EXCRETORY

SYSTEM
 EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
– primary function is the maintenance
of the composition, volume, and
pressure of the blood thru elimination
of some inorganic salts and nitrogenous
waste products (components)

COMPONENTS:
. Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
 KIDNEY
•paired, somewhat flattened bean-shaped
organs which lie on either side of the
vertebral column against the posterior
abdominal wall
- filters the blood
- excretion of urea, inorganic salts and
excess water and also some foreign
substances
- made up of many units called nephron
(functional unit of the kidney)
-Nephron
• Glomerulus,
• Bowman’s capsule,
• Proximal convoluted tubule,
• Loop of Henle,
• Distal convoluted tubule
Ureters – single tube leading
from each kidney to the bladder
Bladder – very elastic sac that
stores urine until it voided
Urethra – a highly elastic tube
that leads from the bladder to
and through the penis in males
and to the vagina in females
 Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular secretion

- Substance not useful and

excessive to the organism are
rejected known as urine

https://quizlet.com/403485123/physiology-of-urine-formation-3-steps-
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• REPRODUCTION

◦ 2 FORMS

ASEXUAL – does not require sex organ

SEXUAL-male and female organs are involved
Male Reproductive System
HA P L OID G A M ET E CA L L ED S PER M
Parts of Testes
• 1. seminiferous tubules – where sperms are
produced
• 2. sertoli cells – nurse cells for developing
spermatids
• 3. Interstitial/Leydig cells – produce
androgen
• 4. Tunica vaginalis – serous membrane
which covers the testicles
• 5. Rete testis – structure which receives
spermatozoa from the tubula recti and passes
them to the vas deferens
• 6. Vas deferens – network of tubules which
connect the rete testes to the epididymis
Excurrent ducts
A. Epididymis – place for maturation of spermatozoa
prior to ejaculation
B. vas deferens/ductus deferens
1. muscular tube which merges with the epididymis
and empties in the urethra
2. propels the spermatozoa at the time of ejaculation from
the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in the urethra
c. efferent ducts collect and store spermatozoa and
conduct it from the rete testis into the head of
the epididymis
Urethra
1. a canal starting from the junction of the ampullae and
the end at the opening of the penis
2. common passage of semen and urine from the bladder
Accessory sex glands
A. Ampulla/ampullae
- serve as temporary storage of sperm until
the time of ejaculation
B. Seminal vesicles
- produce secretion high in fructose
-serves to flush the urethra and act as
vehicle for spermatozoa transport
C. Prostate gland
produces a viscous secretion which is said
to stimulate spermatozoa activity and
help give semen its characteristic odor

D. Cowper’s gland/bulbourethral gland

Scrotum
the external covering.
A. Functions
1. protects the testes from direct
mechanical injury
2. provides the testes an environment
few degrees cooler than the
body temperature (6-9°F)
Penis
Covered by an invaginated fold
of skin known as the prepuce
sheath
A. Functions
1. organ of erection and
ejaculation
2. serves to introduce the
spermatozoa into the vagina
3. drains the urinary bladder of
urine
 C. Erection
1. increase in the turgidity of the organ caused by a greater inflow than outflow of
blood
D. Ejaculation – a reflex emptying of the epididymis, urethra, and accessory sex
glands caused by:
1. stimulation of the glans penis, either by natural service or by an artificial
vagina
2. manual massage of the accessory sex glands through the rectum
3. by the use of electric ejaculator
Semen- consists of the sperm cells
plus the secretions of the three
accessory glands.
Vasectomized animals- the vas
deferens are severed,
Castrated animals- both testes are
removed
The life-span of ejaculated spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract is
about 24 hrs (20-30 hrs) in most mammals and about 14 days in chickens.