MODULE 2

CHAPTER I
PHYSICAL EDUCATION: A CONCERN FOR LIFE
BRIEF HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Primitive Times –
During primitive time, physical education has existed as a form of survival. Primitive people hunt for
their food and they fight against their enemies in order to survive. They move according to their satisfaction,
needs and necessity
Examples:
Hunting with animals
Fishing along the rivers
Engage in murder for protection
Dance and play

Athens, Greece
In the era of 600 to 700 B.C. with their quest for physical and intellectual perfection. Athenians
celebrated the beauty of the human form in dance, art, religious rites and athletics. Physical education
became a form of entertainment, thus Olympic Games is created and held in Gymnasia. Athenians honored
the gods of Olympus especially Zeus, with the first Olympic games.

Byzantine Christianity
Christian influence brought the denial of physical activity for anything other than manual labor.
Christian saw sports and physical play as immoral, and in 394 they halted the Olympic Games.

During 1700’s
P.E developed significantly as it was promoted to the masses. It was during that century when P.E was
regarded as a social activity. A series of gymnastics apparatuses was also developed

German and Swedish Physical Education

During 1800’s P.E. found its way into formal schools in Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom and
America. German and Swedish programs emphasized gymnastics and exercise routines.
1900’s
The most significant development was the large scale provision of P.E programs for girls
and people with disabilities.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Refers to an important segment of general education which aims to contribute to the total
development of the learner through participation in selected vigorous activities. It is an education
through movement.

According to Andin (1988):

Physical education is an integral part of the educational program designed to promote the optimum
development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through total body
movements in the performance of properly selected physical activities.

OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Physical Development

Selected physical education activities develop and maintain good health and high level of fitness.
Engaging in physical activities will lead to individual’s growth and development.

Social Development
Engaging in selected physical education activities develops the desirable traits needed for the
adjustment in the society. Social traits: friendliness, cooperation, sportsmanship, leadership,
honesty in group competition, respect for the rights of others.

Emotional Development

It offers the opportunity for self-expression and emotional mastery. Participating in varied physical
activities enables one to acquire pleasant attitudes, desirable habits, appreciation and values.
Emotional traits: self-confidence, self-reliance, self-control, courage and determination.

Mental Development

The focus is on the acquisition of knowledge and understanding ability to analyze body
movements and skills, evaluate game situations, and make important decisions.
Regular class program (instructional in nature)

1. Core Activities: the main activities which are introduced to carry out the objectives of the
program.
2. Related Activities: the co-curricular activities which are scheduled to enrich the learning
experiences of the children.
3. Adaptive Activities: specially designed or selected activities for those learners who deviate from
the normal children.

Extra Class Program (Recreational In Nature)

1. Intramurals: competitions of teams within the same school.

2. Extramural: competitions of teams from different schools.
3. Field Mass Demonstration: a kind of activity where most if not all the children in the school take
part for the purpose of informing the public of the activities in physical education.
4. Exhibition Groups: specially trained children for performance on certain occasions.
ACTIVITIES IN THE P.E PROGRAM

Developmental Activities
The basic type of activities that contribute to the normal growth of the individual and enhance the
development of skills.

1. Perceptual Motor Activities: it pertains to the development of the neuro (mind), muscular (muscle),
coordination that helps the child manage his body.

2. Posture and Body Mechanics:

1. Correct posture is the proper alignment of body segments in relation to different body positions.
2. Body mechanics it is a body exercises or movement that are intended to improve one’s
posture, stamina and poise.
3. Basic Movement Skills:

Locomotor Movements – moving from one place to another demonstration

Examples:
Walk – A series of steps by transferring the weight of the body from one foot to another.
Run- It is a series of steps in a successive motion without break or intervention.
Hop- To spring or move with light bounding skips in one foot but land in the same foot.
Skip- to move along by hopping lightly on first one foot and then other foot.
Leap- to move by spring lightly in one foot and land in the other foot.
Slide- To move over surface while maintaining smooth continues contact in the floor.
Gallop- a movement of mode of running particularly by a horse, by lifting alternatively the feet in
successive leaps or bounds.

Non-Locomotor Movements - movement that can be done in one place to another place. Examples
Twisting – the rotation of selected body part around its long axis.
Bending – moving a joint
Swaying – fluidly and gradually shifting the center of gravity from the center of gravity
Turning- rotating the body along the long axis
Swinging- rhythmical, smooth motion of the body part resembling a pendulum

Simple Games: refers to games that are easy to organize.

Rhythmic Activities: activities with regards to music or any accompaniment.

Gymnastics: it is a systematic body exercises which are based on scientific principles.

Sport-type Games: also called lead-up games.

Athletic Sports:
Team Sports,
Individual-Dual Sports,
Track And Field Events,
Swimming