Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.

) - Lecture note

CHAPTER - 00
FRICTION

* Frictional force opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact.

* Static friction opposes the tendency of one surface to slip over another surface.

* The maximum possible value of static friction is called limiting friction.

*  fs max  f L  s N
*  s is called coefficient of static friction between two surfaces in contact
* N is the normal contact force between two surfaces

* Static friction is a self adjusting force. It has any value between zero and limiting friction.

* Kinetic friction opposes the actual relative slipping between two surfaces in contact.

* Kinetic friction is not a self adjusting force

* fK  K N

*  K is the coefficient of kinetic friction between two surfaces in contact.

*  K  s

* fK  fL
* The value of kinetic friction is slightly less than limiting friction hence the force required to
keep a body in uniform motion is less than the force required to start the motion.

* According to old view friction is due to the interlocking between surface irregularities

* According to modern view friction is due to the molecular attraction between two surfaces
in contact (Adhesive force)

* Friction is independent of area of contact

e. g  In the following figure floor is smooth  s is the coefficient of static friction between
m1 and m2 and  K is the coefficient of kinetic friction between them. For what maximum
value of F two block move together with out relative slipping between them.

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

The direction of static frictional force applied by m2 on m1 is opposite to a12. where

a12 is the relative acceleration of m1 as seen by an observer on m2 in the absence of friction
between them. If there is no slipping between m1 and m2 then a1 = a2 = a
Consider (m1 + m2) system
a = F/ (m1 + m2)
Consider m2

fs
a
m2

f s  m 2a

Fm 2
* fs 
m1  m 2
To prevent slipping between m1 and m2

f s  s N fs  f L

fs  sm 2g

 m2 F 
    s m 2g
m
 1  m 2 

F  s  m1  m 2  g

Fmax   s  m1  m 2  g

If F  s  m1  m 2  g

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

then a 2  a1

m2 will slip over m1

* f K   K N   K m 2g

* f K   K m 2g

F  f K F   K m 2g
consider m1  a1  
m1 m1

f K  K m 2g
consider m2  a 2    Kg
m2 m2

Case 2

If there is no slipping between m1 and m2 then a1 = a2 = a

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

Consider (m1 +m2) system

a  F /  m1  m 2 
Consider m1

fs
a
m1

* f s  m1a

m1F
* fs 
m1  m 2
* To prevent slipping

* fs  f L

* f s  S N

* fs  sm 2g

m1F
*  s m 2g
m1  m 2

s  m1  m 2  m 2g
* F
m1

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

s  m1  m 2  m 2g
* Fmax 
m1

s  m1  m 2  m 2g
* If F
m1
then m2 will slip over m1.
a2 > a1
friction between blocks is kinetic

f K   K N   K m 2g

f K  K m 2g
Consider m1  a1  
m1 m1

Consider m2
F  f K F   K m 2g
 a2  
m2 m2
Angle of friction
Angle of friction is the angle between resultant contact force (The resultant of nor-
mal reaction force and friction) and normal reaction. When body shows maximum tendency to slip
under the action of an applied force.

* F  applied force

* FL  limiting friction
*R  resultant contact force
* Q  angle of friction

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

f L g N
* tan   
N N

*   tan 1  s 

* Angle of repose is the minimum inclination of a rough inclined plane such that a body
placed on it shows maximum tendency to slide down.

 angle of repose

N  mg cos 

f L  s N   s mg cos 

mg sin   f L

mg sin    s mg cos 

tan   s

  tan 1 s

* Case : 1

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

*   tan 1   s 
* friction between body and inclined plane is static
* body remains in equilibrium
* Fnet = o

* N  mg cos 

* fs  mg sin 

Case 2

*   tan  s 
* friction between body and inclined plane is limiting

* f L  s N  mg cos 
* Body remains in equilibrium
* Fnet = 0

* mg sin   f L mg sin   s mg cos 

* Case 3

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

*   tan 1   s 
* Body accelerates down along the inclined plane
* Friction between body and inclined plane is kinetic

* f K   K N   K mg cos 

mg sin   f K mg sin    K mgcos 

a 
m m

a  g sin    K cos 

h
sin  


h
* 
sin 
Let V be the velocity of block when it reaches of the bottom

* V 2  u 2  2a

0  2g  sin    K cos   h
V2 
sin 

2g  sin    K cos   h
V
sin 

Let t be the time taken by the block to reach the bottom

1
*   ut  at 2
2

h 1
*  0  g  sin   K cos   t 2
sin  2

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

2h
*
t
g  sin    K cos  

If inclined plane is smooth then K  0

1 2h
a  g sin  v  2gh t
sin  g

example 

Case 1

*   tan 1   s 

Fnet = 0
T=0

N  mg cos 

* f s  mg sin 

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

Case 2

*   tan 1   s 

* f s  f L   s N   s mg cos 
*T=0

* Fnet  0

* f s  mg sin 

*  s mg cos   mg sin 
Case 3

*   tan 1   s 

In this case string is tight so tension appears in the string.

Fnet = 0

N  mg cos 

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

f s  f L   s N   s mg cos 

mg sin   T  f L

mg sin   T   s mg cos 

T  mg sin   s mg cos 

example
Case I

 tan1  1 s

 tan1  2 s
a1  a 2  0
T=0
Case 2

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

  tan 1
 1  s
  tan 1   2  s

1   2
Initially m1 tries to move down with more acceleration than m2. But string becomes tight and
tension appears in the string hence both blocks move down along the inclined plane with same
acceleration.

N1  m1g cos 

f1   f1  K   1  K m1g cos 

N 2  m 2g cos 

f 2   f 2 K    2 K N 2    2 K m 2 g cos 

m1g sin   f1  T
a1 
m1

m 2g sin   T  f 2
a2 
m2

a1 = a2
Case 3

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

  tan 1
 1  s
  tan 1   2  s

1   2

a 2  a1
T=0

 f1    f1 K   1 K N1   1 K m1g cos 
 f 2    f 2 K    2 K N 2    2 K m 2g cos 

m1g sin   f1
a1 
m1

m 2 g sin   f 2
a2 
m2

Case 4

  tan 1  1  s

  tan 1   2  s
a1 = 0
a2 = 0
normal contact force between blocks (N ) = 0

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

Case 5

  tan 1  1  s

  tan 1   2  s

 2  1
Initially m2 tries to move down along the inclined plane with more acceleration than m1. But
normal contact force (N) appears between blocks. Due to the action of this force blocks move
together with same acceleration by keeping contact.

f1   f1 K   1  K N1   1 K m1g cos 

f 2   f 2  K    2  K N 2    2  K m 2g cos 
a1 = a2

m1g sin   N  f1
a1 
m1

m 2g sin   N  f 2
a2 
m2

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

case 6

  tan 1  1 s

  tan 1   2  s

1   2

a1 > a2

* So N = 0

f1   f1  K   1  K N1   1 K m1g cos 

f 2   f 2 K    2 K N 2    2 K m 2 g cos 

m1gsin   f1
a1 
g

m 2g sin   f 2
a2 
g

Block kept in equilibrium on a rough inclined plane    tan 1  s   by applying a force F

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-2023 (Resi.) - Lecture note

N  mg cos 

f L   s N  s mg cos 
If F= Fmin then block has maximum tendency to slide down along the inclined plane, hence
limiting friction acts on the block up along the inclined plane.
Fnet = 0

* mg sin   Fmin  f L

mg sin   Fmin   s mg cos 

Fmin  mgsin   s mg cos 

N  mg cos 

f L   s N  s mg cos 

If F  Fmax then block has maximum tendency to slide up along the inclined plane hence
limiting friction acts on the block down along the inclined plane.

Fnet  0

* mg sin   f L  Fmax

Fmax  mg sin   s mg cos 

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