EulEr’s Formula

and
Exponential
form

Dr. Hina Dutt

hina.dutt@seecs.edu.pk
SEECS-NUST
 Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics (10th
• Chapter: 13
Edition) by Ervin • Sections: 13.2
Kreyszig

A First Course in
Complex Analysis
with Applications by
• Chapter: 1
Dennis G. Zill and • Sections: 1.3
Patrick D. Shanahan.
 Euler’s Formula
Euler’s formula is given by
𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 .

If 𝜃 is a real number, 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 will be located

somewhere on the circle with radius 1
centered at the origin because
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
Exponential form of a Complex Number
By using the Euler’ formula, we can rewrite polar form,
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟 cis 𝜃, of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 as:
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟𝑒𝑖 𝜃 . (1)
Eq.(1) is reffered to as the exponential form of a complex number 𝑧.
The angle 𝜃 lies conventionally in the range −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, but, since
rotation by 𝜃 is the same as rotation by 𝜃 + 2nπ, where 𝑛 is any integer,
so,
𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ≡ 𝑟𝑒 𝑖 𝜃+2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛𝜖ℤ
Polar Form and Exponential Forms

Polar Form Exponential Form

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒𝑖 𝜃 .
Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
The polar form of a complex number is especially convenient when multiplying
or dividing two complex numbers. Suppose
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ),
where 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 are any arguments of 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , respectively. Then
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )(cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑖(sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ))
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos( 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin( 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )).

Hence 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 and arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

Similarly for 𝑧2 ≠ 0,
𝑧1 𝑟1
= [cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ]
𝑧2 𝑟2
Hence
𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1
= and arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg(𝑧2 )
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2
Multiplication and Division in Exponential Form

The product of 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 2 is given by:

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2 )
Hence the relationship
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 and arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2
follows immediately.
Multiplication and Division in Exponential Form
The quotient of 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 2 is given by:

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟1 𝑖(𝜃 −𝜃 )
= = 𝑒 1 2
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑟2
Hence the relationship

𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1
= and arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg(𝑧2 )
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2

follows immediately.
Example 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Simplify: 3 cos + 𝑖 sin × 4 cos + 𝑖 sin .
3 3 2 2
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 cos + 𝑖 sin × 4 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 12 cos + + 𝑖 sin +
3 2 3 2

5𝜋 5𝜋
= 12 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

𝑖 5𝜋
= 12𝑒 6 .
Example 2

Use exponential notation to show that

a. 3 − 𝑖 1 + 3𝑖 = 2 3 + 2𝑖

b. 2𝑖 3 + 𝑖 1 + 3𝑖 = −8
Example 3

Express the following in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form.

𝑖7𝜋
a. 8𝑒 3

b. 𝑒 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜋
Example 4

Let 𝑧1 = 8𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 1 + 3𝑖.

a. Represent 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 in polar form.
𝑧1
b. Find by using part a.
𝑧2
Practice Questions

A First Course in
Complex Analysis • Chapter: 1
with Applications • Exercise: 1.3
by Dennis G. Zill • Questions: 19-24
and Patrick D.
Shanahan.