MUSCLE AND NERVOUS

TISSUES
 MUSCLE TISSUE
• Function is to produce
movement by
contraction of its cells
(muscle fiber)
• Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle

• Can be controlled
voluntarily
• Cells attach to
connective tissue
• Cells are striated
• Cells have more than
one nucleus
(multinucleated)
Cardiac Muscle
• Found only in the heart
• Function is to pump blood
(involuntary)
• Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks
• Cells are striated
• One nucleus per
cell (uninucleated)
Smooth Muscle
• Involuntary muscle
• Surrounds hollow organs
• Attached to other smooth
muscle cells
• Spindle-shaped
• No visible striations
• One nucleus per
cell (uninucleated)
NERVOUS TISSUE

Neurons
• The basic unit of
nervous tissue (nerve
cell)
• Function is to send
impulses to other areas
of the body
Characteristics:
Irritability

• Ability to react to environment or responsive to

slight stimuli
Conductivity
• Ability to transmit nerve impulses to different parts of the
body
FIGURE 3.22 SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, AND BODY LOCATIONS OF THE FOUR TISSUE TYPES: EPITHELIAL, CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE, AND
NERVOUS TISSUES.

Nervous tissue: Internal communication and

control Hallmarks: irritable, conductive
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement

Hallmarks: irritable, contractile
• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
• Muscles of heart wall (cardiac)
• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between

different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs,
filters Hallmarks: one free (apical) surface, avascular
• Lining of GI tract and other hollow organs
• Skin surface (epidermis)

Connective tissue: Supports, protects,

binds other tissues together
Hallmarks: extracellular matrix, varying vascularity
• Cartilage
• Bones
• Tendons
• Fat and other soft padding tissue
 TISSUE REPAIR

Regeneration
• Replacement of
destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
Fibrosis
• Repair by dense fibrous
connective tissue (scar
tissue)
Determination of method
• Type of tissue damaged
• Severity of the injury
 EVENTS IN TISSUE REPAIR

• Capillaries become very

permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 Wall off injured area
• Formation of
granulation tissue
• Regeneration of surface
epithelium
 REGENERATION OF TISSUES

• Tissues that regenerate easily

 Epithelial tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue and bone
• Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
• Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF
TISSUE
• Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers
• Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm
• Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
• With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty in
most tissues
• Growth through cell division continues through puberty
• Cell populations exposed to friction (such as epithelium)
replace lost cells throughout life
Connective tissue remains mitotic and forms repair (scar) tissue

• With some exceptions, muscle tissue becomes amitotic by

the end of puberty
• Nervous tissue becomes amitotic shortly after birth
• Neoplasms, both benign and cancerous, represent abnormal
cell masses in which normal controls on cell division are not
working
• Hyperplasia (increase in size) of a tissue or organ may occur
when tissue is strongly stimulated or irritated
• Atrophy (decrease in size) of a tissue or organ occurs when
the organ is no longer stimulated normally
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