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The search forsterile neutrinos Tho ultimate job 0 to be CERN bossContents: September 2014 physicsworld Quanta 3 Frontiers 4 ‘gga otal ans pps oe pone Meer ‘Scesaptlenea aan anotber «gam tanto Set fcngtobot «ends pigeons the nequton utc sobgopieepitontajcg Sinan Nows & Analysis 6 USstndads atu enrol conten orcs testa Seca Agcy Chia proosesage dare Aner eos a ost eun sunit ‘US one age unresopen ecesspan «Repu or Span foms «for euotsowr EU screx pos s00n ‘Bact paste enatamantsesetaa 2020 ‘Roattanarscametencenove#US fuses aston ‘Give Chinasetts buldsogeoanbar Comment 15 Eola pa), Eval (pat2) Forum 16 Bdngbaget at Panga Popacota Critical Point 19 Tern avetin Reber Poe Feodback 20 eaasspektht in on poplar npn pcs ‘ouses bd pare npoereven mae een Features ‘Afourth type of neutrino 24 ‘Teeotbe gest mpsttes pss ould ansorod 3 leuthtpe tne ttwolSbe lags) ran or ato theeak ona on Caritas Einstoin's steady-state cosmology 30 (Gamae Raat ascrbas is dace ofamanscit ‘ber Enstenathodbeenmise. acs ealeaton~ long ‘its caeagies atest pada epotepoed "ony sntenatelotheuese Fantasy physics for nuclear testers 35 Howeougyoueafersp ta nutaeoin gan tnt outs toe aged rt tet an cee? 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Stet ten be tele coted Ileytdtepaseo net ing main detectors with Tied ‘on hl Japan coma it ‘ieee tate Cees dre ienpting fold the neat ‘ett of Aion lia sai it Vie He plat a ‘ital cme rom aston Bo Either igh plane by he nino co. Iuniy ook tomar oer ae i peo bu eaaborations Fivesngie nein esac iy tg sop one ilo ase sinter ps, ‘hk cd anering ne no tno mis and the pone ex ESe Aout ype ofneurnNews & Analy Pabeing US energy department unveils open-access plan (DOE) har smnouneed's panes Nipekh commer pubetero hited funded fe pen. ‘The DOE's new portal =the Pb [east Gateway for Energy a Scie GIAGE) «il prone {hats open readable and arabe Korba dowelad Te pra wi | Heather Joep, execute see thenlktoconplet-exceroaot toro he Shy Paling nd the papers kan athe eon 2 ‘eam earn Caiios lige (Vol) onthe water tsaingaene Isis of Heaihslace 3008 as fneroaton linc 9 eden GHowradpibshesorifmetale TlSowimen | tekicallmracteing Vos, so reeach vaesWe enon TRpolytiarbldsthc oper” Samcrad” we he eta ns cet commantyand herder ser "Welntteniefipme feat feces btmn lex dey pe cet tomcalinFobry 213 fom he sonchppere_ tot wil fend wherever teins. coma aac gnrequenens US tte of Scene and Techn tte ease Bran Haman froth arts and J sang 1 Poly oral gwermment agen. wrmectoesice daectr fhe DOEY Offic of Seem hit ed eseuch ets und rela organizations have ings tothe Open Research of 1 Unwed ats Vo to adoqtely addres he reese ‘ight nae for tp ind teal svi ates ays Spending re hun $1000 puma eat an Technion, ison apeet the PAGES Echjeario declan to make urbe “isrelyafancionfeenmlaed. portal to sécommodate about ‘exeteh faded y them fee 10 seine dented Joh pipes annul rom DOE ‘eel Unde agree “our pblobers fave taken each Oter agencies fustnbers will make te papers spose Wien lngly Beaute np ty Satonl Scene Found fopen and withot charge" PAGES ins sompleetex vr tan ar expected To reset "Broth of pobiaton Stevuftepapcson he yablhere” own plane tsmprone pb sce “The yi are of PAGES ‘en nace than Pubs ter yea = prowchot ig hepaperoie Pam say the Naasl ‘ines more than 0 pia Bessa eto Calls for Spain to reform research system ‘rst, rg ee en ‘ne tee tetera i tee Noel ir anh sdreonr anions Sette eat tome ty nett ‘State ie em i eat Ic py ataResearchers defend European science adviser role citar among howe calor Rtgs ert pve rainy ano cxclly Europetoretant ps fit vesueenet_eutmip he fans of even sna vig spe e owrnbertge fot tomake deco | | 145 crm || eteSpecrum 125 Ray Spectrometer XRF Systems ‘ett components or experimenters Kt, L250) conifemne REE wee Bey =o FaAdhominem reviews — riiewot.cjccioa vers Nanotechnology norms sonpeshammnictcngyotecie osesduypenteeaatepee’tnbaheaes Lappeatd aginst Tomiliyofecingcalandhuman.” —adenorsen-anadhonnen eke” bythe refecescocera When! andbumusfirahing his stampleontcladmanscperceced. ssuredtial pesapescnteasta micstpeciicalvoormatnecthor aicusgodsscne she retectown _artthaalscaee AC aso ieldatwhotonccuphtodo}cante rete work Smlaramanrgt_ me fray I rm ‘Aa Cree pits out ties ‘oris“novelty,sigifcame and ptenial trainivedtril procures. The ‘istnootchology or ter fed. mpacoatrerxer mania pape ngueston ree pueda Rtcntuallvarsesspcopeconsier roesedbyarsreewbomateavions dire paral O10 a Cem #7 Eqmmcqeacialahcyet™ maltaonse andy ist aid aS ime Py Inasive,or impose they resi riginaity fy manusripts, bo have jqlaaecauack Next month in Physics World seta eae to achieves most impressive feat yet by andng onthe came tet Sticking with SUSY -Ahough the Large Heron Colder has so fr aled to {ind evidence of supersymmetric partes, the theory that pedis the etence— popular known 3s SUSY = sti halds many etactions for thors Radio, whats now? ‘technique that uses radio telescope to monitor stant pulses, which ect a very accurate and stable acs, ‘oud eld the rst det detection of revitatlonal waves Pos Hews & Any, Forum, Ctl Pot, Fedak, Revo, Carers and much ore physiesworld.comFeature: Sterile neutrino A fourth type of neutrino Iicappointments continue atthe high-energy frontion, ‘you might be hearing lot more about the sterile neutrino, ‘says Jon Cartwright uacarwiptig ‘The lists ong of used problems in psc Sil, fedocrormitfsousurveeta number of peop noe asipne Sevindist ey would probaly apre on aw chose There cm Web th ust why tier aval Bar significant ash, contesting the sero mate ‘pected by the eure Standard Made opr ys Thee lt woul alo nla the mate of stmt tha eine subtanse at hog take yp metus fours ofl mate teu ‘ers. And there mould probably ao be mention ‘thy the universes ere a all” hy the Iter we sec tday Wasnt aay an equ ‘oun’ of amar shoet afte the Bis Bas "What i fst one typeof pte could soe ll ese problems? The ea muy Sound too she to tetra boris exc the post bed y the Serleneutio. Ayres parties does, Ineractvia any of nature fut known forces cept avy the sce puting wou be the unre ‘om phot eny, Yr trefcte wou ey ta {coat sole thre ofthe biggest mysteries in Pye {cand mabe others bei ‘Steric netinw arena new proposton heir theoretical tory dnterk to the 9 70—utul ‘eee they he een on of ihe ners Tht ‘rae rly tie the mn driving ero Parle pis ins ben posting the "energy fon Tce" avious ample bing the Lange Hon Cot (LHC) at the ropean fa CERN, which has ben tying to rack open mature’ eee ith ‘heestvongercllsions Once the LH sated to cle dts n 2010, any piss were expecting tobe flooded with tvs of aw pate: pa ‘ull those pen by supersmctry~ poplar ory fa inst sake many poems in pis ty prterng the current ki elementary part leith host meaer “spares” Bu when the [LHC noodgtes were opener was ry: m0 ew yes hasbeen oun "WA hopes for evidence of supersymmetry was Ing esserstuietoplessich sso noun ae benning to garper move atenton. But sap ents tte high-peay fone have no bees te ty prompe fora change in fashion Inthe pst ew dears srong new evideno fr sri neta as ‘been found in mula ens, bolstering the ex Ingevidenec fom parte sclevatos and rade te sourees, And carer Is yar, ssp "mining dita from Xray telescopes uncovered fhe tent evince of terencutino dank Imitrin the distant cose Enolsnod y sich ‘ls manyreserehere = begnnng tak te Fengsvaited bresthroog i particle ysis my ‘ome not inate of isentfyp ofr, bat “Iw ound sterile neti, would ete ft ie we were totaly ute the Sandan Mode ‘ayneapormenta sist Romane Genet nthe Univesity of Ostia he UR." would be sal {stb histo nprThe long-awaited breakthrough in particle physics may come notin a Featwe: Sterile neutring slew of different particles but just one tetron netrino, the mon nesting and the ta trina each wn anos antiparic) ‘Aesordng to he ori! Standard Mode, these three netnor were mpposed fo be mse, bul that ererion soon ean to crab 18 4 ‘ay ey Ba ih cen a tou tho the eleton neues pedi 0 earring atts deter fom futon rove a the Sam al that wos coniemed 0 yest bythe Kamiokande experiment i Jap. Then, 1955, lager version of Kamikande called Supertamkde, or SuperK, confeed ater ‘age eu thi ie abut natinos gener in the stmospherety cos aye Theoret] mode ad pedited tht tere ought tobe twice as many ‘on nctinosgeerted by cosmic aj slot | mrrinos=t the eeurchers ound roughly equal ‘umber exch "Toso, hese solar and atmospbere anomalies < which ed to Nobel pies in 2002 for Dive ane | or Masatosht Kosi of SuperK demonstated {hat neutnos must change voor oF “ovate” | as they tel In Davis experiment the detector rs seni ony Yo elesion neti, a had Therefore been avis othe ht had ote | Meanie osclition taking place between the | Sime eu etn ewe ee ‘ato mionto-lecron nesting at he Sper ‘eseareers a expected |The fet tat newrnos ose suggested that | ey mace fri they thy woul tela | hetpecd igh end mold not experensay ine | otctntone suggested ha the tre our sts ‘etrnor = eleston, mn aa au ~ were ely Iistre of hes dine mas ats A eae a = pre our at consis eran rat ofthese Beck orty ‘Hree mas at bat daring propagation thee get ‘The theta! motivation for sell netrinos Ut of ep with one smother Alters dss tbe ‘res aot as of normal notin which aera the mass sates can Becomes dist tha, mete called “ate neurine” ty comparson. opon detection, the neulto mains aye ‘ise prise hemee rer say spt vn oso a iin ting only grit and the weak foes td not_mightfistead appear a a clectuon neg ‘ce or Kooen rte rad. Sos, : — The elettomagneic They were ft propoed in Although oscilatons ply mas, partic pysi- the 9a hy the Aurion theort Wolfgang Pauls stgale To divctly measure the Inada to account for mining energy in mater Seey, nd mass of cies Becase the mass ae sere deere ot two decades ner by expr so sl stead they hve secs aly te Metal pitts incling the Ameicans Code ference tween squared masses ~ special, the ‘Cowan a Proseck Recs, the later af whom difrence betwen the [stand sevondsqured trom the 95 Noel Prize for Psi for the works tts mand the ifference heen the {We now know that actineacurgor come in hes secon and third squnred-mase states As hee ‘ppenor aww" ose each charged po the_ parameters cn be called by stdjng nein 2snoon rc Deen ‘hat hve been gener in parte acer ‘cea eats and thea hive tale grea di tance, ply hundreds or thousan of Kom tees The every of neatrinos, Band the distance ‘rw they ciate, Ly ae the two st por tant parameters for elcviatng the areas filerences, teense te probity of elation ‘Nusctan th and LE, Caren Taos tobe sbout 707 eV", while moa oe about 2.35 10eV, ak Ing acti aatinn more han amin tines ite shi tig thee a eve. plist wing on he Lag! Slt {or Neurioo Detector (USND) experimen tthe toe Alsen Nt Usortry rte US found {omidenble proportion of econ anne os in beam af tun antnenrnos genet in Uh aederatar jst a say Te meno eatey tnd eslation ditance nugget the extence t'a manesquted diferent around TeV" = ar bene than eee dm or Aa which alone ae Sicinto dete the hes known reins i mate epost LSD vwasrea it suggstd the extent of out ‘facing, Buti there were fourth pein Sold not be daar: experiment t CERN Pad ‘trendy sha that there oul be ony tre we ‘os couping to the wen lace nn tas Inet won, the fourth nein sexy ms te agetyimmune, or tere tothe we vce ould merc on vi ety. rang te med {eating oslitons were troubesome enough forthe Standard Model, the cxience of erie tris wold he davai Since the Standard osets formation in the ate 190 m0 ne pa ne Sapertamandtenet pecs ticks have heen found ouside tthe Hig boson, Atpeeredi 2012 a tbe LAC; vas considered tobe the ia pce of te Stand Mod! jase ‘ithe LSND' res as ot ace oti, andthe pists set otto ches At the Begin. "go thiscentry, esearhrwat the Mine Doser Nevirino Experiment (MtmiBooNE) ~ a deecor at Fermish tn the US consiting of donne of ‘inerl ined wih mor than hos phot ‘lpr aber examine beam of on fests ‘osarcvng fom w source 0m away. The el, Stnounced in 207, was ool ule the LSND ‘esl, no alaion were fund forthe eV mse Squared diference. Bt my phys ele hat tule became MinioeNE was wingnuts, ot atineatrinoe, an wn therefore Propet fomparon Three years ne the MinooNE tea Idrepeste he experimet sing tines a on ea akon aes = {nd suppor the ESN ng "Who experimen he mh eto ne pected ros people am very seep” sis Sica Ewing othe seer oe niBOoNE. experiment "People thowght eh TESND sul was mor ily problem wih he ecco So'whe the Minis rel came ot, ‘seryodyslHinn hv nike tobe detec {Or proicn, bean bth decors wer een” Ta the yer after the MaiBoONE confirmation, ‘appt or tester neta was bolstered from ‘ery ieret seta Sources near enor Ini Tesco mca fision geserates arog neon eh ace! hat subsequent bea decay nn igh hcl Beta dea) alvays ales the emision of Sh lecton orale (posizom, a snort Saye ivaes the misono elect netiead Ato Encry Commision in Soc, Pate ond clleaguesr-eaktod the miner of stron tninatins thet milear reactors ought to have teem emitingoner the pst 3 year, and found tha, wen 10d 100 metres from the ears, they were coming ap about short At thi pros ndwith he ene ined the trom sea Fino were snk to be ost in any he aces mae eon ring eign the Gra Sento National Eabortory folly ad SAGE at he Batons Neutron Observant Rus St wed aown radioactive soures~chvomiu-S End argon: bat of which undergo Sineae” beta ‘ec for detector callation. ain, the expr ‘tents ha found dt nthe expected samt fate electron aetna thistine o 520%. None ‘heim it hat been Chuiler and colleagues tore ‘econ analy of mulear reactors that bas realy ‘made people ae node of ele nea ‘Our work on the predetion of etn fn was Inially completely connected fom this top ys Lilie Today we sil on row i er lelnetrinos exit of, but our work riers ‘In Febrtry hiya evidence for nee et from the European Space Apeney’s XMNINewton ‘pace tsescpe and NASA Chandra Xray tle ‘ope insependen grep Esra Baba at he Tiafind Sntbonian Cee fo Atopy he UUStand colleagues snd Alexey Boyray st Lees Universyiife Naber and elngte fod there an obvious explanation the dca af dark ‘materia the det on. ing ible, yeti ‘Sal candate fo dark ate, and 3340 Shoat the energy ofthe Xs a whieh they ste Frnt page ns Shing the try of dark matter would be a aor ‘reakthrough spss one a woul cells Se the fon age of aewsppers weve Bt ‘vile neutlaor cold save seal he nyse is toa, One ofthese why the unirese today 1 mse agely of matter and wo animate: the Sig Bong at to have generated cua mous oF ‘ach, the fact tha they di pt snihte each ‘thet ently and that he unherse a we know ‘hts all sagt ut utter somehow managed any pitic plicit eee the dominance of mater ares of phenomenon know hee patty (CP) siltonPrexeration of CP sa ec {way fang hat apres imerat neatly the same way asthe patil counterparts, abot Feature: Sterile neutting fn misrorreverse In te Standard Mode, CP is fore asymmetry inabetheoy tat undp Drs ntrations. But no sich symmetry ets {nthe cpio fr seri nvtrinom which mean that when they decay they could mote real pro ‘hce mater than amimater Peraps inthe ery ‘ner deayof sterile nein en mae the Youndatins forthe matersaed panty srs tnd gla we sec toy. ‘Buses could eplsed wih the weal se ‘Bcthrouen The deta of th ae comply, bt rth the knows ete sets iting hi es igh above oon fc, the seesaw ecm, ‘ic was veloped by the Ss heel lyst {RU Feer Minow sd wer ia the 1D po ‘od the fst hora a for stele euins. ‘Duk mater, CP vinton, ating sas at a gnc you night wonder wy the serie nesting fas tava been tue fr experimental pat. fle pyle The reason probly es inthe ate of {he re netrino ha White reels fam er esl aceleator, reactor abd radioactive urce Experiments are most compare with «mass Sared ference of aout Lev dak mater wuld ted musesquare ference oft odo eV thd CP visaton would ned a maeesqunred ier. fc of IDDGeV" or more, Somewhat Iosraigy, {he orginal solr and atosphei aete-eN0 ‘nilations give ao hint 0 what the masses of he Sere-neutino shuld be, Thee mass can sa {tingtom Ose cet, si Oe tay ‘parce physi the See Feder nate ‘Technolgy m Lanse * Realy anthing ‘One mig think the simplest soon Yo bree impteries ul be the entene of thre ere Inthe [SND and threes experiments rh nist of eV), oe to account for dark mater (Cie) and one secoun forthe dominance of Imattervia CP elation -100GWV)- To Bese, herience f hee site astinos woo! neatly mi forthe knowa eustence of tree stv nestrino Bur tear out th ene thi sear problen tk, because CP vation lone scaly Tequtes the extence of two ene netias with mais of around 100GeV "meaning thai stale netinos tne to soe al th myaeris, there mt be mre than tre ftom Party or iat ean, ca ass ofen ignore the oslo Se athe 1SND Sind elenbere and sce sterle noutsige only 0 Solution a dark mater and CP vito for this ‘ena, they tun toa adel kaowa a he ne fine minimal tapdard model, which cota the thre eile nebo pte) for hat purpose ‘theorists do won fo lear up te terest oc th reas nwa they wll tourna ht (Grand Unified Theory which can contin a= Indes many more =i neste So stile petins may not eae simple sau ti io th ipgest myers a they mi fs Sco Sil, here appesrs tobe a growing die sang pace phyest 0 find oy aoe an for ‘ser crn: darker mas ove st -elcetvomot sas), Xr tlesoopes sh XMACNowton, Chand sn the apa Aconpace [Exploration Agency’ Surah could provide mor dat tat wil Sette the question. bough thes ‘tnt prod diet ertons forsee etna ‘Stal hatvares cory in proportion he source hats re Xs emanating rom ply sere ination emp epon oes eu besten Sterile neutrinos may not be as simple a solution to the biggest mysteries as they might at first seem Neuss he conic nwa urd Cpl ere lei be: Any pte wis ry sll sean femelle pte that nf lightening oto ena yom the region of eace omer In tel ashe ths process war ral fh formation oh Stents of te CM can pace ini he masses teach ofthe rele pri specie aed topter According to ESAs Pan lt, ta figure abo 026 wih gos spun thes Bul re saath compel parameter that aight gon feo ofan prin conjunc Imes ofthe CMB ean pride esate oN fay unveme ag A ew sears gos prune Sn canted tbe sbow sy anette let aye “strom Planck ng came down to abet 33. Gen is cern ofS thc nm compte ‘tre ghe nun at pti oe eo ope tacts to want ots lo grater thn th pe fo Linky an eprint ast Physi a Vtg Teh he US. Mal ont ‘Thee cere eft find sts eins Tere sek tm Ea Aw paper ne acini ein oe an 2 propor experimen such he pat "Then rng tom nla 0 et nd titre orsctestn darn 10 twtr my nin depp ‘alayoifae ora aol bp ad ‘aj sa Cae Gessete woking sof et being tun re MoM ele ars Poon. Aten usp cs fonFow te between 2 AeoeN 200 eh ee ‘Mil p= yey somal Etc of ck frond ae" aon ecnc That feta aos horse toa po ac snd ah ra ns i oN ‘Commisosig or MsoBeoNE begins tis nti a Ge ee ee eas take ve jar Tee ee sete nilgtncaney Gees mura Cae oes ec ould mate the cons of sree notin ae pte Teh Kapp hr te Max PI we or Noe Pyar n Hebron, theese bsnettnae Aerie peurin s sesont er rol oy the een of others" hess "Bet T woul ay ical make ews ne comer sentFeature: History of physics Einstein's steady- state cosmology Lastyear, a team of lish scientists discovered an unpublished manuscript by Einstein in which he attempted to construct “steady-state” model ofthe universe. Cormac O'Ralfeartaigh describes the excitement of finding this previously unknown work cma ‘Ot teen inthe summer of 2015, wa siting ater ny aes haking aout gsng ras Has hewn aut day an wanbccoming weay oie ob in eet hand Tht ob conned of sna paper eed feamna, “On the cosa bl ote peal ord unde fran pushed by Abert Esta a Ap aenktnts Ti (Shue der Kony Pres A. Wis. ‘arom, 28). had und some ume sna fn Et Seeeutert Sein paper andwas hoping sty ofr ‘invite nal mancsrnt might sed some ight on he mates, MMiewtopecte Many sich documents can nowadays be ncwed on the Biwcin Archives Online matin! by the Hebrew Unter of lruseny snd sre eno there twas npn view gue ‘Or nose tic nd he opening parsons of Einsteins maser see ot ed Gn, itbeeame more and ore certs wieer {his documem want wa ots dato Estas Stoner pope a 981 Fost, iin common” ws evden ia may Of theequaons ofthe manne gue 2 we the term no mont completly set in he Sng ere paper nee the Stanesterhe pape ‘now aster ston nw sao ial tonite the snmologl cont, ight of murpng evens he ciation ofthese) "athe te wrt txt of he manson so contin some very purling stern Cat Strong tho note tron “Die Da ena wd etna Expansion” (The Jenay ‘Seco onstant nd scree pon ' leapt from my chair and, printout in hand, ran down the corridor to my colleague exclaiming “I think I've found something!” 0 Seeigre 2), At tht point my thoughts sin ‘tre Baiada pt from my his, nto i nd ra dow oro othe ie St my colleague Brenden McCann, mathemales Fecturer with ormidble command of German, ‘ania “hin Tv oun omg! Onsen sanese ‘TD appreciate my consternation a Ens sas meat above, ile knowledge of his ooxology isteqted, lowing the sues! ormulaton of his gen cal hey of reli in 1913 Entiat su Spying his nw thooy of gravy tote nies {ole Tosa suid ea fredited cosmos that iam that one tht ‘ould expand or eatact omer time. Aso eine Forsuch «phenomenon waskeomn to him, Estin dea term to the tl ection of laity hat ould stabilize the une hy counteracting the stent tages giv. Pier th nes “csmnogcal onstaallwed Eatin pee acon ws both ata finite whose rao, tnd average density of mtr oul be cleited From spines. ‘Orr the next ew years ter theoreticians aso caplored relativistic mode the soxmor I pr Sarthe Rossan pst Aleandor Fda Soesed that nonstate models af the uniere thouldbeconsieredandhe deed woe cs of “ymumiccoumie molto Eins ie equ tions in19224nd1924-A few ens ar, the Began cl adhe Gongs Laat pee ht Emerging obsermtons of sates econ of thecdtan gaaves might osu evidence fan ‘expansion of space onthe get say oa ‘ste of Friedmann’ wor, owed tha ouch 3 cs Ic expansion oul be dere fom Elta uations Eistin was mae sare othe work ot tot Fsednaan and Lemaire, bt be found thle ole mode ery fete ‘All his change in 1993 with te dane by Evie Habbeofs linear resionbetwcen he tseHistory of physies so 1 An intriguing unpublished manuscript Einstein suggests an alteative tothe evlving mms that were popone inthe wake ot : {cd attention sn to equation (0 hat am account fr Hubbel ea a inh the é a mechan whey the density of mater {ino formation of mater rom empty space. “For the density to remain constant, new pri of at. fer mast be cotiual foaned wi hat Wom ftom space” Tha, inten is exploing the possibility of a 4 nies ha xpi But eas i tea state | sn hen (etre cnt tpt of te CTE ye ten any state” wed nay ref pss | : to deserbe aya tat isda ut eset ening) Now nrg, Eek the fal constans "The conseratin law ponerse fat by sting the term space Hl mt cpy aoinenaand beatin ea eemieat ccaramsamens —_ otenegy ls key welbtown tobe arated minatiylbetEnen ta nepoessaey sae rsnruie PY equtON "tot oom te anager erate ‘Unt now, was not knw that Esti once ‘explored te dea of tend state modo the ane ‘ene. Why was this amet never pulsed? A atoll n SAS OG mid GAMMONSE ABA) = ey Oe tnd by scene ng cop sat Fes F063 gored Stating wit he De Site met of apace. time geomet, Ensen dees rom he el tions elation caution between the average ‘miler deny th uefa he xe ‘implies that the density of materi directly caied to he expansion een and remains sont However thee i problen 2 curve nection the sttancousequatnn n fgre 2 gars that they in fat le 0 he eit sation p= 0a fer words, to numer empty of mate rather Santon) Hota ll us vaton of the intaneous equations cg seriy lige 2shows tht he consent of ante fs SuamestondOurnctctypesapmone su stewelatetbesDe Kiscoiicent tener amoa eae ‘oni mattesenmengernn ee. ‘So what was going oA this pin we decided to econtrct Einsteins stadytate theory from The mort abnor of an zoel epanon a esrb eied fia pines withthe hot Werer Nai of he ‘nstanza nore on Gens comaogeal cor, Nooad esa tht Dubie for Advanced Stes Sue opagh Eris socio oe csrlgel set wih ena pae ur ana showed that the colin of In Ne Inte manus emai) east maton pate tok fstequatoasbolinledbe 3a ol or (Oy seg eter pce Net ater Sotton forthe density of ate. From Rue ner ponte recon wbose anal cen en ot sce etna copa Eatin ands oan; De Str ron vsd noes noite 2 rior. on revo, rai th te model ed 8 ty tt seaby Se ey ae mol Tats and setae With the boc of oxy mathemati movern cosmologt might point et tat Eases ey ate stent thoory State mol cond oni ladto woul ation, Ths cing fair with Eines valving cosmic mod- isecsune he maleic oa ase tn oie ‘tbo 1831 and 19825008 Deame Gear 'o my fed equate resenting he catinuo crestion league andi hat hotaternoon athena of mates, ose Ioselywsoctag the proces eto us conta something ute fren Ro wi th coamologialeoman, Wet itscis oe ont thi we et abou asttng sd asisng. tng tht inti i a eh problem em he the document over the net few wes irst=andwiea he sl, sparen shandoned he In the introductory section ofthe manuscript, mode ater han tod teed equations,2 A universe of constant matter density oF ass6 ee Cee is wf tne Daye ao Bee Bente ial alae heKinT mnt bebironanad tte Paptacninen Feature: History of physics ” lava =o pare epet Insane terEmtens en nacendmaal ee eects igual npn ‘ow casos eum earonspetom ea” Dating the mans om doe Eines maser tin wi hi thor rds ofthe corms? When wart writen? While Iie asiged the yea 1881 in the ATbert Finscin Darehvos: thi date worth revionng a the doe ‘nen unt now mistaken ors dst i 13 Steuer paper the document na penned afer 193, a8 tbere 0 feirence to Elastin published cosmi model af ‘Apa 131 or 193, of to Lemaire 1931 post ine or an expose oii for te outs (ature 127 70s) tis tro from Esti dares that intrest in cosmology was eavalened uti thee sya the Cori esta of Tee logy (Caled), US, ety 131, i particu Iie ateoctios with the Cafe latvist Richard ‘Tlnan and the astronomer atthe eeighbouring Mount Wion Observatory. Tasitseemser i) tha he mans was writen during this peo. (6 coleagues and once tat the document ‘wien on American otepape) hs dating eo Fees the maser represets Elscs ery fist, fate ata mode! ofthe universe Inthe wake of egg evidence fora cosmic expansion. ata stop stato theres ‘As ewell known, the notion of a ead-tte uni ‘ese mas ao eaplored by ao of pest a the Untrersy of Cambridge inthe te 1940. Con coed by sve problens associated wi ring ‘models, Hed Hove: Hermann Bond nd Thomas {Gold i considered the es ofan expanding ua ‘ers hat remains ubehanged doe wo continua ‘Seaton matter While extremely nll st {het were mare of ine earet temp it Intiuing hat Hoye’ formulation of elastic endy ste mode resembles that Of inns a= “herginmanyrespects- with heer irene {hat yl added creation erm othe eld ox ust rope the cowimoes cette of miter oye seadystate theory posed contovers shernatve to evolving model of the css for Sanne year, though wes cveotualy red at by “xpeimen tay byte say ofthe distin ‘tale ferent epee andthe detection of "nol bckgrune aaton emanting fom the Ts coud be argued tat sendystte model ‘scent tne stor research tal utc {atideas can beat gret importance in undersnding thw theces deve In this ese, ao paca, that wen fit coated wih evince fore trpinion, Elntln debuted betwen steady te Sn ving models f the cosmos, decades tlre Similar debate engulfed the coxmoloial eon ‘nant. Tht wel with Eisen posal attachment fan unchanging, tai unvere 1977 fhdbishoalty tothe eng model of Fed, hd Lemate when they were fst proposed ia the 1920s, On the other ne lo intresting tat ‘wen Eine relied that hie stead-site ol {hint work be turned fo evoling cosmic el ‘th como rather thn aempe& moe conve ‘eadystate theory by umening the fle equnsons ‘A in al, Eases mans remains that ‘ogaysmode othe eteling universe di no oct ‘gasudden “paradigshl:batasusiow procs of ‘tener inbot theory and servation No dud, nore ig wl be sed on tis eas the proces of fetaing and sizing Ensen rial pps fentinues~an inal projet run by he Eten Papers Project Caech im conjunction wit the Hebrew Unversity of eras, 7 = Ehnsiciay manure sural online ‘ehpaleteiostein ntti Record EARDOOOSS4 full triton an analysis sein the pope “insets steady-state tery sn abandoned mel fhe ena ty Cor (rRateartip Brendan Me ann, Werner Nm nd Sian Mion OU Er ge 119 pes, Preprint ae tart 602013), aFeature: Nuclear weapons Fantasy physics for nuclear testers In November a group of scientists wll scoura small patch ofthe Middle Eastforsigns that nuclear explosion has taken place. Edwin Cartlidge descrives thei delicate mission andthe sophisticated gacigetry they wil rly on {At257 am, GMT on 12 February 2013, sion: ‘ter around the word detected a0 earhguae af bnpitude 48" Global quake ofthat se fa Atemirsbe vent ore ham 100 take place ‘ery ya Bet the selmi wes gerd by the tremor showed something wnaa The quae had taken place in corer of east As relly wal Seedy semis net and appre ot tobe ‘suse by the tctonie procesis tat lager ast ‘Sriiquates Rather it looked to be mar-ade In fac, confined sholly afterwat y the cou fey ae ews agency. the eent had ben gene “The thie nd mot powerfl est that North Sore seated out to dat he expose was conned Dy leaders sound he word ea threat repoal SShinterttonal sear More specie the ‘ren mst m blew to the Comprehenane Naar ‘Feaan Treaty (CTI, hich bam al sgaory ations from trying ot malar est phere = ‘onthe Ears rte, nderround underatr, the atmowphere orm osterspace, Sine tamed ting in 1996, more than 10 nations hve dined the CTT, tts ape, suding North Ko hve not wile cers ~ stably the US ~ have io ray i which cane ot yeti force Sent ‘sieature: Nuclear weapons The foot that te North Korean est was detactod and quickly idertied as suspicous shows thatthe Intemationat Monitoring, Systems woking 36 Testing times Pees te npc a (© se, ce fae? ped Me. snap) tne? mda ae (© eae et Elation nore ae bee egg hee {te 1850s ee emo eps eet ‘te snore 7 US de Sov en ote lola le Th Paria Met an ‘ety si 196, awe wg te bam Ine atrsphon din eos, tt a i Sepa 5b6 nth nt ra ed tl {mre sset an ay (TR ws pee frst te Une soe No Pad ts onl toh Uren ‘te Scott TB hentia ea, ‘ola cana one 17 mM al ects hot poston ren ons ‘apa aston mean in mhang fr ‘canminert to he wep sass eat a ending lo emer my 2 rp mae ett nc wap Tne, see he TB wo pete eae (estar abe. “Me fact at he Noch Korean est was detected and then quickly Metfied supe event Shows tat global nctwork ating dices own as the Inernstionl Moatring Stem GN) wm portine we lned Caio a kate around he pln ce on) he IS proves the it evidence thats hs = Ftc the CTBT: Hower, at the testy somes into eth gaan epi ryt {ut the monkoring =the Compyebeasie Nota ‘estan Treaty Ognizaion(CTBTO) ~ canoe ary ot hei an rc pat of sian ‘apine ont npc, Sicha inpetn oll ioohe pers tring ‘ere? ony fee esas meow US, ste Ui Fant Din hae pode ance won ‘aon nae eater enn hata ‘rr hon 2000 seat tet mnt aces ‘pan Oe oats owen he not we Ir 006 iab nase nd Pain cr oo rc ests ino eo en ete tee Sty ho Kana hasan ten 208, $0 2013, eben gl tg TB aes at a ‘oon at nsessd merce 986 (ese) hah ey wh ay Ines aa pata at pm tne owe ets eats hve 9 ink te US Das aa be iy oh US a ‘so mage sng or wh ein ‘ta wt sg, ean heh te See wt ogre 500 country sospected of having cei ot» miler test and deploying anes struments hse to te pesumed "prod eo topo wtb nt {est has taken ps, Sick ab pcrtion wold be polialy detest ns inpetrs would fe grated Wide eating omer to nich args a lun my then fe sve Sato The lnspecion would so be hgh comple, ioling dozens of people rom Sifent outs and with ‘ilefeatbakgroundeamporting tetas snd Inoe than 10tonnes of equipment to prety eat Spx were they wo ve and wor for se- ‘ralmonths Mesrw, the elock woud be tag, Since mich ofthe evidence noch slam ace Socks nd radioactive emiions imines 19 lyin te wake ofan espiosn,In an tempt op sich an operation o he tet, a group of oul 40 scents atcha wi ‘vie In Jordan this November Expert sesna ‘ay, geopyses, clear pis nd other ds. Pics, the team il Rendon ste onthe nk of the Dead Sea, whete ey wil sped tree o foot ‘weeks combing rourhly 1000Km" af mountain. ‘os asert and sre for sgn hat eto fmricar doe nas detonaed Wedergrouad isthe yor weds ttre thoy arhed, “Them of ths elaborate role-playing game — oon he Itgated Fea Bere 201419 recreate closely posible almost alo the ke feats af a eal ont Inspection ew hereore {Mcide evidence sugges a recen nce tet ‘wells poop whowilbe the nspectore aera ‘enamel epresentatves of he sate under nsec tia, The CTHATO' Gordon Maceo, who end fhe team that dvd the tional zenro belay tut in Jorn, sys hat the rl plying inspectors — lieth rel counterparts le th work ot ‘ut yng be asextsine and afar spose, hie eating wih he inpected sate trying tow Them of he scent tne realty bd part woul! he proving no tes Id taken place” spy Maceo. At an Ispetor ui mov sy that oe donot hae the een st ul proves mace expnionoccrred. But the opt made the request ca alsa hal ou fare ok inthe igh pace: cating pond ro Underground expesons have ben the sos com toon Lind of earea tt, acouating for ound ‘Gece quates of thse caved ut ding the Cd ‘Wor general they are oot ar apectcal emo phere above-ground or underatr ists and So ot reeves uch radioactive flo, but they 0 ‘av thet owa el-alsins. In prtcular anuner ‘round explosion onerates temperatures and res fies high enough to vaporize rock ad crest an {nergraund sully mearng up 0 svera es or hnndres of ete were. Atoud this evi, ok ‘Serushed, racked, nets deformed a then ‘ately deformed in sucess ler I in hit Jas utter thatssmic waves ne creted— ‘heoekwiinitclaing be os ome state 0 ‘eleaning the stain hatha emporaiy but op. ‘These wives whiccan be detected in mites by selects yt those ofhomees rom the {es ate, provie information on the siength, oe tion and ate ofan event Bet the maves cannot real forse fan event doe to cer fet oe ‘awn tmp o am earthquake igure, Aco tie dts collected hy underwater miropboes nd by inrowocnslaonav alo important, bu the king pn’ fs mca ost raat ei sions, sha rom anon which lifer stall “Togster thse four data nam ake up he utp fie ni and ae sat fom the espe. te monoring stations aear el ine iasatlite ‘ground ns tthe CTBTO in Vienna, AUS Feature: Nuclear weapons Red alert 00 me) Acorn lin seae wontons aoa ena aan “Thee the data ae ist proceed utomatiely by Somes wich sal specie eves a ele iether dntanes, edthnby human analyst ho dd used events and corett wrongly attbuted tne After he uneous natural eee hve been ere ot, nals send prelinnary Iss of 9 Shouse to the signatory stats oth CTBT. “Anders Ringbon, anole zs exper a the ed Ish Detence Research Agency, lens the mul Pngedmontonng tort ta egaimestini, Ete a cour eae where you ar Taking ees seideneand ying pth together ey "The more evidence ou have the one ou cae 15" Unforunaay the evidence rm the IS soe "ways enough to convince iat of he CTT that nce test has ten place The netwoe did ofr example, detect any radon lows ing tet North Koren cared tn 208303 ‘ns neat two mont tore stations Jape sd sn ted up radiative noble pases fer the ste “Tis where the onsite inspection would some in Wah the CTBT yet to ene into frce, no sich Inspection has ee akon pace for el But the tet doe eventually became leply din then ‘eh vestigations wou play acetal tle The terefat tha am ont tspection could takes, ‘anon the actos ho drew up the CTBT, tug to etry sae eo caring out ear tein the fiat lace Bai tts eled tee {he peed epoon woud provide far mor sn Sve measurements thn pssble remot tnd woul! therefore he treaty partes more confine Inpresing fray sanctions. ‘Once an inpection request rom one omar sates has ben approved y the CTBTOesecae on Ci aspectrs woud vet the te of the lege festa setup camp Topo thet ot woud be to survey the surrounding eran fom a elope toloak or anysospiious eto strech as aNuclear weapons rons Te hbase ans tedr enh pe ae ose at nh tha pe cess yeh eo oe ‘ell ntwt ns awn cmt atone ate, pg acento pie tonnes Stn aes mony? #0 pinay 120 sean statins Wat thy 6 ah cto itr a omer Stan aay fun 25 rage geome oro ude ara 3 Undress Bein may arsenate it ty a ma sats tot Contes Meares Teton CBT) What ey a ttre deine exons he Venton Gxafotte ame aed anne) te CTO ve ei pts meron speed 90-1200 Stebel pn wen teed Thee beta st Suto safe ascents nn a1 cs he ‘emg nha "pay seomc wees and sewer vnne__ il aie and dan oceans Te verre een “Seon” wnwscan eed oa en le ata fom awe gan feeder pet at 0 es ‘relatos an wey op vase noon ean ae long tans gh wat pr a pat Sedceot on eson, ise dpe esha im nuts compsate we oe a ers he ttn ict othe pkg Haw ma 6 Sons ‘ran pars iy in Wat ey de her lc er ww ene sans ee {imoweunena ans cai nso ton gi ely neat te satan esl Spt ‘soodor. Toda etptred rn shshGonotrast Stiga Te statins, if 3 aon comes we ase fen pices bea hole atone ane cha moubwanete a menor mf hong sms esr aw es eta rcn tpes Caos onl ea net at oc Seta eh pipes Ishorandsoccesnotconiee wines ert otem er” Geshe eae ase ra ye i rock slaoles orate depressions Of particu mens ofthe phenomena ooserved bythe BMS. te Turis would be targecrsers upto several haptics, thy can tet up net of eee ‘ied metres serosa could ave heen cused by Scns slsorctere Yn te ingen aed 1 rook abore the bast ea collpng, Ini hat tecnd the weakening altahoe eae by ‘Tock ssppored ty highprestre eam formed by near explosion. Anoher etl sty I st {he expen, bu one temperatures drop andthe _Ing amie oy so epttion ad wa oth Sten condenses, the vook can pve my to proce resnce of radioactive partes. and ses sidh rub chimne" than extend othe sace. 4s argon, which prosaced when neue fo Inspectors can abo make more caefl menare- miler espnon ama ckidence ofthe evi isnot wsible at ground lel gpetors hve ter tol up thelr slew Incusing“gravatonl el mapping which {round es well struments tat ease changes etic ied coco teat ox tggetie cee SRE ges ne a gi hae oe oh I ingests are confident of having preci located the est ste they have oe haa techn "hy eam ell pon: Assuming they cin get perm soa frm the CTRTO eecve coun hey can Sana hole down to te explosion cavity and ect ‘ample of oi or man rock conan ado Ue material According to Magar Pray the CT ‘TOs onste inspection co-ordator, fission product inthe rock would he “undeniable rien” of macear text potting out hat he ‘Srposon ha been very desp-tcoudbe wp tose ‘eal lometres below the Enis surface rane The sppanectatence ‘The IMS hw developed fot oer the lat decade, imple the nord, gaps emai, however = hte Seino monitoring statins, for eam a ada fr Pakistan ill, according a 2012 report ro the US Nationa! Acsdey of Scenes, the IMS i {seurent form wala make Iie tous fo a peta texan vltor, The report exited tht Sal expos wt les blow’ about Thotonae ‘ould be content baddn rom the necwas 38 primary seanlestaons (oh 42), which sto fede {Salon he est atin to Jeveoy power or ave slat wespone, ‘Our ability to detect down suche spr ‘ue to there elag move monitoring stations than ine past But iis ano due toa eater ue of “glen Ses waves defined s those tected thin about 500k of thr sours which provide {alae information about owe events These trees travel through the erst nd upper mantle — ‘Neh ate far more complex than the more how ‘nous materi deeper dawn ~ ands re geerally harder to interpret than longrange “tls seives Fortunately, improved mods ofthe Earths FRryturedotloped oer the ast decade mean that Teponal seems data can nw yell monsoring en sites for many continent ares 1 nes prester eres whi he CTDTO' pak monitoring is ‘loge compen, apsite spect apa fey have led bind The onsnzuion (cca She ey enn spay a how in Kavakistan atthe Senipaltina malar tess wey the Soviet Union tthe Cad Wat Tespetos, however bad sees to only baste eee tortechnloy hich ied them elt ut Feature: Nuclear weapons Planting a fake bomb (or not) dies if i Daten nora eis cena 206 Steg pectin ae eh tga Fes oe 204 ‘erat akon meres met haven eft scaly ‘Stomtings roe tnd wb eget he Comptes Testify Oat’ Ose the tart tga recat ibe ‘ttt dn ear a aa ‘Sonn caatn on mato watansily nd ‘ona pate healt on be pets mesg our see ‘epg os meld a CS. Miwa se tha ee sar seat cede at seers bt ao ea ss Coc Maced ta a he eat ‘Soni aston rtp esa “To pope ig ‘attr aly tino wheter ul ond hes en ele ‘nate rts ees eae cons cose gourd loathe stot tsa tt woud ecomomy a Corot Suan isso an eoon hre~bedes borg Mabe seam tsa Inspec nt al a upon thon we "tc ata fry ‘hayse Hower sj Maio, egos Sosa ssa do ‘noua coves Wat sanetgas seo The atanatelst mae a oreo Wicd can be ne ‘sng cme epson ar arene kaa, ey tng ee ‘sat athe ine ns of Maco se Me nao inst 10 cy iam epee ton be witb nec can Saar tutte acemets atc oo fee wo De ss ne ‘nsless eae mln ow ese ott Visa wee te she he seams ers on sone ee ‘etun eon mien bats aha manna wes hrs tors kh eet stale oc wo pa batt an ans ealnge i eng hss oma ec ae these ara tyne, ‘inspection and measuring sisi aftershocks suc eter fel for what can be achieved on the frond. To vestigate the scar a ut or he Maceo tach wich uel! aor ocak shulleng ee box above) the role-playing experts trl have socee fo not al sensor ecologies Silas to them under the tem ofthe C™BT. ‘These neue wing lav ia whic an pen »While the treaty remains on hold, Nuclear weapons ‘tua Gutehamo-snamesper ner inteares bree sta bea cs emcee teat dit on he ground ado perhaps revel the Inte alton, wich could pin tote can te explosion by menarig het escaping trong porate egunent ch alee dion hae been detonated wil be snore thn atcha sfalleng, however. In patel, roleplaying rep Feseatates ofthe inspected tae might se = treaty lane to et thm eal ff cotan arse for Teasns of "anal seu" The aspera Prahywilhavto wealth means escent he treaty get hl of he da they ned which could Inve them earying out ety neato ith ther hows BUI Path asta inspectors wl bave tsk o whit selene even ania enihen anon, erepored erase ti arty speking ants, ie talistesmisle development woud not be non ofthe CTT. “Ae th ingpector oa come "pen-mined simpy ry and wer what pingon thot any pees he sty "Your Socailac dat. Whether or not there hs =n Wola a politcal decison” rah nverthlest Iatieves hatte wide ange of eidnce saab to CTBTO scientists will refine their monitoring techniques, ensuring that they are ready if finally called on asgone on thnk aon aatenepection capa ‘aie ae improved gd over the ast foro fe earn hesnye, With these development thse wh thereat willavenowbere te ‘Some gaps wil eat Patpat nthe ae arated Fi Exreie 2014 wil mt do any diling Stich woul require a mae oiiclseed {hat eben the lm bet of the eee. AS ‘ich coal help inspects to find an explosion hives" tly goo gp thw ti tecigae Mod, “i ies nan RAD stage” (ther esate to inpote te TMS, mean, Ineudes "eroscortlatng” the emi wel ‘fnew vents wih thos ofc eon toby to ety new bass The CTBTO i also work Ing wih the Wold Metsonlgeal Organization To Improve mosphere sport model, nah ate ‘sed to calelate whee aad when racine par tses come from, Tn don, the CTTO® hige Sa bak of nobles measurement cul, Ss Ringo, be serutized fr puters improve out derstanding of the rion backround Tht at Jey Carter = ache CTITO dat an It points ot, the onpnition doesnt del rvofthenetechniguer ta, eng istend on a ‘emis commaniting thelr werk or arying Ot ‘etiented research onthe STATO’ bal Reset ‘ctot adanee, sa Carter pele eseath on tale nis, which us helped the andertanding of {he boc ground regeredytcophone, and he ‘devlopetnt a stcalivaing insur’ vm Now tecnolgis and sete developments ae seal portant ou" hey, “0 me okt oe ats out there an ty acoporte whatever ‘ont rent Howeve, nich retearch wil remain underased ul the eat i rough into foe, Dad Hate iets aps and arncontal expert at the Clitoris Payecate Sse Universi tks that US presen Brack Oban wont path hard for American afifestionof the CTT dept yng he ‘ron support In 89 alot al Repbien Senators voted against atieaon and Hafner thinks mightake a Repolican president “tobring longs rer colleagues At that pie spect Ines ere Chinato ea en Nort Kee alight ‘ofthe sates need for thes to cnet oe ‘might iy The stakes ae rely gh bees ‘Shtimos: be mish mre oem so utr hese “Ife dont have te test ta, ae eo magne unleashing 0 ol-ioned ams ace "While the tety rerio hod, CTBTO se nts wll contin tore and fest thelr on {ovine technique, nmorin tht they area ready ‘pote if fly called on fo ivertgte what Goll te he eon of el maa apn. that rearedShatiteat apd Nomis ries fe the early fn the other ap, coming ‘ne pl a Aone an ths espe the Perey apres the organ ‘pte sry ona ore Anas Ip Gn thee aoa specie tapes, Cera it ‘Pe fl he Comin evant Horr ofthe ie tht deste the ‘rot one po Go Grom, bard White and ogee Chae" Te dt the Vana Ws bee acl doe tothe Cat fe fingo he sue ses. Coe URL scones schemes eraciecraerate, Srmteneememas, siceceracters” Stererateaceaes Siemens Wa boi ‘Sas pt a natin {ms nz Se 202 See coe a hare same ote pes oes? ‘toa a rb ws na) “ Inengn i conan at Engineer Ings satnce {ont sas any etna Satan te ao pans tae Eng ser mite ony tne wis ‘seu taco pp Enema tn cet cage ‘onetetases Wo itaineg tt ‘mates ec hry pote OY ‘Siniwetiocaeringnpeaneotts Peoples ec perce cen ‘saeoenm sn eon oes Eps rede aps tone ‘patnheser eos tno ot ‘Syste athan rey Sip na a, can you gro mea sample gut? he ow 20st stat eto es ‘mater Dab The film captures sedhtsavaspacsticaean the arrogance Of — ey Planes aes ie the gs real ene “To investigate the momentum propetes of The Aan Sou aus Tne TS, ‘teen se ha ad sl oc oe {rsnaortoe ger e/g a ‘When atid colisenshhsrck thera eat ‘tauren fates By hsing Red th Bad ‘fine ed st tonal ge ee 3% ent rn