STAGE 6

LESSON 78

P. 415

SITUATION- (n.)
e.g. I saw someone taking something from a shop without paying it, it was a dangerous
situation because the police might catch them.

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SUPPOSE – (v.)
e.g. I think the world would be a better place in 10 years time.
I suppose the word would be a better place in 10 years time.
e.g. If today were Sunday, I'd be at home cleaning my clothes.
Supposing today were Sunday, I'd be at home cleaning my clothes.

THIRST – (n.)
e.g. When we run a hundred miles, we feel thirsty.
Thirsty is the adjective, THIRST is the noun of thirsty.
e.g. I suppose we'd all die of thirst if there were suddenly no water in the world.

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P. 416

HOTTER AND HOTTER – (adj.)

e.g. It's hot at 10 o'clock in the morning in summer but it becomes hotter and hotter at
12 noon in summer.

MORE AND MORE – (adj.)

e.g. Rich people are rich but they become richer and richer as they save and earn
more and more money.

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READY – (adj.)
e.g. I get up at 6 in the morning because my work starts at 8. It takes me about 1 hour
to get ready to go out to work in the morning.

MARRIAGE- (n.)- The legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife.
e.g. I think most people are ready for marriage when they are eighteen years old.

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WHEREABOUTS – (adv.)
 It means “where?”
e.g. Where does he live?
Whereabouts does he live?
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P. 417

DESCRIBE – (v.)
e.g. I will describe my sister. She is tall, thin and has a fair skin. She has long and black
hair.

DESCRIPTION – (n.)

Description is the noun of the word “describe.”

e.g. Her description of her sister is: her sister is tall, thin and has a fair skin.

JUST – (adv.)
e.g. There are factories just outside the school. There are factories near the school.

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CORRECT – is the synonym of “right”.

e.g. 2+2=4 is correct
2+2=4 is right

INCORRECT- is the opposite of incorrect.

e.g. 2+2=5 is incorrect

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AS SOON AS – (conj.)
e.g. I sat down as soon as I came into the classroom.
I opened my book as soon as I came into the classroom.

OVER – (adj.)
e.g. The lesson starts at 8 o'clock and finishes at 9 o'clock.
At 8 o'clock the lesson starts and at 9 o'clock the lesson's over.

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P. 418

STRANGE – (adj.) is the synonym of unsual.

e.g. My friend wears a coat and a jacket in Summer. She always wears thick clothes in
Summer. I think she's strange.
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THEY= HE OR SHE (Please read the book explanation)

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SHUT / SHUT UP / BE QUIET / (Please read the book explanation)

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P. 419

CHOOSE – (v.)
e.g. There are three pencils on the chart; black, white and green. I have to get one. I
need to choose one. I will choose the green pen.

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LESSON 79

P.420

RECOGNIZE- (v)- to know and remember someone or something.

ex. I think I'd be able to recognize you if we met each other again in thirty years.
I think I'd be able to know and remember you again in thirty years.

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RATHER – (adv.)
Rather is a synonym of “quite”.
e.g. I'd say you spoke English rather well now.

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WOULD RATHER – (adv.)- (Please read the book explanation)

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P. 421

FAITH – (n.)
e.g I believe everything my mother tells me. I believe she tells me the truth.
I have a belief in everything my mother tells me.
The noun of the verb “to believe” is belief.
The synonym of the word “belief” is Faith.
e.g. I have faith in everything my mother tells me.

CHRISTIAN – (n.)
People here in the Philippines are Christians. We believe in Christ. We pray and go to
church every Sunday.
The Christian faith is about two thousand years old.

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“Will and “to be going to” (Note: Please read the book explanation)

predict/ prediction/ just this moment ( Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 423

STAIRS– (n.) In a house if we had to get to a room that was on the 2 nd floor, we'd take the
stairs.

UPSTAIRS – (adv.) it is the part of the building or house above the ground.
e.g. In a house the bedroom is usually upstairs.

DOWNSTAIRS – (adv.) it is the opposite of upstairs.

e.g. Living room is usually downstairs.

LIVING ROOM – (noun) a place in the house where we can talk and sit and relax.

LIFT – (noun)-
e.g. If we had to get to the room that was on the 10th floor of the building,we'd take the
lift.

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LIP – (n.) (Note: Please point your bottom lip.)

e.g. This is my bottom lip.

LIPSTICK – (n.) (Note: Mime as if you are putting lipstick on your lip)
e.g. I'm putting lipstick on.

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P.424

SYSTEM – (n.)
e.g. Here in the Philippines, we have a Democratic system of government.
In China, they have a Communist system of government.

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SAIL – (v.)
e.g. When we travel on water by means of a ship or boat, we sail.
There were some ships used for sailing a long time ago. They are called sailing
ships.

SAILOR – (n.)
e.g. A person who sails by means of a sailing ship is called a sailor.
LESSON 80

P.425

EMPHATIC “DO” – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

DENY – (v.)
e.g. She said learning Chinese was easy. But I said, “No, learning Chinese isn't easy.”
So, I denied what she said.
e.g. My friend said the movie was not a good one. But I said, “No, the movie was
good!” So, I denied what my friend said.
e.g. She said I have a pen. But I said, “No, I don't have a pen.”
I denied what she said.

EXCLAMATION – (n)
Examples of exclamations are:
I do speak English!
I do like this book!
She does write beautifully!

STRESS (Note: Read the book explanation.)

I do speak English! / I do like this book!(Note: Read the book explanation.)

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P. 427

HIT – (v.) (Note: Please mime when you hit the wall.)
e.g. I'm hitting the wall.
I'm hitting the table with my hand.

ARREST- (v.)
e.g. If you hit a policeman, he'd arrest you.
e.g. The policeman arrested the criminals.

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FAIR – (adj.)
The five meanings of fair are:

1.) FAIR HAIR – If you have a light colored hair, or, a blond hair, that's fair hair.

2.) INDUSTRIAL / AGRICULTURAL FAIRS -

e.g. Industrial Fair in Tokyo – there are small stalls or stores where you can buy
cheaper industrial products such as car wheels, batteries, etc.

e.g. Agricultural Fair – there are small stalls or stores like in a market where they
sell agricultural products such as plants, seeds for planting, fertilizers etc.
 3.) JUST – means equal
e.g. I gave her candies and I also gave him candies. I gave both of them
candies. What I did was equal, it's fair.

4.) MODERATE – means not very good and not very bad. Moderate. Average.
e.g. Before, I couldn't speak English well. Now, I'm studying English but I can't
speak it really, really well. I only speak English moderately well. I speak English fairly
well.

5.) FUN FAIR- refers to amusement.

e.g Disneyland in Tokyo.

FAIRLY – (adv.)
e.g. She speaks English fairly well now.

UNFAIR – (adj.)
Unfair is the opposite of FAIR which means NOT just, not equal, not fair..

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P. 428

PLEASURE – (n.)
e.g. I feel happy on Saturdays and Sundays because I don't need to wake up early.
I like waking up late on Saturdays and Sundays, it makes me happy. It gives me
pleasure.
e.g. It's a great pleasure for me to get up in the morning.

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EXPERIMENT – (n.)
e.g. Some animals, like frogs, for example, are used for experiments in a Science
class. The students opens the frog and study what's inside it.

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P. 429

DISCOVER – (v.)
e.g. Christopher Columbus found America in 1492. He discovered America in 1492.

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LESSON 81

P. 430

SCIENTIST – (n.)
e.g. Albert Einstein was a famous scientist.
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TISSUE – (n.) We call a paper handkerchief a tissue.

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DIVISION - (n.)
Division is the noun of the verb “to divide”.
e.g. There are five football divisions in my country; the 1 st division, the 2nd division, the
3rd division etc. My town's in the 2nd division.

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IN – (Please read the book explanation.)

WITHIN – (Please read the book explanation.)

ON THE OTHER HAND -

e.g. He's a good boy. On the other hand, his brother is a bad boy.
She said the cat was clean. On the other hand, I said it wasn't clean.

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P. 431

SHOPPING – (n.)
e.g. Shibuya and Shinjuku are shopping streets in Tokyo.

MAIN – (adj.)
e.g. The largest shopping streets in Tokyo are Shibuya and Shinjuku.
The main shopping streets in Tokyo are Shibuya and Shinjuku.

MAINLY – (adv.)
e.g. Shibuya and Shinjuku are mainly the shopping streets in Tokyo.

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SING – SANG – SUNG

– is the complete paradigm of the verb “to sing”

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P. 432

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PROFIT – (noun) – means “gains”

ex. If I bought a business for, shall we say, 1,000,000 dollars and sold it again
later for 250,000 dollars, I wouldn't make a profit.

LOSS – (noun) – is the opposite of “profit”

ex. So again, if I bought a business for 1,000,000 dollars and sold it again later
for 250,000 dollars, I wouldn't be making a profit but I'd be making a loss of 300,000 dollars.

BUSINESS- (noun) the activity of making, buying, or selling goods or providing services in
exchange for money.
e.g Japan does business with foreign countries.

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• FUTURE PERFECT
• I will have eaten – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

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P. 433

MINISTER – (noun) – is the head of a high office in the government

ex. Minister of agriculture foreign minister, church ministers etc.

PRIME – (adjective) – means “first in rank or degree”

ex. Some countries call the most important minister in the government the Prime
Minister.

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P. 433

GUESS – (verb) – to make a correct conclusion of something

ex. I'm not usually able to guess a person's age.
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COIN – (noun)
ex. I've got some coins in my pocket. (Note: Please show a coin to the student)

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CHEERS!– (verb) We say Cheers! To express good wishes when we have a drink with
somebody, to say “thank yo”, and to say “goodbye”.

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LESSON 82

P. 435

RODE – (verb) – is the past tense of “to ride”

ex. I rode on a jeepney this morning. I rode on a bus yesterday.

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DECREASE- (v) to change downward.

e.g. The temperature doesn't decrease as we move from spring to summer but it
increases.
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JOIN – (verb) – means “to be a part of something”

ex. I would like to join the army.

JOINT – (noun) – the point of connection between two bones

ex. This part of the arm is a joint of the arm. (Note: Show a joint of your arm.)

SHOULDER – (noun) ( Note: Please show teacher's shoulder.)

ELBOW – (noun) (Note: Please show teacher's elbow.)

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P. 436

NOON – Another word for midday is “noon”

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• E.G. = EXEMPLI GRATIA = means “for example”

• ABBREVIATION – (noun) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

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• HERE YOU ARE
• THERE HE IS
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

HAND – (verb) -to give someone something

STRUCTURE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

FINALLY – (adv) – is the synonym of the word “lastly”

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P. 437

STATE – (noun / verb)

− (noun) – is a synonym of “government”
ex. People pay taxes to the government.
− People pay taxes to the state.

− another meaning of “state” as a (noun) – is, the overall physical condition of

something
ex. This room's in a good condition.
− This room's in a good state.
STATE – (verb) – to give specific information, instructions, rules, etc. in writing
ex. When making an application for a passport, one must state one's name,
address, age..etc.
FILL IN – (v)
e.g. When you apply for a passport, you fill in the application form and you must state
your name, your address, your date and birth, etc.

APLLICATION FORM – (noun) – is a printed document with spaces in which to write

ex. He filled out his passport application form.

BIRTH – (n.) the fact of being born.

e.g My birth date is on January 1,1990.

OCCUPATION – (n.) is the synonym of “job”

e.g My job is to teach. My occupation is teaching.

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STATEMENT – (n.) is something that is stated or declared.

e.g. The criminal made his statement to the police about the crime.

SIGNATURE- (n.) - (Note: Show teacher's signature to the student.)

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DOWNLOAD – (n.) to download is to transfer (as data or files) from a usually large computer
to the memory of another device (as a smaller computer) .
e.g We can download songs, films, pictures etc. from the internet.

PROGRAM- (n.) - A organized system of instructions and data read by a computer.

e.g. The program is available for download at the company's Web site.

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P. 438

DRUNK – (noun / adjective)

− (noun) – a person who is intoxicated by alcohol
ex. I saw two drunks fighting in the street on my way home.

DRUNK – (adjective) – under the influence of alcohol

ex. My drunk friends got robbed in the highway.

FIGHT – (noun / verb)

− (noun) – an argument or quarrel
ex. I've seen a fight in the street between two drunks.

FIGHT – (verb) – to argue in an angry way

 ex. Some people want to fight the moment they get drunk because when they
are drunk, they can't think correctly.

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PROBABILITY (n)- is the synonym of “chance”.

e.g. I think the probability of another world war has increased in the last twenty years.

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• MIND – (noun) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

• BRAIN – (noun) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

CHANGE ONE'S MIND - (idiom.) - to decide differently that one had decided before.

BRAINY – (adjective) – impressively intelligent

ex. My eldest sister is the brainiest person in my family.

ABSTRACT – (adjective) – can't be seen by our eyes

ex. All human emotions such as love, anger, hate..etc. are abstract.

SENSE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

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P. 439

CRIMINAL – (noun) – someone who has committed a crime or has been legally proven guilty
to the crime
ex. The police catch criminals and throw them into prison.

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GUN – (noun) – a weapon that shoots bullets or shells

ex. One needs permission from the government to carry or keep a gun at home.

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CIVILIZED – (verb) – means “develop or improve”

ex. Tokyo has many shops, buildings, railways etc. now unlike before.
− Tokyo is more civilized now than it was in the past.

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SO FAR - (idiom.) up to the present time.

e.g. I enjoying my new job; so far so good!
The expression “so far so good” means that somebody has not experienced any
problems up to now.
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LESSON 83

P.440

SHORT ANSWERS WITH AUXILIARY VERBS

• YES, I CAN
• YES, I WOULD
• YES, I AM
• YES, I HAVE
• YES, I DO
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

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P. 441

ROSE – (verb) – is the past of “rise”

ex. I rose at 4 am this morning.

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P.442

HOW HIGH – is used to ask how tall the thing is.

ex. How tall is the Tokyo tower?
− How high is the Tokyo tower?

MILE – (noun) – is equivalent to 1.6 kilometers

ex. The distance from Tokyo to Kyoto is 288 miles.

DECIMAL (point) – a dot written in a number

ex. A mile equals about one point six kilometers(1.6) kilometers

KILOMETRE – (noun) – is equivalent to about point six (0.6) of a mile.

ex. The distance from Tokyo to Kyoto is 460.8 kilometers.

POPULATION – (noun) – the number of people living in a particular place

ex. The population of Tokyo is about 12 million.

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P. 443

HURT-HURT-HURT – (v) The complete paradigm of the verb hurt is hurt-hurt-hurt.

FELL – (verb) – the past of fall is “fell”

 ex. If I fell from the top of a very high building, I'd kill myself.

FALL OVER – (verb) – to fall forward and down.

e.g If I fell over while I was running along the street, I might hurt mysef.

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GLAD – (adjective) – is a synonym of “happy”.

ex. I'd be happy if I were told that I had won the lottery.
− I'd be glad if I were told that I had won the lottery.

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SICK / UNWELL– (adjective) – The two other words for “ill: are “sick” and unwell
ex. I feel sick when I eat too much.

VOMIT – (verb) – is another meaning of the word “sick” besides “ill”

ex. Certain smells, excessive eating or drinking etc., make people vomit.

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P.444

REPAIR – (verb) – means “to fix”.

ex. If something is broken we fix it ; we repair it.
ex. I need my shoes repaired about twice a year.

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ROOF – (noun) – we call the top covering of a house, a roof.

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WIND – (noun) – is the natural movement of the air

ex. Sailing boats move faster in strong winds.

WINDY – (adjective) – having a lot of wind.

e.g It's windy today.

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CAUGHT – (verb) – is the past of “to catch”

− The complete paradigm of the verb “to catch” is catch – caught – caught
ex. The last time I caught a cold was last month.

JUST AS – (adverb) – at that exact moment or time

ex. I've sometimes caught a train just as it was leaving the station.
PLATFORM – a flat area next to railroad tracks where people wait for a train or subway
e.g. People stand on the platform, while waiting the train.

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LESSON 84

P.446

• DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

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• REPORT – (verb) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

• REFER – (verb) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

• INVERTED COMMAS – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

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P. 449

FLAT – (adjective) – means level or even surface

ex. The floor is flat. (Note: Please read the book explanation)
ex. The people in the old days didn't believe the world was round but they
believed it was flat.

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PITY – (noun / verb)

− (noun) – a feeling of mercy toward another.
ex. I'd think it was a great pity if I went for a picnic in the country and it rained.

− (verb) – to feel sorry for someone or something

ex. I pity the sickly people or the bedridden most.

WHAT A PITY – this is what we say to show mercy to others.

PICNIC – (noun) – a meal that is eaten outdoors especially during a trip away from home
ex. We decided to have a picnic on the beach.

PHRASE – (noun) – group of words with a meaning

ex. “What a pity” is an example of a phrase.

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P.450
BLOW – BLEW – BLOWN – is the complete paradigm of the verb “to blow”
ex. I blow some candles on my birthday. (Note: Please read the book
explanation)
ex. I've been blown off my feet by the wind because at that time the wind was
very strong.

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LESSON 85

P. 451

DECISION- (n.) is a choice that you make about something after thinking about it.

CONSIDER – (verb) – means to think carefully about something before making a decision ;
ex. We must consider carefully before making a decision because if we don't, we
might make a big mistake.

− another meaning of the word “consider” is “to believe or think”

ex. I consider the worst thing that can happen to a person is to die slowly in
great pain.

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• WHATEVER
• WHENEVER
• WHEREVER
• WHOEVER
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

LIMIT – (noun / verb)

− (noun) – a point beyond which someone is not allowed to go
ex. Parents need to set limits on the behavior of their children.

LIMIT – (verb) – means “to stop”

ex. We need to find ways to limit expenses.

UNLIMITED – (adjective) – without any limits or restrictions

− is the opposite of limited
ex. Insurance companies offer unlimited coverage.

MOST OF – “most”

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P. 452
LIE – (noun) – something that is not true.
− is the opposite of “truth”

TRUTH – (noun) – is the noun form of “true”

TELL THE TRUTH- means to tell something true.

e.g. People don't always tell the truth but they sometimes tell lies.

TELL A LIE-means to something that is not true or false.

e.g. Newspapers don't always tell the truth but sometimes they tell lies.

HONEST – (adjective)
e.g. When someone is not lying, someone is honest and he's telling the truth.

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MISS – (verb) – means “to fail to catch”

1. is the opposite of “to catch”
ex. If you suddenly threw a glass at me and I missed to catch it, it'd break.

2.another meaning is; to arrive too late for something or someone

ex. I'm in the habit of missing trains and buses because I always leave
everything to the last minute and then have to hurry.

3. to notice or feel the absence of someone or something

ex. I have to be away from home for about 3 months before I begin to miss my
family and friends.

4. to fail to be present for (something)

ex. I missed working last week because I got sick.

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P. 453

UNION – (noun) – is the noun form of “unite” which means “to join”
ex. I don't think that a union of all the countries of the world will ever be possible.

TRADE UNION – is an organization which protects the workers of a particular industry,and

fights to improve their pay and conditions.
ex. Labor union

ORGANIZATION – a group of people with one purpose especially in business and society.
ex. World Health Organization (WHO)

PARTICULAR – means “exact or specific”

ex. He quit his job for no particular reason.

IN FAVOR OF – (noun) – wanting or approving of something

 ex. I'm in favor of Trade Unions.

PAY(WAGES) – (noun) – is a synonym of “salary” ; which means, the money you earn for
working
ex. The work is hard, but the pay is good.

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ROPE – (noun) – We can use rope for pulling things etc. (Note: Mime the action of pulling a
rope.)

CLIMB – (verb) - (Note: Mime climbing.)

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P.454

COURT – (noun)
ex. If a criminal kill someone, he is taken to the court.

LOOK FOR – (verb) – means “to search”

ex. People go to the law courts when they are looking for justice.

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JUDGE – (noun) – is a person who decides the results of cases in a court law.
− I wouldn't like the job of a judge.

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• DARK – DARKEN
• SHORT – SHORTEN
• WIDE – WIDEN – WIDTH
• LENGTH – LENGTHEN
• STRENGTH – STRENGTHEN
• FRIENDSHIP
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

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LESSON 86

P. 456

OBVIOUS – (adjective) – means “clear” or “understandable”

ex. It's clear from what he says that he is not interested in the job.

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P. 493

ACHE – (noun)
• TOOTHACHE
• STOMACH – ACHE
• EARACHE
• HEADACHE
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

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RULE-
1.) verb-to have control and power over a country, area, group, etc.
e.g. Some countries are ruled by a queen.

2.) In a game of football we need to understand and follow the rules in the
game.
3.) a statement that tells you what is allowed or what will happen within a
particular system (such as a language, the rules of grammar, etc.)

CONFUSE – (verb) – to make something difficult to understand

ex. Some people confuse money with happiness. [= think that having a lot of
money will make them happy]

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P. 457

OUGHT- (Note: Please read the book explanation)

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P.458

SURFACE – (noun) – top or covering

ex. This is the top of the table. This is the surface of the table.

SMOOTH – (adjective) – means plain and level, even

ex. The surface of the table is smooth.

ROUGH – (adjective)
1. is the opposite of smooth, uneven surface
ex. The surface of the stone is rough.

2. another meaning of “rough” is “not calm” or having large waves

ex. When I travel by boat I don't prefer the sea to be rough but I prefer the sea to
be smooth and calm.

3. difficult or unpleasant to deal with

 ex. When we say we must learn to take the rough with the smooth in life, we
mean that we must learn to take the ups and downs of life and the bad times with the good
times.

4. approximate or not exact

ex. At a rough guess, I'd say that there are about 12 million people in Tokyo.

5. uneducated with the correct use of manners.

ex. When we say that someone has a rough manners, we mean that he is not
educated with the correct use of manners.

6. stormy weather associated with strong winds, storms, etc

ex. The weather is rough when there is a typhoon. I don't like rough weather.

7. tough, violent
ex. Rugby is one of the roughest sport that one can play

8. incomplete, unfinished
ex. By a rough piece of work, we mean that it is not yet finished, or is not
complete.

SEA-SICK – (adjective) – a feeling sick or to vomit because of the movement of a boat or ship
that you are traveling on.
ex. Rough sea make some people feel seasick.

ROUGHLY – (adverb) – not exactly but close in number, quality, meaning, etc.
ex. Roughly 20 percent of our land is farmland.
− Roughly 20 percent of our land is farmland.

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P. 459

GROUND – (noun) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

ex. This building is built on the ground.
ex. football ground / field, arena,

LEVEL – (noun) – a specific height

ex. When the table is not level, we must put something under one of its legs.
ex. There are some tunnels built below the level of the ground.

UNDERGROUND – (adjective / noun)

− (adjective) – below the surface of the ground.
ex. Underground parking garages

− (noun) – a system of trains that run below the ground in a large city
ex. New York subway, Paris Metro, and the London Underground.

RAILWAY – (noun) - “railroad”, a system of tracks on which trains travel

 ex. A railway station, railroad cars etc.

GROUND FLOOR – (noun) – is the floor of a building that is at ground level

− it is also called “first floor”
ex. There is a parking lot on the ground floor in this building.

GROUNDS – (noun) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

ex. If I fell to the ground from the top of a very high building, I'd die.
ex. Field, arena, football ground

*******************************************************

EDUCATED – (adjective) – having an education and especially a good education

ex. Most of the people in the town are well-educated.

UNEDUCATED – (adjective) – is the opposite of “educated”

ex. When we say that a person has rough manners, we mean that he has not
been educated in the correct use of manners but it does not mean he has bad manners.

*******************************************************
P.460

MAKING A SUGGESTION - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

P. 498
IMPERATIVE (COMPLETE)

ORDER

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************

LESSON 87

P. 462

• OVEREAT
• OVERSLEEP
• OVERWORK
• OVERLOOK
• OVERCOOK – UNDERCOOK
• OVERPAY – UNDERPAY
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************
P. 463

SERIOUS – (adjective) – having an important or dangerous possible result.

ex. Murder is a serious offense.

COMMIT – (verb) – to do something that is illegal or harmful

ex. People who commit serious crimes are usually put in prison.

BATTERY – (noun)
ex. A cellphone needs a battery in order to work.

CHARGE – (verb)
1. to accuse someone
ex. People who are charged by the police with committing crimes are first taken
to court, and then, if they are found guilty, they are put in prison.

2. “to attack”
ex. In battles, soldiers charge their enemies.

3. to be in charge of – means “be responsible for” something

ex. To be responsible for a business. To be in charge of a business.
ex. If I had to be in charge of a big business, I'd choose to be a manager.

4. to give an amount of electricity into a battery so that a machine or device will run.
ex. I'm charging the battery of my cellphone.

5. to make one pay

ex. They charged me about 1000 pesos for my shoes. I pay 1000 pesos for the
SERVICE they made.

6. to load a gun (or other fire arm) or fill the gun with a bullet

*******************************************************

CLEAR – (adjective)
1. not having any clouds, fog, etc.
ex. It was a beautifully clear, sunny day.

2. easily understood
ex. I can make myself clearly understood in English.

3. empty or vacant
ex. The streets are at their clearest as regards people and cars etc. are usually
in the evening.

CLEAR – (verb) – means “to clean”

ex. I clean the table after a meal at home.
− I clear the table after a meal at home.
AS REGARDS- regarding to something / in or with regard to something.
ex. The streets are usually at their clearest as regards traffic.

*******************************************************

P. 464

GUEST – (noun) – a person who is invited to visit or stay in someone's home

− it could also refer to a customer at a hotel, restaurant etc.
ex. If I invited you to my house, you would be my guest.

HOSTESS – (noun) – a person (especially a woman) who is entertaining guests socially or as

a job
ex. If I invited you to my house, I'd be your hostess.

HOST – (noun) – is the opposite of “hostess”

− a host could also mean; a moderator or emcee of a radio or television program.
ex. Oprah Winfrey is the host of the famous talk show OPRAH.

INVITE – (verb) – means to ask someone to go somewhere or do something

ex. I invited my friends to go to my birthday party.

************************************************************

RIDDEN – (verb) – is the past participle of “to ride”

− the complete paradigm of the verb “to ride” is ride – rode – ridden.
ex. I've ridden a horse.

************************************************************
P. 465

SEVERE – (adjective) – means “very strict and serious”

ex. If I were a judge, the kind of criminal I'd be most severe on would be murder.

− severe could also mean – very bad or unpleasant

ex. They get very severe winters in Finland.

*******************************************************

BLOW (noun) – a hard hit using a part of the body or an object.

ex. People say they see stars when they receive a blow in the head.

************************************************************

RESPECT – (noun) – polite greeting or expression of kind feelings.

ex. I give respect to my parents because they took care of me when I was
young.
ex. The kind of people I respect most are my parents, teachers etc.
************************************************************

COMPANY – (noun) – a business that makes,buys, or sells goods in exchange of money.

ex. Computer companies, cellphone companies, oil companies etc.

EMPLOY – (verb) – means to make use of

ex. We employ a knife to cut bread.

EMPLOYER /EMPLOYEE
A person who gives work to another person is called
*******************************************************
P. 466

MACHINE- (noun)
e.g. We use a cash machine for taking money out of the bank.
e.g. In factories, the
y use a machine to operate the work quickly and easily.
Some other examples of machines are washing machine,cash machine, etc.

ACCIDENTALY- (adverb) - happening in a way that is not planned or intended or happening

by accident.
e.g If I accidentally put a red sock in a washing machine with white clothers I could get
pink clothes.

*******************************************************

FLOWN – (verb) – is the past participle of the verb “to fly”

− the complete paradigm of the verb “to fly” is fly – flew – flown
ex. I've never flown in a plane.

*******************************************************

DRAW / DRAWING/ CURTAIN - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************

LESSON 88

P.468

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

IF... THEN
(Note: Please read the book explanation)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS : I have been working

PAST PRESENT CONTINUOUS : I had been working

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS : I will have been working

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

*****************************************************

P. 470

RULER – 1. (noun) a person who rules the country.

e.g. Some countries are ruled by a queen.
2.noun – We use a ruler to draw a completely straight line.

*****************************************************

EARTH – (noun) – We live on earth. (Note: Please mime)

ASTRONOMICAL – (adjective) – a science that studies about the space and the physical
universe as a whole
ex. The earth is about 93,000,000 miles from the sun or 150,000,000 kilometers

GEOGRAPHICAL – (adjective) – the study of the physical features of the earth and its
atmosphere
ex. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. The Nile's the longest
river in the world.
− Generally speaking,the difference between “earth” and “world” is that we use the
word “earth” in the astronomical sense, and “world” in the geographical sense.

*******************************************************

BY MEANS OF – also means “through the use of”

ex. We can draw a straight line with the use of a pen and a ruler.
− We can draw a straight line by means of a pen and a ruler.
ex. I go to work by means of a jeepney.

PUBLIC – means “known to people”

ex. Jeepney is the most common public vehicle in the Philippines.

TRANSPORT – (noun) – “transportation”

ex. I would rather have my own means of transport than use public transport
because it would be more convenient for me to go to work.

*******************************************************
P. 471

FIGURE – (noun)
1. a person's bodily shape (Note: Please mime)
 ex. I think that men and women had better figures in the old days that they have
today.

2. a person of a particular kind

ex. I think the worst figure in history was Adolf Hitler.
ex. I think Alexander the great was the greatest figure in history.

3. a number
ex. My cellphone number has 11 figures.

4. a representation of a human or animal etc. in a drawing

ex. I'm drawing a circle in the air with my finger.

************************************************************
COUPLE- (noun) – Mr and Mrs Brown are couple. They are husband and wife. (Note: Show
the picture of the Mr. and Mrs. Brown.)

ADOPT – (verb) – to adjust or accept the way of living

ex. If I went to live in another country I think I would quickly adopt the way of
living in that country.

*******************************************************
P. 472

CRUEL – (adjective) – used to describe people who hurt others and do not feel sorry about it
ex. I think Hitler was the cruelest character in History.

************************************************************

COLLEGE – (noun) – a school that you go to after high school

− A college is a kind of school and also a part of a university
ex. I belong to the college of education when I was at university.

************************************************************

BURN – (noun) – means to be on fire

ex. If you put a piece of paper into a flame, it burns.

************************************************************
TAKE A BATH – when we take a bath we wash our body with soap and water.
ex. I always take a bath everyday.

***********************************************************

LESSON 89

P.473
RUN – (verb) – (Note: Please mime)
ex. I'm running.
− The complete paradigm of the verb “to run” is run – ran – run.

************************************************************

GROW – GREW – GROWN – is the complete paradigm of the verb “to grow”

************************************************************

MATTER – (noun) – substance, composition

ex. This book is composed of paper. This book is made of paper matter.
(Note: show book)

− (noun) – issue or problem

ex. I think the possibility of another world war is a serious matter.

*******************************************************
P.474

EXPECT – (verb) – means to believe strongly.

e.g. In Callan Method we expect the teacher to correct the student's mistakes.

*******************************************************

• TAIL QUESTIONS
TAIL/ CONFIRM – (Note: Please read the book explanation)
-

*******************************************************
P. 476

RIGHT – (noun) – authority to do something

ex. If I had the right by law to do whatever I wished, I'd …...............................

LEGAL – (adjective) – allowable

ex. We don't usually have the legal right to say unpleasant things about other
people in public.

************************************************************

ONTO – (preposition) – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************
P. 477

TIE – (verb) – to attach with a string or rope etc.

ex. They usually tie a prisoner with his hands behind his back. (Note: Please
 mime.)

************************************************************

ELECT – (verb) – to choose someone to hold public office or some other position by voting
ex. In the Philippines, the people are the one who elects the leader of the
country.

***********************************************************

LESSON 90

P.478

TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE – (Note: Please read the book explanation)

HOMEWORK – (noun) - work that a student is given to do at home

ex. She started her science homework.

**********************************************************

POWER- (noun) is the ability or right to control people or things.

ex. The government have the power to control people.

POWERFUL- (adj) – having a strong effect on someone or something.

ex. Kim Jung un was the most powerful person in North Korea.

LAPTOP- (noun) - a small computer that is designed to be easily carried.

ex. I prefer to use laptop instead of desktop because it use more power than a desktop.

DESKTOP- (noun) - a computer that is designed to be used on a desk or table

ex. At the moment, I am using a desktop for this lesson.

*****************************************************

P. 479

• SAVE = (verb)
• PROTECT – (verb)
• RESCUE – (verb)
• SPEND – (verb)

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************

TRADE – (verb) – to give something in exchange for something else [=swap]

ex. My country mainly trades in dried mangoes, sugar, etc.
TRADESMAN – (noun) – a person who works in a job that requires special skill or training
ex. Bakers, Builders, electricians etc.

SKILL- (noun) – it is the synonym of ability.

ex. Some people are good at cooking, they have special ability in cooking. They have
special skills in cooking.

BAKE – (verb) – to make (food, such as bread and cake)

ex. I don't know how to bake a cake.

BAKER – (noun) – someone who bakes bread, cakes, etc.

ex. My Aunt bakes cake very well. She's a very good baker.

BUTCHER – (noun) – someone who cuts and sells meat in a shop

ex. The butcher says their meat is fresh.

BUILDER – (noun) – a person or company that builds or repairs things (such as houses,
ships, bridges, etc.)
ex. We will have to get the builders to repair the wall.

*******************************************************
P. 480

CLOSE
− The difference between the words “close” (cloz) and “close” (clos) is that “close”
(cloz) is a verb whilst “close” is an adjective meaning “near”.
ex. The closest I've ever been to real danger was when I drowned in the
swimming pool.

************************************************************

TRIP - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

FORTHNIGHT- a period of 14 days or two weeks.

************************************************************
P.481

EVERY NOW AND AGAIN – means every once in a while or “occasionally”.

ex. It's a good idea to give one's house a thorough cleaning from top to bottom
every now and again because we find things we thought we had lost or had forgotten were
there.

*************************************************************

NO LONGER – means not anymore

ex. I need to throw this pen because this is no longer useful.
************************************************************

ISLAND – (noun) – is a piece of land completely surrounded by sea, or other water.

ex. Philippines is made up of many islands.

*******************************************************

OCEAN/ ATLANTIC/ PACIFIC/INDIAN – (noun) – a very large quantity of sea.

ex. Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean etc,

************************************************************

SCREEN- (noun) - the part of a television or computer that you look at when you are using it

DVD- (noun) - ex. The movie is available on video and DVD.

CD – (noun)
ex. These days we sometimes listen music to cd's

************************************************************
P.482

PRODUCE – (verb) – is a synonym of “make”

ex. My country produces cotton and tobacco.

************************************************************

BOAST – (verb) – to talk with too much pride about one's achievement or possession or
ability.
ex. My friend boasts her new car.

************************************************************

NECESSITY- (noun) - something that you must have or do/ something that is necessary
e,g. Wearing a tie is necessity for some occupations these days.

************************************************************

LESSON 91
p.483

• TELL – (verb)
• SAY – (verb)

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************
P. 484
RISEN – (verb) – is the past participle of the verb “to rise”
ex. I've never risen before the sun has risen.

************************************************************

• GAIN – (verb)
• TRANSACTION – (noun)
• DEGREE – (noun)
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

*******************************************************
P. 485

MARK – (noun) it has a lot of meanings

1. a stain
ex. There are some marks on my walls.

2. (verb) – another meaning of “mark” is “to check”

ex. You mark your own dictations.

3. a number or a letter that indicates how a student has performed in a class or test
ex. I got 179 marks on my test out of 200.

OUT OF – (adverb) – used to show the direction or movement of a person or thing from the
inside to the outside of something
ex. I'm taking my pen out of my pocket.

PETROL – (noun) - “gasoline”

ex. The car needs petrol to run.

TRADE – MARK – (noun) – something (such as a word) that identifies a particular company's
product
ex. Honda cars' trade-mark are the words: “The Power of Dreams”.
ex. Toyota's trademark is : “Moving forward”.

WELL-KNOWN- (adjectives) is the synonym of “FAMOUS”.

ex. I think Honda is a famous company in Japan.
ex. I think Honda is well-known company in Japan.

************************************************************
P.486

BASE – (noun) – bottom

ex. This is the bottom or the base, of the book. (Note: Please show a book)

BASIC – (adjective) – main, primary

 ex. I think that, basically, the difference between your own language and English
is that the accent.

BASIS – (noun) – a reason for doing something

ex. I think that health, happiness etc. are the basis of a good life.

************************************************************

INCLUDE – (verb) – to make part of a whole or set.

ex. When you stay at a hotel for one night, the price usually includes breakfast.

************************************************************

BRUSH – (noun) – (Note: Please mime or draw on the board)

ex. We use a brush to clean our shoes. Toothbrush to clean our teeth. Paint
brush for painting etc.

************************************************************

BOX – (verb) – to punch (Note: Please mime)

ex. I like to watch boxing.

************************************************************
P.487

TYPE – (noun / verb)

− (noun) – “kinds”
ex. The type of films I like to see are romantic comedy films.

− (verb) – to press the keys on the keyboard (Note: Please mime)

ex. I can type 40 words per minute.

************************************************************

PREVIOUS- (adverb) earlier in time or order.

ex. Your previous lesson was yesterday or the other day.
Your last lesson was yesterday or the other day.

OCCASION – (noun) – a particular time or situation

ex. We usually meet at noon, but on this particular time or situation, we met at two o'clock.

WEDDING- (noun) – a ceremony at which two people get married to each other.

VIDEO- (noun)- movie, television show, event, etc., that has been recorded onto a
videocassette, DVD, etc.,

ex. People make videos of special occasions like weddings so that they can remember
them better.
************************************************************

PLAN – (noun / verb)

− (noun) – a drawing that shows the parts or details of something (such as a building,
town, machine, etc.)
ex. By a street plan of a town, we mean a map showing the streets of the town
and their names.

− (verb) – to prepare in advance

ex. I think it's a good idea for children to plan their future whilst still at school.

INTERFERE – (verb) – to become involved in the activities and concerns of other people
when your involvement is not wanted
ex. We shouldn't interfere in the affairs of other countries.

INTERFERENCE – (noun) - involvement in the activities and concerns of other people when
your involvement is not wanted
ex. I think a child should not be allowed to plan his own future without the
interference of his parents because a child still needs assistance from their parents.

************************************************************
P.488

STRANGE-LOOKING- (adjective) when something is strange-looking something is unsual

and different from others.

************************************************************

LESSON 92

P. 489

THE TWO TYPES OF AUXILIARY VERB

PRIMARY MODAL
(Note: Please read the explanation in the book.)

*************************************************************

P.491

SET – (verb)
1. to cause (a clock) to show a particular time
ex. The time set for a game of football is an hour and a half.

2. to cause the action of (a film, story, etc.) to happen in a certain place or during a
certain time
ex. I think a life where one has a set time for doing everything such as eating,
sleeping etc. is better than a life where one does these things when one please.
 3. to put (something) in a place or position
ex. I'm setting my book down on the table.

************************************************************

SUNRISE – (noun) is the time when the sun rises.

ex. The sun rises at about 6:00 in the morning.
SUNSET- is the time when the sun sets.
the opposite of sun rise.

**************************************************************

P.492

DUTY – means “responsibility”

ex. As a teacher it's my responsibility to teach; it's my duty to teach.

SOCIETY – (noun) – people living in one community

ex. The basic unit of the society is the family.

ON DUTY – (noun) – working at a particular time

ex. I work from 5:30 am to 2:30 pm. I'm on duty for 8 hours.

OFF DUTY – (noun) - the opposite of “on duty”

ex. I leave work at 2:30 pm. I'm off duty at 2:30 pm.

DRIVER – (noun)
ex. The driver controls the car.

FINE – (noun) – an amount of money that you pay as a punishment for breaking a law or rule
ex. When I smoke inside the restaurant,I break the rules. So I have to pay a fine.

************************************************************

VARIOUS – (adjective) – means different

ex. There are different ways of learning a language.
− There are various ways of learning a language.

************************************************************

ENTERTAINMENT - amusement or pleasure that comes from watching a performer, playing a

game, etc.

************************************************************

P.493

WEIGHT – (noun)
 ex. My pen is lighter than my book.
− The weight of my pen is less than my book.

EQUAL – (adjective) – means “the same”

ex. This book has the same weight as this book.
− The weight of these two books are about equal.

************************************************************

OPERATE – (verb) – means “to control”

ex. The driver controls the car.
− The driver operates the car.

OPERATION – (noun) – means surgery in a hospital

ex. My friend broke his arm. He had an operation for his arm.
ex. I've never had an operation in hospital.

************************************************************

LESSON 93

P. 494

• BY
• BY THE TIME
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

************************************************************

AS WELL AS – means the same as “also”

ex. I can speak Filipino and also English.
− I can speak Filipino as well as English.

− “as well as” it is used to compare

ex. I can't speak English as well as I speak Filipino.

************************************************************
P. 495

• ELDER
• ELDEST

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

************************************************************

LET – (verb) – allow someone to have the use of (a room) in return for regular payment.
ex. If this house is for “let”, it is for “rent”.
RENT – (verb / noun)

− (verb) – means to pay someone for the use of something.

ex. Rent has no fixed time period. Let is rented for a specific time period
specified in a lease.

− (noun) – money that you pay in return for being able to use property and especially
to live in an apartment, house, etc., that belongs to someone else
ex. The average monthly rent for a three-roomed flat in this town is about 3000
pesos.
• Let (years duration)
• rent (month by month)

ADVERTISE- to advertise is to announce to the public such as product being sold.

IN EXCHANGE FOR - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

************************************************************
P. 496

FALLEN – (verb) – is the past participle of the verb “to fall”

− The complete paradigm of the verb “to fall” is fall – fell – fallen
ex. I've sometimes fallen out of bed whilst asleep.

************************************************************

CHOSE – (verb) – is the past of the verb “choose”

ex. I chose the clothes I'm wearing myself.

************************************************************

SUCH A – is the same as “very”

ex. Football is a very popular game.
− Football is such a popular game.

************************************************************

P.497

PROVIDE – (verb) – make available for use

ex. A soldier's uniform is provided for him by the government.

− another meaning of “provide” is to supply sufficient money to ensure the

maintenance of someone
ex. One can provide for one's children by saving money and putting it into the
bank etc.
GHOST – (noun) - the soul of a dead person that sometimes appear to be seen by the living
person.
ex. I'm afraid of Ghosts.

PROVIDING – (conjunction)
(Note: Please read the Book Explanation)

************************************************************

STRAIGHT – (adjective) – means “immediately”

ex. I am going to go home immediately after work.
− I am going to go straight home after work.

− another meaning of “straight” is without a break or continuously

ex. If I came to some crossroads whilst driving a car and instead of stopping I
kept straight on, an accident might happen.

************************************************************

CONSIST – (verb) – be composed of or made up of

ex. This book has 200 pages.
− This book is consist of 200 pages.

************************************************************
P. 498

PLACE – (verb) – to put

ex. We have to place an egg carefully on the table because it's round and it
might fall off and break.

************************************************************

COMMENCE – (verb) – means “to start”

ex. The class started at 8 pm.
− The class commenced at 8 pm.

ACADEMIC- (noun) - the time during a year when a school has classes
ex.In the U.S., the academic year usually begins in September and ends in May or
June.

************************************************************
COLONY – (noun) - an area that is controlled by or belongs to a country and is usually far
away from it.
ex. The colonies in America later developed into a large nation.

************************************************************
LESSON 94

P. 499

APPEAR – (verb) – to come into sight

ex. My hand is appearing. (Note: Please mime)

− another meaning of “appear” is seem, impression of being

ex. It's seems to me that people in the world are becoming happier.
− It appears to me that people in the world are becoming happier.

DISAPPEAR – (verb) – to come out of sight. It is the opposite of “appear”

ex. My hand is disappearing from under the table. (Note: Please mime)

APPEARANCE – (noun) – the way that someone or something looks.

ex. I don't judge people by the way they look.
− I don't judge them by their appearance.

GET TO KNOW – (verb) – means to meet a person personally

ex. I think judging by getting to know a person well is fairer.

************************************************************

DOUBLE – (adjective) – consisting of two similar things

ex. In cold countries we sometimes find two-glass windows.
− We sometimes find double glass in windows in houses. This is to keep the
house warm.
ex. When people are playing cards, the expression “double or nothing” means that someone
has lost a lot of money, and so has decided to play one more game “double or nothing”. If he
loses, he doubles what he has already lost. If he wins, he gets back all that he has already
lost.

************************************************************

TROUBLE – (noun / verb)

(noun) – difficulty or problems

ex. My life isn't full of troubles.
ex. When I get into trouble, I sometimes tell lies in order to get myself out of
trouble.
(verb)- make's you feel uncomfortable and unease.
ex. Dreams sometimes trouble me at night.

TAKE THE TROUBLE-( idiom.) - to make an effort to do something (that one might not
otherwise do) .
ex. When I am reading a book in my own language and I see a word I don't
know. I take the trouble to look it up in the dictionary.
LOOK UP- (phrasal verb)- to check a fact or get information about something.
ex. If you don't know the meaning of the word, look it up in your DICTIONARY.

MODERN -(adj). Means present time or recent times.

ex. We are living in modern life.

************************************************************

P. 500

• CHANGE OF SPELLING WITH COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

FINAL – (adjective) – happening as a result

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

SPELLING – (noun)
(Note: Please read the book explanation)

************************************************************

P. 501

THOUGH – (conjunction) - used when you are saying something that is different from or
contrasts with a previous statement or “however”
ex. She was happy. Not for long, though.
DELAY – (noun) – make someone or something late or slow
ex. When I have something unpleasant to do, I do it at once without delay.

************************************************************

ACROSS – (preposition) – from one side to the other of something

ex. We must look both ways before we walk across the road. (Note: Please
mime)
ex. If I can't get across a river by bridge, I must get across by boat or by
swimming across.

FOREST – (noun) – an area with a thick growth of trees and bushes

ex. We can find different kinds of animals in a forest.

COME ACROSS – (phrasal verb) – to meet or find (something or someone) by chance

ex. If I were walking in a forest and suddenly came across a lion, I'd probably
run up a tree, although it might be better to stand perfectly still.

************************************************************

P.502

WORK – (verb) – operate or function

ex. Trains in some countries work by electricity.
TELL – (verb) – to judge or say something
ex. I think it's possible to tell a person's character just by looking at his face.

************************************************************

LUGGAGE- is another word for the word 'baggage”

ex. When we travel we carry our luggage with us.
When we travel we carry out baggage with us.

CHECK IN- to check in , is to register in a hotel or in an airport.

ex. When you want to stay in a hotel, you need to check in at the hotel

CHECK OUT- after checking in the hotel, you need to check out at settle your bills.

RECEPTION- (noun) - a desk or area in a hotel, office building, etc., where visitors first go
after entering

RECEPTIONIST- (noun) a person whose job is to deal with the people who call or enter an
office, hotel, etc.

********************************************************

P.503

DEFEND – (verb) – to protect from harm or danger.

ex. If someone says things about me which are not true, I think it's better to
defend myself. [or else they will always think that what they thought about were really true.]

************************************************************

CONGRATULATIONS -
We say congratulations to people when they pass an exam, get married, have a baby,
etc.

****************************************END OF STAGE 6 ********************************************