รԿԳհਚრլऄ۩੡ፖ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհխឰ

່೏ऄೃ԰Ϥ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬รԮԮԲᇆ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ூ‫ެܒ‬հઔߒ
ᇯཤࣥʳ ʳ ‫؀‬᨜Օᖂऄ৳ᖂೃઝᎾᖞ‫ٽ‬ऄ৳ઔߒࢬඒ඄

໸Εூࠏࠃኔ֗‫ެܒ‬૞‫ڱ‬
‫ظ‬ֆ‫׹‬հ૤ຂԳ A ᕏᕍ‫ظ‬հ޳߫۟Ԭᆖᛜհ塊ᨚ‫ش‬塊ΔA ലᇠٌ߫ፖԬ቟‫ش‬հऒ߫
୉ BΖB ೖ‫ݔ‬ᇠ߫৵Δലᨤೲᆜ࣍ऒ߫‫آ؀‬Ղ᠙հࢼഴփΔง‫ࣹآ‬რঅጥΔ‫ܛ‬ᠦၲऒ߫
‫؀‬ၞԵ塊ᨚ࠷‫־‬௎Δࠀፖ‫ࠃٵ‬༃ᄋΔીᔡլᇡԳՓଊᖲ᧗࠷ᨤೲࠀၲߨᇠ߫ѾΖ
รԲᐉऄೃᎁ੡ΚψB ੡Ղ္ԳԬհ࠹቟ԳΔൕࠃ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐ೭Δᚨࣹრല࠹ಜೖ
ऒհߓञ޳߫ೖ࣋࣍‫ڜ‬٤๠ࢬΔ‫ݔ‬࿳অጥ޳߫ᨤೲΔࠉࠡൣ‫ॺࠀݮ‬լ౨ࣹრΔԯࠡຶ‫آ‬
ࣹრΔല޳߫ᨤೲᙟრᆜ࣍‫آ‬Ղ᠙հሁᢰऒ߫‫ࢼ؀‬ഴΔຕ۞ᠦၲၞԵ塊ᨚ࠷ֽΔ༚‫آ‬ಜ
Գ઎ጥΔીᔡรԿԳ᧗࠷Δ۞‫ڶ‬መ؈Ζ‫ظ‬ֆ‫ڶࢬ׹‬հߓञ޳߫‫ۖڂ‬؈᧗Δ࠹‫ڶ‬ತขᦞհ
ჾ୭Δፖ B հመ؈۩੡Δ‫ڶ‬ઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΙB ‫ڂ‬መ؈ॿ୭‫ظ‬ֆ‫׹‬հᦞ‫ܓ‬Δࠡ۩੡‫ܛ‬᥆լ
ऄΔᚨዌ‫۩ᦞॿګ‬੡ΖՂ္Գឈ᥯ጠΚA ፖْၴ༉ߓञ޳߫‫ڶ‬ബಜᣂএ‫ڇژ‬ΔA ‫ࠉױ‬႘
೭լᐌ۩ऄঞᓮ‫ْޣ‬ᓽᚍჾ୭Δᣂ࣍ॿᦞ۩੡հ๵ࡳΔ‫ྤܛ‬ᔞ‫ش‬塒‫چ‬ճճΖ൫਷ߓञബ
ಜᣂএਝॺ‫ظ࣍ڇژ‬ֆ‫׹‬ፖՂ္ԳհၴΔ۞ྤᡶᇠֆ‫׹‬ኙ࣍Ղ္Գࠉॿᦞ۩੡ऄঞᓮ‫ޣ‬
ჾ୭ᓽᚍհᦞ‫ܓ‬ΔՂ္Գ‫ڼ‬ႈ‫ݼ‬᥯ࠀॺߩආωΖ
ྥۖΔ່೏ऄೃথ‫א‬Հ૪෻‫ط‬ᐒඵรԲᐉ‫ެܒ‬Κψࢬᘯઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔএ‫۩א‬੡Գ
հ۩੡ࢬທ‫ګ‬հড়ᨠ‫ࠃڇژ‬ኔΔࠉᆖ᧭ऄঞΔ‫ױ‬ᎁຏൄ݁‫ױ‬౨࿇‫ٵس‬ᑌჾ୭հ࿨࣠ۖ
ߢΙ‫ٵڼڶڕ‬ԫයٙ‫ڇژ‬Δຏൄլ‫ؘ‬ઃ࿇‫ڼس‬ჾ୭հ࿨࣠Δঞᇠයٙፖ࿨࣠ࠀլઌᅝΔ
‫ྤܛ‬ઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΙլ౨ႛ‫۩א‬੡Գ༉ࠡ۩੡‫ڶ‬ਚრመ؈Δ‫ܛ‬ᎁᇠ۩੡ፖჾ୭ၴ‫ڶ‬ઌᅝ
‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΖߓञ޳߫֗ࠡᨤೲᔡ᧗Δএ‫࣍נ‬รԿԳհਚრլऄ۩੡ΔB ‫آ‬ጐࠡঅጥߓञ
޳߫ᨤೲհࣹრᆠ೭Δຏൄൣ‫ݮ‬Δਢ‫ױܡ‬ᎁࠡ݁ല࿇‫س‬๯᧗հ࿨࣠ΔࡸॺྤጊΖω[Д
211]
‫؀‬᨜೏࿛ऄೃࠉᖕছ૪࿇‫ڃ‬რ‫ڱ‬Δ‫א‬԰Ϥ‫ڣ‬Ղ‫ޓ‬ΰԫαรԫ؄նᇆ‫ެܒ‬ᐒඵรԫᐉ
ࢬ੡๯Ղ္Գ໏္հ‫ެܒ‬Δ‫ܒޏ‬Ꮝ‫ڃ‬๯Ղ္Գ‫ڇ‬รԫᐉհ္Ζ

၁Εছߢ
ࠉ່೏ऄೃԫ຃ߠᇞΔჾ୭ᓽᚍհ႘Δ‫ڶא‬ჾ୭հ࿇‫ڶ֗س‬ຂٚ଺‫ڂ‬հࠃኔΔࠀԲ
ृհၴΔ‫ڶ‬ઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএ੡ࠡ‫مګ‬૞ٙΰԿϤ‫ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬รԫԶᇆ֗؄Զ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬ร؄Զԫ

Ѿ
‫؀‬᨜೏࿛ऄೃ 90 ‫ڣ‬Ղ‫(ޓ‬1)‫ڗ‬ร 145 ᇆ‫ެܒ‬Ζ

‫ृ܂ط֮ء‬඄ᦞִ‫؟‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀ 1
ᇆ‫ࠏܒ‬αΖࢬᘯઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔঞ੡ψྤ‫۩ڼ‬੡Δឈ‫ؘ‬լ‫ڼس‬ጟჾ୭Δ‫۩ڼڶ‬੡Δຏൄ
‫ڼسߩܛ‬ጟჾ୭ृΔ੡‫ڶ‬ઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΙ‫۩ڼྤڕ‬੡Δ‫ؘ‬լ‫ڼس‬ጟჾ୭Δ‫۩ڼڶ‬੡Δຏ
ൄٍլ‫ڼس‬ጟჾ୭ृΔ‫ܛ‬੡ྤઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএωΰ԰؄‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬รԫԲԮԫᇆΕรԫԲԲ
նᇆ࿛‫ެܒ‬αѿΖ
๯୭Գࢬ࠹հჾ୭Δএొጰ‫ףڂ‬୭Գᚨ૤ຂհ۩੡ᖄીृΔঞჾ୭ፖ۩੡հၴ‫ڶ‬ઌ
ᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔࡐྤംᠲΖ൫ທ‫ګ‬ჾ୭հ଺‫ࠃڂ‬ኔΔೈ‫ף‬୭Գհ۩੡؆Δࡸ‫ڶ‬รԿԳհ۩
੡ृΔঞ‫ף‬୭Գ۩੡ਢ‫ܡ‬սፖჾ୭ࠠ‫ڶ‬ઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔ‫ڶܛ‬ጊᆠΖ‫ڼ‬ጟൣ‫ݮ‬Δ᥆࣍ψխ
ឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএωΰnovus actus interveniensαᣊীհԫҀΔ੷ଖૹီΖ

೶Ε૎ભऄૹ૞ூࠏ
รԿԳհ۩੡ਢ‫אߩܡ‬խឰ଺ࡨ۩੡ፖึ‫ݝ‬ჾ୭ၴհઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔࠀ‫ࡨ଺ࠌۖڂ‬
۩੡Գኙ๯୭Գլ૤ᓽᚍຂٚΔᚨီଡூൣ‫ࡳۖݮ‬Ζഗ‫ء‬ՂΔᚨ‫ە‬ᐞհ‫ڕైڂ‬ՀҁΚ1.
รԿԳ۩੡հൎ৫ਢ‫۩ࡨ଺ࠌܡ‬੡ኙჾ୭հ࿇‫س‬Δբᆖஇ֏۟პլߩሐΛ2.รԿԳհ۩
੡এ‫࣍נ‬ਚრࢨመ؈Λਢ‫ױܡ‬൓ቃߠΛ3.รԿԳհ۩੡ፖ๯‫ܫ‬հ଺ࡨ۩੡ਢ‫ݙܡ‬٤ྤ
ᣂΙངߢհΔ๯‫ܫ‬ਢ‫ܡ‬ኙ଺‫ܫ‬૤‫ߓַ߻ڶ‬ञรԿԳ۩੡࿇‫س‬հᆠ೭Λ૎ભऄՂΔᆖൄ๯
֧‫ش‬հூࠏ‫ڕ‬Հ҂Κ
ԫΕᣂ࣍รԿԳ۩੡հൎ৫
‫ ڇ‬The Oropesa ூΔ‫ ڂ‬A ํΰOropesaαհመ؈ી AΕB ԲํઌᐳΔB ํᣤૹ࠹ჾΔ
ࠡํ९ࡎํ୉ჸଊඑ‫س‬ᆲছ࢓ A ํΔᄷໂፖ A ํํ९೸ᤜਓඑ B ํࠃࡵΖᇠඑ‫س‬ᆲ‫ڇ‬
Օ௧խ៬៿Δທ‫ګ‬ᑇ‫ํټ‬୉‫ڽ‬ՋΔࠡխԫ‫ृڽټ‬հ‫ئ׀‬ᓮ‫ ޣ‬A ํํࣟ૤ᓽᚍຂٚΖ๯‫ܫ‬
‫ݼ‬᥯‫ृڽ‬հ‫ڽ‬Ջࠀॺ‫ ࣍ط‬A ํհᐳᚰ B ํΔۖএፌ‫ ࣍ڂ‬B ํ९հ۩੡Ζ൫૎ഏՂ္ऄ
ೃᎁ੡ᇠํ९հ۩੡ឈॺ᧩‫ױ‬ቃߠΔ‫[܀‬Д212]ᦸ࣍ A ํኙ B ํํߪ֗ํ୉ࢬທ‫ګ‬հ‫ٲ‬
ᙠΔB ํ९հছ૪۩੡ս᥆‫ٽ‬෻֘ᚨΔۖॺլ‫ױ‬უቝࢨ᧩᥆ྤᖕΔਚլ‫ۖڂ‬խឰ A ํհ
መ؈ፖ‫ء‬ٙ‫ڽ‬Ջ࿨࣠ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএ҃Ζ
֘հΔ‫ ڇ‬Knightley v. Johns ூΔรԫ๯‫ܫ‬ᕏᕍհ޳߫‫ࠡڂ‬መ؈࣍ᙞሐխ៬៿Δીᚨ

ѿ
‫ྐྵ܄׆‬Δ‫ا‬ऄ႘ᒧ᜔ᓵΔ1956 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 77Ι‫׆‬ᖻᦸΔॿᦞ۩੡ऄΰԫαΔ1998 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 217Ι୪ཤⓎΔ
‫ا‬ऄ႘ᒳ᜔ᓵΰՂα Δ2004 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 232Ιຫᜣ༄Δ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএፖჾ୭ᓽᚍΔ2004 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 15Ζ
Ҁ
Novus actus interveniens ਐտ࣍଺ࡨ۩੡ፖึ‫ݝ‬ჾ୭ၴհรԿԳ۩੡ࢨࠡ‫ࠃڂ଺ה‬ኔΔ‫׊‬ዌ‫ګ‬խឰ‫ڂ‬
࣠ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Δ‫ױ‬։੡ԿጟᣊীΚรԿԳհ۩੡ΰconduct of third partyα Ε֚ྥࠃٙΰact of natureαΕ
๯୭Գ۞ահ۩੡ΰconduct of the injured partyαΖ೶ߠΚClerk & Lindsell on Trots, 2-36, 8th edition
(2000).
ҁ
Clerk & Lindsell, supra, 2-41.
҂
ૻ࣍ᒧ༏Δᣂ࣍ᐚഏऄൣ‫ݮ‬Δᓮຕ۩೶ᔹΚPalandt-Heinrichs, 63. Aufl., 2004, Vorb v §249 Rn 76; Lange,
Schadensersata, 2. Aufl., 1990, §3x3, S. 14ff.
҃
Oropesa, The [1943] P.32.

‫ृ܂ط֮ء‬඄ᦞִ‫؟‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀ 2
ᣂຨᙞሐΖรԲ๯‫ܫ‬ΰᤞࡴα૤ຂਐཀ෼໱Δথ‫ࠉآ‬ԫ౳๵ࡳ‫ܛم‬ᣂຨᙞሐΔৱႳ৵ࠩ
ሒऱ߫՗။ࠐ။ᖑᚲழΔթਐ‫ܫ଺ق‬ΰᤞ୉αಭ‫ٻ‬ᠻᖲ߫ᄷໂᣂຨᙞሐΖլறΔ଺‫࣍ܫ‬
ຜխᔡԫࠉ๵ࡳ۩ᕍհ޳߫ᐳ႞Ζ૎ഏՂ္ऄೃᐒඵ଺ᐉᣂ࣍รԫ๯‫ܫ‬ᚨ૤ᓽᚍຂٚհ
‫ެܒ‬Δࠡ෻‫ط‬੡Κรԫ๯‫ܫ‬հመ؈۩੡‫א‬৵Δ࿇‫הࠡڍ֜س‬ൣࠃΚ֠ࠡรԲ๯‫ܫ‬հ۩੡
‫ڇ‬ᇠणउՀΔ‫ݙ‬٤լ‫ٽ‬ൣ෻Δીխឰรԫ๯‫ܫ‬հ۩੡ፖ଺‫ܫ‬ჾ୭հ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএ҄Ζ
ԲΕᣂ࣍รԿԳհਚრࢨመ؈֗ࠡ۩੡հ‫ױ‬ቃߠࢤΚ
଺ঞՂΔรԿԳհਚრ۩੡ለ࣐ዌ‫ګ‬խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Ιࠡ‫࣍נ‬መ؈ृΔঞ֘հΔ
൫ኔ೭ூࠏս‫ڶ‬๺‫ࠏڍ‬؆Ζࠏ‫ڕ‬ΚHaynes v. Harwood ூΔ๯‫ܫ‬ٚრ࣋ᆜ್ࠡ߫࣍ဩሐՂΔ
್֐‫ڂ‬๯ᓳ‫ؼ‬՛৘‫فא‬ᙰ‫ދ‬ᚰۖ᧫ᚕΔ଺‫ܫ‬੡ᤞ୉Δ੡൳್ࠫ֐ۖ࠹႞Ζ૎ഏऄೃ‫ެܒ‬
ᇠ՛৘հ۩੡ࠀլխឰ๯‫۩ܫ‬੡ፖ଺‫ܫ‬ჾ୭ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএ҅Ζ
รԿԳհ۩੡এ᥆‫ױ‬ቃߠृΔঞᇠ۩੡ለլ࣐ዌ‫ګ‬խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Ζ֘հΔร
ԿԳհ۩੡။ਢ᥆࣍ᣄ‫א‬ቃߠࢨሔ֘ൄ෻ழΔঞ။୲࣐խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΖ
ԿΕ๯‫ܫ‬հ߻ַᆠ೭ፖ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհխឰ
รԿԳհਚრլऄࢨ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡Δਢ‫ܡ‬խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔፖ๯‫ַ߻ྤڶܫ‬ᇠ۩੡࿇‫س‬հ
ᆠ೭Δയ֊ઌᣂΖ
ངߢհΔ᜕ࠌૉྤ๯‫۩ܫ‬հ‫܂‬੡ࢨլ‫܂‬੡Δ‫ܛ‬լી࿇‫ߓس‬ञհรԿԳਚრլऄࢨ‫ح‬
ᆞ۩੡Δ‫܀‬๯‫ܫ‬༉ᇠਚრլऄࢨ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡լ૤ऄࡳࢨપࡳհ߻ַᆠ೭ृΔঞᇠ۩੡խឰ
ߓञ٣۩۩੡ፖึ‫ݝ‬ჾ୭ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔਚ༉ᇠਚრլऄࢨ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡ࢬ‫س‬ჾ୭Δ๯‫ܫ‬լ
ᓽᚍհຂΖ
ࠏ‫ڕ‬Κ‫ ڇ‬Lamb v. Camden London Borough Council ூΔ๯‫ࡡܫ‬ᓮհࢭ᧹Գመ؈ᄤჾ
‫ֽ׌‬ጥΔી଺‫ৢࢪܫ‬հ‫چ‬ഗՀະΔࠡࢭ఺Գႊᔢ‫נ‬ᇠৢΖႳ৵Δᇠৢᔡྤᘸዧൎ‫۾‬Δ଺
‫࠹ۖڂܫ‬ჾሒԿᆄ૎᠘Ζ૎ഏऄೃ‫ެܒ‬Δ๯‫ܫ‬༉ᇠԿᆄ૎᠘ჾ୭Δլ૤ᓽᚍຂٚΖ࠱ထ
ᜢᥩऱऄࡴ Lord Denning ࣍‫ެܒ‬෻‫ط‬ਐ‫נ‬Κ‫א‬ᇠৢஆᆵհ‫چ‬೴ए‫ߢۖڜ‬Δྤᘸዧൎ‫ا۾‬
ࢪឈॺ๯‫ܫ‬լ‫ױ‬ቃߠΔ‫ڼ܀‬ႈ‫ٲ‬ᙠᚨ‫߻ܫ଺ط‬ᒤΔ๯‫ܓᦞྤܫ‬ၞԵᇠৢࠀղঅᥨ҆Ζ࣐
ߢհΔྤᘸዧհ۩੡խឰԱᇠࢭ᧹Գհመ؈۩੡ፖ଺‫ܫ‬ჾ୭ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΖԾ‫ڕ‬Κ‫ڇ‬
Liney v. Chestnut Motors Inc.ூΔ๯‫ܫ‬ᆖᛜ޳߫ᆖᔭ‫ז‬෻֗ፂଥᄐ[Д213]೭ΖਬֲΔ๯‫ܫ‬
ല᥽ড়ٌ‫ב‬ፂଥհ޳߫ຑ‫ٵ‬ᨤೲ࣋ᆜ࣍ፂଥᐗ؆ΖԿ՛ழ৵ΔรԿԳ᧗࠷ᇠ߫ࠀ࣍ᕏᕍ
խᓢՂԳ۩ሐۖᐳ႞๯‫ܫ‬Ζભഏᎏ‫່ڠ‬೏ऄೃᘯΚឈྥ๯‫ܫ‬ፂଥᐗࢬ‫چڇ‬೴Δ‫ءڇ‬ٙࠃ
ਚ࿇‫س‬ছᑇִհ޳߫ᔡ᧗෷੷೏Δ‫׊‬᜕ࠌᚨᎁ੡໴‫ܫ‬հ୉ՠ༉‫ڼ‬ᚨ‫ڶ‬ᎁᢝΔ‫ܫ଺܀‬հჾ

҄
Court of Appeal [1982] 1 All E.R. 851.
҅
[1935] 1 K.B. 146.
҆
[1981]1 Q. B. 625 CA.

‫ृ܂ط֮ء‬඄ᦞִ‫؟‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀ 3
୭এࠐ۞࣍‫ء‬ூ᧗ᇶհษᑊᕏᕍΔۖॺ๯‫ܫ‬୉ՠհง࣍઎ጥᇠ߫Δਚᇠ᧗ᇶհ۩੡խឰ
๯‫ܫ‬୉ՠመ؈ፖ଺‫ܫ‬ჾ୭ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএѾѽΖ
ྥۖΔ๯‫ࠉܫ‬ऄ‫ח‬ΕৈપΕ۞ահ٣۩੡ࢨࠡ‫ה‬ൣࠃΔᚨ߻ַߓञհรԿԳਚრլ
ऄࢨ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡Δথ‫آ‬ղ߻ַृΔঞ๯‫ܫ‬լ൓‫്׌‬ᇠ۩੡ዌ‫ګ‬խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Ζࠏ‫ڕ‬Κ
‫ڇ‬ထ‫ټ‬ऱ Dorset Yacht Co. v. Home Office ூΔ๯‫ܫ‬੡խຜհ୮ΰhalf-way houseαΖԮ‫ۯ‬
‫ڇ‬๯‫ܫ‬ጥඒխհॹ֟‫ڣ‬Δ࡙࣍ၴ‫شܓ‬๯‫ࢬܫ‬ᆤ‫ش‬հᤞᓡሔ֘๵ࡳೢጕհᎾΔᄸ‫נ‬ጥඒ๠
ࢬΔᙟ‫ܛ‬ᕏᕍํೋᐳՂ଺‫ܫ‬հ‫ݶ‬ᆲΔԾ࿆Ղᇠ‫ݶ‬ᆲ‫אף׊‬ధᡏΖ૎ഏՂ္ऄೃѾѾ֗Ղᤜ
ೃѾѿ݁‫ެܒ‬๯‫ܫ‬ᚨ૤ᓽᚍຂٚΖ۟࣍ᇠ࿛ॹ֟‫ڣ‬հ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡Δ‫إ‬ਢ๯‫ܫ‬ᚨղቃ߻ृΔਚ
ॺխឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬ΖԾ‫ڕ‬Κ‫ ڇ‬Stansbie v. Troman ூΔ๯‫ܫ‬੡଺‫ܫ‬ᇘⰐࢪৢΖ๯‫࣍ܫ‬
ᠦ‫װ‬ᇠৢழΔሔહ଺‫ܫ‬հ૞‫آޣ‬ലᇠৢՂ᠙Δીᇠৢᔡ᧗Ζ૎ഏऄೃ‫ެܒ‬๯‫ܫ‬լ൓‫ݼ‬᥯
᧗ᇶհ۩੡խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএѾҀΖ٦‫ڕ‬Κ‫ ڇ‬Philco Radio and Television Corp. v. Spurling ூΔ
๯‫ڂܫ‬መ؈ല೏৫࣐ᗏढ࣋ᆜ࣍଺‫ܫ‬հՒ‫چ‬ՂΔ଺‫ܫ‬հ୉ՠ‫࣍נ‬༞‫܂‬Ꮳۖរᗏᇠढી֧
ದᡨ੦֗Օ‫־‬Ζ૎ഏऄೃ‫ެܒ‬๯‫ܫ‬հ۩੡ᖄી‫ٲ‬ᙠΔۖᇠ୉ՠհ۩੡ࠀ‫آ‬խឰ‫ڼ‬ႈ‫ٲ‬ᙠ
ፖ଺‫ܫ‬ჾ୭ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔਚ๯‫ܫ‬ᚨ૤ᓽᚍຂٚѾҁΖ‫ڕ׼‬ΚBell v. Board of Education ூΔ
଺‫ܫ‬੡՛ᖂքᖂ్Ֆᖂ‫س‬Δፖࠡ‫ٵה‬ᖂ೶‫طף‬๯‫ܫ‬ᢥ‫ܗ‬ऱᢐ঴໑ᥦᄎΖ଺‫ܫ‬հ‫۔‬ஃ‫آ‬࿛
ৱ଺‫ូܫ‬ၷ‫ܛ‬൅Ꮖࠡ‫ה‬ᖂ‫س‬ᠦၲᄎ໱१‫ڃ‬ᖂீΔ଺‫ܫ‬ሑ໢ᗑ‫ڃ۩ޡ‬୮Δ࣍ຜխᔡԿ‫ॣۯ‬
խߊ‫س‬ൎ۩൅‫ࠡڃ‬խԫ‫ټ‬୮խ‫ॿࢤאף‬୭Ζຩᐉቸ‫ܫ଺ࡳܒ‬໏္ΔՂ္அঞ‫א‬ᇠࢤॿ୭
ԯլ‫ױ‬ቃߠࠀխឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএ੡‫ط‬Δ‫ܒޏ‬Ꮝ‫ܫ଺ڃ‬հ္ΖભഏోપՂ္ऄೃᐒඵᇠ‫ެܒ‬Δ
෻‫ط‬੡Κᖂீᅃ᥽ᖂ‫س‬հᆠ೭Δࠡ‫ؾ‬ऱ‫߻ܶץ‬ᒤ࣐࠹႞୭ऱᖂ࿙ᔡ࠹ᣊ‫ءۿ‬ூհ႞୭Δ
๯‫آܫ‬ጐ‫ڼ‬ႈᆠ೭Δਚլ൓࣍࿇‫ߓس‬ञ႞୭ࠃਚழΔ‫്׌‬ᇠࠃਚլ‫ױ‬ቃߠհխឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂ
এࠃ‫ط‬Ѿ҂Ζᣊ‫ۿ‬հூࠏ੡ City of Cedar Falls v. Cedar Falls Community School Dist.Κ଺‫ܫ‬
հؔ՗੡ؔᆇႼ‫س‬Δ೶‫ؑطף‬ਙࢌᤞኘ‫֗ݝ‬௣߻‫ݝ‬ᜰᙄऱ‫ڜ‬٤৙ᖄ੒೯Ζᄎ໱‫ڶ‬ᔖ೏ዿ
[Д214]֛෺߫Δᨤೲս༺‫ڇ‬ᨤೲ֞խΔᑇ‫ۯ‬ᖂ‫س‬Ղ߫ࠀղඔ೯Δլࢉᐳ‫ؔܫ଺ڽ‬՗Ζભ
ഏფ๛ဎ‫່ڠ‬೏ऄೃᎁ੡ࠡ‫ה‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱ۩੡Δࠀլխឰᖂீ‫آ‬ጐࠡᅃ᥽ᖂ‫س‬ᆠ೭հ۩੡ፖ
‫ء‬ூ‫ڽ‬Ջၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔ።՛৘‫ࠀ࡛ړ‬ኙ‫ء‬ٙ೏ዿ֛෺߫‫ڶ‬ᘋᔊΔএ᥆‫ױ‬ቃߠΔਚࠡՂ

Ѿѽ
Liney v. Chestnut Motors Inc., Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 1966, Shulman/James, JR./Gray/Gifford,
Law of Torts, Cases and materials, 396, 4th edition (2003).
ѾѾ
Court of Appeal [1969] 2Q.B. 412.
Ѿѿ
House of Lords [1970] 2 All E.R. 294. Weir, A Casebook on Torts, 84, 10th edition (2004); Epstein, Torts,
§11.5, 303-307 (1999).
ѾҀ
[1948] 2 KB 48.
Ѿҁ
[1949] 2 All E.R. 882.
Ѿ҂
Bell v. Board of Education, Court of Appeals of New York, 1997, Shulman/James, JR./Gray/Gifford, supra,
405-406.

‫ृ܂ط֮ء‬඄ᦞִ‫؟‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀ 4
߫ࠀ‫אף‬ඔ೯Δս‫ڂڇ‬๯‫۩ܫ‬੡ࢬ፹ທհ‫ٲ‬ᙠᒤ໮փѾ҃Ζ

ᆥΕ‫ء‬ூհေᤩ
ԫΕ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृঅጥ޳߫֗ࠡᨤೲհᆠ೭
‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ৈપΔຏൄএ‫ط‬ᅝࠃԳհԫֱΔലࠡᕏᕍհ޳߫ຑ‫ٵ‬ᨤೲٌ‫ֱהב‬Δ‫הط‬
ֱ‫ז‬੡ೖ߫ࠀᤉᥛ‫ڶ׭‬ᨤೲΔႳ৵٦ၲ‫ڃ‬ᇠ߫‫ٵ‬ᨤೲٌᝫԫֱΖ‫ڼڂ‬Δ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ৈપᄐ
ृΔ‫ڇ‬१ᝫ޳߫ছΔຏൄ૤‫ڶ‬অጥᨤೲհᆠ೭Ζ
۟࣍‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृਢ‫ܡ‬૤‫ڶ‬অጥ޳߫հᆠ೭Δঞᚨਊլ‫ٵ‬ൣ‫ࡳۖݮ‬Κ
‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृ੡‫ا‬ऄรքϤքයࢨรքϤԮයࢬጠհளࢋΕ堬ଇࢋΕ௮ഘࢨࠡ‫ה‬ᣊ
‫ۿ‬໱ࢬհ‫׌‬ԳृΔ‫ڶ‬ဪ‫ܒ‬ᎁ੡Δড়Գհ޳߫ԯᇠԲය๵ࡳࢬጠψढ঴ωࢨψຏൄढ঴ωΔ
ਚᄐृ‫ڶ‬অጥհᆠ೭Ζ‫ڼڂ‬Δ޳߫ᔡรԿԳ᧗࠷ழΔᄐृᚨࠉᇠ๵ࡳ૤ຏൄࠃ᧢ຂٚΙ
᜕ᄐृ‫א‬ψႛࠎೖ߫Δլ૤অጥຂٚωհࡳী֏ৈપයཱི‫܍‬ೈࠡऄࡳຂٚΔᇠයٍཱི‫ڂ‬
ሔ֘‫ا‬ऄรքϤ԰ය๵ࡳۖྤயѾ҄Ζኔ೭‫ڶޓ‬ဪ‫ܒ‬ᎁ੡ΔรԿԳ᧗࠷‫ڼ‬ᣊᄐृঅጥհᨤ
ೲࠀ‫א‬հೢ߫ृΔ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृࢬ༼ࠎհࣚ೭Δ‫ڶܛ‬ΰ៱α௣অऄรԮයรԫႈࢬጠհ
ತข‫ڜ‬٤Ղհ‫ٲ‬ᙠΔᚨ૤ᇠය๵ࡳհྤመ؈ᓽᚍຂٚѾ҅Ζ
‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृॺছ૪‫ا‬ऄรքϤքයࢨรքϤԮය๵ࡳհ໱ࢬ‫׌‬ԳृΔᚨ٣ࠉᅝࠃ
ԳհપࡳΔᎁࡳᄐृ‫ྤڶ‬অጥ޳߫հᆠ೭Ι൫ᄐृ‫ࡳא‬ী֏ৈપයཱིપࡳࠡլ૤অጥ޳
߫ຂٚृΔऄೃսᚨࠉ௣অऄรԫԲයࢨ‫ا‬ऄรԲ؄ԮයհԫΔᎁࡳᇠයཱིਢ‫ڶܡ‬யΖ
ᅝࠃԳྤٚ۶પࡳृΔঞᚨ೶಼ࠠ᧯ൣࠃΔࠉᖕᇨॾ଺ঞΔᎁࡳᄐृ‫ྤڶ‬ᆠ೭অጥ޳߫
Ѿ҆
Ζ
ԲΕᄐृሔ֘ᆠ೭ፖ᥽ড়࿇‫س‬ჾ୭ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএ
‫ء‬ூհՂ္Գএᆖᛜ塊堬ᄐ೭Δࠉছ૪ဪ‫ߠܒ‬ᇞΔ‫ڶ‬অጥߓञ޳߫֗ࠡᨤೲհᆠ
೭ΙՂ္Գٍ۞ᎁࠡ༉ߓञ޳߫ፖ A ‫مګ‬ബಜৈપΔ۞‫ڶ‬অጥᇠ߫հᆠ[Д215]೭Ζਚ
ߓञ޳߫؈᧗ኙࢬ‫ڶ‬Գข‫س‬հჾ୭Δឈऴ൷এ‫ڂ‬รԿԳհ᧗࠷۩੡ࢬીΔ‫܀‬Ղ္Գհᐌ
۩᎖‫ܗ‬Գ‫آ‬ጐঅጥᨤೲ֗޳߫ᆠ೭հ۩੡Δፖ޳߫؈᧗ၴհ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔࠀլ‫ڂ‬ᇠ᧗࿋۩

Ѿ҃
City of Cedar Falls v. Cedar Falls Community School Dist., Supreme Court of Iowa 2000, Shulman/James,
JR./Gray/Gifford, supra, 406.
Ѿ҄
89 ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬ร 1460 ᇆ‫ެܒ‬ΰᇠூհ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृএᆖᛜԿᄵᄊᄐ೭α Ζ
Ѿ҅
91 ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬ร 1577 ᇆ֗‫؀‬᨜೏࿛ऄೃ 91 ‫ڣ‬অᙠՂ 38 ᇆ‫ެܒ‬ΰᇠࠟூ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृ݁এᆖᛜ‫ࠎױ‬۰
മհ堩ࢋΔ৵ԫ‫ެܒ‬բ‫່ڂ‬೏ऄೃ 94 ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬ร 964 ဪࡳᏍ‫ڃ‬ᄐृհՂ္ۖᒔࡳαΖ
Ѿ҆
ᅝࠃԳԫֱႛ૤ຂ༼ࠎ߫‫ۯ‬Δ‫ֱה‬ೖ࣋޳߫৵Δս۞۩‫߫޳ڶ׭‬ᨤೲΔࠀ൓ᙟழ۞‫ط‬ၲߨ޳߫Δྤ
ႊຏवᇠԫֱᅝࠃԳࢨ٣ᆖࠡ‫ٵ‬რृΔፖ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ൣ‫ܑڶݮ‬Ζᠨֱ༉ᇠ߫հೖ࣋Δ᜕᥆‫ڶ‬ᚍࢤᔆΔ
ٍএૡ‫ۯ߫م‬հ఺ᇻৈપΔۖॺബಜৈપΔਚ༼ࠎ߫‫ۯ‬հԫֱΔࠀྤঅጥ޳߫հᆠ೭Ι޳߫࣍ೖ࣋
ཚၴᔡ᧗ृΔᇠԫֱᅝࠃԳլ૤႘೭լᐌ۩ࢨॿᦞ۩੡հჾ୭ᓽᚍຂٚΖ೶ߠ 88 ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬ร 315 ᇆ
‫ެܒ‬Ζ

‫ृ܂ط֮ء‬඄ᦞִ‫؟‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀ 5
੡ۖխឰΖ።অጥ޳߫ᆠ೭հᒤ໮Δᅝྥ‫߻ܶץ‬ᒤᇠ߫ᔡ᧗Δ۞ྥլ൓‫ݼ‬᥯รԿԳհ᧗
࠷ዌ‫ګ‬խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Ζ᚛ࠝࢪ઎ᥨԳ୉৹ࣹ࣍რી᚛ࠝ๯รԿԳࣄߨृΔᇠรԿ
Գհ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡Δࠀլխឰ᠔ೃ֗ᇠԳ୉հመ؈ፖ᚛ࠝհ‫ࢬئ׀‬ჾ୭հ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔ૞ྤٚ
۶ञചѿѽΖ‫ٵ‬෻ΔรԿԳ᧗࠷‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृঅጥխհᨤೲࠀၞۖ᧗࠷޳߫ृΔᄐृٍլ
൓‫ݼ‬᥯‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএխឰΖ

ٔΕ࿨ᓵ
ᓽᚍᆠ೭Գհ଺ࡨ۩੡૜‫س‬รԿԳհਚრլऄ੷۟‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡Δࠀທ‫הګ‬Գ࠹୭ழΔ
‫ڕ‬ᓽᚍᆠ೭Գኙ࠹୭Գ૤‫ַ߻ڶ‬ᇠਚრլऄࢨ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡࿇‫س‬հᆠ೭ृΔঞᓽᚍᆠ೭Գլ
൓ኙ࠹୭Գ‫്׌‬ᇠਚრլऄࢨ‫ح‬ᆞ۩੡ዌ‫ګ‬խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Ζ
‫ז‬ড়ऒٌ࣐߫խΔᄐृຏൄ‫ڶ‬অጥ޳߫ᨤೲհᆠ೭Ιᄐृ੡ளࢋΕ堬ଇࢋΕ௮ഘ࿛
໱ࢬ‫׌‬ԳழΔኔ೭‫ޓ‬ᎁ੡ড়Գٌ‫ב‬ೖ࣋հ޳߫Δএ᥆‫ا‬ऄรքϤքයࢨรքϤԮයհψढ
঴ωࢨψຏൄढ঴ωΔᄐृٍ૤অጥᆠ೭Ζ່೏ऄೃ԰Ϥ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬รԮԮԲᇆᓮ‫ޣ‬ჾ୭
ᓽᚍࠃٙΔ‫ܛ‬এ‫ڼڕ‬Ζਚ‫ڂ‬ᄐृ࠹቟Գհመ؈ΔીรԿԳ᧗࠷ᨤೲࠀၞۖ᧗࠷޳߫ृΔ
ᇠ࠹቟Գհመ؈۩੡ፖ޳߫๯᧗հၴΔս‫ڶ‬ઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔรԿԳ᧗࠷۩੡ࠀլዌ‫ګ‬խ
ឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএհࠃ‫ط‬Ζᄐृᚨ༉޳߫ࢬ‫࠹ᦞڶ‬ჾΔኙࢬ‫ڶ‬Գ૤‫ا‬ऄรԫԶԶයհຑ൅ॿᦞ
ຂٚΖࢬ‫ڶ‬Գ‫ٵ‬ழ੡‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ৈપհᅝࠃԳृΔ൓ࠓ۩ኙᄐृ‫്׌‬႘೭լᐌ۩ᓽᚍຂ
ٚΖ່೏ऄೃ࣍‫ء‬ூਝᎁࡳ‫ז‬ড়ऒ߫ᄐृհ࠹቟Գ‫آ‬ጐঅጥ޳߫ᨤೲհࣹრᆠ೭ΔথԾ
‫߫޳א‬ᔡ᧗ԯรԿԳհਚრլऄ۩੡ΔۖᔆጊԲृၴհઌᅝ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΔ‫ەآۿ‬ၦᄐृհ
অጥ޳߫ᨤೲ੷۟অጥ޳߫հᆠ೭Δࠡᒤ໮‫߫޳ַ߻ܶץ‬ᔡ᧗Δਚլ൓‫ݼ‬᥯᧗ᇶհ۩੡
խឰ‫࣠ڂ‬ᣂএΖᄷ‫ڼ‬Δ‫ء‬່ٙ೏ऄೃ‫࣍ެܒ‬࿨ᓵ֗෻‫ط‬ՂΔ݁ৱ೸ዎΖ[Д216]

ᒳृုΚ
1.଺‫ע‬ሉ࣍‫؀‬᨜‫ء‬Ւऄᖂᠧ፾Δ75 ཚΔ2005 ‫ ڣ‬10 ִΔ211-216 ଄Ζ
2.‫֮ء‬ᆖ‫ृ܂‬඄ᦞΔ‫؟ִط‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀΔ‫א‬ᑇ‫شܓڤֱۯ‬Ζ
3.փ֮խ[Д123]এ।‫ע଺ق‬ሉ‫ע‬ढհ଄ᒘΖ

ѿѽ
85 ‫؀ڣ‬Ղ‫ڗ‬ร 2957 ᇆ‫ެܒ‬Ζ

‫ृ܂ط֮ء‬඄ᦞִ‫؟‬ऄᖂवᢝ஄ᑇ‫נۯ‬ठຝૹᄅᒳᙀ 6