gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro Sejameba

advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli

TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis
miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri
elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba
perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis
aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12
suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli
da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana
ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis
Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa
da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxve-
wil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone)
daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamu-
Savebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis
ganxilvaze gadavideT.
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqci-
urad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli
seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan
raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT
gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teo-
riis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
macia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi
ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamor-
Ceuli niSniT identificirdnen.
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retina-
luri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da
mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdev-
ruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organiza-
ciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,
rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis
Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomi-
lebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli

suraTi
5.13

organzomilebiani geometriuli
figuris percepti

rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni

percepti?

161
 suraTi
5.14
subieqturi konturebi,
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul
naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze
dadebul samkuTxeds?
samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria
amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT.
subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi
stimulSi figurasa da fons
gamoyofs.
xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan
Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da III– rombebisgan. amaSi
TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT,
TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi
gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali
organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres.
isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia
organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv princi-
pebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs
an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli
gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura
Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are,
xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura
devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad
aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es
stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT
figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas
orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri
sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romel-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
zedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi
foni moCans.
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
162 melzec figura devs
figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis
tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es
maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar
arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi
Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic
TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres
warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi
naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod
3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.
Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr
samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi
isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri sam-
kuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosa-
xuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realu-
rad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis
organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi
wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am
yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr
ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am
gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul kon-
turebs. isini realurad arseboben ara dis-
talur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens
subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram
yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili
(Lesher, 1995).
am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev
erT mZlavr organizaciul process – dasru-
lebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-
iluziuri konturebi ( ) _

lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figu-
rebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevse-
bulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sti-
mulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni
perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras
dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebu-
lobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad
da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.
perceptuli dajgufebis
principebi
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven
aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa
dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia
diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3
identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi
gansazRvraven mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod
geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923)
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
melzec figura devs
suraTi
5.15
dajgufebis fenomeni
TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan
G-mde, garkveuli saxiT daj-
gufebulad a R v i q v a m T,
geStaltis dajgufebis
sxvadasxva principebidan
gamomdinare.
Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda
martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida
ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis
Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime
wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanab-
rad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven
SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am
wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac
intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs
Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea
mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizon-
talur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertika-
luri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc C
nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur
svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis
dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva
danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan
yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi
(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.
geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,
rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti
gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad
feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs
Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
163
 avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, fe-
rebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad
ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, F
nawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa
da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es
efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis ka-
noniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi
moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba
elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi ele-
mentebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela
svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosa-
xulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZ-
raobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive
efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime
mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs.
gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani
mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda,
rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani.
misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde gan-
vixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umetes-
wilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~
gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven
ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari
yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvr-
cobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan
miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STa-
beWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaq-
mnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa sa-
Wiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxva-
dasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia
Tavi 5 / aRqma
drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri
sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli
momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-
164
lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,
Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba
mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore
fiqsaciaze.
saidan
viciT
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis
pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen
suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.
daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyu-
rebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi
meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.
seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi
pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi
saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvi-
sobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),
orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi
iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.
rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom step-
leri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis B
nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da
gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.
cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig
Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoud-
genelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis
imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis deta-
lebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor
Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri
wyaro (O’Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro
iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mud-
mivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc
suraTi
5.16
cvlilebis SeumCnevloba
(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)
roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.
mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv,
amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvada-
sxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba
mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~
sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieq-
tebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis
TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxe-
dis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A),
Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba
erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas
ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar
daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;
D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausru-
leblad adis da Camodis.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan
miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeW-
dilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra-
obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli
ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,
sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze
miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlo-
ebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani
moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da
orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT
Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,
win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea
moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win
da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,
romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras
sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar
aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi
165
xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad
 suraTi
5.17

SeuZlebeli figurebi
r o d e s a c a m p o b i e q t e b s u y u r e b T,
Ti To e u l i calkeuli fiqsacia
garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani
figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
f i q s a c i e b i s g a e r Ti a n e b a s , m a S i n
aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.

dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,

umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi
nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs
Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli
figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli
codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom
mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs
RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrub-
lebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili
Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi

suraTi
5.18
kaci, romelic
giaxlovdebaT
stimulTan miaxloebisas
erTad izrdeba misi
gamosaxulebis zoma
Tavi 5 / aRqma

Tqvens baduraze.

166
moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi
wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofil-
xarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela
iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos
sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT
gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZ-
raobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli
procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/
TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa
Φ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva
adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monac-
vleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer
wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis
Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis
miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win
da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeq-
toria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aer-
Tebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.
Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives
traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs
(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,
rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas; siRrmis aRqma
Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzo-
adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis milebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri
traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000). aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi
moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _ saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi
uZravad. avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _ swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc
wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
umartivesi formaa Φ fenomeni. gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansa-
Φ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino zRvraSi.
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis ilu- siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTva-
zia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
liswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod
167
sinaTled aRiqmeba.

suraTi
5.19
siRrmis orazrovneba
A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive
a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wer-
tili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebis
SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamo-
saxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba
davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair
retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da
horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra
problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura
samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras
a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1 poziciidan ecema,
Tu a2-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo
A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan,
radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba.
aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave
retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeq-
cirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis
nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertil-
Tan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1),
baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis.
Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba
siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli
nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori
SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT,
orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma
Tavi 5 / aRqma
pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamo-
iwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWi-
roa Semomavali sensoruli masalis inter-
pretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer
SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani
168 burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved-
rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb
informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), ro-
melTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosa-
xulebis) maniSneblebi.
binokularuli da moZraobis
maniSneblebi
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori
Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze
meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokula-
ruli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da
konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT
aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSore-
buli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi
eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da
gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi
patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi
daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan
daaxloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT
marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan
ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra
mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver
xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gaswo-
rebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iRebs.
Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
lebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris
Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.
is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan
Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa
da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.
sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,
ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis
sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier
danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras
sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive
obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxu-
lebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT
aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadak-
veTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba
 suraTi
5.20

retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati
or sagans Soris siRrmeSi
daSorebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba.

erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosa- mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did

xulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri
rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am
rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomare-
gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi obaSia.
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasad-
genad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis
erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vi-
zualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seu-
sabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias
konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.
sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _
saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,
raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive
gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT
megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis
gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTe-
bidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia
suraTi
5.21
siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea
siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis
rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur pozi-
unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis
ciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisas miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis
Tvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba. maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
169
 imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZ-
raoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,
vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi
gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi
gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieq-
tze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis
moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsire-
buli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze
informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZra-
obis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze infor-
macias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimar-
Tulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZ-
liaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvir-
deT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi uf-
ro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.

suraTi
5.22
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
siRrmis maniSnebeli
maniSneblebi
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom
davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT. es qali gisosebs miRmaa?
SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,
siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.
baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardo-
am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniS-
biTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis
neblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmo- gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaT-
Cenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi
lis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da
arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSo-
gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian rebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs
qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian
qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze
piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion) yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23
faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gada-
suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs
farviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze
sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
Tavi 5 / aRqma

gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis

blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRr-
meze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami
wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle
samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
170
wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,
romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierT-
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion
parallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
 suraTi
5.23
fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas

qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis
rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.

mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac para-

leluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind
grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tana-
brad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRr-
misken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi
horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian
(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis
meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xel-
axla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis
srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am
aRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdi-
lebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi
sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli
xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis
(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi
ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli
gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (inter-
pretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi
Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosa-
xulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT
daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba,
vidre _ axlos myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneb-
lebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi
ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis sim-
kvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana
teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
suraTi
5.24
ponzos iluzia
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmi-
marTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am
magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas
qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors
gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
(Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da
siRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi
arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis
aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arse-
bobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT
mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTian-
deba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva
maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizu-
aluri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS- 171
 suraTi
5.25
teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi
neblebs, rogoricaa: _ diferencialuri
moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samgan-
zomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrun-
velyofs.
aRqmis konstantoba
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es
saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magi-
daze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze
miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daub-
rundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom
ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro
did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?
axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros
Tavi 5 / aRqma
baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaR-
mdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav
vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _
sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri
172 gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimu-
laciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros
xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da sta-
bilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (per-
ceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,
Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsi-
maluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa
da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arse-
buli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvi-
sebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis
im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTav-
resi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosa-
xulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,
rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis
SemTxvevaSi.
sididis da formis konstantoba
ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis
realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi
Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze
aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperi-
menti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis
zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur

sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. ro-
gorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis
sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis
aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias
aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur
informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis
aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis
cvlilebisda miuxedavad.
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis
gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti
informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi
iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26
suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis
gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans
oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod
maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi
isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT,
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis
realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSore-
buli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias
realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. rea-
lurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT da-
Sorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur
iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis
oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi
araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es
fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis
marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis
retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,
radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvir-
vebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT
unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored
aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis
yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri
sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis
uCveulo struqturaze).
kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli
sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis
informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli
maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki
173
icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs

odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamoc-
dileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors
marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cog-
nis dartymis xma da xedavT
beisbolis burTs, romelic
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan
iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT
burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfil-
dze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba,
gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis
S Ta m b e W d a v i Ta m a S i T.
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi
saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris
situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi,
sruliad samarTlianad, rTul
percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben:
`burTis moaxloebis paterni
moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivr-
ciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvalis-
wineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis
bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath et
al., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,
adamianebi sakmaod kargad
iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis
amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis
Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT
miRebul sirTulesa da praq-
tikul siadviles (gavixsenoT,
rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad
davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor
qmnis perceptuli procesebi
siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniS-
neblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT
gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma
gamoyves invariantuli maniS-
neblebis 2 tipi, romelsac
Tavi 5 / aRqma
moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix.
zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva
gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa
erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom mo-
TamaSeebi sirbilis dros im
gzas irCeven, romelzec verti-
kalur ganzomilebaSi burTis
moZraobis vizualuri aRqma
konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller
et al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore
jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi
irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis
dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac
b u r Ti f o n Ta n m i m a r Te b S i
konsistenturad moZraobs
(McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogor
xdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba?
rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi video-
kameriT iweren, rogor iWeren
moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli
burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia
moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis
maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba,
raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis
vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeq-
tebis konsatantobis Senar-
Cunebas cdilobdnen isini
(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,
rom realur cxovrebaSi am
amocanis gadasaWrelad ar
gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli
problemis maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobs
et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza
axlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafad
gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosax-
vedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi
aneleben moZraobas da
SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen
k i d e c . Ta m a S i s II f a z a S i
adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan
burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba
xelTaTmans. rodesac mo-
TamaSes burTi ukve xel-
TaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSi-
rad jer kidev ar aris dam-
Tavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba
swrafad unda Seagdos burTi
ukan infildze, rom mowi-
naaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da
ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben
burTis daWeris kompleqsur
moqmedebas da, amave dros,
yuradRebas aqceven garemos
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowy-
deT swavlas da burTiT iTa-
maSoT? es aRqmis am speci-
fikuri problemis Sesaxeb
sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camo-
yalibebaSi dagexmarebaT

warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am

obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis
saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad
174 mogeCvenebaT.
Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.
SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva
moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad
suraTi
5.26
eimsis oTaxi
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;
fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia ara-
marTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da
simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad
aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.

Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteq-
stisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina
daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan
mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis
warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis
konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da
retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan did-
deboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias,
rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis
danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamoc-
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis
realuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri
gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT
obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac
sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamo-
saxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTx-
kuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosa-
xulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,
Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze
swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur
sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSo-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

suraTi
5.27
formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba. 175
 am suraTebidan romeli gamoxatavs
madonas gancdas mas Semdeg, rac
MTV-m uari Tqva misi ukanaskneli
klipis gaSvebaze?
orientaciis konstantoba
Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT,
garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis
konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis
cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstan-
toba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia
me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da reti-
naluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizu-
aluri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba rea-
lur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZ-
leva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli
da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini
uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5.
28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke
unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orien-
tation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri
Tavi 5 / aRqma
mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamo-
saxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis si-
TeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
176
erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,
danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad
aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or
Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,
amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris
Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi
sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT
da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive foto-
suraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoi-
yureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac
ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara
gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis
erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli
samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze
gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs
ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar
aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic
yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa
feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris kon-
stantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an
siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
suraTi
5.28
90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika
cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents?
xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi
figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis
msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad
ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli
oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT
meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre
_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is
TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,
faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,
radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procen-
tuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaT-
lis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli
TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis
80-90%-s, Savi jinsi – daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom,
rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi
organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis
procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis pro-
cesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
Sejameba
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad
Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas
iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj-
suraTi
5.29
feris konstantoba
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,
ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT
agebuls.
gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT
Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis
principebi.
perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal
informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iRe-
ben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis
maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis
mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia
siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romel-
Tac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba
iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis
fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.
mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da
teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian
naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis
maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis
Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb
informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba
vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri
ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli
sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procen-
tul raodenobas ireklaven. 177
 identifikacia da cnoba
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _
samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,
zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb
sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am infor-
maciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,
ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara
isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad,
rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamoc-
dileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daem-
sgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _
ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT
dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats
mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.
aRmavali da daRmavali
procesebi
sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi war-
sulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda
SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan
miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (ex-
traction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba
(`qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali
gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da
informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is
stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraq-
tul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas
monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven
processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi
warmoadgens.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ gare-
moSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze da-
fuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Se-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
degebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul rep-
rezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-
ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
178
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
suraTi
5.30
`drudlebi~
(Droodles)
es ra cxovelia? xedavT
(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,
romelmac mozrdili Wia-
yela daiWira (B)-Si ki _
Jirafis kisers? es orive
suraTi SeiZleba Tqven-
Tvis raRac Zalian nacno-
bis gamosaxulebad miviC-
nioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc
wesi, ver cnobT saiden-
tifikacio informaciis
arqonis gamo, Tumca sak-
marisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad
amoicnoT isini.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis
gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arse-
buli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zoo-
parkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis
cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis
molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.
rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qve-
moT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali
gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcio-
nireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis
gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad
(anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi
Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli
monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali proce-
sebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,
romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,
1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc
ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad
davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT gar-
Cevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.
Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian
wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier war-
moTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver
aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis
nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani
musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi
iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur sig-
nalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri
rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris mini-
maluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri
rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi
daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis
Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT
gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafa-
ruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaur-
Tan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,
Tumca, ar faravs mas.
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megob-
ris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde
mxolod aRwevs _ `saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)
aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs
bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom mar-
Tlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sain-
teresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi,
romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi.
roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviya-
libdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva mego-
bars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba.
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan
`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve-
laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo
sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze
albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva
– Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamoto-
vebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom
sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,
xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqne-
biT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad
avseben bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali proce-
sebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli
adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,
magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,
ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,
rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli recep-
torebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar
aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali infor-
maciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi
edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSua-
lebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamo-
xatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxa-
siaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians
gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes
et al., 1997).
suraTi
5.31 aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
rogor cnobT am cnobil
adamianebs?
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am
adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze _ daRmavali
gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi
`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.
179

sagnebis cnoba
metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba
gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlev-
rebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoi-
tanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac per-
ceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyve-
lebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdev-
robebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.
ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor
wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSua-
lo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.
suraTi
5.32
Tavi 5 / aRqma
cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi.
figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris
qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis
180 gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.
identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsie-
rebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es
Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva
sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis
Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,
1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,
1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu
geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT
SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomi-
lebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis
wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli
stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawile-
bisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs
realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.
amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad
iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis
pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis
konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi
xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva
nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris
kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame
svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli
informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis
amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi
obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,
1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea
mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.
am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
suraTi
5.33
nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi
nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azia-
nebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia
obieqtebis cnoba?
perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli
mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli
sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker,
1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts
xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transfor-
mireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad
Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad,
nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda
amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT moce-
muli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.
molodinis da konteqstis
gavlena
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis
bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas
Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis
daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT
suraTi
5.34
erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva
nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli
figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,
magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur
jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki
xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.
saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven
ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi
konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT
molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalod-
neli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia
rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvi-
sebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli 181
 interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve
iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli

sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,
Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze
gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsac qmnis T_E, metad SesaZ-
lebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _
A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmde-
goa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze
konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis Ses-
wavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT
aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsi-
qologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris
mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali
varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad
gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri
seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,
rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, das-
wavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis,
an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma
SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta,
Tavi 5 / aRqma
suraTi
5.36B
xandazmuli qalbatoni
roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.
amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis
SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda
dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis
gagoneba iyos.
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazro-
vani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa
am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT
TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi `ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?
Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom
moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli
mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, ro-
melic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets
iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dud-
lebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieq-
tebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)
naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35C

suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia

Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli
orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamo-
saxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperi-
suraTi
5.36A menti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu
axalgazrda lamazi ara igive Sedegebs.

182 qali

suraTi
5.36C
axla ras xedavT?
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos
gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organi-
zebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakav-
Sirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes
xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an
arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac~ iseve
xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixi-
lavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZle-
bels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.
bolo gakveTili
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT
SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis
gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna,
romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa,
rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo
perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc
mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli
receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli infor-
maciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,
romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa
da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi
dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas
warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri
Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,
sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs
stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT
moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSi-
rebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da
mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,
sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali
yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul
konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvu-
li.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,
magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc
samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva
situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod
daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven
daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da
imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukidu-
resobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva
aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,
rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis
(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da
fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da
daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas
uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis
Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad
rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.
sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic
sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlev-
rebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis
efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.
183
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identificireba da
cnoba
perceptuli sistemebi ubra-
lod ki ar iReben gare
samyaroze informacias, ara-
med aqtiurad axdenen mis
intepretaciasa da orga-
nizacias.
aRqma samsafexuriani pro-
cesia. is Sedgeba SegrZne-
bis, perceptuli organi-
zaciisa da identifikacia-
cnobis safexurebisgan.
gadamuSavebis sensorul sa-
fexurze fizikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul ener-
giad da sensorul gancdad.
organizaciis safexurze per-
ceptuli procesebi Segr-
Znebebs TvalsaCino xatebad
aerTianebs da sagnebis da
paternebis aRqmas ganapiro-
bebs.
identifikaciisa da cnobis
safexurze sagnebis percep-
tebi dardeba mexsierebiT
xatebs, raTa isini amovic-
noT rogorc nacnobi da az-
riani sagnebi.
aRqmis amocanaa distaluri
(eqsternaluri) stimulis
gansazRvra proqsimaluri
(sensoruli) stimuliT mo-
wodebuli informaciidan.
orazrovneba iqmneba maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia er-
Ti da igive sensoruli in-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
formaciis sxvadasxva per-
ceptebSi (xatebSi) organi-
zeba.
perceptuli iluziebis Se-
saxeb codnam SeiZleba Se-
zRudos Cveulebrivi percep-
184 tuli procesebi.
yuradRebis procesebi
yuradReba aris Semavali
sensoruli informaciis
nawilis SerCevisa da danar-
Cenis ignorirebis unari.
pirovnuli miznebi da ga-
remoSi arsebuli sagnebis
Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cve-
ni yuradRebis mimarTule-
bas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia Zalze mcired
moqmedebs mimdinare gamoc-
dilebaze.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSave-
ba vizualuri garemos efeq-
turad gadasinjvis saSua-
lebas iZleva.
organizaciuli
procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli procesebi
sensoruli monacemebis Se-
sabamis aRqmis xatebs qmni-
an.
es procesebi perceptebs fo-
nidan win wamoweul figu-
rebad aerTianebs.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
dausrulebeli figurebis
dasrulebulad danaxvisa
da calkeuli obieqtebis
msgavsebis mixedviT dajgu-
febis tendencia.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
tendencia _ aq da amJamad
mocemuli sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqstidan ga-
momdinare _ moaxdinoT sag-
nis nawilebis organizeba da
interpretireba.
Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT
realuri sensoruli sti-
mulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
sistemis uZravad da masSi
mocemuli nawilebis moZ-
ravad aRqmis tendencia.
baduras organzomilebiani
informaciis samganzo-
milebiani siRrmis aRqmad
gardasaqmnelad vizu-
aluri sistema iyenebs
iseT informacias, rogo-
ricaa: obieqtis zoma da
obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieq-
tebis zomis, formis,
orientaciisa da feris
mixedviT ucvlelad aR-
qmis tendencia.
identifikacia da cnoba
perceptuli gadamuSavebis
bolo safexurze, rodesac
xdeba obieqtis identi-
fikacia da cnoba, per-
cepti mniSvnelobas iZens
aRmavali da daRmavali
gadamuSavebis erToblivi
moqmedebiT.
konteqstma, molodinebma,
perceptulma masalam
SeiZleba gansazRvros
dausrulebeli orazro-
vani monacemebis erTi
mimarTulebiT amocnoba,
meore, Tanabrad SesaZleb-
lis, nacvlad.
amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba
rogorc warsul codnas
da molodins, ise _ sen-
sorul stimuls.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba