JHY@]HF YLFGHE\J\HF _W]@CL ELD@]HKAO

Gihjuchf uftuc dldlfuei tukhs prhctlc mljhjhr cjific clplrhwhthf khwht

ghrurht G`slf Yldmidmifk > Qhfi Wri Ehfghyhfi, Flrs.D.Clp

Gisusuf @jle > D\HDDH]

_QHE ^AEHF FAD > 81938

Wifkcht 3H

Y]@K]HD GAYJ@DH-AAA CLYL]H[HWHF

_LC@JHE WAFKKA AJD\ CL_LEHWHF HEDHG GHEJHF OA]LM@F

Nj. [hjlt F`.=8 Clrthwifhfkuhf, Clghwufk, Oirlm`f , Nhwh Mhrht

7<8<3 Wheuf =9=8/=9==

8
H. Ylfklrtihf

_tr`cl hghjhe khfkkuhf bufksi `thc hcimht hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc

dlfkhjhdi khfkkuhf sleifkkh dlfkhcimhtchf futrisi ghf `csiklf yhfk
gimutuechf `thc  tighc tlrplfuei glfkhf mhic. _tr`cl ghpht jukh gihrtichf slmhkhi
c`fgisi `thc yhfk

dlfkhjhdi clrushchf chrlfh hjirhf hthu supjhi ghrhe cl `thc tlrehdmht

`jle hghfyh sudmhthf (isoeldio str`cl) hthu plrghrhehf (ehld`rrehkio str`cl)
(Hrud,
=98<). Asoeldio str`cl (f`f eld`rhkic)/olrlmr` vhscujlr hooiglft (ORH) hghjhe
cleijhfkhf bufksi `thc yhfk gihcimhtchf `jle mlrelftifyh supjhi ghrhe cl mhkihf
`thc gislmhmchf chrlfh hghfyh ter`dmus hthu ldm`ji (@cthvihfus, =987).

Dlfurut [`rjg Elhjte @rkhfizhti`f ([E@) str`cl hghjhe hghfyh

thfghthfgh cjific yhfk mlrcldmhfk olpht hcimht khfkkuhf bufksi `thc b`chj
(kj`mhj) glfkhf kljhjh-kljhjh yhfk mlrjhfksufk sljhdh =7 jhd hthu jlmie
yhfk dlfylmhmchf cldhtihf thfph hghfyh plfylmhm jhif sljhif vhscujhr (@gl,
=98=). Ghri plfjljhshf gihths, ghpht gisidpujchf str`cl hghjhe
khfkkuhf bufksi `thc chrlfh
 plfyudmhthf, plfyldpithf hthu plohefyh pldmujue ghrhe dlfuju `thc. Ehj ifi
dlfylmhmchf phs`chf ghrhe ghf `csiklf dlfuju cl `thc dlfjhgi
mlrcurhfk
_tr`cl dlruphchf plfyhcit hthu khfkkuhf bufksi`fhj `thc mlruph cljudpuehf
shrhb (glbioitflur`j`kio) hcimht tlrehdmhtfyh hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc.
_lohrh slglrehfh str`cl giglbifisichf slmhkhi plfyhcit `thc hcimht
tlrelftifyh supjhi ghrhe cl `thc chrlfh sudmhthf (str`cl iscldic) hthu
plrghrhehf (str`cl eld`rhkic) (Nufhigi, =988). Dujhfyh str`cl ifi giclfhj
glfkhf fhdh hp`pjlxy, chth ifi mlrhshj ghri mhehsh Qufhfi yhk mlrhrti
‚dlducuj jhtue— hthu t` stricl g`wf. Ghjhd plrcldmhfkhffyh jhju giphchi
istijhe ORH hthu olrlmr`vhsoujhr  hooiglft yhfk mlrhrti suhtu cloljhchhf phgh
pldmujue ghrhe ghf `thc.

Dlfurut Dismhoe (=988) str`cl hghjhe shjhe shtu syfgr`dl flur`j`ki yhfk ghpht
dlfidmujchf clohohthf ghjhd cleiguphf dhfusih. _tr`cl Eld`rhkic
hghjhe
 pldmujue ghrhe `thc yhfk plohe sleifkkh dlfkehdmht hjirhf ghrhe yhfk f`rdhj
ghf ghrhe dlrldmls cl ghjhd suhtu ghlrhe gi `thc ghf cldugihf dlrushcfyh
(Hgim, =991).
=
M. Lti`j`ki
Wlrehjhfkfyh supjhi ghrhe cl `thc phgh str`cl plrghrhehf (str`cl eld`rhkic)
gislmhmchf `jle hrtlri yhfk dlfsupjhi ghrhe cl `thc plohe. Ylfylmhmfyh
dishjfyh tlchfhf ghrhe yhfk dlfghghc tifkki ghf hthu `jle strlss psicis
 mlrht. Ylfifkchthf tlchfhf ghrhe yhfk dlfghghc tifkki jukh
ghpht gislmhmchf `jle trhudh clphjh hthu plfifkchthf tlchfhf jhiffyh,
slplrti dlfklghf, mhtuc clrhs, dlfkhfkcht mlmhf, ghf slmhkhifyh.
Yldmujue ghrhe
 plohe ududfyh chrlfh hrtlri tlrslmut mlrgifgifk tipis mlrmlftuc mhj`f yhfk
gislmut hflurisdh hthu hrtlri yhfk jlolt mlchs pjhc htlr`scjlr`tic (Nufhigi,
=988). _ljhif ehj-ehj yhfk gislmutchf gihths, hgh bhct`r-bhct`r jhif yhfk
dlfylmhmchf str`cl (Hrud, =98<) gihfthrhfyh >
h. Bhct`r ]lsic` Dlgis
Bhct`r risic` dlgis yhfk dldplrphrhe str`cl hghjhe>
8) Hrtlri`scjlr`sis (plfklrhshf pldmujue ghrhe)
=) Hghfyh riwhyht str`cl ghjhd cljuhrkh (bhot`r clturufhf)
3) Dikrhifl (shcit clphjh slmljhe)
 m. Bhct`r ]lsic` Yljhcu
_tr`cl slfgiri mish tlrjhgi chrlfh bhct`r risic` pljhcu. Yljhcu dlflrhpchf
khyh eigup ghf p`jh dhchf yhfk tighc sleht. Ehj ifi tlrjieht phgh >
8) Clmihshhf dlr`c`c
=) Dlfk`sudsi difudhf mlrs`gh ghf mlrhjc`e`j
3) _uch dlfyhfthp dhchfhf sihp shji (bhst b``g/jufcb``g)
7) Curhfkfyh hctibiths klrhc/`jherhkh
<) _uhshfh ehti yhfk tighc fyhdhf, slplrti slrifk dhrhe thfph hjhshf yhfk
 jljhs
o. Bhct`r risic` yhfk ghpht gid`gibichsi
8) Eiplrtlfsi (tlchfhf ghrhe tifkki)
Wlchfhf ghrhe tifkki dlruphchf pljuhfk tlrmlshr tlrjhgifyh
str`cl. Eiplrtlfsi dlfkhcimhtchf hghfyh khfkkuhf hjirhf ghrhe
yhfk dhfh gihdltlr pldmujue ghrhe hchf dlfkloij sleifkkh ghrhe yhfk
dlfkhjir cl
`thc puf mlrcurhfk. Glfkhf plfkurhfkhf hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc, dhch `thc 
clcurhfkhf supjhi `csiklf ghf kjuc`sh, jhdh cljhdhhf jhrifkhf `thc hchf

3
dhti.
=) Ylfyhcit Nhftufk
Ylfyhcit jhftufk slplrti c`r`flr ghf ifbhrc di`chrg (cldhtihf `t`t
 jhftufk) dlfjhgi bhot`r tlrmlshr tlrjhgifyh str`cl. Nhftufk dlruphchf
 pusht hjirhf ghrhe tumue. Nich pusht plfkhturhf dlfkhjhdi clrushchf,
dhch hjirhf ghrhe tumue puf dlfjhgi tlrkhfkku, tlrdhsuc hjirhf ghrhe
dlfuju `thc. Khfkkuhf hjirhf ghrhe itu ghpht dldhtichf jhrifkhf `thc 
slohrh dlfghghc hthupuf mlrthehp.
3) Gihmltls Dljitus
Yldmujue ghrhe phgh plfglrith gihmltls dljitus ududfyh jlmie chcu hthu
tighc jlftur. Ehj ifi tlrjhgi chrlfh hghfyh plfifkchthf hthu plfurufhf
chghr kjuc`sh ghrhe slohrh timh-timh sleifkkh ghpht
dlfylmhmchf cldhtihf `thc.
7) Eiplrc`jlstlrjldih
Eiplrc`jlstlr`jldih hghjhe c`fgisi gidhfh chghr c`jlstlr`j ghjhd ghrhe
 mlrjlmie. JGJ yhfk mlrjlmie hchf dlfkhcimhtchf tlrmlftucfyh pjhc phgh
 pldmujue ghrhe. C`fgisi slplrti ifi jhdhcljhdhhf hchf dlfkhfkku hjirhf
ghrhe, tlrdhsuc hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc.
<) @mlsiths
@mlsiths hthu `vlrwliket (clklduchf) dlruphchf shjhe shtu
bhct`r  tlrjhgifyh str`cl. Ehj itu tlrchit glfkhf tifkkifyh chghr c`jlstlr`j
ghjhd ghrhe. Yhgh `rhfk glfkhf `mlsiths, mihshfyh chghr JGJ (J`w-
Glfsity Jip`pr`tlif) jlmie tifkki gimhfgifk chghr
EGJ (Eike-Glfsity Jip`pr`tlif). \ftuc sthfghr
Afg`flsih, slsl`rhfk gichthchf `mlsiths jich ifglcs dhssh tumuefyh
dljlmiei =< ck/d. slmlfhrfyh hgh guh jlfis
`mlsiths hthu clklduchf yhitu `mlsiths hmg`difhj ghf `mlsiths plriblr.
@mlsiths hmg`difhj
githfghi glfkhf jifkchr pifkkhfk jlmie ghri 89= od mhki prih ghf 55 od
 mhki whfith
2) Dlr`c`c
Dlfurut mlrmhkhi plfljitihf gicltheui mhewh `rhfk-`rhfk yhfk dlr`c`c 
dldpufyhi chghr bimrif`klf ghrhe yhfk jlmie tifkki gimhfgifk `rhfk-

7
 `rhfk yhfk tighc dlr`c`c. Ylfifkchthf chghr bimrif`klf dldplrdughe
tlrjhgifyh plflmhjhf pldmujue ghrhe sleifkkh pldmujue ghrhe dlfjhgi
sldpit ghf chcu. Chrlfh pldmujue ghrhe dlfjhgi sldpit ghf chcu, dhch
ghpht dlfylmhmchf khfkkuhf hjirhf ghrhe.
g. Bhct`r risic` yhfk tighc ghpht gid`gibichsi
8) \sih
_ldhcif mlrthdmhefyh usih, sldhcif mlshr rlsic` tlrjhgifyh str`cl. Ehj
ifi tlrchit glfkhf glklflrhsi (plfuhhf) yhfk tlrjhgi slohrh hjhdihe. Yhgh
`rhfk-`rhfk jhfjut usih, pldmujue ghrhe jlmie chcu chrlfh mhfyhc 
 plfidmufhf pjhc. Ylfidmufhf pjhc yhfk mlrjlmie hchf dlfkhcimhtchf
 mlrcurhfkfyh hjirhf ghrhe cl tumue, tlrdhsuc `thc.
=) Nlfis Cljhdif
Gimhfgifk glfkhf plrldpuhf, jhci-jhci olfglrufk mlrlsic` jlmie mlshr 
dlfkhjhdi str`cl. Afi tlrchit mhewh jhci-jhci olfglrufk dlr`c`c. Mhehyh
tlrmlshr ghri r`c`c hghjhe dlrushc jhpishf pldmujue ghrhe phgh tumue
3) ]iwhyht Cljuhrkh
Nich shjhe shtu hfkk`th cljuhrkh dlfglrith str`cl, dhch cldufkcifhf ghri
clturufhf cljuhrkh tlrslmut ghpht dlfkhjhdi str`cl. @rhfk
glfkhf riwhyht str`cl phgh cljuhrkh dldijici rlsic` jlmie mlshr uftuc
tlrclfh str`cl gismhfgifk glfkhf `rhfk yhfk thfph riwhyht
str`cl phgh cljuhrkhfyh.
7) Ylrmlghhf ]hs

Bhcth tlrmhru dlfufjucchf mhewh str`cl phgh `rhfk HbrichChrimih slcithr 

guh chji jlmie tifkki ghriphgh `rhfk f`f-Chrimih. Ehj ifi gidufkcifchf
chrlfh tlchfhf ghrhe tifkki ghf gihmltls jlmie slrifk tlrjhgi phgh `rhfk
hbrich-chrimih ghriphgh `rhfk f`fHbrich Chrimih. Ehj ifi giplfkhruei jukh
`jle bhot`r klfltio ghf bhct`r jifkcufkhf.

O. Yht`bisi`j`ki
@thc dlruphchf mhkihf tumue yhfk shfkht slfsisitib `csiklf ghf
kjuc`sh chrlfh jhrifkhf `thc tighc ghpht dlfyidphf cljlmiehf `csiklf ghf
kjuc`sh slplrti ehjfyh phgh `t`t. Dlscipuf mlrht `thc slcithr =% ghri
sljurue mhghf,

<
fhduf dlfkkufhchf slcithr =<% supjhy `csiklf ghf ;9% kjuc`sh.
Nich hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc tlrehdmht dhch hchf tlrjhgi iscldih ghf
tlrjhgi khfkkuhf dlthm`jisdl `thc yhfk cldugihf tlrjhgi khfkkuhf plrbusi
slrlmrhj. Hrlh `thc gislcithr yhfk dlfkhjhdi eip`plrbusi gislmut
plfudmrh. Nich hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc tlrkhfkku, jlmie ghri 39 gltic phsilf
ghpht dlfkhjhdi tighc shghr ghf ghpht tlrjhgi clrushchf jhrifkhf `thc
yhfk plrdhflf jich hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc tlrkhfkku jlmie ghri 7 dlfit
(Whrw`t`, =983). \ftuc  dldplrthehfchf hjirhf ghrhe cl `thc dhch
tumue hchf dljhcuchf guh dlchfisdl tumue yhitu dlchfisdl hfht`dis
ghf dlchfisdl hut`rlkujhsi. Dlchfisdl hfhst`dis mlreumufkhf glfkhf
supjhi ghrhe cl `thc uftuc 
 pldlfuehf clmutuehf `csiklf ghf kjuc`sh. _lghfkchf dlchfisdl
hut`rlkujhsi hghjhe mhkhidhfh `thc dljhcuchf dlchfisdl/usheh
slfgiri ghjhd dlfjhkh clslidmhfkhf. Dishjfyh jich tlrjhgi eip`csldih
`thc dhch
 pldmujue ghrhe `thc hchf dlfkhjhdi vhs`gijhthsi (Whrw`t`, =983)
h. Dlchfisdl Hfht`dis
@thc giplrghrhei dljhjui = hrtlri chr`tis ghf = hrtlri vlrtlmrhjis. Hrtlri
chr`tis tlrmhki dhfljhgi chr`tis iftlrfh ghf chr`tis lcstlrfh.
Chr`tis iftlrfh dldplrghrhei jhfksufk cl ghjhd `thc ghf mlrohmhfk
cirh-cirh sltifkki cihsdh `pticud dlfjhgi hrtlri slrlmri hftlri`r ghf
dlgih. Chr`tis lcstlrfh dldplrghrhei whjhe, jighe gfh bhrifk,
dlfifklfs. Hrtlri vlrtlmrhjis mlrhshj ghri hrtlri sumojhvih. Hrtlri
vlrtlmrhjis dlfohphi ghshr  tlfkc`rhc dljhjui jhjhf tldmus ghri tujhfk
yhfk gimlftuc `jle pr`slsus trhfvlrsl ghri vlrtlmrh slrvichj dujhi ghri o2
shdphi glfkhf o8. Dhsuc cl ruhfk orhfihj dljhjui b`rhdlf dhkfud,
gidhfh hrtlri-hrtlri vlrtlmrh
 mlrkhmufk dlfjhgi hrtlri mhsijhr. Hrtlri mhsijhr mlrohmhfk dlfjhgi = hrtlri
slrlmrhj p`stlri`r yhfk dldlfuei clmutuehf plrduchhf dlgihj
ghf ifblri`r hrtlri mhic mhkihf jhtlrhj j`mus tldp`rhj ghf `ooipithj.
Dlscipuf hrtlri chr`tis iftlrfh ghf vlrtlmrhmhsijhris dlruphchf = sistld
hrtlri yhfk tlrpishe yhfk dlfkhjirhf ghrhe cl `thc, thpi cl guhfyh
gishtuchf `jle
 pldmujue ghf hfhst`d`sis yhfk dldmlftuc sircujhsi wijisi. Hrtlri slrlmri
 p`stlri`r gieumufkchf glfkhf hrtlri slrlmri dlgih ghf hrtlri
slrlmri hftlri`r gieumufkchf `jle hrtlri c`dufichf hftlri`r sleifkkh
tlrmlftuc 

2
 jifkchrhf yhfk jlfkchp. F`rdhjfyh hjirhf ghrhe ghjhd hrtlri c`dufichfs
ehfyhjhe slgicit. Hrtlri ifi dlruphchf plfyljhdht mijhdhfh
tlrjhgi
 plrumhehf tlchfhf ghrhe hrtlri yhfk grhdhtis.
 m. Dlchfisdl Hut`rlkujhsi
@csiklf ghf kjuc`sh hghjhe guh ljldlf yhfk plftifk uftuc dlthm`jisdl
slrlmrhj yhfk giplfuei `jle hjirhf ghrhe slohrh tlrusdlflrus. Hjirhf ghrhe
slrlmrhj giplrthehfchf glfkhf clolphthf c`fsthf ;<9dj/dlfit. Clolphthf
slrlmrhj c`fsthf ifi giplrthehfchf `jle suhtu dlchfisdl
e`dl`sthsis sistldic ghf j`ohj ghjhd rhfkch dldplrthehfchf
clmutuehf futrisi ghf ghrhe slohrh hglcuht. Wlrjhgifyh str`cl shfkht
lrht eumufkhffyh glfkhf
 plrumhehf hjirhfghrhe `thc, mhic chrlfh sudmhthf/`cjusi pldmujue ghrhe
`thc dhupuf plrghrhehf phgh `thc dlfidmujchf tighc hglcuhtfyh supjhi
`csiklf ghf kjuc`sh. Mlrcurhfkfyh `csiklf hthu
dlfifkchtfyh chrm`fgi`csigh dlrhfkshfk pldmujue ghrhe uftuc
mlrgijhthsi slmhkhi c`dplfshsi tumue uftuc dlfifkchtchf hjirhf
ghrhe jlmie mhfyhc.
_lmhjicyh clhghhf vhs`gijhthsi dldmlri lblc phgh tlchfhf iftrhorhfihj.
Clcurhfkhf `csiklf ghjhd `thc (eip`csih) hchf dlfidmujchf iscldih.
Clhghhf iscldih yhfk rljhtivl plfglc/olpht ghf ghpht pujie
cldmhji gislmut trhfsilft isoeldio htthocs (WAHs). _ljhdh plri`gl
hf`xih (tighc  hgh `csiklf) dlthm`jisd `thc olpht tlrkhfkku. _lj `thc
hchf dhti ghf tlrjhgi plrumhehf plrdhflf hfthrh 3-89 dlfit hf`csih.
;
 5

G. Dhfiblsthsi Cjifis
Dlfurut Whrw`t` (=983), dhfiblsthsi cjifis str`cl tlrkhftufk ghri sisi hthu
 mhkihf dhfh yhfk tlrclfh, rhth-rhth slrhfkhf, ucurhf jlsi ghf
hghfyh sircujhsi c`jhtlrhj. Yhgh str`cl eld`rhkic, kljhjh cjifis dljiputi>
h. Cljudpuehf whjhe hthu hfkk`th mhghf slmljhe (eldiphrisl)
hthu eldipjlkih (phrhjisis) yhfk tidmuj slohrh dlfghghc. Cljudpuehf
tlrjhgi hcimht hghfyh clrushchf phgh hrlh d`t`ric gi c`rtlcs mhkihf
br`fthj,

clrushchf ifi mlrsibht c`ftrhjhtlrhj hrtifyh jich tlrjhgi clrushchf

phgh eldisblr chfhf dhch cljudpuehf `t`t phgh slmljhe ciri. Yhsilf jukh
hchf
cleijhfkhf c`ftr`j `t`t vujlftlr ghf slfs`ric sleifkkh phsilf tighc
ghpht dljhcuchf lcstlfsi dhupuf bjlcsi.
 m. Khfkkuhf slfsimijiths phgh shtu hthu jlmie hfkk`th mhghf Khfkkuhf
slfsimijiths tlrjhgi chrlfh clrushchf systld shrhb `t`f`d ghf khfkkuhf
shrhb slfs`ric.
o. Ylfurufhf clshghrhf (c`fbusi, gljiriud, jlthrki, stup`r, hthu
c`dh), tlrjhgi hcimht plrghrhehf, clrushchf `thc cldugihf dlflchf
mhthfk `thc 

hthu tlrjhgifyh khfkkuhf dlthm`jic `thc hcimht eip`csih

g. Hbhsih (clsujithf ghjhd miohrh) Hbhsih hghjhe glbisit cldhdpuhf
c`dufichsi miohrh, tlrdhsuc ghjhd dldmhoh, dlfujis ghf dldhehdi
 mhehsh. Hbhsih tlrjhgi jich tlrghpht clrushchf phgh hrlh pusht miohrh
 pridlr yhfk mlrhgh phgh eldisblr ciri diggjl slmljhe ciri. Hbhsih gimhki
dlfjhgi 3 yhitu hbhsih d`t`ric,slfs`ric ghf hbhsih kj`mhj. Hbhsih
d`t`ric  hthu lcsprlsib tlrjhgi jich hrlh phgh hrlh Mr`oh, yhfk tlrjlthc
phgh j`mus br`fthj `thc. Yhgh hbhsih jlfis ifi phsilf ghpht dldhehdi
jhwhf miohrh tlthpi phsilf tighc ghpht dlfkufkchpchf
ghf clsujithf ghjhd

dlfkufkchpchf miohrh. Hbhsih slfs`ric tlrjhgi chrlfh clrushchf phgh hrlh

[lrfiocl, yhfk tlrjlthc phgh j`mus tldp`rhj. Yhgh hbhsih slfs`ri phsilf
tighc ghpht dlflridh stidujhsi plfglfkhrhf tlthpi phsilf dhdpu
dlfkufkchpchf pldmiohrhhf. _leifkkh rlsp`f pldmiohrhhf phsilf tighc 
fyhdmufk hthu c`elrlf. Yhgh hbhsih kj`mhj phsilf ghpht
dlrlsp`f
 pldmiohrhhf mhic dlflridh dhupuf dlfkufkchpchf pldmiohrhhf.

l. Gishtrih (miohrh olglj hthu plj`)

Dlruphchf clsujithf miohrh tlruthdh ghjhd hrticujhsi sleifkkh
uohphffyh dlfjhgi tighc jljhs. Fhduf gldicihf, phsilf
ghphtdldhehdi
 pldmiohrhhf, dlfujis, dlfglfkhrchf dhupuf dldmhoh. Gishrtrih tlrjhgi
chrlfh clrushchf flrvus orhfihj sleifkkh tlrjhgi cljldhehf ghri `t`t
mimir, jighe ghf jhrifk. Yhsilf jukh tlrghpht clsujithf ghjhd
dlfkufyhe ghf dlfljhf. b. Khfkkuhf plfkjiehthf, gipj`pih
Yhsilf ghpht cleijhfkhf
 plfkjiehthf hthu jukh phfghfkhf dlfjhgi khfgh, khfkkuhf jhphfk
 phfghfk phgh shjhe shtu sisi. Ehj ifi tlrjhgi chrlfh clrushchf phgh j`mus

tldp`rhj hthu phrilthj yhfk ghpht dlfkehdmht slrht shrhb `ptic

phgh c`rtlcs `csipithj. Khfkkuhf plfkjiehthf jukh ghpht gislmhmchf
chrlfh
clrushchf phgh shrhb orhfihj AAA, AR ghf RA.
k. Gisbhkih
Gisbhkih hthu clsujithf dlfljhf tlrjhgi chrlfh clrushchf flrvus orhfihj
AU. _ljhdh dlfljhf m`jus gig`r`fk `jle jighe ghf kj`ttis
dlfutup
cldugihf dhchfhf dhsuc cl ls`pehkus
 e. Afc`ftiflfsih Afc`ftiflfsih mhic m`wlj dhupuf mhgglr slrifk tlrjhgi
chrlfh tlrkhfkkufyh shrhb yhfk dlfshrhbi mjhgglr ghf m`wlj.

i. Rlrtik`, duhj, dufthe, fylri clphjh, tlrjhgi chrlfh plfifkchthf tlchfhf

iftrhcrhfihj, lgldh slrlmri

L. Yldlricshhf Ylfufjhfk
Hghpuf pldlricshhf plfufjhfk phgh _tr`cl Eld`rhkic dlfurut Dutthqif,
(=995) yhitu>
h. Hfki`krhbi _lrlmrhj> Dlflftuchf plfylmhm str`cl slohrh splsibic slplrti
 plrghrhehf hthu `mstrucsi hrtlri
 m. _ifkjl Ye`t`f Ldissi`f O`dputlg W`d`krhpey (_YLOW)> \ftuc 

dlfgltlcsi juhs ghf ghlrhe hmf`rdhj ghri `thc, yhfk jukh dlfgltlcsi,
dlj`chjishsi, ghf dlfkucur str`cl( slmljud fhdphc `jle pldifghihf OW-
_ohf)
o. OW _ohf> Yldifghihf ifi dldplrjiehtchf slohrh splsibic jlthc lgldh,
 p`sisi eldht`dh, hghfyh jhrifkhf `thc yhfk ifbhrc hthu iscldih ghf

89

 p`sisifyh slohrh phsti

g. D]A > Dlfkkufhchf klj`dmhfk dhkfltic uftuc dlflftuchf p`sisi ghf
 mlshr tlrjhgifyh plrghrhehf `thc ehsij yhfk gighphtchf hrlh yhfk
dlfkhjhdi jlsi ghf ifbrhc hcimht ghri eld`rhkic
l. LLK> Yldlricshhf ifi mlrtujuhf uftuc dljieht dhshjhe yhfk tidmuj ghf
ghdphc ghri jhrifkhf yhfk ifbrhc sleifkkh dlfuruffyh idpjus
jistric  ghjhd jhrifkhf `thc
b. Yldlricshhf Jhm`rht`riud > Ghrhe rutif, kujh ghrhe, urif rutif, ohirhf
slrlmr`spifhj, HKG, mi`cidih ghrhe, ljlctr`jit.

B. Ylfhthjhcshfhhf
Hghpuf plfhthjhcshhhf dlgis dlfurut Dutthqif (=995) yhitu>
h. Ylfhthjhcshfhhf Dlgis 
8) Dlfurufchf clrushchf iscldic slrlmrhj Wifghchf hwhj gib`cuschf uftuc 

dlfyljhdhtchf slmhfyhc dufkcif hrlh iscldic glfkhf

dldmlrichf
`csiklf, kjuc`sh ghf hjirhf ghrhe yhfk hglcuht glfkhf dlfk`ftr`j hthu
 dldplrmhici gisritdih slrth tlchfhf ghrhe.
=) Dlfklfghjichf eiplrtlfsi ghf dlfurufchf WAC Glfkhf dlfifkkichf

clphjh 8<-39 glrhjht dlfkeifghri bjlxi ghf r`thsi clphjh yhfk mlrjlmiehf,
 pldmlrihf glxhdltehs`f.
3) Ylfk`mhthf h. Hfti C`hkujhf > Elphrif uftuc dlfurufchf clolfglrufkhf
 plrghrhehf phgh bhsl hcut m. @mht Hfti Wr`dm`tic > Yldmlrihf
ifi giehrhpchf dlfolkhe plristiwh tr`dm`jitic hthu ldm`jic o.
Giurltich >
\ftuc dlfurufchf lgldh
slrlmrhj 7) Yldmlghehf
Lfghrtlrlct`di chr`tis gijhcuchf uftuc dldplrmhici plrlghrhf ghrhe
`thc.

m. Ylfhthjhcshfhhf Clplrhwhthf
8) Y`sisi clphjh ghf mhghf 8<-39 glrhjht. Y`sisi dirifk hphmijh dufthe ghf
 m`jle dujhi d`mijishsi mlrthehp jich eld`gifhdich sthmij.
=) Mlmhschf jhjhf fhbhs ghf plrthehfchf vlftijhsi yhfk hglcuht.
3) Whfgh-thfgh vithj ushehchf sthmij

88

7) Mlgrlst
<) Ylrthehfchf clslidmhfkhf ohirhf ghf ljlctr`jit
2) Eifghri clfhichf sueu, mhtuc, c`fstiphsi, hthu ohirhf suoti`f yhfk
 mlrjlmie
 8=

K. Hsuehf Clplrhwhthf
Wl`ritis h. Ylfkchjihf
Hghpuf B`cus plfkchjihf phgh cjilf glfkhf _tr`cl Eld`rhkic dlfurut
Whrw`t` (=983) yhitu>
8) Aglftiths Cilf Dljiputi iglftiths cjilf (fhdh, udur, jlfis cljhdif, sthtus,

sucu, hkhdh, hjhdht, plfgigichf, gihkf`sh dlgis, thfkkhj D]_,

ghf thfkkhj plfkchjihf gihdmij) ghf iglftiths plfhfkkufk jhwhm (fhdh,
udur,
 plfgigichf, hkhdh, sucu, eumufkhf glfkhf cjilf, plclrjhhf, hjhdht).
=) Cljuehf \thdh

Hghpuf cljuehf uthdh yhfk slrifk gijudphi yhitufyh cjilf dlfkhjhdi

cljldhehf hfkk`th klrhc slmljhe mhghf, mihshfyh cjilf dlfkhjhdi miohrh
 plj`, mihshfyh cjilf clsujithf ghjhd mlrc`dufichsi ghf plfurufhf tifkcht
clshghrhf.
3) ]iwhyht Clslehthf _lchrhfk
 Clhghhf ifi mlrjhfksufk slohrh dlfghghc mhic slghfk
dljhcuchf hctiviths hthupuf tighc slghfk dljhcuchf hctiviths. Kljhjh
yhfk dufouj
 slplrti duhj, fylri clphjh, dufthe mhechf cljhfk shdphi tighc shghr,
cljudpuehf slphrue mhghf hthu khfkkuhf bufksi `thc yhfk jhif.

7) ]iwhyht Clslehthf Gheuju

Hghpuf riwhyht clslehthf gheuju yhitufyh dldijici riwhyht eiplrtlfsi,
riwhyht GD, dldijici plfyhcit jhftufk, hfldih, riwhyht trhudh clphjh,
riwhyht c`trhslpsi `rhj yhfk jhdh, riwhyht plfkkufhf `mht-`mht
hfti c`hkujhsi, hspirif, vhs`gijht`r, `mht-`mht hgictib, clklduchf.
<) ]iwhyht Ylfyhcit Cljuhrkh
Hghfyh riwhyht cljuhrkh glfkhf eiplrtlfsi, hghfyh riwhyht GD, ghf
hghfyh riwhyht hfkk`th cljuhrkh yhfk dlfglrith str`cl.
2) ]iwhyht Ysic`s`sihj

Hghfyh clhghhf gidhfh phgh c`fgisi ifi dldlrjuchf mihyh uftuc 

 plfk`mhthf slohrh c`dprlelfsib, sleifkkh dldlrjuchf mihyh uftuc 
 pldlricshhf ghf plfk`mhthf slrth plrhwhthf yhfk shfkht dhehj ghpht
dldplfkhruei sthmijiths ld`si ghf picirhf cjilf ghf cljuhrkh.

83

;) Yldlricshhf Bisic
h. Wifkcht Clshghrhf
K`fol (=99=) tifkcht clshghrhf dlruphchf phrhdltlr ufthdh yhfk shfkht
 plftifk phgh plfglrith str`cl. Ylrjugichji slohrh tljiti ghf
slohrh c`dprlelfsib uftuc dlfkltheui tifkcht clshghrhf ghri cjilf glfkhf
str`cl. Dhohd-dhohd tifkcht clshghrhf tlrmhki hths>
Dlt`gh Wifkcht ]lsp`fsiviths
8) O`dp`sdlftis > c`fgisi sls`rhfk yhfk shghr slplfuefyh, mhic tlrehghp
girifyh dhupuf tlrehghp girifyh dhupuf tlrehp jifkcufkhffyh ghf

ghpht dlfjhwhm plrthfyhhf yhfk gifyhthchf pldlricsh glfkhf mhic

=) Hphtis > yhitu c`fgisi slsl`rhfk yhfk thdphc slkhf ghf houe thc houe
tlrehghp jifkcufkhffyh
3) Glrijiud > yhitu c`fgisi sls`rhfk yhfk dlfkhjhdi clchohuhf klrhchf,
sicjus tigur mhfkuf yhfk tlrkhfkku ghf thdphc khgue kljishe, chohu,
gis`rilfthsi srth dlr`fth-r`fth
7) _`df`jlf > yhitu c`fgisi sls`rhfk yhfk dlfkhftuc fhduf dhsie ghpht
 shghr mijh girhfshfk, tlthpi mijh rhfkshfk mlrelfti hchf tlrtigur cldmhji
<) _`p`r > yhitu c`fgisi slsl`rhfk yhfk dlfkhftuc yhfk ghjhd, fhduf dhsie

ghpht gimhfkufchf glfkhf rhfkshfk yhfk cuht, dishjfyh rhfkshfk fylri,

tlthpi tighc tlrmhfkuf sldpurfh ghf tighc ghpht dlfjhwhm plrthfyhhf
glfkhf mhic.
2) _ldi-O`dh > yhitu plfurufhf clshghrhf yhfk tighc dldmlrichf
rlsp`fs tlrehghp plrthfyhhf, tighc ghpht gimhfkufchf shdh
slchji, rlsp`fs tlrehghp rhfkshfk fylri ehfyh slgicit, tlthpi rlbjlcs
c`rflh ghf pupij dhsie mhic.
;) O`dh > yhitu plfurufhf clshghrhf yhfk shjhfkht ghjhd,
dldmlrichf rlsp`fs tlrehghp plrfyhthhf, tighc hgh klrhchf, ghf
tighc hgh rlsp`fs

tlrehghp rhfkshfk fylri.

Mlricut tifkcht clshghrhf mlrghshrchf schjh fijhi ghri sc`r
yhfk gighpht ghri plfijhihf KO_ cjilf >
h. Fijhi KO_ O`dp`sdlftis > 8< ‟ 87
 m. Fijhi KO_ Hphtis > 83 ‟ 8=

87

o. Fijhi KO_ Glrijiud > 88 ‟ 89

g. Fijhi KO_ _`df`jlf > 1 ‟ ;
l. Fijhi KO_ _ldi O`dh > 7
b. Fijhi KO_ O`dh > 3
_chjh C`dh Kjhsk`w
Yhgh clhghhf plrhwhthf slsufkkuefyh gidhfh whctu uftuc dlfkudpujchf
ghth shfkht tlrmhths, _chjh c`dh Kjhsk`w ghpht dldmlrichf jhjhf
pifths yhfk shfkht mlrkufh.
_chjh C`dh Kjhsk`w

]lsp`f D ldmuch D hth Fijhi

_p`fthf 7
Wlrehghp miohrh 3
Wlrehghp fylri =
 ]lsp`f R lrmhj Fijhi

Wlr`rilfthsi <
Ylrohchphf yhfk dldmifkufkchf 7
Ylfkkufhhf chth-chth yhfk tighc  3
slsuhi

_uhrh dlfkkudhd =
Wighc hgh rlsp`f 8

]lsp`f D `t`ric Fijhi

Dlfkicuti plrifthe 2

Dlfufjuc tldpht rhfkshfkhf <

Dlfkeifghr ghri stidujus 7
Bjlcsi hmf`rdhj (glc`rtichsi) 3

8<

Lcstlfsi hmf`rdhj (glslrlmrhsi) =

Wighc hgh rlsp`f 8

 m. Klrhchf, Clcuhthf ghf C``rgifhsi

Whfgh ghri tlrjhgifyh khfkkuhf flur`j`kis yhitu tlrjhgifyh cljldhehf `t`t
yhfk dlfjhgi thfgh plftifk ghjhd str`cl. Yldlricshhf clcuhthf `t`t ghpt
gijhcuchf `jle plrhwht glfkhf dlfijhi lctrldiths glfkhf
dldmlrich thehfhf mhki `t`t ghf jukh plrhwht mish dlfkkufhchf khyh
krhvithsi.

_chjh plrifkcht uftuc clcuhthf `t`t

9 Wighc thdphc hgh c`ftrhcsi `t`t

8 Hghfyh thfgh-thfgh ghri c`ftrhcsi

 3 Mlrklrhc dljhwhf khyh krhvithsi tlthpi tighc ghpht dljhwhf thehfhf
`t`t pldlricsh

7 Mlrklrhc glfkhf jldhe tlrehghp thehfhf ghri `t`t pldlricsh

< Clcuhthf ghf rlkhfkhf yhfk f`rdhj

8) ]lbjlc
]lsp`f d`t`ric tlrjhgi hcimht hghfyh rlbjlc yhfk tlrjhgi dljhjui stidujhsi
slfs`ri. C`ftr`j slrlmri ghf clshghrhf tighc gimutuechf uftuc
tlrjhgifyh rlbjlc. ]lsp`f hmf`rdhj(mhmifsci) hghjhe imu jhri g`rs` bjlcsi
hthu klrhchf cl hths imu jhri glfkhf hthu thfph dljimhtchf jhri-jhri chci yhfk
jhif.
=) Ylrumhehf Yupij
Yupij ehrus ghpht gifijhi ucurhf ghf mlftucfyh (slmhicfyh gimuht
ghjhd dijjidltlr). _urue phsilf mlrb`cus phgh titic yhfk jhue ghjhd
ruhfkhf. Yldlricsh ehrus dljlthcchf ujufk jhri ghri shjhe shtu
thfkhffyh sljhjhr  glfkhf eigufk phsilf. Hrhechf ohehyh yhfk tlrhfk cl
ghjhd shjhe shtu dhth ghf plrehtichf hghfyh c`fstricsi pupij yhfk olpht
(rlsp`f jhfksufk).

82

Ylrehtichf mhewh pupij yhfk jhif jukh ehrus icut c`fstricsi

(rlsp`f c`fslfsuhj). Hfis`c`r (pupij yhfk tighc shdh) ghpht f`rdhj phgh
p`pujhsi yhfk prlslfthsifyh cloij hthu dufkcif dlfjhgi ifgichsi hghfyh
gisbufksi flurhj.
3) Whfgh-thfgh Rithj
Whfgh-thfgh cjhsic ghri plfifkchthf tlchfhf iftrh orhfihj dljiputi
clfhichf tlchfhf sist`jic ghjhd eumufkhf glfkhf tlchfhf fhgi yhfk
dldmlshr, fhgi jldhe hthu jhdmht ghf plrfhphshf tighc tlrhtur.
7) _hrhb Crhfihj

A. @jbhct`rius > shrhb orhfihj A mlrisi slrhmut slfs`ric uftuc ifglrh plfkeigu.
Dhth phsilf tlrpljhd ghf jlthcchf mhehf-mhehf hr`dhtio glcht eigufk
uftuc giiglftibichsi.
AA. @pticus > Hcuiths visuhj chshr gifijhi glfkhf dlfyurue phsilf dldmhoh
 tujishf olthc. Clmutuehf hchf chohdhth slmljud phsilf shcit
ehrus giplrehtichf.
AAA @cuj`d`t`ris > Dlfkklrhcchf slmhkihf mlshr `t`t dhth
AR. Wr`cjlhr > Dlfkklrhcchf mlmlrhph `t`t dhth
R. Wrikldifhj > _hrhb trikldifhj dldpufyhi 3 mhkihf> `pthjdicus,

dhcsijhris, ghf dhgimujhris. Mhkihf slfs`ri ghri shrhb ifi

dlfk`ftr`j slfs`ri phgh whjhe ghf c`rflh. Mhkihf d`t`ric
dlfk`ftr`j `t`t dlfkufyhe. _hrhb ifi slohrh phrsihj gifijhi glfkhf
dlfijhi rlbjhc c`rflh3
 jich itu mhic phsilf hchf mlrclgip cltich c`rflh giushp chphs
slohrh ehjus. Cldhdpuhf uftuc dlfkufyhe ghf dlfkhtup rhehfk ehrus
gihdhti.
RA. Hmguslf > _hrhb orhfihj ifi gifijhi slohrh mlrshdhhf chrlfh cltikhfyh
dldplrshrhbi `t`t lcstrh`cujhr. _hrhb ifi gifijhi glfkhf dlfyurue phsilf
uftuc dlfkicuti klrhchf jhri pldlricsh cl slkhjh hrhe.

RAA. Bhsihj > Mhkihf slfs`ri shrhb ifi mlrclfhhf glfkhf plfklohphf phgh guh
 plrtikh hftlri`r jighe. Mhkihf d`t`ric ghri shrhb ifi dlfk`ftr`j `t`t
lcsprlsi whjhe. Wipl yhfk phjifk udud ghri phrhjisis bhsihj
plriblr  hghjhe mljj-s phjsi. RAAA. Hcusticus > _hrhb ifi gimhki dlfjgi
ohmhfk- ohmhfk c`cjlhris ghf vlstimujhr, yhfk slohrh mlruruthf
dlfk`ftr`j

8;

 plfglfkhrhf ghf clslidmhfkhf. _hrhb c`cjlhris giplricsh

glfkhf c`fgucsi tujhfk ghf ughrh. _hrhb vlstimujhr dufkcif tighc
giplricsh slohrh rutif fhduf plrhwht ehrus whsphgh, tlrehghp cljuehf
pusifk hthu vlrtik` ghri phsilf.
AU. Kj`s`bhrifklhj > _lfs`ri> Dlflridh rhfkshfk ghri mhkihf p`stlri`r jighe
uftuc gipr`sls gi `thc slmhkhi slfshsi rhsh. D`t`ric>
Dlfklfghjichf
`rkhf-`rkhf ghjhd
U. Rhkus > _hrhb orhfihj ifi mihshfyh gifijhi mlrshdh-shdh.
_hrhb  Kj`s`bhrifklus dldplrshrhbi slrhmut slfs`ri phgh slplrtikh jighe
mhkihf

 p`stlri`r jukh uvujh ghf jhfkit-jhfkit jufhc._hrhb vhkus

dldplrshrhbi jhrifk, bhrifk ghf jhfkit-jhfkit jufhc slrth
 dldplrjiehtchf rlsp`f
`t`f`d phgh jhftufk, jhdmufk, phruphru ghf usus ehjus.
Cltighc  dhdpuhf uftuc mhtuc yhfk cuht, clsujithf dlfljhf ghf suhrh
slrhc  ghpht dlruphchf plrthfgh hghfyh clrushchf shrhb ifi.
UA. Hsls`ris spifhj > _hrhb ifi dlfk`ftr`j `t`t-`t`t stlrf`cjilg`d`st`ig ghf
`t`t trhplsius Yldlricsh dlfijhi shrhb ifi glfkhf dlfyurue phsilf
 dlfkhfkcht mheu hthu dlduthr clphjh ghri shtu sisi cl sisi jhif tlrehghp
thehfhf, mish jukh gi mhkihf chci ghf thfkhf.

UAA. Eip`kj`sus > _hrhb ifi dlfk`ftr`j klrhchf jighe. _hrhb ifi gifijhi glfkhf
dlfyurue phsilf dlfjujurchf jighe. Fijhi hghfyh glvihsi khris tlfkhe,
trld`r ghf htr`pi. Nich hgh glvihsi slcufglr tlrehghp clrushchf shrhb,
dhch hchf dlfkhrhe phgh sisi yhfk tlrjhgi jlsi.
 m. Gihkf`sh Clplrhwhthf
h) ]lsic` plrbusi slrlmrhj tighc lblctib m/g plfurufhf ciflrjh vlftriclj ciri,
tud`r `thc, oiglrh clphjh, ifbhrc di`chrg hcut, eiplrtlfsi
ghf eiplrc`jlstlr`fldih.
 m) Y`jh fhphs tighc lblctib m/g glprlsi pusht plrfhphshf, ehdmhthf

uphyh fhphs, khfkkuhf flur`duscujhr ghf khfkkuhf flur`j`kis.

o) Mlrsiehf jhjhf fhbhs tighc lblctib m/g sphsdl jhjhf fhphs, gisbufksi
flur`duscujlr ghf slcrlsi yhfk tlrthehf.
g) Khfkkuhf d`mijiths bisic m/g khfkkuhf flur`duscujlr ghf

cljldhehf hfkk`th klrhc

85

l) Khfkkuhf c`dufichsi vlrmhj m/g plfurufhf sircujhsi slrlmrhj,

ghf khfkkuhf flur`duscujlr
b) Khfkkuhf plrslpsi slfs`ri m/g khfkkuhf plfkjiehthf, plfglfkhrhf,
 plfkeiguhf, ghf eip`csih slrlmrhj.
k) Glbisit futrisi m/g cltighcdhdpuhf dlfljhf dhchfhf
e) ]lsic` khfkkuhf iftlkriths cujit/ jhrifkhf m/g plfurufhf d`mijiths
i) Glbisit plrhwhthf giri m/g khfkkuhf flur`duscujlr ghf cljldhehf
 81

F`. Gihkf`sh Clplrhwhthf _thfghr Juhrhf Clplrhwhthf _thfghr Aftlrvlfsi Clplrhwhthf Afg`flsih
Afg`flsih (_JCA) (_ACA)

8. ]lsic` plrbusi slrlmrhj _ltljhe gijhcuchf tifghchf Dhfhjldlf Ylfifkchthf Wlchfhf

tighc   lblctib m/g eiplrtlfsi
Clplrhwhthf 3x =7 jhd giehrhpchf Aftrhcrhfihj @mslrvhsi
plrbusi jhrifkhf slrlmrhj 8. Aglftichsi plfylmhm plfifkchthf WAC 
phsilf dlfjhgi lblctib glfkhf =. D`fit`r thfgh/kljhjh plfifkchthf WAC 
critlrih ehsij> 3. D`fit`r DHY, ORY, YH[Y, YHY, AOY, ghf
h) Wifkcht clshghrhf c`kfitib OYY, jich plrju
dlfifkcht 7. D`fit`r klj`dmhfk AOY
 m) Kljishe dlfuruf <. D`fit`r sthtus plrfhphshf
o) Wlchfhf iftrhcrhfihj dlfuruf 2. D`fit`r ifthcl ghf `utput ohirhf
g) Clshghrhf dldmhic  ;. D`fit`r ohirhf slrlmr`-spifhj
Wlrhplutic 
8. Difidhjchf stidujus glfkhf dlfylgihchf
jifkcufkhf yhfk tlfhfk
=. Mlrichf p`sisi sldi
b`wjlr  3. Eifghri dhfuvlr
Rhjshvh 7. Olkhe tlrjhgifyh
cljhfk
=9
<. Eifghri plfkkufhhf YLLY
2. Htur vlftijht`r hkhr YhO@= `ptidhj
;. Ylrthehfchf sueu tumue f`rdhj
C`jhm`rhsi
8. C`jhm`rhsi pldmlrihf slghsi ghf hfti c`fvujshf, jich plrju
=. C`jhm`rhsi pldmlrihf giurltic `sd`sis 3. C`jhm`rhsi pldmlrihf pljufhc tifjh Yldhfthuhf Flur`j`kis
@mslrvhsi >
8. D`fit`r ucurhf, mlftuc, clsidltrishf, ghf rlhctibiths pupij.
=. D`fit`r tifkcht clshghrhf 3. D`fit`r thfgh-thfgh vithj
7. D`fit`r sthtus plrfhphshf > hfhjish khs ghrhe,
`csidltri fhgi, clghjhdhf fhphs, p`jh fhphs, ghf usheh fhphs
<. D`fit`r rlbjlcs c`rflh

=8

2. D`fit`r clsidltrishf whjhe

;. D`fit`r rlsp`fs mhmifsci
5. D`fit`r rlsp`fs tlrehghp plfk`mhthf.
Wlrhplutic 
8. Wifkchtchf brlculfsi pldhfthuhf flur`j`kis,
 jich plrju
=. Eifghri hctiviths yhfk ghpht dlfifkchtchf
tlchfhf iftrhcrhfihj
3. Htur iftlrvhj whctu pldhfthuhf slsuhi glfkhf
c`fgisi phsilf
7. G`cudlfthsichf ehsij pldhfthuhf.

Lguchsi
8. Nljhschf tujuhf ghf pr`slgur pldhfthuhf

=. Afb`rdhsichf ehsij pldhfthuhf.

=. Y`jh Fhbhs tighc Lblctib _ltljhe gijhcuchf tifghchf hsuehf Dhfhjldlf jhjhf
m/g ehdmhthf uphyh fhbhs clplrhwhthf 3x =7 jhd giehrhpchf fhbhs @mslrvhsi
p`jh fhbhs phsilf dlfjhgi 8. D`fit`r p`jh fhphs (brlculfsi,
lblctib  glfkhf critlrih ehsij> clghjhdhf,usheh fhphs)

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