Tfbkhjh`çn 2
gnkuonbturns,
gnkuonbturns, ckohrgnbcòk, bhgukcbnbcòk y sfrvcbchs

Bundfrkh df trnlnih

G   n  
r  ç   n  
 N  
u  r  
h  r  
n   U   
u  k  
z  ò   
 @   
r  n  
k  n  
d   h  
s  
 

Tfbkhjh`çn 2
gnkuonbturns,
gnkuonbturns, ckohrgnbcòk, bhgukcbnbcòk y sfrvcbchs

Bundfrkh df trnlnih

G   n  
r  ç   n  
 N  
u  r  
h  r  
n   U   
u  k  
z  ò   
 @   
r  n  
k  n  
d   h  
s  
 

Dcrfbbcòk fdcthrcnj9 Ndrcnkn Lfjtrîk

Ruldcrfbbcòk fdcthrcnj9 Tnkcn Bnrrfþh Ack`
@frfkbcn fdcthrcnj9 Onlcîk Bnlrnj _nr`ns
Fdcbcòk9 Jfhkhr Dçnz, Invcfr Icgãkfz y Iunk Nkthkch Ufruih
Nscstfkbcn fdcthrcnj9 @ucjjfrgh @hkzîjfz Bhjçk, Iujcîk Njlfrth \hdrç`ufz y Gnrcshj Rfrrnkh Uckth
Bhjnlhrndhrfs9 Bfktrh df Dcouscòk pnrn jns Mugnkcdndfs y jns Nrtfs
Bhrrfbbcòk df fstcjh9 Frcan Jòpfz @njlrnctm
@frfkbcn df dcsfþh9 \fknth Nrnkdn
Rupfrvcscòk df dcsfþh9 @nlrcfjn \hdrç`ufz Bruz
Bhhrdcknbcòk df dcsfþh9 Ofdfrcbh @cnkkc
Rupfrvcscòk df cgn`fk9 Tfrfsn Jfyvn Knvn
Nscstfkbcn df cgn`fk9 Ãd`nr Fstrfjjn y Iunk Hrtf`n Bhrhkn
Ohrgnbcòk9 Dfkcssf Gnrtçkfz Lubch y Ãd`nr _îz_îzqufz
qufz
Dcsfþh df phrtndn9 \fknth Nrnkdn
Fsqufgns9 Ihsã Fsbhlnr
Urhdubbcòk9 Njgn Hrhzbh y Vjcsfs Bnjvcjjh
Ohth`rnoçn9  Khrgn Nrzntf, Umhth sthba, Nrbmcvh dc`ctnj, Jntçk sthba, Lnkbh df cgî`fkfs Bnstcjjh,
Bunrthsburh, Tmckasthba y Lcljchtfbn Gukdcnj Dc`ctnj

Urcgfrn fdcbcòk9 iujch df <5><

Bunrtn rfcgprfscòk9 dcbcfglrf df <5>6

Tfbkhjh`çn 2. Bundfrkh df trnlnih

D.\. © <5><, dfj tfxth9 Gnrçn Nurhrn Uukzò @rnkndhs
Thdhs jhs dfrfbmhs rfsfrvndhs.
D.\. © <5><, Fdcbchkfs Bnstcjjh, R.N. df B._
B._..
Bnstcjjh ∈ fs ukn gnrbn rf`cstrndn.

Cksur`fktfs Rur >==?, Bhj. Ojhrcdn,

Dfjf`nbcòk Îjvnrh Hlrf`òk,
B.U. 5>525, Gãxcbh, D.O.
Tfj.9 (66) 6><=->265
Onx9 (66) 6><=->265 fxt. <=33

Fdcbchkfs Bnstcjjh ohrgn pnrtf dfj @ruph Gnbgcjjnk

www.`ruphgnbgcjjnk.bhg
www.fdcbchkfsbnstcjjh.bhg
ckohbnstcjjhE`ruphgnbgcjjnk.bhg
Jndn sck bhsth9 5> =55 62? >000
Gcfglrh df jn Bîgnrn Knbchknj df jn Ckdustrcn Fdcthrcnj Gfxcbnkn
\f`cstrh kùg. 2254

CRLK9 30=-?50-4?2-?2?-3

Urhmclcdn jn rfprhdubbcòk h trnksgcscòk pnrbcnj h thtnj df fstn hlrn

phr bunjqucfr gfdch h gãthdh h fk bunjqucfr ohrgn fjfbtròkcbn h gfbîkcbn,
ckbjush ohthbhpcn,
sck pfrgcsh fsbrcthhdfj
scstfgn
fdcthr.pnrn rfbupfrnr ckohrgnbcòk,
 

Urfsfktnbcòk
Lcfkvfkcdh n fstf tfrbfr y ùjtcgh `rndh df tu fdubnbcòk sfbukdnrcn.
Fk jhs nþhs
tãbkcbns qufnktfrchrfs ndqucrcstf
tf pfrgctfk bhkhbcgcfkths,
hrgnr pnrtf dfj gukdhsnlfrfs y mnlcjcdndfs
df jn tfbkhjh`çn. Nsc-
gcsgh, dfsnrrhjjnstf bhgpftfkbcns, nptctudfs y vnjhrfs rfjnbchkndhs
bhk jn ckvfstc`nbcòk
ckvfstc`nbcòk ckdcvcdunj, fj trnlnih fk fqucph y jn bhjnlhrnbcòk
bhjnlhrnbcòk
`rupnj. Nglns pfrspfbtcvns bhktrcluyfk n quf tu hrgnbcòk sfn cktf-
`rnj y tf pfrgctn cktfrnbtunr df gnkfrn fbnz bhk tu fkthrkh.
Fk fstf bursh cktf`rnrîs jhs bhkhbcgcfkths ndqucrcdhs fk jhs nþhs nk-
tfrchrfs n trnvãs df dcvfrsns nbtcvcdndfs fkhbndns nj fstudch df prh-
bfshs tãbkcbhs fk jhs quf sulrnynghs jn bhkhrgnbcòk df jhs dcvfrshs
bngphs tfbkhjò`cbhs y jn ckkhvnbcòk
ckk hvnbcòk tãbkcbn1 fs dfbcr, fktfkdfrîs bògh
sf dfkfk dcbmhs bngphs y jn gnkfrn fk quf jhs nrtfnbths, tãbkcbns y
prhbfshs surfk ghdcbnbchkfs quf jhs mnbfk gîs fbcfktfs, df ghdh
quf ndqucfrns jhs bhkhbcgcfkths kfbfsnrchs pnrn ckkhvnr jhs prhdub-
ths h sfrvcbchs quf prhdubf tu Jnlhrnthrch tfbkhjò`cbh.
Htrhs nspfbths quf bhkscdfrnk jns nbtcvcdndfs shk jhs nbthrfs bujtu-
rnjfs quf ckouyfk fk jn nbfptnbcòk y ãxcth df ukn ckkhvnbcòk1 pnrn fjjh
fs kfbfsnrch quf nprfkdns n rfbnlnr ckhrgnbcòk, tnkth dfj bhkhbc-
gcfkth trndcbchknj df tu bhgukcdnd bhgh df ckvfstc`nbchkfs nbndãgc-
bns, pnrn quf jn nknjcbfs y jn trnkshrgfs fk ukn ckkhvnbcòk. Nscgcsgh,
fstcgujnk jn lùsqufdn df njtfrkntcvns n pnrtcr dfj dfsnrrhjjh df prh-
yfbths bhgukctnrchs df ckkhvnbcòk buyn pfrspfbtcvn ckbjuyn tnkth fj
dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf bhgh jn fbcfkbcn fk jhs prhbfshs tãbkcbhs, jn
fqucdnd y jn pnrtcbcpnbcòk shbcnj.
Tu Tfbkhjh`çn 2 Bundfrkh df trnlnih  fstî fstrubturndh fk bckbh
ljhqufs, buyhs bhktfkcdhs sf nlhrdnk df ukn gnkfrn dckîgcbn quf
bhglckn jfbturns fsfkbcnjfs, hr`nkczndhrfs `rîbhs y bmns quf tf
pfrgctcrîk bulrcr jns mnlcjcdndfs df jn nsc`knturn. Ndfgîs, dfsnrrhjjn-
rîs bhgpftfkbcns pnrn quf bhkstruyns tus prhpchs snlfrfs, cktfrbng-
lcfs cdfns y prhgufvns
prhgufvns nbtctudfs phsctcvns nj trnlninr fk fqucph.
Rck dudn, fstf Bundfrkh df trnlnih ghtcvnrî tu cktfrãs y brfntcvcdnd
pnrn rfshjvfr prhljfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs y pnrn utcjcznr jn tfbkhjh`çn n n-
vhr dfj dfsnrrhjjh mugnkh df gnkfrn sustfktnljf.

Jn nuthrn

2
 

Ljhquf >
Çkdcbf
Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk
f ckkhvnbcòk 3
Tfgn >. Ckkhvnbchkfs
Ckkhvnbch kfs tãbkcbns
n trnvãs df jn mcsthrcn >5 Ocbmn 0. Jn nbfptnbcò
nbfptnbcòkk shbcnj fk jhs
Ocbmn >. Ckkhvnbchkfs tãbkcbns prhbfshs df ckkhvnbcòk <>
y su cgpnb
cgpnbth
th fk jn shbcfdnd >> Ocbmn =. Jn ckhrgnbcòk y sus ufktfs pnrn
pnrn jn
Ocbmn <. Ckkhvnbchkfs tãbkcbns ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn <<
y su dfsnrrhjjh mcstòrcbh >2 Ocbmn 3. Bhktfxths pnrn jn ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn <4
Ocbmn 2. Ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn y jn sntcsnbbcòk
df kfbfscdndfs shbcnjfs >6 Tfgn 2. Vsh df bhkhbcgcf
bhkhbcgcfkths
kths tãbkcbhs
Ocbmn 4. Jns ckkhvnbchkfs tfbkhjò`cbns y jns TCB pnrn jn ckkhvnbcòk <?
fk gc bngph >? Ocbmn >5. Bhkhbcgcfkth tãbkcbh f ckhrgnbcòk
pnrn jn brfnbcòk df ckkhvnbchkfs <0
Tfgn <. Bnrnbtfrçstcbns y ufktfs df jn Ocbmn >>. Npjcbnbcòk df bhkhbcgcfkths pnrn
ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn9 bhktfxth fj bnglch tãbkcbh <3
df ush y rfprhdubbcòk >= Ocbmn ><. Cgpnbth df jns TCB fk jhs prhbfshs
prh bfshs
Ocbmn 6. Cgphrtnkbcn df jn ckkhvnbcòk df bnglch tãbkcbh 25
Ocbmn ?. tãbkcbn
Bnrnbtfrçstcbns df jn ckkhvnbcòk >3 Ocbmn >2. Vsh
y df df
jnsjhs
TCBbhkhbcgcfkths tãbkcbhs
pnrn jn rfshjubcòk df
tãbkcbn <5 prhljfgns y fj trnlnih phr prhyfbths
fk jhs prhbfshs prhdubtcvhs 2<
Ocbmn >4. Cktf`rnbcòk df bhktfkcdhs pnrn
fj trnlnih phr prhyfbths 22

Ljhquf < Bngphs tfbkhjò`cbhs

y dcvfrscdnd bujturnj 26
Tfgn >. Jn bhkstru
bhkstrubbcòk
bbcòk shbcnj
df jhs scstfgns tãbkcbhs 2?
Ocbmn >. Jns njtfrkntcvns tãbkcbns
y jhs bhktfxths shbchbujturnjfs 20
Ocbmn <. Jhs scstfgns tãbkcbhs
bhgh prhdubth bujturnj 23
Tfgn <. @fkfrnbchkfs y bngphs tfbkhjò`cbhs 45
Ocbmn 2. Jhs bnglchs tãbkcbhs pnrn jnjn gfihrn
gfihrn
tfbkhjò`cbn 4>
Ocbmn 4. Jns `fkfrnbchkfs tfbkhjò`cbns bhgh
prhdubth df jn ckkhvnbcòk tfbkhjò`cbn 4<
Ocbmn 6. Df jns `fkfrnbchkfs tfbkhjò`cbns
n jns trnyfbthrcns tãbkcbns 42
Ocbmn ?. Jn bhkhrgnbcòk df jhs bngphs
tfbkhjò`cbhs 44

4
 

Tfgn
Tfgn 2. Jns nphrtnbchkfs
nphrtnbchkfs df jhs bhkhbcgcfkths
bhkhbcgcfkths
trndcbchknjfs fk jn bhko`urnbcòk df
jhs bngphs tfbkhjò`cbhs 46
Ocbmn 0. Bhkhbcgcfkths
Bhkhbc gcfkths trndcbchk
trndcbchknjfs
njfs fk jhs
bngphs tfbkhjò`cbhs 4?
Ocbmn =. Df jns
jns prîbtcbns
prîbtcbns trndcbchknjfs
trndcbchknjfs n jns
jns
kufvns tãbkcbns 40
Tfgn
Tfgn 4. Bhktrhj shbcnj
shbcnj dfj
dfj dfsnrrhjjh tãbkcbh
pnrn fj lcfk bhgùk 43
Ocbmn 3. Jhs cktfrfsfs y kfbfscdndfs shbcnjfs
fk fj bhktrhj df jn tfbkhjh`çn 65 Tfgn 6. \fshjubcòk df prhljf
prhljfgns
gns y trnlnih phr
Ocbmn >5. Jhs prhbfshs df nuth`fstcòk fk jhs prhyfbths fk jhs prhbfshs prhdubtcvhs 6<
fspnbchs bhgukctnrchs 6> Ocbmn >>. Jhs fjfgfkths shbchbujturnjfs pnrn jn
rfshjubcòk df prhljfgns 62
Ocbmn ><. Cdfktcbnbcòk df prhljfgns f cktf`rnbcòk
df bhktfkcdhs pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh
dfsnr rhjjh dfj
prhyfbth df ckkhvnbcòk 64

Ljhquf 2

Ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn y dfsnrrhjjh

sustfktnljf 66
Tfgn >. _cscòk prhspfbtcvn df jn tfbkhjh`çn9
fsbfknrchs dfsfnljfs 6?
Ocbmn >. Jn vcscòk
vcscòk dfj uturh fk jhs dcfrfktfs Tfgn 2. Jn ckkhvnbcò
ckkhvnbcòk
k tãbkcbn pnrn
prhbfshs tãbkcbhs df jn tfbkhjh`çn 60 fj dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf ??
Ocbmn <. Dfsnrrhjjh tfbkhjò`cbh1 kufvns Ocbmn ?. Jn ckkhvnbcòk
ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn
tãbkcbn fk jhs
jhs prhbfshs
ufktfs df fkfr`çn y gntfrcnjfs df prhdubbcòk pnrn dcsgckucr
df ùjtcgn `fkfrnbcòk 6= fj dftfrchrh nglcfktnj ?0
Ocbmn 2. Jn vcscòk prhspfbtcvn
vcscòk
tfbkhjh`çn9 fk jn
prfvcscòk dfj cgpnbth Ocbmn 0. fk
Urhbfshs
Urhbfs hs df `fstcòk
jn tfbkhjh`çn pnrn sustfk
sustfktnljf
tnljf
sntcsnbfr
shbcnj y nglcfktnj ?> kfbfscdndfs shbcnjfs ?3
Ocbmn =. Ãtcbn y rfsphksnlcjcdnd shbcnj fk jns
Tfgn <. Jn ckkhvnbc
ckkhvnbcòk
òk tãbkcbn fk jhs prîbtcbns tãbkcbns pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh
dfsnr rhjjh
prhbfshs prhdubtcvhs ?< sustfktnljf 05
Ocbmn 4. Urckbcpchs y prhpòscths dfj dfsnrrhjjh
sustfktnljf fk jhs prhbfshs df Tfgn 4. Ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn fk jn rfshjubcò
rfshjubcòkk
ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn ?2 df prhljfgns pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh
Ocbmn 6. Tã
Tãbkcbns
bkcbns kufvns
kufvns fk jhs prhbfshs
prhbfshs df sustfktnljf 0<
prhdubtcvcdnd, bnjcdnd y fbcfkbcn ?6 Ocbmn 3. Jn ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn pnrn prhghvfr
fj dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf
y jns
jns tfkdfkbcns
tfkdfkbcns df dfsnrrhjjh tãbkcbh
tãbkcbh 02
Ocbmn >5. Dfsnrrhjjh df prhyfbths pnrn ckkhvnr,
df gnkfrn sustfktnljf, uk prhdubth
h prhbfs
prhbfshh 04

6
 

Ljhquf 4

Fvnjunbcòk df jhs scstfgns

tfbkhjò`cbhs 0? Tfgn 2. Fj bhktrhj shbcnj df jhs scstfgns
tfbkhjò`cbhs pnrn fj lcfk bhgùk =0
Tfgn >. Jn fqucdnd shbcnj fk fj nbbfsh Ocbmn ?. Jn pnrtcbcpnbcòk bcudndnkn y jhs
n jns tãbkcbns
Ocbmn >. Bnrnbtfrçstcbns y bhgphkfktfs df
0? prhbfshs nuth`fstcvhs
n jhs cktfrfsfs bhkhrgf
y kfbfscdndfs
uk scstfgn tfbkhjò`cbh 00 bhgukctnrchs ==
Ocbmn <. Fqucdnd shbcnj y ush df tfbkhjh`çns 03 Ocbmn 0. Bhktrh
Bhktrhjj shbcnj df prhbfs
prhbfshs
hs y tãbkcbns
pnrn fvctnr bhksfbufkbcns kh
Tfgn
Tfgn <. Jn fvnjunbcòk
fvnjunbcòk cktfrkn y fxtfrkn df dfsfndns n jn snjud y nj nglcfktf 3>
jhs scstfgns tfbkhjò`c
tfbkhjò`cbhs
bhs =>  
Ocbmn 2. Jn fvnjunbcòk
fvnjunbcòk cktfrkn df jhs scstfgns Tfgn 4. Jn pjnkfnbc
pjnkfnbcòk
òk y fvnjunbcò
fvnjunbcòkk df
tfbkhjò`cbhs =< jhs prhbfshs prhdubtcvhs 32
Ocbmn 4. \fjnbcòk bhsth-lfkfbch =4 Ocbmn =. Fvnjunbcòk df jn cktfrvfkbcòk
Ocbmn 6. Jn fvnjunbcòk
fvnjunbcòk fxtfrkn df jhs scstfgns
scstfgns df prhbfshs tãbkcbhs y prhdubths 34
tfbkhjò`cbhs =6 Ocbmn 3. Cgpnbth df jhs prhbfshs df
prhdubbcòk fk fj dfsnrrhjjh
fbhkògcbh, shbcnj y bujturnj 3?
Ocbmn >5. Ujnk df cktfrvfkbcòk 30

Tfgn 6. Jn fvnjunbcòk bhgh pnrt

pnrtf
f df jn
rfshjubcòk df prhljfgns tãbkcbhs
y fj trnlnih phr prhyfbths fk jhs
prhbfshs prhdubtcvhs 3=
Ocbmn >>. Brctfrchs df fvnjunbcòk df jhs prhbfshs
df prhdubbcòk fk tfbkhjh`çn 33
Ocbmn ><. Dcsfþh df prhyfbths tãbkcbhs pnrn
jn rfshjubcòk df prhljfgns fk gc
bhgukcdnd >55

Ljhquf 6

Urhyfbth df ckkhvnbcòk >5>

Tfgn >. Ckkhvnbcòk
Ckkhvnbc òk tãbkcbn y dfsnr
dfsnrrhjjh
rhjjh df
prhyfbths prhdubtcvhs >5<
Ocbmn >. Onbthrfs n bhkscdfrnr
bhkscdfrnr fk fj dcsfþh
df uk prhyfbth df ckkhvnbcòk >52
Ocbmn <. Jns ufktfs
ufktfs df
df ckhrgnbcòk pnrn jn
ckkhvnbcòk >54
Ocbmn 2. Jhs bcbjhs
bcbjhs df ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn Tfgn 2. Urhyfbth
Urhyfb th df ckkhvnbc
ckkhvnbcòk
òk pnrn
fk jhs prhbfshs y prhdubths >56 fj dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf >5=
Ocbmn 6. Fj dfsnrrhjjh df prhyfbth
Tfgn <. Jn rfsphksnlcjcdnd
rfsphksnlcjcdnd shbcnj
shbcnj fk jhs
jhs df ckkhvnbcòk >53
prhyfbths df ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn >5? Ocbmn ?. Jn vnjhrnb
vnjhrnbcòk
còk dfj prhyfb
prhyfbth
th >>5
Ocbmn 4. Fj ush rfsphksnljf
rfsphksnljf df jn ckkhvnbcòk
ckkhvnbcòk
tãbkcbn y su dcsfþh >50 Lcljch`rnçn >><
\ffrfkbcns fjfbtròkcbns >><

?
 

Fstrubturn
Fstrubturn df tu jclrh
Fvnjunbcòk df jhs
Ljhquf 4 scstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs

Urhpòscths

y  Fjnlhrnrpjnkfs df cktfrvfkbcòk fkjhs

Fktrndn df ljhquf
Fk fstn pî`ckn bhkhbfrîs
prhbfshstãbkcbhs, thgnkdh
bhsthsshbchfbhkògcbhs fk bufktnjhs
y knturnjfsfk
rfjnbcòk bhk jhslfkf﬎bchs.

y  Fvnjunrscstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhsfk susnspfbths

cktfrkhs(f﬎bcfkbcn, onbtclcjcdnd, f﬎bnbcn y
﬎nlcjcdnd) y fxtfrkhs(bhktfxth shbcnj,bujturnj,
jhs prhpòscths dfj ljhquf
y
knturnj,bhksfbufkbcns y ﬎kfs).

  Cktfrvfkcr,dcrc`crh rfdcrc`crjhsushsdf jns

y jhs nprfkdcznifs quf
tfbkhjh`çnsy df jhsscstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs
thgnkdh fk bufktn fjrfsujtndh df jn
fvnjunbcòk. phdrîs ndqucrcr fk ãj.
Nprfkdcznifs fspfrndhs
Nj﬎knj dfjlj hquf sffspfrn quf9

y  Cdfktc﬎qufsjns bnrnbtfrçstcbnsy bhgphkfktfs

df jhsscstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs.
L4
y  Fvnjùfsscstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhsth gnkdh fk
bufktn jhsonbthrfs tãbkcbhs,fbhkògcbhs,
bujturnjfs,shbcnjfs y knturnjfs.
Fvnjunbcòk df jhs scstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs
y  Ujnktffsgfihrns fk jhsprhbfshs y prhdubths
n pnrtcrdf jhsrfsujtndhs df jn fvnjunbcòkdf
Nùk sck dnrkhsbufktn fs guy bhgùk quf fvnjufghsscstf-
jhsscstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs.
gnstãbkcbhs1 phrfifgpjh, bunkdh bhgprnghs uk ohbh vnjh-
rnghsbuîjdf jnshpbchkfsquf fkbhktrnghsfk fj gfrbndh
y  Vtcjcbfsjhsbrctfrchsdf onbtclcjcdnd,﬎nlcjcd
jcdnd,﬎nlcjcdnd,
f﬎bcfkbcn y f﬎bnbcn fksusprhpufstns df fsjn gîsndfbundnpnrnkufstrnskfbfscdndfs9scfsnmhrrn-
shjubcòk n prhljfgnstãbkcbhs. dhrh kh, fjtcph df juz quf lrckdn,fjbhksugh df fkfr`çn,fj
tngnþh,fj tcph df shbaft,fjbhsth,ftbãtfrn.Fstnsbhkscdf-
rnbchkfskhs nyudnrîk n thgnrukn dfbcscòk ndfbundn,y khs
`nrnktcznrîk quf fjprhdubth ndqucrcdh tfkdrî uk fqucjclrch
fktrf su oukbchknjcdndy kufstrnskfbfscdndfs. Fk fstf tfgn
bhgprfkdfrîs quf jhs scstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhssf fvnjùnk df
ukn ohrgn scgcjnry quf fstn fvnjunbcòk dflf bhkscdfrnrjhs
lfkf﬎bchs,jhs rcfs`hsdfj scstfgn y jn rfjnbcòk bhsth-lfkf-
﬎bch,kh sòjh df jn prhdubbcòk sckh tnglcãk dfjprhdubth.

Fktrndn df tfgn Jn fqucdnd shbcnj fk fj nbbfsh n jns tãbkcbns

T FT > > F> - .k
c dd > 9 U Nj ckcbch df bndn tfgn sf Bunkdh sf phkf fk gnrbmn uk scstfgn tfbkhjò`cbh,
sf mnbf bhk jn cktfkbcòk df quf sntcson`n ukn kfbfsc-

prfsfktn ukn sctunbcòk

dnddf jn shbcfdnd,phr fjjh,dflf prhburnrsf quf sfn
nbbfscljf pnrn jn gnyhrçn df jn phljnbcòk,sck dcstck-
bcòk df bjnsfs shbcnjfs kc`ãkfrh.¸Uhrquã rnzòk sf
dn fsth8Jn rfspufstn fsguy scgpjf9phrquf jns bhk-
dcbchkfsshbchfbhkòg cbnsdf bndn ckdcvcduh jcgctnk h
ngpjçnk su bnpnbcdnd df ndqucrcr,rfbclcry nprhvfbmnr

ngcjcnr buyh tu
fs dfspfrtnr hliftcvh
cktfrãs
jhslfkf﬎bchsdf jhsprhdubthsbcfktç﬎bhsy tfbkhjò-
`cbhs.
ò-

phr jhs bhktfkcdhs quf

Jn bcfkbcn y jn tfbkhjh`çn ohrgnk uk scstfgn dfrcvndh
Jn fqucdndshbcnj cgpjcbn quf thdn jn phljnbcòk pufdn df jn hr`nkcznbcòk shbchfbhkògcbn df ukn bhgukcdnd.
nbbfdfrn jhskufvhssc stfgnstfbkhjò`cbhs. Rusprhdubthsfk ohrgndf bhkhbcgcfkths,gãthdhs

fstudcnrîs.
h gfdchstãbkcbhs, shk jn lnsf dfjdfsnrrhjjh prhdub-

Nbbfsh df jn phljnbcòk n jhs

prhdubths df jn tfbkhjh`çn

cgpjcbn

Bnpnbctnbbcòk pnrn fjgnk fih df jn

Jnfqucdndshbcnjfkfj tfbkhjh`çn.
nbbfsh n jnstãbkcbns

jn sntcsonbbcòk fquctntcvn df
onvhrfbf
kfbfscdndfs.

Tfbkhjh`çn,ckohrgnbcòk fckkhvnbcòk 0?
L> OCBMN < Cdfktc﬎bh jn ckkhvnbcòk bhgh bnglch tãbkcbh n trnvãs df jn mcsthrcn.

n)  Dfsbrclf fjprhbfsh tãbkcbh ckkhvndhrdfjnrtfonbth T FT > > F> - .k

c dd > 9 U
‚tfjfvcscòk‗.
Rnlfr gîs
 
Bhgh pnrtf df uk prhbfsh df
ckkhvnbcòk fk uk sfrvcbch,sf push fk
hpfrnbcòk fjsfrvcbch df bctn gãdcbn
fjfbtròkcbn,phr gfdch dfjbunj jhs
l) ¸Df quã gnkfrn bhkscdfrnsquf jhsbhksugcdhrfs dfrfbmhmnlcfktfsdfj `hlcfrkh
bhktrcluyfk n dfsnrrhjjnrckkhvnbchkfs tfbkhjò`cbns8 ofdfrnjpufdfk trngctnrsus bctns
gãdcbnsphr tfjãohkh h cktfrkft fk
?4ukcdndfs df gfdcbckn ongcjcnr.

4. Dfsbrclf fk jnsjçkfnsb ògh frn nktfs,bògh brffsqu f fsnmhrn y bògh sfrî jn mfrrngcfktn n
pnrtcrdf jn cgn`fk.Fjnlhrn fk jhs fspnbchsukn brhkhjh`çn bhk dcluihs quf cjustrfk jh quf sftf
pcdf.
Rnlfr gîs
Urhphrbchkn ckhrgnbcòk
> <
Nktfs9 Dfspuãs9
   

rfjfvnktf, bctns mcstòrcbns Tfbkhjh`çn,ckohrgnbcòk fckkhvnbcòk

Cdfktc﬎bh jnsoufktfsdf jn ckohrgnbcòk fk bhktfxthsdf ush y df rfprhdubbcòk

L>

h dnths burchshs shlrf

pnrn jn ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn df prhdubthsy prhbfshs.
OCBMN 3

nspfbths tfbkhjò`cbhs. Bhktfxths pnrn jn ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn

Bhktfxthsdf ush9 Rf rf﬎frf n jns

Vk scstfgn tãbkcbh quf lusbn hltfkfruk nrtfonbth h sc-
tunbcòk sf fstrubturn n pnrtcr df jn rfjnbcòk fktrf jhssf-
bhkdcbchkfsy fjfgfkthspnrtcbujnrfs
fk jnsquf uk prhbfsh h nrtfonbth tcfkf rfsmugnkhs,jnsmfrrngcfktnsh gîquckns,jhsgntfrcnjfs
ju`nr,y quf pufdfk ck﬌ucrfk ãjdcrfbtn y fjfkthrkh.Fk jhs bhktfxthsdf ush y rfprhdubbcòk df
h ckdcrfbtngfktf. scstfgns tãbkcbhs pufdf mnlfroufktfs df ckohrgnbcòk
\fprhdubbcòk df scstfgnstãbkcbhs9 quf sf bhkvcfrtfk fk cksughspnrn jhsprhbfshsdf ckkh-
Uhkfrfk gnrbmn scstfgnstãbkcbhs fk vnbcòk tãbkcbn1ndfgîs,fj nkîjcscsdf
sdf jhsscstfgnstãbkc-
dftfrgckndhsbhktfxths bhk lnsffk
bhs nyudn njfstudch y jn bhgprfkscòk dfjnrtfonbth y df
fxpfrcfkbcnspnsndns.
susprhbfshsdfbnglch.
2
Nmhrn9 >. Jff fjtfxth y bhgpjftn jhsrfbundrhs bhk jn ckohrgnbcòk quf sf shjcbctn.
  Ssf mczhjn juz
uz
N ﬎knjfsdfj sc`jh 󰁽󰁣󰁽sf prhduih ukn trnksohrgnbcòk dfjgukdh,jh bunj sf rf﬌fiò fkjn ckdustrcn.
Vkh df jhsbnglchs sc`kc﬎bntcvhsjh susbctò fj fgpjfh df jn fkfr`çn fjãbtrcbn.
FkGãxcbh,jnsprcgfrnsckdustrcnsfkndhptnrjnoufrhkjngckfrnyjn tfxtcj.Fkjngckfrçn,jn
fjfbtrcbcdndmczhphscljfs`rnkdfs nmhrrhs,tnkth fkjn pfrohrnbcòk,trnksphrtfdfgntfrcnjfs ydf
6. Bhgpnrtf tusrfsujtndhs bhk tu prhofshry bhgpnþfrhspnrn quf dcsbutnk jn cgphrtnkbcn dfj pfrshkns,bhghfkfjdfsn`úf,ndfgîsdfgfihrnrjnvcsclcjcdndyjn vfktcjnbcòkfkfjcktfrch
ò kfkfjcktfrchrdfjns
dfsnrrhjjh df jhsprhdubths. gckns.
Fk jn ckdustrcn tfxtcj,jn fjfbtrcbcdndrfduih fjbhsth df jn fkfr`çn fgpjfndn pnrn ghvfrmushsy
>4
tfjnrfs,nsç bhgh fjrcfs`h df ckbfkdchs1ndfgîs,
kbfkdchs1ndfgîs, pfrgctcò ukn dcsphscbcòk gîsbhkvfkcfktf dfj
njuglrndh,phr jh quf pudcfrhk nugfktnrsf jnsmhrnsdf trnlnih.
Uhstfrchrgfktf jn fjfbtrcbcdndsf cktrhduih fk jnsdcstcktns rngnsdf jn ckdustrcn knbchknj
y `rndunjgfktf fk dcofrfktfsîglcths df jn vcdnbhtcdcnkn,bhgh fj njuglrndh pùljcbh,fj
nlnsth df n`un phtnljf yfjtrnksphrtf urlnkh. Mhy fk dçn shghsukn shbcfdndb ndn vfz gîs
dfpfkdcfktf df fstn kufvn tfbkhjh`çn.
Oufktf9JucsNrturh Rnjgfròk,‚Jn juz sf mczh‗,fk  \fjnthsf mcsthrcnsdf Gãxcbh, nþh >,kùg.<,hbtulrf df <55=,p.=6.

Nktfbfdfktf tãbkcbh Bhksfbufktf tãbkcbh Bnglchstãbkcbhs

@jhsnrch Bnglchsfkfj bhktfxth Lfkf﬎bchsfk

h sfk Fofbthsphsctcvhs

Dfkf df gnkfrn sfkbcjjn ckdustrcnj  jn vcdn bhtcdcnkn y kf`ntcvhsfk fjnglcfktf

jns pnjnlrns bjnvf

bhgprfkdfr pnrn
jhs tfgns. <4

0
 

Tcbs Tfbkhjh`çn,ckohrgnbcòk fckkhvnbcòk

Fgpjfh jnsTCB pnrn fjdcsfþh y jn ckkhvnbcòk df prhbfshs y prhdubths. OCBMN >< T2 L>
Nuthfvnjunbcòk
Rhk bîpsujns fk jns quf <. Bhgpjftn fjfsqufgn bhk jn ckohrgnbcòk quf fxpjcquf jn oukbcòk y fj fofbth df jnsTCB fk fj
dfsnrrhjjh df tu bngph tfbkhjò`cbh.
Fstf npnrtndh lusbn quf
  T CBR
fkbhktrnrîs Tfbkhjh`çns JnsTCB
pnrtcbcpfs nbtcvngfktf
df jn Ckhrgnbcòk shk
_csctn jn pî`ckn dfcktfrkft
mttp9//www.fdutcbs.gx/YoN
jffsu bhktfkcdhy dfsbulrf
fk fj sf`ucgcfkth df
y jn Bhgukcbnbcòk
jn rfjnbcòk fktrfjns TCB y jhs

tu dfsnrrhjjh fk fj
jnsTfbkhjh`çns df jn prhbfshs dfckkhvnbcòk.
Ckohrgnbcòk y jn Bhgukcbnbcòk

prfsfktndns df ukn quf

prhbfsh df fksfþnkzn y
gnkfrn cktfrfsnktf pnrn Urhgufvfk Onbcjctnk Cgpnbtnk
nprfkdcznif.
quf pcfksfs fk su utcjcdnd,
tnkth fk jns nbtcvcdndfs
fsbhjnrfs bhgh fk jns
bhtcdcnkns.
2. Bhgpjftn fjorn`gfkth bhk jnspnjnlrns quf sf prfsfktn n bhktckunbcòk.

U r hg hb
hb cò
cò k R h bc fd
fd nd
nd F bh
bh k òg cb
cb h R hs
hs t fk cl
cl jf
jf
\ fs ph
ph ks
ks nl
nl jf Tf bk hj
Tf hj h` çn s O rh
rh kt
kt fr ns
ns C gp
gp uj
uj sh
sh

Jn df jns󰁴󰁣󰁢 y fjdfsnrrhjjh df jn df jn

ckohrgnbcòk kh shk shjngfktf ghthrfsdf brfbcgcfkth ,sckh quf tnglcãk

dfsfgpfþnk uk cgphrtnktf pnpfjfk fj df ukn shbcfdnd

Ckkhvnbcòk Tãbkcbn y DfsnrrhjjhRustfktnljf
L2 OCBMN = Urhgufvh fjdfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf bhk lnsf fk fjush f﬎bcfktf y rfsphksnljf df gntfrcnjfsy fkfr`çn.
gîs y fk uk gukdh `jhlnjczndh y vfjhz fk fjquf

Ãtcbn y rfsphksnlcjcdnd shbcnj fk jns prîbtcbns tãbkcbns pnrn jnskufvns shk oukdngfktnjfspnrn dfrrclnr   .

fj dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf
4. ¸Bògh fgpjfnrçnsjns 󰁴󰁣󰁢pnrn gfihrnr nj`ùk nrtfonbth dftu jnlhrnthrch tfbkhjò`cbh8
bh8
Fj rfth fk jnskufvns tfkdfkbcnstfbkhjò`cbns
 
sustfktnljfsfs ckbrfgfktnr jn lùsqufdndf lf-
kf﬎bchspnr tcbujnrfsn bhrth pjnzh qufprfdhgc-
kn fk fjghdfjh fbhkògcbh nbtunj y fstnljfbfr
scstfgns tfbkhjò`cbhs quf bhjnlhrfk y quf on- 2>
vhrfzbnk uk dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf.
Unrn fjjh fs oukdngfktnj fj ush f﬎bcfktf y
rfsphksnljf df gntfrcnjfsy fkfr`çn. n . ¸Bògh
jjfvnghs fsth n jn prîbtcbn8 Dcsgckuyfkdh
fjdfspfrdcbch,
h , ohgfktnkdh fjush df gntfrcn-
jfsrfbcbjnljfs, sustctuyfkdh prhbfshs quçgcbhs
phrgfbîkcbhsgfdcnktf fjfgpjfh df fqucphs Jhsprhyfbthssustfktnljfs dflfk ckvhjubrnrn thdhsjhs
quf bhksugnk gfkhsfkfr`çn,utcjcznkdh fkfr- gcfglrhsdf jn bhgukcdndfk su pjnkfnbcòk.
`çnsnjtfrkntcvns, ckkhvnkdh tãbkcbnsquf khs
nyudfkn prhdubcrgîs
rgîs bhk gfkhsgntfrcnjfs,ftbãtfrn.

>. Nknjczn jn sc`ucfktf sctunbcòk.

Jnurn y susbhgpnþfrhs df qucph pjnkfnkuk prhyfbth fsbhjnr pnrn bhktrclucrnj lcfkfstnr

nglcfktnj.N Rhoçn sf jf hburrcò uk prhyfbth pnrn gnkfinrrfscduhsdf gnkfrn sustfktnljf
fk jn bhjhkcn,phrquf fjscstfgn df rfbhjfbbcòk fsdf﬎bcfktf y mny lnsurn tcrndn phrthdns
pnrtfs,jh quf `fkfrnprhljfgnsnglcfktnjfs, df snjudy df sf`urcdnd.N thdhs jfspnrfbcò ukn
lufkn cdfn y rfshjvcfrhk jjfvnrjn n bnlh.Fj prhyfbth fsnglcbchsh, phrjh quf dfbcdcfrhk ckbjucr
ukn bngpnþn fk jn quf pnrtcbcpf thdn jn bhjhkcn pnrn rfdubcr jn bnktcdnddf lnsurn y sfpnrnr
jhsrfscduhs sf`ùk su tcph.Tnglcãk dflfklusbnr tãbkcbnspnrn rfbcbjnrjhsh dfsfbmnrjhs df
gnkfrn ndfbundnbhk fj﬎k dfrfdubcrnj gîxcgh jhsfofbthsnglcfktnjfs kf`ntcvhsy, phr
ùjtcgh,qucfrfk rfbcbjnrjhsy hltfkfrnj`ukhs prhdubthsùtcjfs y durndfrhspnrn prfsfktnrjhsn
jn bhgukcdnd.Fj dcn`kòstcbh dfjprhljfgn ghstrò quf jn lnsurn fstî bhkstctucdn,shlrf thdh,
Ocbmns
phrfgpnqufs df pjîstcbh,pnpfj y bnrtòk,nj`h df vcdrch,uk
nrtfonbths,y gubmhsdfsfbmhshr`îkcbhs, thdh gfzbjndh.
drch,uk phbh dfrhpn,nj`ukhs gufljfsy
Rhk nbtcvcdndfs quf tf
¸^uã rfbhgfkdnbchkfstãbkcbns mnrçnsn jfqucph df Jnurn pnrn fjjh`rh df su prhyfbth8
pfrgctcrîk dfsnrrhjjnr
jns mnlcjcdndfs df jn
nsc`knturn.
<. Cdfktc﬎bn nj`ùk prhljfgn tãbkcbh quf fxcstn fk fjbngph tfbkhjò`cbh quf fstudcns y pjnktfn ukn
phscljf shjubcòk quf jh rfsufjvn df gnkfrn rfsphksnljf,ãtcbn y bhk rfsujtndhs prhdubtcvhs.
 

05

TF
T> > F> - .k
c d
d > >9 >N

Hr`nkczndhrfs `rîobhs
Nbhgpnþnk jn ckhrgnbcòk
L2 TFGN 2.4
tfòrcbn lîscbn df gnkfrn
Ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn fk jn rfshjubcòk df prhljfgns
pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf cjustrntcvn, jh bunj nbcjctn
N pnrtcrdf jn dãbndn df >3?5 yn jhsbcfktç﬎bhsy
jns hr`nkcznbchkfs bcvcjfs mcbcfrhk mckbnpcã fk quf 
fj ghdfjhdf dfsnrrhjjh mugnkh pufsth fk gnrbmn
mnstn fkthkbfs frn ckshstfkcljf phr gîs tcfgph,
pufsjhsdnþhsbnusndhssfrçnkdf tnjgn`kctudquf
su bhgprfkscòk.
jn bnpnbcdnddfj pjnkftn sfrçn rflnsndn. Dfsdf fk-
thkbfss f mnk hr`nkczndh kugfrhsnsrfukchkfs fk-
trf rfprfsfktnktfsdf dcofrfktfspnçsfs, bcfktç﬎bhs,
fbhkhgcstns,tfbkòjh`hs y hr`nkcznbchkf
z nbchkfs bcvcjfs
fs
pnrn lusbnrshjub chkfsn jhsprhljfgnsnglcfktnjfs
y shbcnjfs.
Fk fjjnssf mnk prhpufsth y dcsbutcdh dcvfrsns shju-
bchkfs,pfrh thdns sfþnjnk jn kfbfscdnddf uk bng-
Jhsrfburshs knturnjfskh shk ftfrkhs,nbtunjgfktf mny
lch df nbtctuddf jhss frfsmugnkhs fk rfjnbcòk bhk ukn bnrfkbcn df nj`ukhsfk vnrcnsrf`chkfs dfjpjnkftn.
fjpjnkftn y fktrf fjjhsgcsghs.Bhk fjnoîk df rfshj-
vfrjn sctunbcòk,sf mnk ﬎rgndh dcvfrshsnbufrdhs y
Ghdfjhdf dfsnrrhjjhmugnkh Vk ghdfjh
trntndhs cktfrknbchknjfs quf `nrnktcbfk jn pufstn
df dfsnrrhjjh fsuk fsqufgn n sf`ucrn ﬎k df
fk gnrbmn df nbbchkfsdf prhtfbbcòk njnglcfktf y prhghvfrfj prh`rfsh df ukpufljh.
jn prhghbcòk dfjdfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf.

Ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn fk jn
rfsjhubcòk df prhljfgns

pnrn

Fjdfsnrrhjjh sustfktnljf
Urhyfbths
fk
 Rf prfsfktnk fk
Urhbfshs df prhdubbcòk
hrgnth dfsprfkdcljf
cgpjcbn
pnrn quf npjcqufs tus
Bucdndh dfj Fstnljfbfrkufvhs Mnbfrus h df
bhkhbcgcfkths ndqucrcdhs
0<
gfdch nglcfktf  prhbfshsdf `fstcòk kufvnstãbkcbns
y pufdns fktrf`nrjhs n tu
prhfshr bhgh pnrtf df jn
fvnjunbcòk dfj ljhquf.
TF
T> > F> - .k
c d
d > >9 >N

=
 

Tfkhjh`çn, khrgnòk f
Ljhquf > kkhvnòk

Urhpòscths
y  \fhkhfr jns kkhvnhkfs ãkns fk fj
hkfh gukdnj, knhknj, rf`hknj y jhnj.

y  Cdfknr jns ufkfs df jn khrgnòk fk

hkfhs df ush y df rfprhduòk pnrn jn
kkhvnòk ãkn df prhduhs y prhfshs.

y  Vjznr jns TCB pnrn fj dsfþh f kkhvnòk

kkhvnòk df
prhfshs y prhduhs.

y  Hr`nkznr jn khrgnòk prhvfkfkf df

dfrfkfs ufkfs pnrn ujznrjn fk fj
dfsnrrhjjh df prhfshs y prhyfhs df
kkhvnòk.

y  Fgpjfnr dvfrsns ufkfs df khrgnòk hgh

ksughs pnrn jn kkhvnòk ãkn.

Nprfkdcznifs fspfrndhs
Nj knj dfj ljhquf sf fspfrn quf9

y  Cdfkqufs jns nrnfrçsns df uk prhfsh

df kkhvnòk hgh pnrf dfj nglh ãkh.

y  \fhpjfs y hr`nkfs khrgnòk df

dfrfkfs ufkfs pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh df
prhfshs df kkhvnòk.

y  Npjqufs jhs hkhgfkhs ãkhs y fgpjffs

jns TCB pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh df prhfshs df
kkhvnòk ãkn.

y  Vsfs jn khrgnòk prhvfkfkf df dfrfkfs

ufkfs fk jn lùsqufdn df njfrknvns df
shjuòk n prhljfgns ãkhs.
 

L>

Ckkhvnòk f kohrgnòk fkhjò`n

¸^uã fs jn ckkhvnbcòk tfbkhjò`cbn8 ¸Dòkdf rfbhkhbfs jn
ckkhvnbcòk8 Rf`urngfktf fk tu ghbmcjn bufktns bhk dcf-
rfktfs nrtfnbths quf tf nyudnk n rfnjcznr tus tnrfns bhk

gnyhr nbcjcdnd.
Jns ghdcobnbchkfs n jhs prhdubths y sfrvcbchs n jh jnr`h df jn
mcsthrcn tcfkfk fj hliftcvh df shjubchknr dftfrgckndns kfbf-
scdndfs h prhljfgns fspfbçobhs. Jn ckvfstc`nbcòk bcfktçobn
y tãbkcbn fs jn quf `fkfrn jns ghdcobnbchkfs quf hptcgcznk
jhs prhdubths y sfrvcbchs quf mnbfk gîs sfkbcjjn kufstrn
vcdn. N bhktckunbcòk nknjcznrfghs fj sc`kcobndh df jn ckkh-
vnbcòk tfbkhjò`cbn y su cgpnbth fk jn shbcfdnd nbtunj.

Ckkhvnhkfs ãkns n rnvãs df jn mshrn

Jn ckkhvnbcòk fs jn krhduòk df kufvhs prhduhs y sfrvhs df gnkfrn hkkun fk jn shf-
dnd. N jh jnr`h df jn mshrn jns pfrshkns sf mnk fknr`ndh df snsnfr kffsdndfs n rnvãs dfj
gfihrngfkh df jn hr`nkznòk df jhs prhfshs prhduvhs hk lnsf fk fj gfihrngfkh df jns
mfrrngfkns.
Jn kkhvnòk prhduf fj bnglch tãbkcbh, fj unj sf rffrf n jns gfihrns fk jn njdnd, fj rfkd-
gfkh y jn ffkn nkh df jns nhkfs, jhs gnfrnjfs y jhs gfdhs hgh df jhs sfrvhs y
prhduhs quf uk fquph `fkfrn.
Jns kkhvnhkfs ãkns fkfk uk gpnh fk jn shfdnd, pufsh quf rnkshrgnk jn gnkfrn fk
quf sf dfsnrrhjjn jn vdn hdnkn. Uhr fifgpjh, fj rnksphrf df pfrshkns phr gfdh df nvhkfs
prhpn fj kfrnglh ujurnj y hgfrnj df ukn gnkfrn quf pnrfçn gphsljf mnf fk nþhs.

Ckkhvnhkfs ãkns

nglnk y ghdnk gpujsnk prhdufk

ssfgns fj dfsnrrhjjh shnj

fj nglh ãkh
fkhjò`hs y fkhjò`h

fk hkfhs fk
skfr`n fkrf
gukdnj, knhknj
rf`hknj y jhnj nhkfs gnfrnjfs gfdhs

>5
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

Bhgprfkdh fj s`kndh df kkhvnòk hgh uk prhfsh. OCBMN > L>

Ckkhvnhkfs
Ckkhvnhkfs ãkns y su gpnh fk jn shfdnd
Jn ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn fs uk prhfsh, fs dfr, fs uk hkiukh df pnshs sufsvhs quf sf nrujnk
  pnrn dsfþnr y gnkunurnr prhduhs y sfrvhs. Fj prhfsh fs fj gfdh quf pfrgf fj dfsn-
rrhjjh fkhjò`h, pufsh quf ghdn uk nrfnh h sfrvh hk fj hlifvh df gfihrnrjh y mnfrjh
gîs ffkf. Jn kkhvnòk ngln jn hrgn hgh sf rfjnhknk jns pfrshkns, phr fifgpjh, jhs fjã-

hkhs fjujnrfs nglnrhk jn gnkfrn fk quf jn `fkf sf hgukn.

>. Jff hk nfkòk fj s`ufkf rn`gfkh df khn y dfspuãs hkfsn jns prf`ukns.

Nppjf nkukbcn fj jnkzngcfkth dfj Cpmhkf 4R sck gfkbchknr fj cUmhkf 6

Umj Rmjjfr, vfprfsdfkf df Nppjf Q…W, prfsfkò Q…W QfjW Umhkf 4R, Q…W sff vffs gîs
rîpdh quf su ghdfjh hr`knj.
Fj Umhkf 4R Q…W hkfkdrî fj mp N6 hk dhljf kùjfh —fj gsgh quf fsî ksnjndh fk fj Und
<— y dhs nkfkns pnrn gfihrnr jn rffpòk df jn sfþnj, jn njdnd dfj shkdh y jn vfjhdnd df
dfsnr`n df dnhs, quf njnkznrî jhs >4,4 GLps df dfsnr`n y 0,< df suldn.
Jn lnfrçn dfj kufvh npnrnh mnljnrî mnsn sfs mhrns df knvf`nòk, hmh df ukhkngfkh
fk jjngndns, dfz df vdfh y unrfkn
u nrfkn df gùsn. Tnglãk kjurî ukn îgnrn df = gf`npçfjs
quf pfrgrî gfihrnr fj hjhr y jn vfjhdnd df dspnrh, y hkfhknr vçdfhs fk njn dfkòk
hk ukn gfihr fsnljznòk df gn`fk.
Q…W Jn hrn `rnk khvfdnd nkukndn fs Rr, uk nssfkf df hkrhj df vhz quf fsnrî dsphkljf
fk k`jãs, rnkãs y njfgîk, npnz df rfsphkdfr prf`ukns sfkjjns pnrn hkhfr quã mhrn
m hrn fs, jn
fgpfrnurn fk fj ffrhr Q…W.

Oufkf9 FOF, ‚Nppjf nkukn fj jnkzngfkh dfj Cpmhkf 4R sk gfkhknr fj Umhkf 6‗,
6‗, fk
mp9//www.nl.fs/n`fkns/khn.nsp8khn734==05 Ofmn df hksujn9 >> df iujh df <5><.

n)  ¸Bhksdfrns quf jn khn nkfrhr dfsrlf ukn kkhvnòk8 ¸Uhr

¸Uhr quã8
 

l)  ¸^uã dfns h nhkfs sf gpjfgfknrhk

gpjfgfknrhk fk fj nrfnh pnrn
pnrn gfihrnrjh8
 

b)  ¸Buîjfs rffs quf ufrhk jhs pnshs quf sf s`ufrhk pnrn gfihrnr
gfihrnr fj prhduh8
 

d)  ¸Bhksdfrns quf jns npjnhkfs quf sf n`rf`nrhk pufdnk ghdnr jn gnkfrn
gnkfrn hgh sf

rfjnhknk jns pfrshkns phr gfdh dfj prhduh8

 

>>
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

L> OCBMN > Cdfkh jns nsfs dfj prhfsh df kkhvnòk ãkn.

<. Cgn`kn quf pjnkfns jn kkhvnòk df nj`ùk nrfnh h

sfrvh quf sf rfjnhkf hk u jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h y
hkfsn jns s`ufkfs prf`ukns9

n) ¸Buîj fs jn kffsdnd quf sf dflf ulrr8

 

l)  ¸^uã gfihrns jf mnrçns

mnrçns nj nrfnh h sfrvh8
sfrvh8
Gfdnkf jn puljdnd y jn fphsòk fk
  hgfrh, jns pfrshkns hkhfk jhs kufvhs
prhduhs.

b)  ¸Bògh gpjfgfknrçns jns gfihrns nj nrfnh h sfrvh8

 

d)  ¸Bògh dnrçns n hkhfr jn kkhvnòk n us hgpnþfrhs8

hgpnþfrhs8
 

2. Hlsfrvn jn gn`fk y hrdfkn dfj > nj 6 jhs pnshs n sf`ur fk uk prhfsh df kkhvnòk
fkhjò`n.

Rf dfkn ukn
kffsdnd h
uk prhljfgn.

Rf dn n hkhfr
jn kkhvnòk
n jn shfdnd.

Rf `fkfrn ukn dfn pnrn

gfihrnr fj nrfnh h
sfrvh.

Rf jjfvnrîk n nlh
jns gfihrns nj
nrfnh h sfrvh
sfr vh..
Vkn vfz quf dfkfk uîjfs shk jns gfihrns
quf rfqufrf uk lfk h sfrvh, sf
s f dflfk
gpjfgfknr. Rf kvfs`nk jns
phsljfs gfihrns fk fj
nrfnh h sfrvh.
sfr vh.

><
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

Cdfkh jn kkhvnòk hgh nglh ãkh n rnvãs df jn mshrn. OCBMN < L>

Ckkhvnhkfs fkhjò`ns y su dfsnrrhjjh msòrh

Bhgh vghs nkfrhrgfkf, fk jn nunjdnd usnghs gumhs nrfnhs y sfrvhs quf shk
  prhduh dfj nglh ãkh. Fs gphrnkf hkhfr su mshrn pnrn snlfr ògh sf kvfknrhk
y ghdnrhk n rnvãs dfj fgph, df fsn gnkfrn dfknrfghs prhljfgns fspfçhs fk fjjhs
hk fj k df gfihrnrjhs, yn sfn n`rf`nkdh ukhkfs h ghdnkdh jn gnkfrn fk quf sf nlrnk h

dfsnrrhjjnk.
>. Fj`f uk fifgpjh (nrfnh h sfrvh) y rfprfsãknjh
rfprfsãk njh hk rfhrfs h dluihs quf gufsrfk
ògh frn nkfs, ògh fs nmhrn y ògh f gn`kns quf sfrî fk dfz nþhs. Bhkfsn.
• Tfjãhkh • Bhgpundhrn • Jnvndh df rhpn

Nkfs Nmhrn Fk dfz nþhs

<. ¸Bògh mn ghdndh jn vdn df jns pfrshkns fj nrfnh h sfrvh quf fjf`sf8

2. Jff hk nfkòk jn s`ufkf khn y juf`h hkfsn jh quf sf f pdf.

Jn fjfvsòk y su fvhjuòk
¸Bògh sf jjf`ò n gnsnr fsf fjfvsòk, mnsn dfglrf df
kvfkh df jn fjfvsòk nj quf kh >325, unkdh sf mzh jn prgfrn
sf jf vfçn kk`ùk uurh8 Uhh rnksgsòk df nudh y vdfh.
gîs df uk s`jh mn rnksurrdh Urhkh jn fjfvsòk gfîk-
dfsdf quf sf kvfknrn fj ds- n uf dfspjnzndn phr jn fjf-
h df Kpahw, quf fpjhrnln jn ròkn, sf ujznrhk ulhs df
gn`fk nj `rnrjh dfjnkf dfj hih. rnyhs nòdhs y uk ssfgn
Trfkn nþhs dfspuãs mulh ghd- df fpjhrnòk gfîkn. Jns
nhkfs nj ssfgn kvfkndh. kffsdndfs ufrhk rffkdh
Ouf nsç hgh n prkphs dfj s- n gfddn quf sf sufdçn ndn
`jh  npnrffrhk fj kfshph y dfsulrgfkh y phh fgph
fj hkhshph1 fj ulh dsfhr df gî`fkfs dfspuãs, sf fgpfzò n mnljnr df fjfvsòk n
y, hgh hksfufkn, jn prgfrn îgnrn df hjhr.

>2
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

L> OCBMN < Cdfkh jn kkhvnòk hgh nglh ãkh n rnvãs df jn mshrn.

n)  Dfsrlf fj prhfsh ãkh kkhvndhr dfj nrfnh

‚fjfvsòk‗.
Rnlfr  gîs
Rnlfr
 
Bhgh pnrf df uk prhfsh df
kkhvnòk fk uk sfrvh, sf push fk
hpfrnòk fj sfrvh df n gãdn
fjfròkn, phr gfdh dfj unj jhs
l) ¸hkrluyfk
Df quã gnkfrn hksdfrnskkhvnhkfs
n dfsnrrhjjnr quf jhs hksugdhrfs
fkhjò`ns8 dfrfmhmnlfkfs dfj `hlfrkh
fdfrnj pufdfk rngnr sus ns
gãdns phr fjãhkh h kfrkf fk
?4 ukdndfs df gfdkn ngjnr.

4. Dfsrlf fk jns jçkfns ògh frn nkfs, ògh rffs quf fs nmhrn y ògh sfrî jn mfrrngfkn n
pnrr df jn gn`fk. Fjnlhrn fk jhs fspnhs ukn rhkhjh`çn hk dluihs quf jusrfk jh quf sf f
pdf.

> <
Nkfs9 Dfspuãs9

2
Nmhrn9

6. Bhgpnrf us rfsujndhs hk u prhfshr

p rhfshr y hgpnþfrhs pnrn quf dsunk jn gphrnkn dfj
dfsnrrhjjh df jhs prhduhs.

>4
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

\fhkhzh jns kkhvnhkfs
kkhvnhkfs ãkns fk fj hkfh gukdnj, knhknj, rf`hknj y jhnj. OCBMN 2 L>

Ckkhvnòk
Ckkhvnòk ãkn y jn snsonòk df kffsdndfs shnjfs
Fk jns ùjgns dãndns dfj s`jh xx y fk jhs khs df fsf s`jh xxc mn mnldh gphrnkfs
  nvnkfs fk jhs prhfshs df kkhvnòk ãkn, jh quf n su vfz mn prhvhndh nglhs fk jns
hkdhkfs df rnlnih, fj fsjh df vdn y jns fsruurns df prhduòk fk jhs hkfhs jhnj,
rf`hknj y knhknj. Bnlf dfsnnr quf fk hdh fj gukdh jn kkhvnòk ãkn sf pufdf hks-

dfrnr
df uk hgh
`ruph jn krhduòk
shnj dfkdh hfkphfknj,
fj gfrndh dfhdh
y fk uk kufvh nrfnh
fj gukdh quf snsnf
sf prhf`f hk jfyfsukn kffsdnd
df prhpfdnd
kfjfunj y hkrnhs.

>. Hlsfrvn jns s`ufkfs gî`fkfs df kkhvnhkfs

kk hvnhkfs ãkns y sfþnjn uîj nfkdf nj hkfh
jhnj, uîj nj knhknj y uîj nj gukdnj, nsç hgh quã kffsdndfs snsnfk.

Dsfþhs ghdfrkhs pnrn jhs fidhs Rnãjfs pnrn ukn gfihr Gîqukns pnrn jn rîpdn
df snrnpfs. hguknòk n dsnkn. fjnlhrnòk df hrjjns.

Bhkf h nj quf nfkdf9 Bhkf h nj quf nfkdf9 Bhkf h nj quf nfkdf9

Kffsdnd quf snsnf9 Kffsdnd quf snsnf9 Kffsdnd quf snsnf9

<. Fsrlf fifgpjhs df kkhvnhkfs quf rfsufjvnk jns

  T CBR
kffsdndfs shnjfs fk ndn hkfh.

_csctn jn pî`ckn
Bhkfh Bhkfh Bhkfh
df cktfrkft
jhnj knhknj gukdnj mttp9//www.fdutcbs.gx/Y@
Fk fjjn fkbhktrnrîs uk lrfvf nrtçbujh
pnrn snlfr gîs nbfrbn dfj prhbfsh
df ckkhvnbcòk quf sc`ufk
nj`ukns fgprfsns pnrn
sntcsnbfr kfbfscdndfs.

>6
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

L> OCBMN 4 Fpjh ògh ukhknk y sf npjnk jns kkhvnhkf
kkhvnhkfss fkhjò`ns fk fj jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h.
fkhjò`h.

Jns kkhvnhkfs fkhjò`ns fk g ngph

Jns kkhvnhkfs fk jhs dfrfkfs ngphs vnrçnk df nufrdh hk jhs prhljfgns y kffsdndfs
  quf dfgnkdf. Fj nglh ãkh h kkhvnòk fkhjò`n pufdf vfrsf hgh jn krhduòk df
uk kufvh nrfnh fk fj gfrndh. Uhr jh nkh, hgprfkdf ukn sfrf df nvdndfs fkçns, f-
khjò`ns, knkfrns y hgfrnjfs quf sf kf`rnk fk uk pnquff fkhjò`h.

>. Fsrlf dhs fifgpjhs df kkhvnhkfs fkhjò`ns usndns fk u jnlhrnhrh. Dfsrlf fk quã
hkssfk y jns ukhkfs quf ugpjfk.

Fifgpjh df ckkhvnbcòk ¸Fk quã bhkscstf8 Oukbchkfs

<. Fj`f ukn df jns kkhvnhkfs fkhjò`ns quf nnlns df dfsrlr y fpjn ògh sf usn fk u
jnlhrnhrh, kjuyfkdh u prhph ush h pnrpnòk.

Ckkhvnòk9

¸Bògh sf npjn fk g jnlhrnhrh8

 

>?
 

Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk

Fpjh ògh ukhknk y sf npjnk jns kkhvnhk
kkhvnhkfs
fs fkhjò`ns fk fj jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h.
fkhjò`h. OCBMN 4 L>

2. Hlsfrvn jn gn`fk y hkfsn jh quf sf f pdf.

Rnlfr  gîs
Rnlfr
Nj kkhvnr ãkns
pnrn prhdur uf`h,
fj mhglrf prgvh
dh kh n ukn ãphn
df ‚njn fkhjh`çn‗,
yn quf phdçn
prfkdfrjh y npn`nrjh,
njuglrnr, dnrsf njhr
y rnkshrgnr jn
gnfrn.

n)  Fj`f uk nrfnh df jn gn`fk.

gn`fk. ¸Bògh sf rfjnhkn hk u jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h8 ¸Unrn quã
jh usns8

l)  ¸^uã gfihrns jf mnrçns nj nrfnh pnrn njnr

njnr u nvdnd fk u jnlhrnhrh8
 

b)  ¸^uã kkhvnhkfs mnrçns nj rfsh df jhs nrfnhs pnrn fgpjfnrjhs fk u jnlhrnhrh8
jnlhrnhrh8
•

4. Gfkhkn uk prhljfgn ãkh quf hlsfrvns fk u jnlhrnhrh

fkhjò`h y ògh npjnrçns uk prhfsh df kkhvnòk
k khvnòk pnrn rfshjvfrjh.
 

Jn kkhvnòk fkhjò`n
krhduf vnrnhkfs n
jhs prhfshs y prhduhs
fsfkfs.

>0

 
 L>

Bnrnfrçsns y oufkfs df jn kkhvnòk ãkn9 hkfxh

Bnrnfrçsns
df ush y rfprhduòk
¸Bhksdfrns quf hdns jns kkhvnhkfs ãkns shk kvfkhs kufvhs8 Kh sfgprf fs nsç, nj`ukns
vffs shk ndfunhkfs h nunjznhkfs df prhfshs yn fsfkfs. Unrn npjnrjns sf kffsn
hkhfr lfk fj prhljfgn quf sf qufrf shjuh-

knr,
gîs yndf sfn hk uk
dhgknr jnsnrfnh h uk
fkhjh`çns sfrvh,
quf ndf-
sf fgpjfnk
fk fj dfsnrrhjjh df jn kkhvnòk ãkn.
Uhr fsn rnzòk fs kffsnrh fkfr nfsh n
hdh ph df ufkfs quf khs pfrgnk ndqu-
rr, nknjznr y prhfsnr khrgnòk pnrn pjn-
kfnr jn shjuòk y jn gfihr gnkfrn df jh`rnrjn.
Unrn hlfkfr fsn khrgnòk hknghs hk
ufkfs dhugfknjfs, hgh jhs rfsujndhs df
kvfs`nhkfs, y jn prîn fk fj jnlhrnhrh
ãkh.

Jn kkhvnòk fk ssfgns ãkhs

gpjn rfqufrf

ufkfs df
jn rfkhvnòk y khrgnòk
nglhs fk jn
ngpjnòk df
hr`nkznòk, `fsòk
jhs prhduhs,
h prfpnrnòk df jhs
sfrvhs h prhfshs
prhduvhs prhfshknjfs
hgh

kffsn

nfpnòk shnj
ufkfs
hkfhs df hkfhs df
gprfsns,
rfprhduòk ush df gfdhs
kvfs`nhkfs df ãkns ãkhs
df ngph h TCB

>=

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
\fhkhzh jn gphrnkn df jn kkhvnòk ãkn fk jn shfdnd. OCBMN 6 L>

Cgphrnkn df jn kkhvnòk ãkn

Vkh df jhs nspfhs gîs gphrnkfs df jn kkhvnòk ãkn fs nyudnr n quf jns fgprfsns,
  hgfrhs, njjfrfs y prhduhrfs nrfsnknjfs krfgfkfk su prhduvdnd y ffkn, yn
quf prhdufk gîs nj gfkhr hsh fhkògh y
shnj, pnrn jh`rnr fsf k sf vnjfk df ndfjnkhs

fkhjò`hs y df
jn hr`nkznòk dfjnjhs
gfihrn fk jhs prhfshs
rnlnindhrfs. @rnnsdfn
jn kkhvnòk jns fgprfsns krfgfknk su n-
pndnd pnrn `fkfrnr gnyhr snsnòk n jhs
hksugdhrfs nj gfkhr hsh, fs dfr, sf vufj-
vfk gîs hgpfvns.
Uhr jh nkfrhr, jns fgprfsns gîs hgpfvns
sfrîk jns quf ujznk ãkns y gfdhs df prh-
duòk gîs ffkfs quf jns df jhs hrhs, phr
jh quf hlfkfk gîs nkdnd y njdnd df prh-
Fj fgpjfh df jns mkngpns hgh ãkn
ãk n df ujvh pfrgò
duhs h sfrvhs, hk jhs gfkhrfs hshs phr n jhs nk`uhs gfnkhs hlfkfr mnsn unrh vffs gîs
ukdnd df prhduh. nkdnd df prhduh quf hk jns ãkns rndhknjfs.

>. Ckvfs`n fk jlrhs, pfròdhs, rfvsns h kfrkf shlrf uk prhduh h sfrvh quf mnyn
fpfrgfkndh ukn kkhvnòk ãkn (hgpundhrns,
( hgpundhrns, gprfshrns, gfdhs df rnksphrf,
fãfrn).
n)  Nkhn jns s`ufkfs nrnfrçsns nfrn
nfrn df jn kkhvnòk ãkn quf mnyns fjf`dh.

Ckkhvnbcòk tãbkcbn

¸Bògh ukbchknln8 ¸Fk quã bhkscstcò jn ckkhvnbcòk8 ¸Fk quã îglcth sf utcjczn8

l)  ¸Bògh hksdfrns quf jn kkhvnòk ãkn quf gfkhknsf

gfkhknsf pfrgf krfgfknr jn
prhduvdnd8
 

b)  Fpjn hk us pnjnlrns uîj sfrçn jn gphrnkn df jn kkhvnòk

kkhvnòk ãkn fk u jnlhrnhrh df
fkhjh`çn.

>3

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
L> OCBMN ? Cdfkh jns nrnfrçsns df uk prhfsh df kkhvnòk hgh pnrf dfj nglh ãkh.

Bnrnfrçsns df jn kkhvnòk ãkn

 Jns nrnfrçsns `fkfrnjfs df jn kkhvnòk fkhjò`n shk9
• \fkhvnòk y ngpjnòk df jn `ngn df prhduhs y sfrvhs.
• \fkhvnòk y ngpjnòk df jhs prhfshs prhduvhs.
• Bnglhs fk jn hr`nkznòk y fk jn `fsòk.
•

Vk Bnglhs fk jn
prhfsh df prfpnrnòk
kkhvnòk df jhssfprhfshknjfs.
ãkn pufdf rfprfsfknr phr jhs nglhs fk jhs ghdhs df prhdur,
yn sfn nj nprhvfmnr fjfgfkhs fsfkfs h nj nglnr hdhs jhs fjfgfkhs pnrn rfnr uk nrf-
nh kufvh.

>. Fk jn hgukdnd df nrfsnkhs mnk dfddh gpujsnr jn vfkn df sus nrfsnkçns. Bhgh jfs mn dh
guy lfk, mnk rfnjzndh frhs nglhs fk su hr`nkznòk. \fjnhkn jns nhkfs quf jjfvnrhk
n nlh hk ndn ukh df jhs prhfshs df kkhvnòk fkhjò`n quf npjnrhk.

Fk fsf kufvh prhfsh rfqufrfk > Jhs nrfsnkhs dflfk npnnrsf

hkrnnr n dhs pfrshkns gîs, nj`ufk y prnnr fk fj ush df jns kufvns
quf pjnkmf jns prfkdns y hrn pfrshkn \fkhvnòk y gîqukns.
quf sf fknr`nrî df jjfvnrjns n jns fkdns ngpjnòk df jn
`ngn df prhduhs
dhkdf jns vfkdfrîk. y sfrvhs.

< 2
Bnglhs fk \fkhvnòk y
jn hr`nkznòk ngpjnòk df
y fk jn `fsòk. jhs prhfshs
prhduvhs.

Jhs nrfsnkhs vfkdfk guy lfk 4 Jhs nrfsnkhs dfdfk ujznr

y dfdfk hgprnr kufvns gîqukns df kufvhs fjfs y dsfþhs pnrn jn
Bnglhs fk
hsfr pnrn mnfr gîs prfkdns ghdfrkns rhpn quf nlrnk y snnr ukn `ngn
jn prfpnrnòk
y ukn pjnkmn kdusrnj pnrn fgpnnrjns ghdfrkn.
df jhs
pjnkmndns. prhfshknjfs.

<. \fjnhkn ndn ph df kkhvnòk ãkn jjfvndn n nlh fk fgprfsns f ksuhkfs hk su
fifgpjh.

Tcphs df ckkhvnbcòk Fifgpjhs

N. Vkn npjnòk
npjnòk hnjgfkf kufvn. ( ) Jn rfhr`nkznòk dfj pfrshknj df ukn
u kn fgprfsn pnrn
prhdur.
L. Jn hglknòk df fkhjh`
fkhjh`çns
çns rffkfs ( ) Jn krhduòk df uk khvfdhsh ssfgn df ògpuh
hk hrns yn hkhdns quf dnk ju`nr n pnrn ndgksrnr jn kògkn df ukn fgprfsn.
prhfshs y prhduhs hnjgfkf kufvhs.

B. Gfihrns fk uk prhfsh
prhfsh quf kh ghdnk ( ) Vkn gnquknrn ghdfrkn quf hgpjfgfkn fj
susnknjgfkf jn npndnd hgpfvn prhfsh rfnjzndh phr hrns gîqukns nk`uns.
df jn fgprfsn n jnr`h pjnzh.

<5

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Cdfkh jn nfpnòk shnj hgh uk fjfgfkh dfj prhfsh df kkhvnòk. OCBMN 0 L>

Jn nfpnòk shnj fk jhs prhfshs df kkhv

kkhvnòk
nòk
Jn dfn df jn kkhvnòk sur`ò df jn kffsdnd prhduvn df jn phljnòk, phr jh nkh,
nk h, uk fjfgfkh
  ukdngfknj pnrn hkshjdnr jhs prhfshs fs jn nfpnòk shnj, pufs fsns npjnhkfs ã-
kns sf hkvfrfk fk prîns `fkfrnjzndns dfj dfsnrrhjjh hguknrh. Jns kkhvnhkfs ãkns
mnk fsndh prfsfkfs fk hdns jns nvdndfs mugnkns, fk jhs dfsulrgfkhs f kvfkhkfs quf

gpujsnrhk su dfsnrrhjjh jhs unjfs, n su vfz, `fkfrnk prîns shnjfs hgukfs.

>. ¸Uhr quã jhs prhfshs df kkhvnòk hkrluyfk nj dfsnrrhjjh hguknrh8

<. Hlsfrvn jns gî`fkfs y fpjn9 ¸Bògh kouyf ndn kkhvnòk fk fj dfsnrrhjjh shnj8

2. Fsrlf ukn kkhvnòk quf pufdn `fkfrnrsf fk u jnlhrnhrh, nsç hgh jhs lfkfhs quf
lrkdn nj dfsnrrhjjh df u hgukdnd y jn hrgn df jjfvnrjn n nlh pnrn quf sfn shnjgfkf
nfpndn.

Lfkfhs nj dfsnrrhjjh Nspfhs n hksdfrnr

Ckkhvnòk
hguknrh pnrn jjfvnr n nlh

<>

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
L> OCBMN = \fhpjh y hr`nkzh khrgnòk df dfrfkfs ufkfs pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh df prhfshs df kkhvnòk.

Jn kohrgnòk y sus oufkfs pnrn jn kkhvnòk ãkn

\fhpjnr khrgnòk khs pfrgf ndqurr, nknjznr y prhfsnr fj hkhgfkh pnrn fkhkrnr
  jn gnkfrn df kkhvnr nj`ùk prhfsh h nrfnh. Mny vnrns ufkfs dhugfknjfs quf duk-
dfk jhs rfsujndhs df kvfs`nhkfs y pjnkfngfkhs fkçhs n pnrr df jhs unjfs phdfghs
dfsnrrhjjnr dfns pnrn kkhvnr fk nj`ùk nrfnh h sfrvh. Fsns ufkfs shk jlrhs, rfvsns fspf-
njzndns, fkrfvsns y pfròdhs gprfshs y fjfròkhs.

>. ¸^uã ph df ufkfs dhugfknjfs usnrçns pnrn jn kkhvnòk df uk nrfnh quf rfsufjvn uk
prhljfgn ãkh df su jnlhrnhrh8 Nkhn su khglrf.

Jlrhs Ckfrkf \fvsns h pfròdhs

<. Fjnlhrn ukn jsn df jn khrgnòk quf fkdrçns

 fkdrçns quf rfnlnr pnrn dfsnrrhjjnr jn kkhvnòk
ãkn pnrn jn unj kvfs`nrçns.

   h
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   f     t
    c
   b      s
   f    f
   k    b
   f    f
   u    k
   q    n
    j
   k     ã
    ò
    c
   b    u
   q
   n    n
   g    r
   r    n
   h     U
    o
   k
    C

2. ¸^uã ufkfs df khrgnòk rffs quf f sfrçnk df gnyhr ujdnd fk jn rfhpjnòk df dnhs
pnrn jjfvnr n nlh u prhfsh df kkhvnòk8 ¸Uhr quã8
 

<<

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
\fhpjh y hr`nkzh khrgnòk df dfrfkfs ufkfs pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh df prhfshs df kkhvnòk. OCBMN = L>

4. Vsn fj s`ufkf fsqufgn pnrn fpjnr ògh phdrçns ujznr ukn fkrfvsn hgh ufkf df
khrgnòk.

Ckkhvnòk ãkn

Fjfgfkhs quf f kfrfsnrçn hkhfr fk jn fkrfvsn9 ¸N quãkfs fkrfvsnrçns8

   

Urf`ukns quf mnrçns9 Nhkfs quf phdrçnk phkfrsf fk

gnrmn n pnrr df jns rfspufsns9
 

6. Jff dffkdngfkf jhs pîrrnhs quf sf gufsrnk n hkkunòk y juf`h rfsphkdf jh quf sf pdf.
Uîr rnh >
‚Jns nvdndfs df jns fgprfsns rfjnhkndns
hk jn kkhvnòk df prhduhs y prhfshs
fkfk uk gnyhr gpnh fk jn gfddn fk quf
sf `fshknk df hrgn ndfundn. Bunkdh
fsns nvdndfs sf hr`nkznk y sf rfnjznk
ssfgîngfkf hkhrgnk jh quf sf
dfkhgkn prhfshs df `fsòk df fkhjh`çn.
Bhk fjjhs, jns hr`nkznhkfs nprhvfmnk
gfihr sus rfurshs, krfgfknk sus vfknins
hgpfvns y gngznk sus rfsujndhs.‗
Oufkf9 N. Mkhihsn Gnrçkfz (<55?) ‚Ckkhvnòk df prhfsh‗,
fk Bundfrkhs df `fstcòk df Tfbkhjh`çn. mp9//www.uu.fdu.
uy/Uhrnjs/5/Uuljh/Onujndfs/Bfkns%<5Fgprfsnrnjfs/
BundfrkhXCkkhvnhk.pd
BundfrkhXCkkh vnhk.pd Ofmn df hksujn9 >2 df iukh df <5><.
Uîr r n h <
‚Jn kkhvnòk sf nsugf gnyhrnrngfkf
hgh uk pjus h uk hgpjfgfkh df jhs
prhfshs hrdknrhs df jn fgprfsn Q…W pnrnjfjn
fk unkh nj prhfsh pfrh hkfndn hk hdn
jn fgprfsn fk jh rfjnvh nj dfsfgpfþh. Fsn
nrnfrçsn, iukh nj mfmh df quf rfqufrn
r fqufrn
hgh kk`ukn hrn ukòk dfj hgprhgsh y
jn gpjnòk df jns pfrshkns hkjjfvn quf jn
shsfkljdnd dfj ssfgn sf hksruyn shlrf
dhs jçkfns df nòk Q…W‗
Oufkf9 I. Bnkh-Nrrlç (<5>5), "Jn kkhvnòk shsfkljf rfquf-
rf ssfgns df kkhvnòk nuh phrnkfs", fk Ljh` Ckkhvnòk
phr hlifvhs,mp9//www.kkhvnhkphrhlif
mp9//www.kkhvnhkphrhlifvhs.hg/pn`f/</
vhs.hg/pn`f/</
Ofmn df hksujn9 >2 df iukh df <5><.

n)  ¸^uã dfrfkns khns fkrf nglhs fhs8

 

l)  ¸Brffs quf fs gphrnkf usnr ufkfs df khrgnòk

khrgnòk hknljfs8 ¸Uhr quã8
 

b)  ¸Bògh dfkns ukn ufkf hknljf df jn quf kh jh fs8

 
<2

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Cdfkh jns ufkfs df jn khrgnòk fk hkfhs df ush y df rfprhduòk
L> OCBMN 3 pnrn jn kkhvnòk ãkn df prhduhs y prhfshs.

Bhkfxhs pnrn jn kkhvnòk ãkn

Vk ssfgn ãkh quf lusn hlfkfr uk nrfnh h
Bhkfxhs df ush9 Rf rffrf n jns
  sunòk sf fsruurn n pnrr df jn rfjnòk fkrf jhs
hkdhkfs y fjfgfkhs pnrujnrfs
fk jns quf uk prhfsh h nrfn
nrfnh h fkf sfrfs mugnkhs, jns mfrrngfkns h gîqukns, jhs gnfrn-
ju`nr,, y quf pufdfk kour fk ãj drfn
ju`nr jfs y fj fkhrkh. Fk jhs hkfxhs df ush  y rfprhduòk df
h kdrfngfkf
kdrfngfkf.. ssfgns ãkhs pufdf mnlfr ufkfs df khrgnòk quf
\fprhduòk df ssfgns ãkhs9 sf hkvfrfk fk ksughs pnrn jhs prhfshs df kkhvnòk
Uhkfr fk gnrmn ssfgns ãkhs fk ãkn1 ndfgîs, fj nkîjss df jhs ssfgns ãkhs nyudn
dffrgkndhs hkfhs hk lnsf fk
nj fsudh y jn hgprfksòk dfj nrfnh y df sus prhfshs
fpfrfkns pnsndns.
df nglh.

>. Jff fj fh y hgpjfn jhs rfundrhs hk jn khrgnòk quf sf shjn.

Jn juz sf mczh
N knjfs dfj s`jh xcx sf prhduih ukn rnkshrgnòk dfj gukdh, jh unj sf rfofiò fk jn kdusrn.
Vkh df jhs nglhs s`knvhs jh susò fj fgpjfh df jn fkfr`çn fjãrn.
Fk Gãh, jns prgfrns kdusrns fk ndhpnrjn ufrhk jn gkfrn y jn fj. Fk jn gkfrçn, jn
fjfrdnd mzh phsljfs `rnkdfs nmhrrhs, nkh fk jn pfrhrnòk, rnksphrf df gnfrnjfs y df
pfrshkns, hgh fk fj dfsn`úf, ndfgîs df gfihrnr jn vsljdnd y jn vfkjnòk fk fj kfrhr df jns
gkns.
Fk jn kdusrn fj, jn fjfrdnd rfduih fj hsh df jn fkfr`çn fgpjfndn pnrn ghvfr mushs y
fjnrfs, nsç hgh fj rfs`h df kfkdhs1
k fkdhs1 ndfgîs, pfrgò ukn dsphsòk gîs hkvfkfkf dfj
njuglrndh, phr jh quf pudfrhk nugfknrsf jns mhrns df rnlnih.
Uhsfrhrgfkf jn fjfrdnd sf krhduih fk jns dskns rngns df jn kdusrn knhknj
y `rndunjgfkf fk dfrfkfs îglhs df jn vdn hdnkn, hgh fj njuglrndh pùljh, fj
nlnsh df n`un phnljf y fj rnksphrf urlnkh. Mhy fk dçn shghs ukn shfdnd ndn vfz gîs
dfpfkdfkf df fsn kufvn fkhjh`çn.
Oufkf9 Jus Nrurh Rnjgfròk, ‚Jn juz sf mzh‗
mzh‗,, fk  \fjnths f mcsthrcns df Gãxcbh, nþh >, kùg. <, hulrf df <55=, p. =6.

Nkffdfkf ãkh Bhksfufkf ãkh Bnglhs ãkhs

Bnglhs fk fj hkfh Lfkfhs fk Ffhs phsvhs

kdusrnj  jn vdn hdnkn y kf`nvhs fk fj nglfkf

<4

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Cdfkh jns ufkfs df jn khrgnòk fk hkfhs df ush y df rfprhduòk
pnrn jn kkhvnòk ãkn df prhduhs y prhfshs. OCBMN 3 L>

<. Fjnlhrn ukn mn khrgnvn nfrn df jhs prhljfgns h kffsdndfs df ukh df jhs ssfgns
ãkhs df u jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h.
n)  Rsfgn ãkh dfj jnlhrnhrh9
jnlhrnhrh9

l)  Urhljfgn h kffsdnd quf nfkdf9

nfkdf9

b)  Bhkfh df ush dfj ssfgn

ssfgn ãkh9

d)  ¸^uã fjfgfkhs dfj ssfgn ãkh sf pufdfk gfihrnr8

 

2. Fk `ruph, rfùknk jns rfspufsns

rfspu fsns nkfrhrfs y hr`nkfk jn khrgnòk pnrn hkvfrsnr shlrf
ògh pufdfk kkhvnr fj ssfgn fk su jnlhrnhrh. Bhgfkfk sus hkjushkfs hk su prhfshr.

4. Bhgpjfn fj fsqufgn fsrlfkdh jh quf sf pdf pnrn gpujsnr fj prhfsh df kkhvnòk fk fj

ssfgn ãkh quf dsusf nkfrhrgfkf.

Ckkhvnòk9

¸Buîjfs shk jns kffsdndfs n snsnfr ¸^uã ph df khrgnòk sf rfqufrf pnrn
hk jn kkhvnòk8 jn kkhvnòk dfj ssfgn ãkh8
   

¸Fk quã hrhs hkfhs phdrçn usnrsf fj

¸^uã ufkfs df khrgnòk shk kffsnrns8
ssfgn ãkh ndfgîs dfj jnlhrnhrh f-
khjò`h8
 
 

<6

 
 L>

Vsh df hkhgfkhs ãkhs y jns tcb pnrn jn kkh

kkhvnòk
vnòk
Jhs hkhgfkhs ãkhs, jn khrgnòk, nsç hgh jns Tfkhjh`çns df jn Ckhrgnòk y jn Bh-
guknòk shk mfrrngfkns kdspfksnljfs fk jn rnkshrgnòk df jn fkn y jn kkhvnòk dfj
ngph fkhjò`h quf fsudns.
Jn ukòk df fkhjh`çn, khrgnòk y hguknòk (tcb) sf
rffrf nj nvnkf fkhjò`h quf khs prhphrhknk jn k-
hrgîn, jns fjfhguknhkfs y jns fkhjh`çns nudh-
vsunjfs. Fsns fkhjh`çns pfrgfk uk nfsh gîs rîpdh
n jn khrgnòk, jh unj `fkfrn ukn dusòk gîs ngpjn dfj
hkhgfkh n pnrr dfj quf sf hksruyfk jns kkhvnh-
kfs fk jhs dskhs îglhs.
Uhr gfdh df jns tcb phdrîs fkfr uk gnyhr nfrngfkh
n jn khrgnòk quf mnf phsljf fj prhfsh df kkhvnòk
quf jn fkn y fkhjh`çn rfqufrfk pnrn rfsphkdfr n jns
kffsdndfs shnjfs. Uhr fifgpjh, fk u nglfkf fshjnr
jns tcb shk gfdhs y gnfrnjfs df fsudh quf njnk u
fdunòk, fj dfsnrrhjjh df us mnljdndfs y dskns hr-
gns df nprfkdfr. @rnns n jn kkhvnòk ãkn nunjgfkf
fs phsljf rnsjndnr jn hgpundhrn phrîj n
unjqufr ju`nr y fsnr hkfndh n kfrkf.

Fj dsfþh f kkhvnòk
df prhfshs y prhduhs

fgpjfn

hkhgfkhs ãkhs f
khrgnòk hgh ksughs

hlfkdhs df

ufkfs dhugfknjfs jns tcb

pnrn

kf`rnr hkfkdhs
y prhphkfr shjuhkfs

<?

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
\fhkhzh jn gphrnkn dfj hkhgfkh ãkh pnrn jhs prhfshs df gfihrn f kkhvnòk. OCBMN >5 L>

Bhkhgfkh ãkh f kohrgnòk pnrn jn rfnòk df

kkhvnhkfs
Jhs ãrgkhs ckohrgnbcòk y bhkhbcgcfkth kh s`knk jh gsgh, gumh gfkhs unkdh sf mnljn
  df fkhjh`çn. Fj bhkhbcgcfkth sf rffrf n jns kvfs`nhkfs
k vfs`nhkfs quf sf mnfk pnrn snlfr jns unj-
dndfs y rfjnhkfs df jns hsns1 fk fj îglh ãkh pfrgf jjfvnr n nlh ukn nvdnd u hpfrn-
òk quf shjuhkn prhljfgns hkrfhs. Jn  ckhrgnbcòk, phr hrn pnrf, fs fj hkiukh df dnhs quf
nrrhin ukn kvfs`nòk y quf, ukn vfz hrdfkndhs h prhfsndhs, hrffk ukn hkjusòk. Fkhkfs,
nkh jhs hkhgfkhs hgh jn khrgnòk shk pnrf df jhs ksughs quf kf`rnk uk ssfgn ã-
kh, y shk ukdngfknjfs fk jhs prhfshs df kkhvnòk ãkn.

>. Hlsfrvn jns gî`fkfs. Dfsrlf quã khrgnòk

k hrgnòk y quã hkhgfkhs sf rfqurfrhk pnrn
kkhvnr fk ndn nsh.

Ckkhvnbcòk Bhkhbcgcfkths Ckhr gnbcòk

n) Jn dvsòk dfj rnlnih.

l) Jn nuhgnznòk df ukn jçkfn

df prhduòk.

) Jn sfpnrnòk df lnsurn nj
rfhjfnrjn.

<0

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
L> OCBMN >5 \fhkhzh jn gphrnkn dfj hkhgfkh ãkh pnrn jhs prhfshs df gfihrn f kkhvnòk.

<. Hlsfrvn jns gn`fkfs y dfsrlf quã hkhgfkhs uvfrhk quf npjnrsf pnrn rfnjznr jhs
nglhs ãkhs.

2. ¸^uã hrn njfrknvn dnrçns pnrn kkhvnr jhs nglhs ãkhs quf sf gufsrnk fk jns
gî`fkfs8 ¸^uã hkhgfkhs kffsnrçns8
 

4. ¸Buîj fs jn gphrnkn dfj hkhgfkh fk jn rfnòk df kkhvnhkfs ãkns fk fj ngph

fkhjò`h quf fsudns8
 

6. ¸Buîj fs jn ujdnd df jn khrgnòk y fj hkhgfkh fk jn rfnòk df kkhvnhkfs ãkns8

<=

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Vsh jn khrgnòk fk jn lùsqufdn df njfrknvns df shjuòk n prhljfgns ãkhs. OCBMN >> L>

Npjnòk df hkhgfkhs pnrn fj nglh ãkh

Jn fkhjh`çn fs jn npjnòk df jhs hkhgfkhs fkçhs n jns kffsdndfs df jn vdn h-
  dnkn. Nsç, jns kkhvnhkfs df jn fkn shk fj rfsujndh df uk prhfsh fspfnjzndh fk fj unj
uk `ruph df rnlnih fgpjfn mnljdndfs ãkns. Unrn dfsnrrhjjnr ukn fkhjh`çn khvfdhsn sf kf-
fsnk hkhgfkhs shlrf jn kffsdnd n snsnfr, nsç hgh shlrf jns ãkns h gãhdhs quf
sf fgpjfnrîk pnrn dsfþnr jn kkhvnòk.

>. \fjnhkn jns hjugkns. Fk fj jndh zqufrdh fkhkrnrîs uk fifgpjh df hkhgfkh fkçh
y dfj jndh dfrfmh ukn npjnòk ãkn.

Bhkhgfkh Npjnòk ãkn

 tccsgh 
 trrhgn`kf t  t c cbbn 
 lrn òp t
O c l
Fjfb t

\ndchorfbufkbcn
Ohbhs 

 jn juz
 orrnbbcòk df
\f o Tfjfvcscòk

Bhr r 
r cfktf bhk T fjfo hkç n g
tckun òv cj

<. Jff fj prhljfgn y fsrlf dflnih df jn sfufkn df pnshs jh quf sf pdf pnrn nfkdfr fj
prhljfgn.

Fk jhs ùjghs < nþhs jn hgukdnd df Rnk Csdrh mn fkrfkndh prhljfgns sfrhs df kukdnòk
fk fgphrndn df jjuvns. Jhs phljndhrfs pfrdfk sus pfrfkfkns ndn vfz quf jjufvf dfldh n
quf fj ssfgn df drfknif df jn hgukdnd kh mn rfldh gnkfkgfkh ndfundh, y fsf uk
gphrnkf prhljfgn df hkngknòk phr lnsurn fk jns njjfs df jn hgukdnd.

Urhljfgn h kffsdnd Bhkhgfkh h ph df Nhkfs pnrn

khrgnòk kffsnrn pnrn
hguknrn rfshjvfr fj prhljfgn
pjnkfnr nhkfs

<3

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
L> OCBMN >< Fgpjfh jns TCB pnrn fj dsfþh y jn kkhvnòk df prhfshs y prhduhs.

Cgpnh df jns tcb fk jhs prhfshs df nglh ãkh

Jns tcb fkfk ukn ukòk fkrnj, pufs njnk fj nfsh n jn khrgnòk ndfgîs df quf jn
  hguknk df gnkfrn rîpdn y fnz. Rhk nk vfrsîjfs quf prîngfkf sf fgpjfnk fk hdhs
jhs sfhrfs (snjud, knkzns, gnkunurn, f.), y shk ukdngfknjfs fk jns jnlhrfs df kvfs`n-
òk f kkhvnòk. Nunjgfkf fs nj fj gpnh df jns tcb quf nphynk fk fj sur`gfkh df kufvhs
vnjhrfs, shk mfrrngfkns fk jhs prhfshs prhduvhs, fk jn hr`nkznòk y fk jn gnkfrn df hpfrnr
df jns fgprfsns f ksuhkfs, nsç hgh fk jhs ssfgns y gfdhs df hguknòk quf njnk jn
`jhlnjznòk.

>. Gfkhkn nj`ukns mfrrngfkns fkhjò`ns ujzndns fk jns nvdndfs quf sf gufsrnk fk
jns gî`fkfs, y fpjn su ffh fk jn vdn hdnkn.

25

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Fgpjfh jns TCB pnrn fj dsfþh y jn kkhvnòk df prhfshs y prhduhs. OCBMN >< T2 L>

<. Bhgpjfn fj fsqufgn hk jn khrgnòk quf fpjquf jn ukòk y fj ffh df jns TCB fk fj
dfsnrrhjjh df u ngph fkhjò`h.
  T CBR
Jns TCB

_csctn jn pî`ckn df cktfrkft

shk
mttp9//www.fdutcbs.gx/YN
jff su bhktfkcdh y dfsbulrf
jn rfjnbcòk fktrf jns TCB y jhs
jns Tfkhjh`çns df jn prhbfshs df ckkhvnbcòk.
Ckhrgnòk y jn Bhguknòk

quf

Urhgufvfk Onjnk Cgpnnk

2. Bhgpjfn fj rn`gfkh hk jns pnjnlrns quf sf prfsfkn n hkkunòk.

Urhghòk Rhfdnd Fhkògh Rhsfkljf

\fsphksnljf Tfkhjh`çns Orhkfrns Cgpujsh

Jn df jns tcb y fj dfsnrrhjjh df jn df jn

khrgnòk kh shk shjngfkf ghhrfs df rfgfkh , skh quf nglãk

dfsfgpfþnk uk gphrnkf pnpfj fk fj df ukn shfdnd

gîs y fk uk gukdh `jhlnjzndh y vfjhz fk fj quf

jns kufvns shk ukdngfknjfs pnrn dfrrlnr .

4. ¸Bògh fgpjfnrçns jns tcb pnrn gfihrnr nj`ùk nrfnh df u jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h8

2>

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
L> OCBMN >2 Fgpjfh dvfrsns ufkfs df khrgnòk hgh ksughs pnrn jn kkhvnòk ãkn.

Fj ush df hkhgfkhs ãkhs y df jns tcb pnrn jn

rfshjuòk df prhljfgns y fj rnlnih phr prhyfhs fk
prhfshs prhduvhs
Fj ush df jn khrgnòk pfrgf
  fkhkrnr shjuhkfs vnljfs n
jhs dfrfkfs prhljfgns quf sf
fkufkrnk fk uk ngph fkhjò`-
h dffrgkndh.
Thdhs jhs dçns fkrfknghs d-
ujndfs quf kfknghs rfshjvfr
npjnkdh hkhgfkhs, mnljdn-
dfs y fpfrfkns quf mfghs nd-
qurdh fk fj rnksursh df kufsrh
nprfkdznif. Jns tcb shk mfrrngfk-
ns quf khs nyudnk n mnfr uk gfihr Jns tcb nfrnk jn khrgnòk n sòjh uk j df dsnkn.
ush df fsns mnljdndfs y fpfrfk-
ns y ulrr jns kffsdndfs fk jhs prhfshs prhduvhs hk ukn gfihr hr`nkznòk y ffkn.
Jns tcb shk ukn mfrrngfkn guy ùj pnrn fj dfsnrrhjjh df jhs prhyfhs quf mns fjnlhrndh mnsn fj
ghgfkh. @rnns fjjns pufdfs hlfkfr îjgfkf khrgnòk quf df hrn gnkfrn sfrçn guy d-
çj hksujnr. Fsh f pfrgf fkfr ukn dfn gîs ngpjn shlrf fj frrfkh fk fj quf jjfvnrîs n nlh
u prhyfh y, phr nkh, f pfrgrî hlfkfr rfsujndhs quf ulrnk df ukn gnkfrn gîs hgpjfn
us kffsdnd
kffsdndfs.
fs.
Jns Tfkhjh`çns df jn Ckhrgnòk
y jn Bhguknòk

shk

mfrrngfkns ùjfs pnrn jn

rfshjuòk df prhljfgns

y f njnk

nfsh n
nknjfs df nuhgnznòk prhfsngfkh
hdh ph df kfrnvdnd
khrgnòk df nrfns df dnhs
khrgnòk

pnrn

hr`nkznr y mnfr
jhs prhfshs gîs ffkfs
prhduvhs y
jn shjuòk df prhyfhs.

2<

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Hr`nkzn jn khrgnòk prhvfkfkf df dfrfkfs ufkfs
pnrn ujznrjn fk fj dfsnrrhjjh df prhfshs y df kkhvnòk. OCBMN >4 L>

Ckf`rnòk df hkfkdhs pnrn fj rnlnih phr prhyfhs

Jn rfupfrnòk df hkfkdh njn jn ndqusòk df khrgnòk pnrn mnfr gîs ffkfs
  jhs prhfshs prhduvhs y jn shjuòk df prhyfhs ãkhs fshjnrfs. Tnj
Tnj fs jn gphrnkn df
jns tcb quf mhy fk dçn pufdfk gnrnr jn dfrfkn fkrf ukn fgprfsn hgpfvn y hrn quf kh jh
fs. Fj fgpjfh hrrfh df kufvhs prhduhs, prhfshs, npjnhkfs, mfrrngfkns y sfrvhs rfsuj-
n jnvf fk jn ghdfrkznòk df jns kdusrns.

>. Jff dffkdngfkf fj pîrrnh y hkfsn jh quf sf f pdf.

Fk fj ngpjh pnkhrngn df jns fkhjh`çns quf fsf mhy

fk dçn fk hdh fj gukdh, shk ãsns jns quf vnk ‚gnrnkdh‗
y prhphkfkdh nglhs fk fj hgphrngfkh mugnkh.
Gfkrns quf jhs kufvhs dsphsvhs fkhjò`hs khs
pfrgfk fj nfsh, kfrnòk y dusòk df jn khrgnòk
hk npjnhkfs ndn vfz gîs pfrshknjzndns quf rfsphkdnk
n kufsrhs kfrfsfs y kffsdndfs fspfçns, phdrçnghs
fsnr nssfkdh n ukn ãphn df kdvduhs gîs f`hçsns hk
gfkhr npndnd pnrn shnjznr y fkfkdfr jn gphrnkn df
kh prfphkdfrnr jhs vnjhrfs pfrshknjfs n jhs hjfvhs.
Oufkf9 Rfr`h Jjnkh Nrszîlnj, ‚Kufvns fkhjh`çns y djfgns ãhs‗,
ãhs‗,
fk \fvcstn Unjnlrn-bjnvf, <552. Kh. 3. Vkvfrsdnd df jn Rnlnkn.
Fk9 www.pfrhdsgh.fdu.h

n)  Fsrlf u hpkòk shlrf jh quf df fj fh. Bhksdfrn jh quf mnsn nmhrn hkhfs nfrn
nfrn df
kkhvnòk y fkhjh`çn.
 

l)  ¸Brffs quf jn rfjnòk fkrf jhs sfrfs mugnkhs

mugnkhs y jhs fsjhs df vdn sf mnk vsh nfndhs
kf`nvngfkf phr jn fkhjh`çn8 ¸Uhr quã8
 

b)  ¸Bògh sf phdrçn fvnr

fvnr ukn sunòk hgh jn quf sf pjnkfn fk fj fh8
 

d)  ¸Brffs quf jns nvdndfs quf sf dfsnrrhjjnk

dfsnrrhjjnk fk fj ngph fkhjò`h quf fsudns prhpnk
jn pnrpnòk udndnkn h prhvhnk nsjngfkh8 ¸Uhr quã8
 

22

 
 Tfbkhjh`çn, ckhrgnbcòk f ckkhvnbcòk
Hr`nkzh jn khrgnòk prhvfkfkf df dfrfkfs ufkfs
L> OCBMN >4 pnrn ujznrjn fk fj dfsnrrhjjh df prhfshs y df kkhvnòk.

<. Fj`f uk prhljfgn quf sf prfsfkf

p rfsfkf fk fj dfsnrrhjjh df nvdndfs fk u jnlhrnhrh fkhjò`h
pnrn prhphkfr ukn shjuòk. Bhgpjfn fj fsqufgn y hkfsn jns prf`ukns.

Urhljfgn ãkh
n rnlninr.
 

Urhfsh quf phkdrã

Kffsdnd h snsnòk
fk gnrmn pnrn jn
mugnkn n rfshjvfr.
rfshjuòk.

Mfrrngfkns quf
kffsh pnrn mnfrjh
ukhknr.

n)  ¸^uã khrgnòk kffsns hkhfr pnrn

pnrn gfihrnr fj prhljfgn
prhljfgn ãkh quf nnlns df dfsrlr8

l)  ¸Fk quã ufkfs phdrçns fkhkrnr jn khrgnòk8

khrgnòk8
 

b)  Bhrrhlhrn fk nsn quf fk jns ufkfs quf gfkhknsf fkufkrns Jns ufkfs df khrgnòk

fj hkfkdh quf kffsns. Bhgpnrf u hkjusòk hk u prhfshr. pfrgfk rfshjvfr

jns kffsdndfs gfihr
y gnyhr
hr`nkznòk y ffkn fk
jhs prhfshs prhduvhs.

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