Public identity

相关定义及概念：

1.The core notion of social identity is defined as “that part of an individual’s self-
concept
which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups)
together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership”
(Tajfel 1978a, p. 63).

2.the self-image that an individual gets from his perceived group, and the emotional
and value experience he has as a member of the group (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)

Primary view of social identity theory:

Individuals struggle to maintain and enhance their self-esteem (Fandom girls)

SIT postulates that humans are an obligatorily group-living species and individuals
cannot survive outside of the context of cooperative and interdependent groups. When
acting as group members, people have a need for a distinct social identity and are
therefore motivated to positively differentiate their in-group from relevant out-groups.
(Yuan Xiaohui,2021)

在此定义下，两种理论应运而生
SIT(Social Identity Theory): conceptualise firstly intergroup behaviour
SCT(Social Categorization Theory): secondly both intergroup and interpersonal
behaviour
后者为前者的延申，二者共同构成 Social identity perspective

Social Identity Theory 的起源

泰菲尔是该理论的公认创始人。泰菲尔生活在二战期间，曾为法军效力后为德
军俘虏，人生中的大部分时间在监狱中度过，独特的人生经历催生了他研究人
类在何种情况下会歧视非我族类的兴趣。（来源： Galatians and Social Identity
Theory）

1971 年 Taifel 和 他 的 同 事 发 表 了 一 篇 文 章 social categorization and intergroup

behavior，文章中提到了两个系列实验

最开始的实验（Tajfel, 1970; Tajfel et al., 1971）（来源 social categorization and

intergroup behavior,1971）

受试者（包括成人及儿童）被随机分配在两组，区分标准琐碎无意义，受试者
们被要求给两人一组出现的受试者给与金钱奖励（给与方只知道接收方的编码
以及组别），实验过程中，两组对象无任何利益冲突，但结果还是出现了对自
己所在群体偏袒的现象

且受试者们会认为 Maximum Difference (MD) 比 Maximum In-group Conflict 重

要

Maximum Joint payoff (MJP,稍后查阅)浅显来说就是追求内外群体的差异最大化。

提到了 Social group 的相关定义问题

Many orthodox definitions of “social groups” are unduly restrictive when applied to
the context of intergroup relations.

总结下来就是：个人自身一定要认为自己从属于一个群体，对自己的定义与群
体内的替他人相同，认同他们在群体内的身份 as contrast to 别人将他们定义为
一个群体

（Social identity theory achieved academic currency）

1979 年 Tajfel 和 Turner 共同发表了一篇文章 An integrative theory of intergroup
conflict，题目中 integrative theory 指的就是 social identity theory, 文中提到前人做
过的研究 intergroup behavior 的几个实验，以模拟现实生活中的 ethnocentrism
(民族中心主义)，即个人会偏向自己所在的内群体以及排斥自己不在的外群体

这几个实验具有一下几个共性：
1. 不同群体间利益冲突并不足以产生冲突；
2. 群体间并不存在形成竞争或歧视的必要条件

结论：在群体间关系中，对自己群体的偏向无处不在

这篇论文接着提到了 Tajfel 及他的同事曾做过的细致研究，并提及他们的研究

所得出的结论：mere perception of belonging to two distinct groups, that is, social
categorization perse, is sufficient to trigger intergroup discrimination favoring the in-
group.也就是说，只要有内外群体的意识，就可能会导致竞争或者歧视的反应

Quantitative judgement in social perception,

电子书籍 Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory (978 开头)

Turner, J.C. and Oakes, P.J. (1986), The significance of the social identity concept for social
psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence. British Journal of
Social Psychology, 25: 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00732.x

历史渊源：
The term 'social identity theory' achieved academic currency only in the late 1970s, but the basic
underlying concepts associated with it had emerged by the early twentieth century. William G.
Sumner, writing in 1906, captures the primary dynamics in this excerpt from his influential
work Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores,
and Morals:

"Loyalty to the group, sacrifice for it, hatred and contempt for outsiders, brotherhood
within, warlikeness without,—all grow together, common products of the same
situation. ... Men of an others-group are outsiders with whose ancestors the ancestors of
the we-group waged war. ... Each group nourishes its own pride and vanity, boasts itself
superior, exalts its own divinities, and looks with contempt on outsiders. Each group
thinks its own folkways the only right ones, and if it observes that other groups have other
folkways, these excite its scorn."[14]

By the late 1920s the collectivist perspective had all but disappeared from mainstream social
psychology.[15] Over fifty years later, around the time of the first formal use of the term 'social
identity theory', Tajfel wrote this on the state of social psychology:
 "Thus, social categorization is still conceived as a haphazardly floating 'independent
variable' which strikes at random as the spirit moves it. No links are made or attempted,
between the conditions determining its presence and mode of operation, and its outcomes
in widely diffused commonalities of social behaviour. Why, when and how is social
categorisation salient or not salient? What kind of shared constructions of social reality,
mediated through social categorization, lead to a social climate in which large masses of
people feel they are in long-term conflict with other masses? What, for example, are
the psychological transitions from a stable to an unstable social system?" (Original
emphasis, p. 188)[16]

Thus, social identity theory in part reflects a desire to reestablish a more collectivist
approach to social psychology of the self and social groups. [15]

与 Social Identity theory 相关的研究情况

1. The social identity theory (SIT) and the self-categorization theory have had considerable
influence on contemporary Social Psychology, making notable contributions to our
understanding of the social dimension of behaviour. （Scandroglio，2008）
2. It’s widely used in the study of collective action. 如 Fandom girls
3.

与 Interpreters’ roles 相关的研究

Yuan, X. (2021). Reconceptualising interpreter's role: a perspective from social identity
theories. FORUM-International Journal of Interpretation and Translation, 19(1), 84-
104. https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.20012.yua

The interpreter’s role and performance in interpreting-facilitated interactions have attracted

considerable scholarly attention since the 1970s. Seminal field research on interpreting in
courtrooms, in hospitals, and in war zones describe interpreters as active participants.
Nevertheless, Hale (2006) and Pöchhacker (2006) critique that much data-driven research in the
area suffers from a lack of theoretical conceptualisations, and is short of diversified sociocultural
and linguistic contexts for investigation. To strengthen the theoretical background to research on
the interpreters’ role, this study draws on social psychology theories of social identity and optimal
distinctiveness, and the sociolinguistic notion of face, to develop an interdisciplinary framework
for conceptualising how identity claims may influence interpreters’ choice of linguistic strategies
in delivery. The English-Mandarin political press conference interpreting context is examined to
illustrate how the proposed framework may shed light on our understanding of interpreters’
behaviour in action.

1. Sign language interpreters’ mindset/psychology from the perspective of social identity theory
2. Sign language interpreters’ roles in xxx settings from the perspective of social identity theory

Gap:
Hale (2006) and Pöchhacker (2006) critique that much data-driven research in
the area suffers from a lack of theoretical conceptualisations, and is short of
diversified
sociocultural and linguistic contexts for investigation.

Aim: explain the sociological and psychological factors that influence interpreters’
role management and choice of linguistic strategies in interpretation.

可以应用一个案例：医疗口译或者舞台剧口译？
Viewing the roles of natural sign language interpreters and college-trained sign
language interpreters from the perspective of social identity

Viewing the progress of Chinese sign language interpreting from the perspective of
social identity

Scandroglio B, López Martínez JS, San José Sebastián MC. La Teoría de la Identidad Social:
una síntesis crítica de sus fundamentos, evidencias y controversias [Social Identity Theory:
a critical synthesis of its bases, evidence and controversies]. Psicothema. 2008
Feb;20(1):80-9. Spanish. PMID: 18206069.