SSIGNMENT

OCTOBER 2022 SESSION

Geo-Environmental Engineering
(BCE 4213)

NAME: HUSSEIN ADEL ALI

MOHAMMED.
MATRIC / STUDENT NO:
BCE19046548
DATE:4/12/2022
LECTURER: NADIAH BINTI JAMALUDIN

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

THIS PAPER CONTAINS FIVE (5) PRINTED PAGES INCLUDING THE FRONT PAGE.
THIS PAPER CONTRIBUTES TO 20% OF THE FINAL MARKS.

FEEDBACK FROM LECTURER

FEEDBACK FROM STUDENT

This assignment help me a lot to learn more about the environmental effect as well l
maintain of the environment
 MAHSA University

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Assignment Brief

Program: Bachelor of Civil Engineering with Honours

Module Name: Geo-Environmental Engineering
Code: BCE 4213
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7. Assignment description

Case Study: Love Canal Tragedy

The present case study is about the Love Canal tragedy in Niagara Falls, New York. This
tragedy is one of the famous examples of hazardous chemical waste pollution, affecting
severely the flora and fauna of the region around it. The canal was dug in the 1890s to
generate hydroelectric power but was left unused for decades. The only activity evidenced by
this canal was swimming done by the residents. Later on, it became the dumping spot for
urban waste and chemical waste generated during World War II. In 1942, the land was
purchased by Hooker Chemical Company. After lining the land with clay, the company
dumped approximately 21000 tons of hazardous chemical waste (hundreds of organic
compounds including chloroform, trichloroethylene, benzene, chlorotoluene, carbon
tetrachloride, benzoic acid, dichloroethane, tretrachlorotoulene, toluene, dioxin (TCDD),
methyl chloride, lindane, trichlorophenol, etc.) filled barrels and covered them with more
clay. In 1953, the land was sold to the Niagara Falls school board. The school board built a
public school and the surrounding land was used for housing projects. During construction,
the canal’s clay cap and walls were breached, damaging some of the metal barrels and
resulting in the leakage of chemical waste into the surrounding area. The severity of the
condition can be explained by mentioning that trees and gardens began to die, bicycle
tires/rubber soles disintegrated in noxious puddles, a strong unbearable smell started
saturating the air surrounding the region, etc. The slow inevitable effect of the pollutants was
noticed in the health of the residents living in that area. High rates of miscarriage, birth
defects, chromosome damage, etc. became common among the residents. The Love Canal
incident became a symbol of improperly stored chemical waste.

Introduction/

In contrast to past disasters, humans were responsible for contaminating Niagara Falls'
manmade and natural habitats, which may have unintended consequences. The fact that
LaSalle locals questioned the very safety of chemicals generated in nearby chemical
factories—factories that represented a sizable number of jobs—complicated how the crisis
was seen by the general public. Love Canal lacked the immediate nature of most disasters,
as well as the conventional disaster responses and resources. There were "no Kiwanis with
food baskets," as activist Joan Malone observed, to assist local families. Love Canal came
before the influential United Church of Christ hazardous landfill study from 1985, which
was widely seen by environmental activists and academics as marking the start of the
environmental justice movement. In addition, Love Canal existed at the dawn of the
postmodern "risk society" that dominated the remainder of the twentieth and early twenty-
first centuries. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (such as landline), benzyl chlorides, organic
sulphur compounds (such as laurel mercantilism), chlorinates, sodium sulfide/hydrates,
various chlorinated waxes, oils, naphthalene, and aniline, benzyl chlorides, and benzotrich
made up about 80% of the total chemicals dumped, according to company records (3,4).
Multiple sites were contaminated by poisonous chemicals while the canal's clay lid and
walls were damaged, exposing some of the metal barrels. The chemical waste ultimately
seeped into people's basements, and the metal barrels eventually found their way to the
surface. Trees and gardens started to wither, and rubber from children's shoes and bicycle
tyres crumbled into foul puddles. Love Canal represented a different kind of environmental
catastrophe, one in which the hazards were mostly unknown, the contamination was
generally tasteless and odourless, and the reaction was at best inattentive and at worst
illegal. Toxic waste, according to sociologist Kai Erikson, is "a new species of trouble,"
posing particular issues for locals, public health experts, and elected authorities. Residents
of Love Canal were concerned about their health, had their ideas of what it meant to be a
citizen tested, and had higher expectations of the state after learning that dangerous
chemicals were buried in their regular, normal suburban community. They transitioned from
seeing their neighbourhood as a thriving industrial city's component to seeing it as a polluted
area unsuited for habitation by families or residences. It is evident from an examination of
the accounts of the tragedy provided by locals, scientists, and community advocates that
Love Canal signalled the beginning of working-class activism, offered fresh difficulties for
public health agencies, and sparked the environmental justice movement.
.
Figure-1 A protest by Love Canal residents, ca. 1978.

History of the Problem/

Although the Love Canal has been used for the disposal of hazardous waste since the early
1940s, it was not until the mid 1960s that locals began to complain of smells and small
explosions that it became clear that residences close to the site were contaminated. According
to state employees and locals, unpleasant smells, caustic waters, and oily materials were
observed during the construction of the LaSalle Expressway. Drums were exposed during the
excavation process when Read Avenue was erected about 13 years ago, allowing the escape
of toxic gases and oily substances and leading to multiple work stoppages. Hazardous liquid
chemicals and noxious smells were found at the outfall that collected the flow from both the
97th and 99th Street sewer systems, as well as in a number of storm sewers, largely to the
west of the site. In addition to these issues, the playground at the grammar school
experienced recurrent earth subsidence, and the holes are routinely covered with dirt. School
staff reported that students handled waste phosphorous and suffered burns to the county
health department. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC)
began looking into possible leaks into nearby sewers and basement sump pumps in 1976.
Based on these findings and additional testing the following year, NYDEC contracted with
CalSpan Corporation, an environmental consulting firm, to carry out its own investigations.
Subsequently, the agency discovered "significant" concentrations of chemicals like toluene
and a number of benzene compounds in sump samples from eight nearby homes. To this day,
nothing has been done to fix the issues. It wasn't until the summer of 1978 that it became
clear that the entire neighborhood had been heavily contaminated. Due to their closeness to
Lake Erie, the municipalities of Buffalo and Niagara Falls are renowned for having harsh
winters marked by significant lake effect snowfall. In addition, the record-breaking
snowstorm of 1978 and numerous more storms that season brought about much more
precipitation in the winter and spring than is typical for the region (Delaney 2000).

Discussion /

Toxicological Investigation/
The Division of Laboratories and Research of the State Health Department has examined
more than 6,000 environmental and biological samples connected to the Love Canal since
March 1978. The Environmental Protection Agency of the United States Following the
declaration of a federal emergency in May 1980, the (USEPA) also carried out
comprehensive air, water, and soil samplings in homes and yards throughout the Love Canal
area.
The main objectives of the environmental and toxicological studies were to:

• Identify the chemical compounds present in the Love Canal environment;

• Determine the extent and mode of chemical migration outward from the landfill;

• Validate the efficacy of remedial construction work undertaken at the site;

• To develop improved methodologies for analyzing toxics in

environmental samples and biological specimens.

Additionally, the Love Canal area underwent rigorous air, water, and soil samplings.
The Hooker Chemical Corp. submitted a declaration at the State Interagency Task Force on
Hazardous Wastes' request, indicating that over a ten-year period, 21,800 tonnes of chemical
waste, including sizable amounts of trichlorophenols, had been dumped in the Love Canal
(TCP). More than 200 different organic chemical compounds have been found in the Love
Canal soil and sediment samples, according to laboratory analysis; about 100 of them have
been recognized thus far. One of the substances discovered in the dump is dioxin [2,3,7, and
8 tetrachlorodibenzoparadioxin (TCDD), which is regarded as one of the most hazardous
man-made compounds based on animal experimental investigations. Since 200 tonnes of
trichlorophenols (TCPs) appeared on the list of chemicals buried at the site, dioxin (TCDD), a
contaminant byproduct formed during the production of TCPs, was suspected to be present in
the Love Canal. Its presence was confirmed in April 1979 using sophisticated analytical
equipment at the Midwest Center for Mass Spectrometry at the University of Nebraska. Since
then, the Department of Health has built its own dioxin analysis capabilities and purchased
the same kind of mass spectrometry. 800 basement air samples from 400 homes within a four
block radius of the landfill were examined for seven chemical substances: chloroform,
benzene, trichloroethene, toluene, tetrachloroethene, chlorobenzene, and chlorotoluene. This
analysis was done to determine the extent of the chemical migration into the private
residences. No distinct patterns of contamination were seen in the mapping of benzene air
concentrations. In contrast, substances like chlorobenzene and chlorotoluene that are not
found in typical household items exhibited distinct clusters of contamination in homes close
to the canal, with much less evidence of contamination further off (New York State
Department of Health 1978).

Evacuation/
Concerning the course of the crisis, the debate over evacuation from the Love Canal grew.
The obvious choice for the majority of people was to relocate permanently and have their
homes purchased at fair market value. The main objective of most inhabitants in the area
outside of Ring 2 was to get the government to buy their houses as well. When remedial
construction work started in October 1978, there was no way of knowing if they would
eventually be successful in that regard. Even though remediation started just one month
following the decision to buy the properties in Rings 1 and 2, the occupants had not yet been
relocated.
The locals were worried that the digging would expose them to the pollutants below the
surface more. Particularly if a fire explosion took place, gases and tainted dust were swept up
by the wind and spread across the area. The Love Canal Task Force, administered by the New
York Department of Transportation, decided to evacuate people on school buses in the case
of an explosion or other emergency in response to these worries. The plan also failed its
initial credibility test on October 10, 1978, when the buses did not show up for a practise
emergency evacuation (Gibbs 1981, 1998). However, the state made no further concessions
until Commissioner Axelrod's third public health order, which was published in February
1979, included a financial aid provision for temporary migration. Even still, the benefit was
only available to households in Rings 1-3 that included pregnant women and young children
(Fletcher 2001).
The evacuation policy wasn't further expanded until June 1979. For any local residents who
provided certificates from doctors attesting that their disease or respiratory issues were
related to the remediation work at the Love Canal, the New York Supreme Court ordered
temporary removal (Levine 1982; Silverman 1989). They were especially aggravated by the
fact that many medical professionals were hesitant to sign certificates that may be regarded as
assigning guilt to Hooker. When numerous locals were extremely ill on August 25, 1979, due
to chemical vapours from the site and the accompanying summer heat and humidity, this
debate became especially contentious. The New York Supreme Court declared in early
September that any Love Canal resident who complained of adverse health effects without a
doctor's confirmation should be relocated. 120 families, or a total of 425 people, began
residing in hotels (New York State Department of Health 1978; Silverman 1989). For these
costs, the state government provided $7,500 each day (New York State Department of Health
1978).

Up until November 5, 1979, when the deep excavation work was finished, the Love Canal
inhabitants were permitted to remain in their hotel rooms (New York State Department of
Health 1978). Although the people of Ring 3 went back to their houses, it would be another
six months before they could be sure that they would be staying there permanently. Governor
Carey officially asked President Carter on May 21 to issue a second state of emergency in the
region and to offer assistance for the relocation of more than 700 households in Rings 1, 2,
and 3. A long string of incidents led to this request, the most recent of which occurred the day
before when irate Love Canal residents kidnapped two USEPA representatives and kept them
captive for five hours before freeing them unharmed (Silverman 1989). President Carter
made several announcements on the Love Canal on May 22 during his unsuccessful
reelection campaign, one of which was to approve Carey's request for the declaration of an
emergency and the extension of the permanent relocation to Ring 3. The action called for the
acquisition of all privately owned assets, including companies and rental homes (Fletcher
2001).

Remedial Actions/
Initial steps and six main phases of long-term remediation, concentrating on:
• Landfill containment with leachate collection, treatment, and disposal;
• Excavation and temporary storage of the sewer and creek sediments;
• Final treatment and disposal of the sewer and creek sediments;
• Remediation of the soils at the 93rd Street School.
• Emergency declaration area (EDA) home maintenance and technical assistance by the Love
Canal Area Revitalization Agency (LCARA), the agency implementing the love canal land
use master plan;
• Buyout of homes and other properties in the EDA by LCARA. Three other short-term
remedial actions:
1- Frontier Avenue sewer remediation;
2-EDA soil removal;
3- Repair of a portion of the Love Canal cap.

1. Initial actions : In order to collect leachate from the site, the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) put in place a system in
1978. A leachate treatment plant was built, and the dump area was covered and
fenced. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) built a barrier around Black Creek
in 1981 and carried out environmental research.
2. Landfill Contaminant: In 1982, the EPA decided to build a barrier drain, a leachate
collection system, and cover the temporary clay cap with a synthetic substance to
keep rainwater from coming into touch with the buried trash in order to limit the
landfill: Destroying the contaminated homes close to the landfill and the surrounding
school; conducting research to decide how to best carry out additional site cleanup;
and monitoring to make sure the cleanup efforts are successful. In 1985, NYDEC
enhanced the leachate collection and treatment system, placed the 40 acre cap, and
built a new leachate treatment plant.
3. Sewers, Creeks, and Berms: According to a record of decision (ROD), the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented a remedy to clean up the
sewers and the creeks in May 1985. This remedy included: • Hydraulic cleaning of
the sewers; • Removal and storage of the contaminated sediments; • Inspection of the
sewers for flaws that might allow contaminants to migrate; • Restricting access,
dredging, and hydraulic cleaning of the Black Creek culverts; and • Removal and
storage of the contaminated sediments from The remedial action for the 102nd Street
Landfill Superfund Site has addressed the remediation of the 102nd Street outfall
 region, as initially proposed in the 1985 ROD. In 1986, the State cleaned 62,000
linear feet of sanitary and storm sewers. In 1987, 6,000 more feet were cleansed.
Black and Bergholtz Creeks had about 14,000 cubic yards of material scraped out of
them in 1989. The creek beds were filled with pristine riprap, and grass was
replanted along the banks. The sewer and creek sediments, along with additional
pollutants totaling 33,500 cubic yards, were kept in Occidental Chemical
Corporation's Niagara Falls RCRA-permitted facilities prior to final disposal.
4. Thermal Treatment of Sewers and Creeks Sediments: According to a second
ROD, the EPA chose the following remedy in October 1987 to deal with the
destruction and disposal of the dioxin-contaminated sediments from the sewers and
creeks:
• Building a facility on-site to dewater and contain the sediments;
• Building a facility elsewhere to treat the dewatered pollutants using high-
temperature thermal destruction;
• Thermal treatment of the waste materials from the Love Canal and the leachate
treatment facility that are held at the site;
• On-site disposal of any nonhazardous waste materials left over after the thermal
treatment or cremation process. To address some of the necessary corrective
activities, the OCC, the United States, and the State of New York entered into a
partial consent decree in 1989. EPA also released an explanation of substantial
differences (ESD) in 1989, which stipulated that these sediments and other remedial
waste should be thermally processed at OCC's facilities rather at the site. A second
ESD was issued in November 1996 to address a further amendment of the 1987 ROD,
which included off-site thermal treatment and/or land disposal of the Love Canal
waste materials that had been held, both of which were permitted by the EOA. A third
ESD was published in December 1998 to report a 10 ppb dioxin treatability variance
for the Love Canal waste materials that were being kept. After being carried offsite
for eventual disposal, the sewer and creek sediments as well as other waste products
were removed; this corrective action was deemed finished in March 2000.
5. 93rd Street School: The approximately 7,500 cubic yards of contaminated soil that
were excavated next to the school as part of the 1998 ROD-selected solution for the
93rd Street School property were then solidified and stabilised on-site. The Niagara
Falls Board of Education (NFBE) expressed concerns about the property's potential
future usage, prompting a reevaluation of this remedy. May 1991 saw the release of
 an amendment to the initial 1988 ROD; the chosen remedy that followed was
excavation and off-site disposal of the contaminated soils. The corrective measure
was finished in September 1992. Later, LCARA acquired the 93rd Street School land
from the NFBE, and the structure was destroyed in order to return the resulting
vacant land to its best use.
6. Home Maintenance: The State of New York and the Federal government bought the
contaminated properties in the EDA as a result of the contamination at the site. The
coordinating New York State agency in charge of upkeep, rehabbing, and sales of the
impacted properties is LCARA. In accordance with Section 312 of CERCLA, as
amended, EPA has been giving LCARA money for the upkeep of those properties in
the EDA and for technical support during the EDA's rehabilitation. Through the EPA
cooperation agreement for home maintenance and technical support, EPA directly
provided these money to LCARA. These homes have been restored, and they have
been sold.
7. Property Acquisition: In addition, Section 312 of CERCLA, as modified, granted
$2.5 million in EPA monies for the purchase of properties (such as companies, rental
properties, vacant lots, etc.) that were not permitted to be purchased under the
previous Federal Emergency Management Agency loan/grant programmed. In
accordance with a subsequent EPA cooperative agreement, EPA granted LCARA
these money.
8. Short-Term Remedial Actions:
The Frontier Avenue sewer renovation requires the removal of old, corroded pipe
bedding and its disposal before installing new pipe and bedding; The Love Canal cap
repair required the liner replacement and regrading of a portion of the cap. These
short-term remedial actions were completed in September 1993.

Cleanup Progress /
The Love Canal EDA Habitability Assessment (LCHS), a thorough sampling study of the
EDA to assess the risk presented by the site, was published by EPA in 1988. The NYSDOH
released a Decision of Habitability based on the final LCHS's findings after the LCHS was
published.
  Areas 1-3 of the EDA are not appropriate for habitation without remediation but may
be used for commercial and/or industrial purposes, according to this Habitability
Decision.
 Areas 4–7 of the EDA may be used for residential purposes. In 1998, the wastewater
discharge permit issued to OCC was modified to include the treatment of the leachate
water from the 102nd Street Landfill site. In March 1999, the Love Canal leachate
collection and treatment facility (LCTF) began receiving the 102nd Street leachate
water for treatment. The following represent the makeup of the various Love Canal
waste materials:
 Sewer and Creek Sediment Wastes: 38,000 yard3@ 1.6 tons/ yard3= 62,240 tons;
 Collected LCTF DNAP (2003): 6,000 pounds;
 Collected 102nd Street DNAPL: 14,400 pounds;
 Spent Carbon Filter Wastes (2003): 40,380 pounds;
 Treated LCTF Leachate: 4.35 MG (million gallons);
 And Treated 102nd Street Landfill Treated Leachate (2003): 0.58 MG (million
gallons).
The LCTF's ongoing maintenance and operation, as well as groundwater monitoring, are
handled by OCC. The numerous monitoring wells that have been constructed all throughout
the area are used to continuously monitor the site. The site confinement and the LCTF are
working as intended, according to the results of the yearly monitoring.
The removal and final disposal of the containment sewer and creek sediments as well as other
wastes, as well as the landfill containment, leachate collection and treatment, and other
cleanup activities have all been accomplished at the site, as was previously mentioned. Since
these completed actions have removed the site's primary contamination exposure pathways,
the area is now safe for the environment and the people living nearby. On September 29,
1999, the site's construction was deemed finished. The EPA published a Five-Year Review
Report in September 2003 that demonstrated the site's remedies had successfully reduced
exposures of pollutants to humans and the environment to the level required for both
environmental and human health protection.

Summary /
Niagara Falls' Love Canal area is named after a sizable ditch that was carved out for
hydroelectric power in the 1890s and measures roughly 15 metres wide, 3 to 12 metres deep,
and 1600 metres long. The ditch was abandoned before it ever produced any power and
remained largely idle for decades, with the exception of locals using it to swim in. Niagara
Falls started to dump municipal rubbish into Love Canal in the 1920s, and the U.S. Army did
the same in the 1940s, including debris from the hasty endeavour to make a nuclear bomb. In
1942, Hooker Chemical bought the property and lined it with clay. The corporation then
placed enormous metal barrels filled with more clay on top of an estimated 21,000 tonnes of
dangerous chemical waste, including the carcinogens benzene, dioxin, and PCBs, into Love
Canal. A stipulation in the sales contract that Hooker added when selling the property to the
Niagara Falls school board in 1953 for one dollar identified the land's purpose as being filled
with chemical waste and released them from any future liability claims arising from the
buried garbage. The local school district quickly constructed a public school there and then
sold the adjacent land for a housing development that produced about 200 residences along
the canal banks and another 1,000 in the surrounding area (Figure 2). The clay walls and
cover of the canal were broken during construction, destroying several of the metal barrels.

The metal barrels eventually made their way to the surface when the chemical waste seeped
into people's basements. Trees and gardens started to wither, and rubber from children's shoes
and bicycle tyres crumbled into foul puddles. Residents frequently complained about unusual
aromas and substances that appeared in their yards between the 1950s and the late 1970s.
City officials looked into the situation, but did nothing to address the issue. The New York
State Health Department's findings refuted claims that local inhabitants had serious health
issues, including a high prevalence of miscarriages, birth deformities, and chromosome
damage. The state of emergency at Love Canal was finally declared in 1978 by President
Carter, making it the first environmental issue that was directly related to humans. The Love
Canal tragedy came to represent poor chemical waste storage. Superfund provided the
funding for Love Canal's cleanup, which was done in full in 2004. Contaminated soil was
removed, drainage pipes were put in place to collect and treat contaminated groundwater, and
the area was then covered with clay and plastic. In 1995, Occidental Chemical (the current
name for Hooker Chemical) paid $27 million to the Federal Emergency Management
Association for the relocation of more than 1,000 people and $102 million to Superfund for
remediation. For pollution caused by the Army, New York State paid the EPA $98 million,
while the US government contributed $8 million. $275 million was anticipated to be the
overall cost of the clean-up.
Superfund, which has examined tens of thousands of hazardous waste sites in the U.S. and
cleaned up hundreds of the worst ones, was established in part thanks to the Love Canal
catastrophe. Nevertheless, more than 1,000 big hazardous waste sites that pose a serious risk
to the environment or to human health are still being cleaned up.
Naturally, the immediate consequences of the contents of the hole were soon felt. Residents,
particularly those with basements, have noticed strange smells and things. Phosphorus
fragments rose to the surface, and hazardous waste scorched the schoolyard's students.
Although they were informed, local officials did nothing. Poisonous fumes and liquid
chemical substances were discovered in several sewer systems, mostly to the west of the site,
as a result of heavy rains that raised g/w. This rise resulted in the waste-fill region subsiding,
surface water contamination, and seepage g/w transporting hazardous to dwellings'
basements. Children became ill. The neighbourhood experienced higher than average rates of
stillbirths and miscarriages in the years that followed, and many infants were born with birth
abnormalities. Informal research at the time identified the alarming trend. One study,
conducted by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, found more than 400
different chemical kinds in the air, water, and soil, some of which were already known to
cause cancer, including benzene.
Figure-2 Love Canal. Source: US Environmental Protection Agency.

Conclusions /

 The victims of such incidents, while hostile to Hooker Chemical, focused the
majority of their rage on an indecisive, distant, frequently secretive, and inconsistent
public health establishment;
 Politics, public pressure, and economic considerations all take precedence over
scientific evidence in determining the outcome;
 Both the State of New York and the U.S. Justice Department filed lawsuits against
Occidental Petroleum Corporation, which acquired Hooker Chemical in 1968, on
behalf of 2,000 plaintiffs who asserted that the buried chemicals had individually
affected them. Occidental agreed to pay New York $94 million in an out-of-court
settlement in 1994, and the federal lawsuit was resolved for $129 million the
following year. Individual victims have received more than $20 million in
compensation from the company so far;
 The Love Canal's condemned dwellings had been cleaned up, and it was declared
safe to re-locate there in the early months of 1994. The neighbourhood had been
renamed "Sunrise City" by the real estate company that was selling the reasonably
priced renovated homes.

Lessons Learned /

 The safe disposal of hazardous waste is crucial for maintaining public health;
 When disposing of hazardous trash, site preparation and selection are crucial
considerations. The hazardous landfill sites must have suitable liner and
cover systems, as well as proper leachate collecting and treatment systems;
 Environmental protection and the impacts of hazardous waste on human
health must be taught to the general public, environmental professionals, and
environmental engineering and science students;
 When disposing of hazardous waste near residential areas, industrial facilities
must adhere to ethical standards and the environment.
Reference
Minimum of TEN (10) references. The pdf format sources must be submitted in soft copy.
1. Love Canal - An Introduction Extensive information about the first case concerning
hazardous waste disposal and
its possible health effects that received major national attention.
2. United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
3. Hazardous Waste, Love Canal, and Some Environmental Laws
4. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/6-4-case-study-the-love-canal-
disaster/
5. "Love Canal Collection". University of Buffalo Libraries. Archived from the original on
2011-09-23. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
6.  Pfeiffer, Rick (September 2, 2010). "Prison for former Falls mayor Vince Anello". Niagara
Gazette. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
7.  "The Fall of Niagara Falls". Bloomberg Business. December 2, 2010. Retrieved March
30, 2015.
8.https://mainelaw.maine.edu/admissions/environment-law/?
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Sxl9uX0d6oIYcdZF3H9wCxXd0ob6qjfXNaLE_TosaAplTEALw_wcB
9.https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/seventies/essays/everyone%E2%80%99s-
backyard-love-canal-chemical-disaster?
gclid=Cj0KCQiAtbqdBhDvARIsAGYnXBNvMSWo15PZ8rD_Kw6uLoGBt7Z7yS9bJ5Rlu_U0
Yhz-PGrc_v9IllMaAsqcEALw_wcB
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal..
‘THE END