived as horizontal rows or _______ _______ or both.

Answer: vertical columns

12) _______ _______ can be formed by combining just two or three geons, the
relations between the geons matter, the cup and the pail.
Answer: recognizable objects

13) Involves the grouping of elements in an image to create larger objects. _______
_______ have proposed six laws that govern the perceptual organization.
Answer: Gestalt psychologists

14) ⦁. Imagine the vast complexity of the _______ _______ that must be involved in
creating a neuron that responds best to faces.
Answer: neural interconnections

15) When it is perceived as a large _______ _______ with a hole in it, the border
belongs to the dark square.
Answer: dark square

16) Explain the following with an example: 'Another property of global image
features is that they contain information that results in perception of a scene’s
structure and spatial layout.'
Answer source: Another property of global image features is that they contain
information that results in perception of a scene’s structure and spatial
layout.For example, the degree of openness and the degree of expansion refer
directly to characteristics of a scene’s layout, and naturalness also provides
layout information that comes from knowing whether a scene is “from nature” or
contains “human-made structures.” We learn, for example, that blue is associated
with open sky, that landscapes are often green and smooth, and that verticals and
horizontals are associated with buildings.

17) Explain the following with an example: 'Physical regularities are regularly
occurring physical properties of the environment.'
Answer source: Physical regularities are regularly occurring physical properties of
the environment.For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in
the environment than oblique orientations.

18) When the vase is perceived as figure, it is seen in front of a homogeneous

_______ _______.
Answer: dark background

19) _______ regularities; Semantic regularities are the characteristics associated

with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.
Answer: Semantic

20) Physical regularities are regularly occurring physical properties of the

environment. After observing this, turn the page over so the small dot is on the
bottom.
Answer: True
21) Perceiving scenes and objects in scenes. At first glance this _______ appears
to contain mainly trees, rocks, and water.
Answer: scene

22) The street _______ not as open as the beach; forest a low degree of openness.
Answer: scene

23) Gestalt principles of Perceptual organization. _______ psychology says that the
whole differs from the sum of its parts.
Answer: Gestalt
A)Gestalt
B)Alter
C)Req
D)Disciplines

24) A more _______ _______ to object perception called recognition by components.

Answer: recent approach

25) When the vase is perceived as figure, it is seen in front of a homogeneous dark
background.
Answer: True

26) Perceiving the Gist of a Scene. Observers could do this with almost 100-percent
accuracy even when the pictures were flashed for only 250 ms .
Answer: True

27) Human brain showing the location of the fusiform face area, which is located
just under the _______ _______.
Answer: temporal lobe

28) When it is perceived as a small square sitting on top of a light background,

the border belongs to the small square, as indicated by the dot.
Answer: False
Correct Sentence: When it is perceived as a small square sitting on top of a dark
background, the border belongs to the small square, as indicated by the dot.

29) The rare accidental viewpoint shown in creates an image of a _______ _______ on
the retina.
Answer: straight line

30) _______ between two birds with the same shape, texture of feathers, markings on
their wings.
Answer: Distinguish

31) _______ regularities are the characteristics associated with the functions
carried out in different types of scenes.
Answer: Semantic

32) Physical Regularities; _______ occurring physical properties of the

environment.
Answer: Regularly

33) Explain the following with an example: 'Applied to perceiving scenes, semantics
refers to the meaning of a scene. This meaning is often related to the function of
a scene—what happens within it.'
Answer source: Applied to perceiving scenes, semantics refers to the meaning of a
scene. This meaning is often related to the function of a scene—what happens within
it.For example, food preparation, cooking, and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen;
waiting around, buying tickets, checking luggage, and going through security
checkpoints happens in airports.

34) Neurons that respond to similar stimuli are often grouped together in one area
of the _______.
Answer: brain

35) When it is perceived as a large light square with a hole in it, the border
belongs to the dark square.
Answer: False
Correct Sentence: When it is perceived as a large dark square with a hole in it,
the border belongs to the dark square.

36) Physical regularities. _______ _______ refer to features such as light falling
on objects, horizontal and vertical lines or directions.
Answer: Physical regularities

37) _______ _______ are regularly occurring physical properties of the environment.
Answer: Physical regularities

38) How a neuron in a monkey’s _______ _______ responds to a few stimuli.

Answer: temporal lobe

----Premium Questions----

39) What is a more recent approach to object perception called?

Answer: Recognition by components.

40) What is a view of a real-world environment?

Answer: A scene.

41) Who presented pictures of scenes for times?

Answer: Li Fei-Fei and coworkers.

----Interpretive Questions----

42) What did they find?

Answer: neurons that responded best to more complex stimuli

43) What type of stimuli are stimuli?

Answer:

44) What is the fusiform face area?

Answer: just under the temporal lobe

45) Where is the fusiform face area located?

Answer: under the temporal lobe

---------Notes----------

Neurons that respond to similar stimuli are often grouped together in one area
of the brain. A structure that is specialized to process information about a
particular type of stimulus is called a module. The neural circuits involved in
creating a “face-detecting” neuron are extremely complex. The potential connections
between neurons in the cortex is astronomical. Designing a computer that could
equal human vision is still not possible due to following reasons. The brain has
been called “The most mysterious thing in the world.” here are some reasons why it
is mysterious. For example, a neuron in a monkey’s temporal lobe responds best to a
circular disc with a thin bar. People’s ability to achieve viewpoint invariance
enables them to identify the images in Figure above as being the same person, but a
computer face recognition system would rate faces a and b as being more similar
(Sinha, 2002) The researchers grouped under Gestalt approach described some
principles that are guiding the organizing of visual information into meaningful
whole or objects we can recognize. For example, Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson have
become perceptually linked because of the similar orientations of their arms, golf
clubs, and bodies. This also demonstrates the law of similarity. For example we can
see a cube floating in front of eight discs or as a cube seen through eight holes.
Can you find all 13 faces hidden in this picture? E-mail the author at
bruceg@email.arizona.edu for the solution. You can appreciate how meaningfulness
influences perceptual organization by doing the following demonstration. Our
recognition of objects is based on features called geons, a term that stands for
“geometric ions” These geons are basic units of objects just as ion’s non-
accidental properties (NAPs) NAPs are properties of edges in the retinal image that
correspond to the properties of edge in the three-dimensional environment. If we
can perceive an object’s geons, we can identify the object. Recognition-by-
components theory is what is behind our ability to identify objects in the natural
environment even when parts of the objects are hidden by other objects. There are
factors in addition to geons that help us identify objects, such as clouds, that
help distinguish between two birds with the same shape, texture of feathers,
markings on their wings. Global image features are holistic and rapidly perceived.
They contain information that results in perception of a scene’s structure and
spatial layout. Global image properties help explain how we can perceive the gist
of scenes based on features that can be seen in brief exposures. We learn, for
example, that blue is associated with open sky, that landscapes are often green and
smooth, and that verticals and horizontals are associated with buildings. For
example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment
than oblique (angled) orientations, in human-made environment as well as natural.
Semantic regularities refer to features such as light falling on objects,
horizontal and vertical lines or directions. If we assume that light is coming from
above (which is usually the case in the environment), then patterns that are light
on the top would be created by an object that bulges out. This is the light-from-
above heuristic (Kleffner & Ramachandran, 1992) Semantic regularities are the
characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of
scenes. For example, food preparation, cooking, and perhaps eating occur in a
kitchen; waiting around, buying tickets, checking luggage, and going through
security checkpoints happens in airports. In the photos below another example of
light heuristic, these are indentations created by people walking in the sand.

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