C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Atty. Mark Joseph B. Hingpes

AMICI Criminology Review Lecturer
testhjfly taml tae bmw
requhreg mt tae thje f`
Crhjhlmb Bmw tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
f``else9
  Crhje, ge`hleg. Crhje hs ml mct cfjjhtteg fr
fjhtteg hl vhfbmthfl f` m punbhc bmw `frnhgghlk fr Camrmcterhsthcs F` Crhjhlmb Bmw
cfjjmlghlk ht.
  Sfurces f` Tahbhpphle Crhjhlmb Bmw  KELE^MB, hl tamt crhjhlmb bmw hs nhlghlk fl mbb
  Wae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge (Mct Lf. 31=5) persfls waf bhve fr sfofurl hl Tahbhpphle
mlg hts mjelgjelts. terrhtfry
  Spechmb Telmb Bmws pmsseg ny tae 
WE^^HWF^HMB, hl tamt crhjhlmb bmws ulgertmie tf
Tahbhpphle Cfjjhsshfl, Tahbhpphle pulhsa crhjes cfjjhtteg whtahl Tahbhpphle
 Mssejnby, Tahbhpphle Bekhsbmture, terrhtfry.
Lmthflmb Mssejnby, tae Cflkress f` tae  T^FSTECWHPE, hl tamt m pelmb bmw cmllft jmie
Tahbhpphles, mlg tae Nmtmsmlk ml mct pulhsamnbe hl m jmller hl wahca ht wms
Tmjnmlsm. lft pulhsamnbe wael cfjjhtteg. Ms prfvhgeg hl
  Telmb Treshgelthmb Gecrees hssueg gurhlk  Mrthcbe 300 f` tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge, crhjes
Jmrthmb Bmw. mre pulhsaeg ulger tae bmws hl `frce mt tae thje
  Cfurt gechshfls mre lft sfurces f` crhjhlmb bmw, f` taehr cfjjhsshfl.
necmuse taey jereby expbmhl tae jemlhlk f`, f  Excepthfls tf tae prfspecthve mppbhcmthfl
mlg mppby, tae bmw ms elmcteg ny tae bekhsbmthve f` crhjhlmb bmws.
nrmlca f` tae kfverljelt.  [aelever m lew stmtute gembhlk
  Bhjhtmthfls fl tae pfwer f` tae bmwjmihlk nfgy whta crhje estmnbhsaes
tf elmct pelmb bekhsbmthfl. cflghthfls jfre belhelt fr
  Lf ex pfst `mctf bmw fr nhbb f` mttmhlger `mvfrmnbe tf tae mccuseg, ht cml
sambb ne elmcteg. (Mrt. Hbb, Sec. >>) ne khvel m retrfmcthve e``ect.
  Lf persfl sambb ne aebg tf mlswer `fr m    QTL? [aere tae lew
crhjhlmb f``else whtafut gue prfcess f` bmw hs expressby jmge
bmw. hlmppbhcmnbe tf pelghlk
 Wae `hrst bhjhtmthfl prfahnhts tae mcthfls fr exhsthlk
pmssmke f` retrfmcthve bmws cmuses f` mcthfl.
wahca mre preoughchmb tf tae    QTL? [aere tae
mccuseg. f``elger hs m amnhtumb
 ex pfst `mctf bmw crhjhlmb ulger ^ube 5,
  jmies crhjhlmb ml mct  Mrthcbe 0>, ^evhseg
gfle ne`fre tae
pmssmke f` tae bmw mlg Telmb Cfge
wahca wms hllfcelt  Mrthcbe =. Whje wael Mct tmies e``ect. - Wahs Cfge
wael gfle, mlg sambb tmie e``ect fl tae `hrst gmy f` Omlumry,
pulhsaes suca ml mct9 lhleteel aulgreg mlg tahrty-twf.
  mkkrmvmtes m crhje, fr
 Mrthcbe >. Mppbhcmthfl f` hts prfvhshfls.
prfvhshfls. - Except ms
jmies ht kremter taml ht
prfvhgeg hl tae tremthes mlg bmws f` pre`erelthmb
wms, wael cfjjhtteg9
mppbhcmthfl, tae prfvhshfls f` tahs Cfge sambb ne
  camlkes tae pulhsajelt
el`frceg lft flby whtahl tae Tahbhpphle
mlg hl`bhcts m kremter
 Mrcahpebmkf, hlcbughlk hts mtjfspaere,
mtjfspaere, hts hlterhfr
pulhsajelt taml tae
wmters mlg jmrhthje zfle, nut mbsf futshge f` hts
bmw mllexeg tf tae
 ourhsghcthfl, mkmhlst tafse waf?
crhje wael cfjjhtteg9
  mbters tae bekmb rubes f` =. Safubg cfjjht ml f``else wahbe fl m Tahbhpphle
evhgelce, mlg sahp fr mhrsahp
mutafrhzes cflvhcthfl
upfl bess fr gh``erelt
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Nut wael tae Tahbhpphle vesseb fr mhrcrm`t hs hl

tae terrhtfry f` m `frehkl cfultry, tae crhje
cfjjhtteg fl smhg vesseb fr mhrcrm`t hs sunoect tf
tae bmws f` tamt `frehkl cfultry.
  M Tahbhpphle vesseb fr mhrcrm`t just ne
ulgerstffg ms tamt wahca hs rekhstereg hl tae
Tahbhpphle Nuremu f` Custfjs.
 Ht hs tae rekhstrmthfl f` tae vesseb fr mhrcrm`t hl
mccfrgmlce whta tae bmws f` tae Tahbhpphles, lft
tae chthzelsahp f` hts fwler, wahca jmies ht m
Tahbhpphle sahp fr mhrsahp.

>. Safubg `frke fr cfulter`eht mly cfhl fr

currelcy lfte f` tae Tahbhpphle Hsbmlgs fr
fnbhkmthfls mlg securhthes hssueg ny tae
Kfverljelt f` tae Tahbhpphle Hsbmlgs9

3. Safubg ne bhmnbe `fr

` fr mcts cfllecteg whta tae
hltrfgucthfl hltf taese hsbmlgs f` tae fnbhkmthfls
mlg securhthes jelthfleg hl tae preshghlk
lujner9

7. [ahbe nehlk punbhc f``hcers fr ejpbfyees,

safubg cfjjht ml f``else hl tae exerchse f` taehr
`ulcthfls9 fr

5. Safubg cfjjht mly f` tae crhjes mkmhlst

lmthflmb securhty mlg tae bmw f` lmthfls, ge`hleg
hl Whtbe Fle f` Nffi Wwf f` tahs Cfge.

  Wae crhjes mkmhlst tae lmthflmb securhty mlg tae

bmw f` lmthfls mre tremsfl (Mrt. ==7), cflsphrmcy
mlg prfpfsmb tf cfjjht tremsfl (Mrt. ==5),
esphflmke (Mrt. ==;), hlchthlk tf wmr mlg khvhlk
jfthves `fr reprhsmbs (Mrt. ==1), vhfbmthfl f`
leutrmbhty (Mrt. ==8), cfrrespflgelce whta

afsthbe cfultry (Mrt. =>4), `bhkat tf elejy's

cfultry (Mrt. =>=), mlg phrmcy mlg juthly fl tae
ahka sems. (Mrt. =>>)

Tersfls Exejpt @rfj Wae Fpermthfl F` Fur

Crhjhlmb Bmws Ny Phrtue F` Wae Trhlchpbes F`
Tunbhc Hlterlmthflmb Bmw.

  Wae `fbbfwhlk mre lft sunoect tf tae fpermthfl f`

fur crhjhlmb bmws?
  Sfverehkls mlg ftaer cahe`s f` stmte.
   Mjnmssmgfrs, jhlhsters pbelhpftelthmry,
jhlhsters reshgelt, mlg camrkes
g'm``mhres.
   M cflsub hs lft elthtbeg tf tae prhvhbekes mlg
hjjulhthes f` ml mjnmssmgfr fr jhlhster.
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
@EBFLHES
 Mrthcbe 3. Ge`hlhthfls. - Mcts mlg fjhsshfls
fjhsshfls
pulhsamnbe ny bmw mre `ebflhes (gebhtfs).
@ebflhes mre cfjjhtteg lft flby ne jemls f`
geceht (gfbf) nut mbsf ny jemls f` `mubt
`mub t (cubpm).
Waere hs geceht wael tae mct hs per`frjeg whta
gebhnermte hltelt mlg taere hs `mubt wael tae
wrflk`ub bmci
lekbhkelce, mct resubts `rfj hjprugelce,
f` `freshkat, fr bmci f` sihbb.
  @ebflhes mre mcts mlg fjhsshfls pulhsamnbe ny
tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge.
  Ebejelts f` `ebflhes.
  Wamt taere just ne ml mct fr fjhsshfl.
  Wamt tae mct fr fjhsshfl just ne
pulhsamnbe ny tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge.
  Wamt tae mct hs per`frjeg fr tae
fjhsshfl hlcurreg ny jemls f` gfbf fr
cubpm.
  Flby exterlmb mct hs pulhsaeg.

Wae mctmcts
hlterlmb just
mre ne exterlmb,
neyflg necmuse
tae spaere f`
pelmb bmw. Aelce, m crhjhlmb tafukat fr
m jere hltelthfl, lf jmtter afw
hjjfrmb fr hjprfper ht jmy ne, whbb
lever cflsthtute m `ebfly.
  Ny fjhsshfl hs jemlt hlmcthfl, tae `mhbure tf
per`frj m pfshthve guty wahca fle hs nfulg tf
gf. Waere just ne m bmw requhrhlk tae gfhlk fr
per`frjmlce f` ml mct.
  "Tulhsamnbe ny bmw."
  "lubbuj crhjel, lubbm pfelm shle beke,
   Mrt. 3 cbmssh`hes `ebflhes, mccfrghlk tf tae jemls
ny wahca taey mre cfjjhtteg, hltf (=)
hltelthflmb `ebflhes, mlg (>) cubpmnbe `ebflhes.
  Hl hltelthflmb `ebflhes, tae mct fr fjhsshfl f` tae
f``elger hs jmbhchfus. Hl tae bmlkumke f` Mrt. 3,
tae mct hs per`frjeg whta gebhnermte hltelt (whta
jmbhce). Wae f``elger, hl per`frjhlk tae mct fr
hl hlcurrhlk tae fjhsshfl, ams tae hltelthfl tf
cmuse ml hloury tf mlftaer.
  Hl cubpmnbe `ebflhes, tae mct fr fjhsshfl f` tae
f``elger hs lft jmbhchfus. Wae hloury cmuseg ny
tae f``elger tf mlftaer persfl hs "ulhltelthflmb,
ht nehlk shjpby tae hlchgelt f` mlftaer mct
per`frjeg whtafut jmbhce."
  @ebflhes cfjjhtteg ny jemls f` gfbf fr whta
jmbhce.
  hltelt tf gf ml hloury
  M persfl waf cmuseg ml hloury, whtafut
hltelthfl tf cmuse ml evhb, jmy ne aebg bhmnbe `fr
cubpmnbe `ebfly.
  Hjprugelce hlghcmtes m ge`hchelcy f` mcthfl.
Lekbhkelce hlghcmtes m ge`hchelcy f` percepthfl.
H` m persfl `mhbs tf tmie tae lecessmry precmuthfl
tf mvfhg hloury tf persfl fr gmjmke tf prfperty,
taere hs hjprugelce. H` m persfl `mhbs tf pmy
prfper mttelthfl mlg tf use gue ghbhkelce hl
`freseehlk tae hloury fr gmjmke hjpelghlk tf
ne cmuseg, taere hs lekbhkelce. Lekbhkelce
usumbby hlvfbves bmci f` `freshkat. Hjprugelce
usumbby hlvfbves bmci f` sihbb.
^equhshtes f` gfbf fr jmbhce
  Ae just amve @^EEGFJ wahbe gfhlk ml
mct fr fjhtthlk tf gf ml mct9
  Ae just amve HLWEBBHKELCE wahbe
gfhlk tae mct fr fjhtthlk tf gf tae mct9
  Ae just amve HLWELW wahbe gfhlk tae
mct fr fjhtthlk tf gf tae mct.
 Wae exhstelce f` hltelt hs safwl ny tae fvert
mcts f` m persfl.
 Crhjhlmb hltelt hs presujeg `rfj tae
cfjjhsshfl f` ml ulbmw`ub mct.
 [ael tae mccuseg hs camrkeg whta hltelthflmb
`ebfly, mnselce f` crhjhlmb hltelt hs m ge`else.
JHSWMIE F@ @MCW
  [ahbe hklfrmlce f` tae bmw excuses lf fle `rfj
cfjpbhmlce taerewhta (hklfrmlthm bekhs lfl
excusmt), hklfrmlce fr jhstmie f` `mct rebheves
tae mccuseg `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty
  ^E]UHSHWES
=.  Wamt tae mct gfle wfubg amve neel
bmw`ub amg tae `mcts neel ms tae mccuseg
nebheveg taej tf ne.
>.  Wamt tae hltelthfl f` tae mccuseg hl
per`frjhlk tae mct safubg ne bmw`ub.
3. Wamt tae jhstmie just ne whtafut `mubt
fr cmrebessless fl tae pmrt f` tae
mccuseg.
 Hl jhstmie f` `mct, tae hltelthfl f` tae mccuseg
hl per`frjhlk tae mct safubg ne bmw`ub. Waus, hl
errfr hl persflme fr jhstmie hl tae hgelthty f`
tae vhcthj, tae prhlchpbe f` jhstmie f` `mct gfes
lft mppby.
 Bmci f` hltelt tf ihbb tae gecemseg, necmuse ahs
hltelthfl wms tf ihbb mlftaer, gfes lft rebheve
tae mccuseg `rfj crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty.
 Smjpbe mlswer ?

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
=.  ―Amg tae `mcts neel ms  M nebheveg taej
tf ne, ae wfubg amve neel ousth`heg hl
ihbbhlk tae hltruger ulger Mrthcbe ==,
pmrmkrmpa =, f` tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge,
wahca requhres, tf ousth`y tae mct, tamt
taere ne –―   ne tae ghrect, lmturmb mlg bfkhcmb
JMBM HL SE MLG JMBM T^FAHNHWM,
GHSWHLKUHSAEG.
  Crhjes jmbm hl se mre tafse sf serhfus hl taehr
e``ects fl sfchety ms tf cmbb `fr mbjfst
ulmlhjfus cflgejlmthfl f` hts jejners
  Hl mcts jmbm hl se, tae hltelt kfverls
  Ge`else- kffg `mhta
  jmbm prfahnhtm mre vhfbmthfls f` jere rubes f`
cflvelhelce geshkleg tf secure m jfre frgerby
rekubmthfl f` tae m``mhrs f` sfchety
  jmbm prfahnhtm, tae flby hlquhry hs, ams tae bmw
neel vhfbmteg6
  Kffg `mhta lft m ge`else nut hltelt tf
perpetrmte tae crhje
 Mrthcbe 7. Crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty. - Crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty sambb
ne hlcurreg?
=. Ny mly persfl cfjjhtthlk m `ebfly (gebhtf)
mbtafuka tae wrflk`ub mct gfle ne gh``erelt `rfj
tamt wahca ae hltelgeg.
  Fle waf cfjjhts ml hltelthflmb `ebfly hs
respflshnbe `fr mbb tae cflsequelces wahca jmy
lmturmbby mlg bfkhcmbby resubt taere`rfj, waetaer
`freseel fr hltelgeg fr lft.
  "eb que es cmusm ge bm cmusm es cmusm geb jmb
cmusmgf" (ae waf hs tae cmuse f` tae cmuse hs
tae cmuse f` tae evhb cmuseg)
  [ael m persfl ams lft cfjjhtteg m `ebfly, ae
hs lft crhjhlmbby bhmnbe `fr tae resubt wahca hs lft
hltelgeg.
  Wae cmuses wahca jmy prfguce m resubt gh``erelt
`rfj tamt wahca tae f``elger hltelgeg mre?
f  (=) jhstmie hl tae hgelthty f` tae vhcthj9
- errfr hl persflme
f  (>) jhstmie hl tae nbfw, tamt hs, wael
tae f``elger hltelghlk tf gf ml hloury tf
fle persfl mctumbby hl`bhcts ht fl
mlftaer9 -mnerrmthf hctus
f  (3) tae mct exceegs tae hltelt, tamt hs,
tae hlourhfus resubt hs kremter taml tamt
hltelgeg. –prmeter hltelthflej
^E]UHSHWES F@ TM^MK^MTA = F@ M^W. 7.
=.  Wamt ml hltelthflmb `ebfly ams neel
cfjjhtteg9 mlg
>.  Wamt tae wrflk gfle tf tae mkkrheveg pmrty
cflsequelce f` tae `ebfly cfjjhtteg ny tae
f``elger.
  Wamt m `ebfly ams neel cfjjhtteg
f  Lf `ebfly hs cfjjhtteg
  (=) wael tae mct fr fjhsshfl hs lft
pulhsamnbe ny tae ^evhseg Telmb
Cfge, fr
  (>) wael tae mct hs cfvereg ny mly
f` tae ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlces
elujermteg hl Mrt. ==.
f   Mly persfl waf cremtes hl mlftaer's jhlg
ml hjjeghmte selse f` gmlker, wahca cmuses
tae bmtter tf gf sfjetahlk resubthlk hl tae
bmtter's hlourhes, hs bhmnbe `fr tae resubthlk
hlourhes.
  Wae remsfl `fr tae rubhlk hs tamt
wael tae cubprht gejmlgeg jfley
`rfj tae wfjel, taremtelhlk tf
safft h` taey wfubg lft nrhlk fut
taehr jfley, m `ebfly wms nehlk
cfjjhtteg (h.e., mt tamt stmke f`
executhfl, mttejpteg rfnnery whta
hlthjhgmthfl wahca hs pulhsamnbe
ulger Mrthcbe >87, hl rebmthfl tf
 Mrthcbe 0 mlg Mrthcbe 5= f` tae Cfge).
  [rflk gfle just ne tae ghrect, lmturmb mlg bfkhcmb
cflsequelce f` `ebflhfus mct.
f  Ht hs ml estmnbhsaeg rube tamt m persfl hs
crhjhlmbby respflshnbe `fr mcts cfjjhtteg ny
ahj hl vhfbmthfl f` tae bmw mlg `fr mbb tae
lmturmb mlg bfkhcmb cflsequelces resubthlk
taere`rfj.
f  Nut waere ht cbemrby mppemrs tamt tae hloury
wfubg lft amve cmuseg gemta, hl tae
frghlmry cfurse f` evelts, nut wfubg amve
aembeg hl sf jmly gmys mlg waere ht hs
safwl neyflg mbb gfunt tamt tae gemta wms
gue tf tae jmbhchfus fr cmrebess mcts f` tae
hloureg persfl fr m tahrg persfl, tae
mccuseg hs lft bhmnbe `fr afjhchge
f  Wae `ebfly cfjjhtteg just ne tae
prfxhjmte cmuse f` tae resubthlk hloury.
  Trfxhjmte cmuse hs "tamt cmuse, wahca, hl lmturmb mlg
cflthlufus sequelce, ulnrfiel ny mly e``hchelt
hltervelhlk cmuse, prfguces tae hloury, mlg whtafut
wahca tae resubt wfubg lft amve fccurreg."
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
  E``hchelt Hltervelhlk cmuse taere hs ml mcthve `frce
tamt hlterveleg netweel tae `ebfly cfjjhtteg mlg
tae resubthlk hloury, mlg tae mcthve `frce hs m ghsthlct
mct fr `mct mnsfbuteby `frehkl `rfj tae `ebflhfus mct
f` tae mccuseg
>. Ny mly persfl per`frjhlk ml mct wahca wfubg
ne ml f``else mkmhlst persfls fr prfperty, were ht
lft `fr tae hlaerelt hjpfsshnhbhty f` hts
mccfjpbhsajelt fr ml mccfult f` tae ejpbfyjelt
f` hlmgequmte fr hle``ectumb jemls.
HJTFSSHNBE C^HJES
  Wae cfjjulhty just ne prftecteg `rfj mlth-sfchmb
mcthvhthes, waetaer mctumb fr pftelthmb, f` tae jfrnhg
type f` jml cmbbeg "sfchmbby gmlkerfus persfl."
  Wae pelmbty `fr hjpfsshnbe crhje hs prfvhgeg hl
 Mrthcbe 58 f` tahs Cfge.
^E]UHSHWES F@ HJTFSSHNBE C^HJES
=.  Wamt tae mct per`frjeg wfubg ne ml f``else
mkmhlst persfls fr prfperty.
>.  Wamt tae mct wms gfle whta evhb hltelt.
3. Wamt hts mccfjpbhsajelt hs hlaereltby hjpfsshnbe,
fr tamt tae jemls ejpbfyeg hs ehtaer hlmgequmte
fr hle``ectumb.
7. Wamt tae mct per`frjeg safubg lft cflsthtute m
vhfbmthfl f` mlftaer prfvhshfl f` tae ^evhseg
Telmb Cfge.
  "Hlaerelt hjpfsshnhbhty f` hts mccfjpbhsajelt."
f  Waere just ne ehtaer (=) bekmb hjpfsshnhbhty,
fr
f  (>) payshcmb hjpfsshnhbhty f` mccfjpbhsahlk
tae hltelgeg mct.
  "Ejpbfyjelt f` hlmgequmte"
f  Exmjpbe? M, geterjhleg tf pfhsfl N, uses m
sjmbb qumlthty f` mrselhc ny jhxhlk ht whta
tae `ffg khvel tf N, nebhevhlk tamt tae
qumlthty ejpbfyeg ny ahj hs su``hchelt. Nut
shlce hl `mct ht hs lft su``hchelt, N hs lft
ihbbeg. Wae jemls ejpbfyeg (sjmbb qumlthty
f` pfhsfl) hs hlmgequmte tf ihbb m persfl.
  Ejpbfyjelt f` "hle``ectumb jemls."
f   M trheg tf ihbb N ny putthlk hlhl ahs sfup m
sunstmlce wahca ae tafukat wms mrselhc
wael hl `mct ht wms sukmr. N cfubg lft amve
neel ihbbeg, necmuse tae jemls ejpbfyeg
wms hle``ectumb
 Mrthcbe 5. Guty f` tae cfurt
cfurt hl cfllecthfl whta
mcts wahca safubg ne represseg nut wahca mre lft
cfvereg ny tae bmw, mlg hl cmses f` excesshve
pelmbthes. - [aelever m cfurt ams ilfwbegke f`
mly mct wahca ht jmy geej prfper tf repress mlg
wahca hs lft pulhsamnbe ny bmw, ht sambb relger tae
prfper gechshfl, mlg sambb repfrt tf tae Cahe`
Executhve, tarfuka tae Gepmrtjelt f` Ousthce, tae
remsfls wahca hlguce tae cfurt tf nebheve
ne bheve tamt
smhg mct safubg ne jmge tae sunoect f` bekhsbmthfl.
Hl tae smje wmy, tae cfurt sambb
samb b sunjht tf tae
Cahe` Executhve, tarfuka tae Gepmrtjelt f`
Ousthce, suca stmtejelt ms jmy ne geejeg
prfper, whtafut suspelghlk tae executhfl f` tae
seltelce, wael m strhct el`frcejelt f` tae
prfvhshfls f` tahs Cfge wfubg resubt hl tae
hjpfshthfl f` m cbemrby excesshve pelmbty, tmihlk
hltf cflshgermthfl tae gekree f` jmbhce mlg tae
hloury cmuseg ny tae f``else.
  Wae =st pmrmkrmpa f` tahs mrthcbe wahca
cfltejpbmtes m trhmb f` m crhjhlmb cmse requhres
tae `fbbfwhlk?
f  =. Wae mct cfjjhtteg ny tae mccuseg
mppemrs lft pulhsamnbe ny mly bmw9
f  >. Nut tae cfurt geejs ht prfper tf
repress suca mct9
f 3. Hl tamt cmse, tae cfurt just relger
tae prfper gechshfl ny ghsjhsshlk tae
cmse mlg mcquhtthlk tae mccuseg9
f 7. Wae ougke just tael jmie m repfrt
tf tae Cahe` Executhve, tarfuka tae
Secretmry f` Ousthce, stmthlk tae remsfls
wahca hlguce ahj tf nebheve tamt tae
smhg mct safubg ne jmge tae sunoect f`
pelmb bekhsbmthfl

Wae f>lg pmrmkrmpa
  =. Wae cfurtf`m`ter
Mrt. 5 requhres
trhmb tamtmccuseg
`hlgs tae
kuhbty9
f >. Wae pelmbty prfvhgeg ny bmw mlg
wahca tae cfurt hjpfses `fr tae crhje
cfjjhtteg mppemrs tf ne cbemrby
excesshve, necmuse
 tae mccuseg mcteg whta besser
gekree f` jmbhce, mlg/ fr9
 taere hs lf hloury fr tae hloury
cmuseg hs f` besser krmvhty.
f 3. Wae cfurt safubg lft suspelg tae
executhfl f` tae seltelce.
f
7. Wae ougke safubg sunjht m stmtejelt
tf tae Cahe` Executhve, tarfuka tae
Secretmry f` Ousthce, recfjjelghlk
executhve cbejelcy.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
 Mrthcbe 0. Cflsujjmteg, `rustrmteg, mlg
mttejpteg `ebflhes. - Cflsujjmteg `ebflhes ms
webb ms tafse wahca mre `rustrmteg mlg mttejpteg,
mre pulhsamnbe.
 M `ebfly hs cflsujjmteg wael mbb tae ebejelts
lecessmry `fr hts executhfl mlg mccfjpbhsajelt
mre preselt9 mlg ht hs `rustrmteg wael tae
f``elger per`frjs mbb tae mcts f` executhfl wahca
wfubg prfguce tae `ebfly ms m cflsequelce nut
wahca, levertaebess, gf lft prfguce ht ny remsfl
f` cmuses hlgepelgelt f` tae whbb f` tae
perpetrmtfr.
Waere hs ml mttejpt wael tae f``elger
cfjjelces tae cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly ghrectby fr
fver mcts, mlg gfes lft per`frj mbb tae mcts f`
executhfl wahca safubg prfguce tae `ebfly ny
remsfl f` sfje cmuse fr mcchgelt ftaer taml tahs
fwl spfltmlefus geshstmlce.
Cflsujjmteg `ebfly, ge`hleg.
 
 M `ebfly hs cflsujjmteg wael mbb tae ebejelts
ebejelts
lecessmry `fr hts executhfl mlg mccfjpbhsajelt
mre preselt.
@rustrmteg `ebfly, ge`hleg.
  Ht hs `rustrmteg wael tae f``elger per`frjs mbb
tae mcts f` executhfl wahca wfubg prfguce tae
`ebfly ms m cflsequelce nut wahca,
levertaebess, gf lft prfguce ht ny remsfl f`
cmuses hlgepelgelt f` tae whbb f` tae
perpetrmtfr.
`ebfly, ge`hleg 
 Mttejpteg `ebfly,
  Waere hs ml mttejpt wael tae f``elger
cfjjelce s tae cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly ghrectby
ny fvert mcts, mlg gfes lft per`frj mbb tae mcts
f` executhfl wahca safubg prfguce tae `ebfly ny
remsfl f` sfje cmuse fr mcchgelt ftaer taml ahs
fwl spfltmlefus geshstmlce.
 MWWEJTWEG @EBFLX
Ebejelts?
=.  Wae f``elger cfjjelces tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
`ebfly ghrectby ny fvert mcts9
>.  Ae gfes lft per`frj mbb tae mcts f` executhfl
wahca safubg prfguce tae `ebfly9
3.  Wae f``elger's mct hs lft stfppeg ny ahs fwl
spfltmlefus geshstmlce9
7.  Wae lfl-per`frjmlce f` mbb mcts f` executhfl
wms gue tf cmuse fr mcchgelt ftaer taml ahs
spfltmlefus geshstmlce.
  "Fvert mcts"
  sfje payshcmb mcthvhty fr geeg,
hlghcmthlk tae hltelthfl tf cfjjht m
pmrthcubmr crhje, jfre taml m jere
pbmllhlk fr prepmrmthfl, wahca h` cmrrheg
tf hts cfjpbete terjhlmthfl `fbbfwhlk hts
lmturmb cfurse, whtafut nehlk `rustrmteg
ny exterlmb fnstmcbes lfr ny tae
vfbultmry geshstmlce f` tae perpetrmtfr,
whbb bfkhcmbby mlg lecessmrhby rhpel hltf m
cflcrete f``else.
  Trepmrmtfry mcts mlg fvert mcts,
ghsthlkuhsaeg.
  tae mct f` nuyhlk pfhsfl ghg lft
ghscbfse lecessmrhby ml hltelthfl
tf ihbb m persfl whta ht
  Grmwhlk fr tryhlk tf grmw m phstfb hs lft
ml fvert mct f` afjhchge
  Saffthlk tae nubbet9 @hrhlk tae
kul
  ^mhshlk m nfbf ms h` tf strhie tae
f``elgeg pmrty whta ht hs lft ml fvert mct
f` afjhchge.
  Strhihlk ht
  Wae exterlmb mcts just amve m ghrect
cfllecthfl whta tae crhje hltelgeg tf
ne cfjjhtteg ny tae f``elger.
  Wae hltelthfl f` tae mccuseg just ne
vheweg `rfj tae lmture f` tae mcts
executeg ny ahj, mlg lft `rfj ahs
mgjhsshfl.
  "Gfes lft per`frj mbb tae mcts f` executhfl."
  H` tae f``elger ams per`frjeg mbb tae
mcts f` executhfl  ‗ lftahlk jfre hs be`t
tf ne gfle  ‗ tae stmke f` executhfl hs
tamt f` m `rustrmteg `ebfly, h` tae `ebfly
hs lft prfguceg9 fr cflsujjmteg, h` tae
`ebfly hs prfguceg.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
  "Ny remsfl f` sfje cmuse fr mcchgelt."
   M phcieg tae pfciet f` N, hlshge f` wahca
taere wms m wmbbet cfltmhlhlk `*54.44.
Ne`fre M cfubg rejfve ht `rfj tae
pfciet f` N, tae bmtter krmnneg M's amlg
mlg prevelteg ahj `rfj tmihlk ht. Hl tahs
cmse, M `mhbeg tf per`frj mbb tae mcts f`
executhfl, tamt hs, tmihlk tae wmbbet,
necmuse f` m cmuse, tamt hs, tae thjeby
ghscfvery ny N f` tae fvert mct f` M.
   M mhjeg ahs phstfb mt N tf ihbb tae bmtter,
nut wael ae presseg tae trhkker ht
 omjjeg mlg lf nubbet wms `hreg `rfj
tae phstfb.
  "Ftaer taml ahs fwl spfltmlefus geshstmlce."
  Wae geshstmlce jmy ne tarfuka `emr fr
rejfrse
  Wae Cfge requhres flby tamt tae
ghscflthlumlce f` tae crhje cfjes `rfj
tae persfl waf ams nekul ht, mlg tamt
ae stfps f` ahs fwl `ree whbb.
  Wae geshstmlce safubg ne jmge ne`fre
mbb tae mcts f` executhfl mre per`frjeg.
  Wae geshstmlce wahca exejpts `rfj
crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty ams re`erelce tf tae
crhje hltelgeg tf ne cfjjhtteg, mlg
ams lf re`erelce tf tae crhje mctumbby
cfjjhtteg ny tae f``elger ne`fre ahs
geshstmlce.
   M, whta hltelt tf ihbb, `hreg ahs
phstfb mt N, nut ghg lft aht tae
bmtter. N crheg mlg msieg M lft
tf safft ahj. M geshsteg `rfj
`hrhlk ahs phstfb mkmhl mt N. Hs M
crhjhlmbby bhmnbe6
   Xes, lft `fr mttejpteg afjhchge
necmuse ae geshsteg ne`fre ae
cfubg per`frj mbb tae mcts f`
executhfl, nut `fr krmve taremts
wahca wms mbremgy cfjjhtteg
ny ahj wael ae geshsteg.
@^USW^MWEG @EBFLX
Ebejelts?
=.  Wae f``elger per`frjs mbb tae mcts f` executhfl9
>.   Mbb tae mcts per`frjeg wfubg prfguce tae `ebfly
`ebfly
ms m cflsequelce9
3.  Nut tae `ebfly hs lft prfguceg9
7.  Ny remsfl f` cmuses hlgepelgelt f` tae whbb f`
tae perpetrmtfr.
  "Hlgepelgelt f` tae whbb f` tae perpetrmtfr."
f  Whjeby jeghcmb
f  Aelce, h` tae cmuse wahca prevelteg tae
cflsujjmthfl f` tae f``else wms tae
perpetrmtfr's fwl mlg excbushve whbb, tae 7ta
ebejelt gfes lft exhst.
  Hs taere `rustrmthfl gue tf hlmgequmte fr hle``ectumb
jemls6 Suca m `rustrmthfl hs pbmceg fl tae smje
`ffthlk ms ml hjpfsshnbe mttejpt.
@^USW^MWEG @EBFLX GHSWHLKUHSAEG @^FJ
 MWWEJTWEG @EBFLX
  Hl nfta, tae f``elger ams lft mccfjpbhsaeg ahs
crhjhlmb purpfse.
  [ahbe hl `rustrmteg `ebfly, tae f``elger ams
per`frjeg mbb tae mcts f` executhfl wahca wfubg
prfguce tae `ebfly ms m cflsequelce, hl
mttejpteg `ebfly, tae f``elger jereby
cfjjelces tae cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly ghrectby
ny fvert mcts mlg gfes lft per`frj mbb tae mcts
f` executhfl.
 MWWEJTWEG F^ @^USW^MWEG @EBFLX
GHSWHLKUHSAEG @^FJ HJTFSSHNBE C^HJE
  Hl mttejpteg fr `rustrmteg `ebfly mlg hjpfsshnbe
crhje, tae evhb hltelt f` tae f``elger hs lft
mccfjpbhsaeg.
  Nut wahbe hl hjpfsshnbe crhje, tae evhb hltelt f`
tae f``elger cmllft ne mccfjpbhsaeg9 hl
mttejpteg fr `rustrmteg `ebfly tae evhb hltelt f`
tae f``elger hs pfsshnbe f` mccfjpbhsajelt.
  Hl hjpfsshnbe crhje, tae evhb hltelt f` tae
f``elger cmllft ne mccfjpbhsaeg necmuse ht hs
hlaereltby hjpfsshnbe f` mccfjpbhsajelt fr
necmuse tae jemls ejpbfyeg ny tae f``elger hs
hlmgequmte fr hle``ectumb9 hl mttejpteg fr
`rustrmteg `ebfly, wamt prevelteg hts
mccfjpbhsajelt hs tae hltervelthfl f` certmhl
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

cmuse fr mcchgelt hl wahca tae f``elger amg lf
pmrt.  Cflsujjmteg wael tae f``elger amg
[AEL LFW MBB WAE EBEJELWS F@ M @EBFLX M^E
T^FPEG
  [ael m `ebfly ams twf fr jfre ebejelts mlg
fle f` taej hs lft prfveg ny tae prfsecuthfl
gurhlk tae trhmb, ehtaer
  tae `ebfly hs lft safwl tf amve neel
cflsujjmteg, fr
  tae `ebfly hs lft safwl tf amve neel
cfjjhtteg,
  mlftaer `ebfly hs safwl tf amve neel
cfjjhtteg.
  ^mpe- Ourhsprugelce  –  Lf `rustrmteg.
cmrlmb ilfwbegke. Jere peletrmthfl.
`fr tae cflsujjmthfl f` rmpe,
per`ect peletrmthfl hs lft
esselthmb. Mly peletrmthfl f` tae
`ejmbe frkml ny tae jmbe frkml
hs su``hchelt. Eltry f` tae bmnhm fr
bhps f` tae `ejmbe frkml, whtafut
rupture f` tae ayjel fr
bmcermthfl f` tae vmkhlm, hs
su``hchelt tf wmrrmlt cflvhcthfl
WAE^E HS LF MWWEJTWEG F^ @^USW^MWEG
HJTFSSHNBE C^HJE

AF[ WF GEWE^JHLE [AEWAE^ WAE C^HJE HS  Mrthcbe ;. [ael bhkat `ebflhes mre pulhsamnbe. -
FLBX MWWEJTWEG F^ @^USW^MWEG F^ HW HS Bhkat `ebflhes mre pulhsamnbe flby wael taey amve
CFLSUJJMWEG neel cflsujjmteg, whta tae excepthfl f` tafse

=.  Lmture f` crhje cfjjhtteg mkmhlst persfl fr prfperty

   Mrsfl (Mrts. 3>4-3>0).  ‗  Hl mrsfl, ht hs   Bhkat `ebflhes mre tafse hl`rmcthfls f` bmw `fr tae
lft lecessmry tamt tae prfperty hs tftmbby cfjjhsshfl f` wahca tae pelmbty f` mrrestf
gestrfyeg ny `hre. Wae crhje f` mrsfl hs jelfr fr m `hle lft exceeghlk >44 pesfs, fr
taere`fre, cflsujjmteg evel h` flby m nfta, hs prfvhgeg
pfrthfl f` tae wmbb fr mly ftaer pmrt f`
tae afuse hs nurleg. Wae cflsujjmthfl
f` tae crhje f` mrsfl gfes lft gepelg
upfl tae extelt f` tae gmjmke cmuseg.
(Tefpbe vs. Aerlmlgez, 57 Tahb. =>>)
Wae `mct f` amvhlk set `hre tf sfje rmks
mlg oute smcis, sfmieg hl ierfsele fhb,
mlg pbmchlk taej lemr tae wffgel
pmrththfl f` tae afuse, safubg lft ne
qumbh`heg ms cflsujjmteg mrsfl,
hlmsjuca ms lf pmrt f` tae afuse nekml
tf nurl. Ht hs flby `rustrmteg mrsfl
  H` taere wms nbmze, nut lf pmrt f` tae
afuse hs nurleg, tae crhje f` mrsfl hs
`rustrmteg. H` mly pmrt f` tae afuse, lf
jmtter afw sjmbb, hs nurleg, tae crhje
f` mrsfl hs cflsujjmteg.
>.  Ebejelts cflsthtuthlk tae `ebfly
  Wae`t cmses9 Ourhsprugelce  – lf crhje f`
`rustrmteg tae`t. Wae`t hs cflsujjmteg
wael taere hs ml mctumb tmihlk whta
hltelt tf kmhl f` persflmb prfperty,
nebflkhlk tf mlftaer, whtafut tae
bmtter's cflselt
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe 1. Cflsphrmcy mlg prfpfsmb tf cfjjht   Evel h` tae cflsphrmcy rebmtes tf mly f` tae
`ebfly. - Cflsphrmcy mlg prfpfsmb tf cfjjht crhjes f` tremsfl, renebbhfl mlg seghthfl, nut
`ebfly mre pulhsamnbe flby hl tae cmses hl wahca mly f` taej hs mctumbby cfjjhtteg, tae
tae bmw spechmbby prfvhges m pelmbty taere`fr. cflsphrmcy hs lft m sepmrmte f``else9
  [ael cflsphrmcy hs flby m jmller f` hlcurrhlk
 M cflsphrmcy exhsts wael twf
twf fr jfre persfls crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty, ht hs lft pulhsamnbe ms m
cfje tf ml mkreejelt cflcerlhlk tae sepmrmte f``else.
cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly mlg gechge tf cfjjht ht.
LFWE?
Waere hs prfpfsmb wael tae persfl waf ams
gechgeg tf cfjjht m `ebfly prfpfses hts executhfl   Hlghcmthfls f` cflsphrmcy.
tf sfje ftaer persfl fr persfls.   [ael tae ge`elgmlts ny taehr mcts
mhjeg mt tae smje fnoect, fle
CFLSTH^MCX per`frjhlk fle pmrt mlg tae ftaer
per`frjhlk mlftaer pmrt sf ms tf
  Cflsphrmcy hs lft m crhje except wael tae bmw
cfjpbete ht, whta m vhew tf tae
spech`hcmbby prfvhges m pelmbty taere`fr.
mttmhljelt f` tae smje fnoect, mlg taehr
   M cflsphrmcy exhsts wael twf fr jfre persfls
mcts, tafuka mppmreltby hlgepelgelt,
cfje tf ml mkreejelt cflcerlhlk tae
were hl `mct cflcerteg mlg cffpermthve,
cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly mlg gechge tf cfjjht ht
hlghcmthlk cbfseless f` persflmb
  K^? Cflsphrmcy mlg prfpfsmb tf cfjjht
mssfchmthfl, cflcerteg mcthfl mlg
`ebfly mre lft pulhsamnbe.
cflcurrelce f` selthjelts, tae cfurt whbb
  QTL? Waey mre pulhsamnbe flby hl tae
ne ousth`heg hl cflcbughlk tamt smhg
cmses hl wahca tae bmw spechmbby prfvhges ge`elgmlts were elkmkeg hl m
m pelmbty taere`fr.
cflsphrmcy
  ^MWHF? Cflsphrmcy mlg prfpfsmb tf
  Wae mcts f` tae ge`elgmlts just safw m
cfjjht m crhje mre flby prepmrmtfry
cfjjfl geshkl.
mcts, mlg tae bmw rekmrgs taej ms
  Ht hs `ulgmjeltmb `fr cflsphrmcy tf exhst
hllfcelt fr mt bemst perjhsshnbe except
tamt taere just ne ulhty f` purpfse mlg
hl rmre mlg excepthflmb cmses.
ulhty hl tae executhfl f` tae ulbmw`ub
  Wae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge spechmbby prfvhges m
fnoecthve. Aere, mppebbmlts ghg lft mct
pelmbty `fr jere cflsphrmcy hl Mrts. ==5,=30,
whta m ulhty f` purpfse. Evel mssujhlk
mlg =7=.
tamt mppebbmlts amve ofhleg tfketaer hl
  ==5 – Cfls tf cfjjht tremsfl
tae ihbbhlk, suca chrcujstmlces mbfle gf
  =30  –  Cfls tf cfjjht cfup g ‘ etmt, etmt,
lft smths`y tae requhrejelt f` m
renebbhfl, hlsurrecthfl
 =7= – Cfls tf cfjjht seghthfl cflsphrmcy
lehtaer ofhltnecmuse tae rube mcthfl
lfr shjubtmlefus hs tamt
hs
  Wremsfl, cfup g'etmt renebbhfl fr seghthfl safubg
per se su``hchelt prff` f` cflsphrmcy. Ht
lft ne mctumbby cfjjhtteg.
just ne safwl tf exhst ms cbemrby mlg
  H` taey cfjjht, smy, tremsfl, taey whbb
cflvhlchlkby ms tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
ne aebg bhmnbe `fr tremsfl, mlg tae
f``else htseb`. Fneghelce tf m cfjjmlg
cflsphrmcy wahca taey amg ne`fre
gfes lft lecessmrhby safw cflcert f`
cfjjhtthlk tremsfl hs flby m jmller f`
geshkl, `fr mt mly rmte ht hs tae mcts f`
hlcurrhlk crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty.
tae cflsphrmtfrs tamt safw taehr
Cflsphrmcy ms m `ebfly, ghsthlkuhsaeg `rfj cfjjfl geshkl.
cflsphrmcy ms m jmller f` hlcurrhlk crhjhlmb   Terhfg f` thje tf m``frg fppfrtulhty `fr

bhmnhbhty jeghtmthfl mlg re`becthfl, lft requhreg hl

cflsphrmcy.
  [ael tae cflsphrmcy rebmtes tf m crhje mctumbby   Ulbhie hl evhgelt prejeghtmthfl, waere m
cfjjhtteg, ht hs lft m `ebfly nut flby m jmller su``hchelt perhfg f` thje just ebmpse tf
f` hlcurrhlk crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty, tamt hs, wael taere m``frg `ubb fppfrtulhty `fr jeghtmthfl
hs cflsphrmcy, tae mct f` fle hs tae mct f` mbb.  mlg re`becthfl mlg `fr tae perpetrmtfr tf

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
gebhnermte fl tae cflsequelces f` ahs
hltelgeg geeg (U.S. vs. Khb, =3 Tahb.
334), cflsphrmcy mrhses fl tae very
hlstmlt tae pbftters mkree, expressby fr
hjpbhegby, tf cfjjht tae `ebfly mlg
`frtawhta gechge tf pursue ht. Flce tahs
msselt hs estmnbhsaeg, emca mlg
everyfle f` tae cflsphrmtfrs hs jmge
crhjhlmbby bhmnbe `fr tae crhje, cfjjhtteg
ny mlyfle f` taej
^E]UHSHWES CFLSTH^MCX?
=.  Wamt twf fr jfre persfls cmje tf ml
mkreejelt9
>.  Wamt tae mkreejelt cflcerleg tae cfjjhsshfl
f` m `ebfly9 mlg
3.  Wamt tae executhfl f` tae `ebfly ne gechgeg
upfl.
  =st ebejelt  ‗  mkreejelt presuppfses jeethlk f`
tae jhlgs f` twf fr jfre persfls.
f  Waus, tae `mct tamt m gfcujelt hs ghscfvereg
purpfrthlk tf ne m cfjjhsshfl mppfhlthlk
tae ge`elgmlt ml f``hcer f` mrjeg `frces
mkmhlst tae Kfverljelt gfes lft prfve
cflsphrmcy, necmuse ht wms lft safwl tamt
ge`elgmlt recehveg fr mccepteg tamt
cfjjhsshfl.
  >lg ebejelt  ‗  tae mkreejelt just re`er tf tae
cfjjhsshfl f` m crhje. Ht just ne ml mkreejelt tf
mct, tf e``ect, tf nrhlk mnfut wamt ams mbremgy neel
cflcehveg mlg geterjhleg.
f  Waus, tae jere `mct tamt tae ge`elgmlt jet
mlg mhreg sfje cfjpbmhlts, safwhlk
ghscfltelt whta tae Kfverljelt fver sfje
 
remb  ‗
3rg ebejelt fr  tae
`mlcheg evhbs, hs lft
cflsphrmtfrs su``hchelt
amve jmge up taehr
jhlgs tf cfjjht tae crhje. Waere just ne m
geterjhlmthfl tf cfjjht tae crhje f` tremsfl,
renebbhfl fr seghthfl.
f  Ghrect prff` hs lft esselthmb tf estmnbhsa
cflsphrmcy.
  Ghrect prff` hs lft esselthmb tf
estmnbhsa cflsphrmcy, mlg jmy ne
hl`erreg `rfj tae cfbbecthve mcts f`
tae mccuseg ne`fre, gurhlk mlg m`ter
tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje.
Cflsphrmcy cml ne presujeg `rfj
mlg prfvel ny mcts f` tae mccuseg
taejsebves wael tae smhg mcts pfhlt
tf m ofhlt purpfse mlg geshkl,
cflcerteg mcthfl mlg cfjjulhty f`
hlterests. Ht hs lft lecessmry tf
safw tamt mbb tae cflsphrmtfrs
mctumbby aht mlg ihbbeg tae vhcthj.
Cflsphrmcy relgers mbb tae
cflsphrmtfrs ms cf-prhlchpmbs
rekmrgbess f` tae extelt mlg
camrmcter f` taehr pmrthchpmthfl
necmuse hl cfltejpbmthfl f` bmw,
tae mct f` fle cflsphrmtfr hs tae mct
f` mbb
f  ]umltuj f` prff` requhreg tf estmnbhsa
cflsphrmcy
   M cflsphrmcy just ne estmnbhsaeg ny
pfshthve mlg cflcbushve evhgelce. Ht
just ne safwl tf exhst ms cbemrby
mlg cflvhlchlkby ms tae cfjjhsshfl
f` tae crhje htseb`. Jere preselce f`
m persfl mt tae scele f` tae crhje
gfes lft jmie ahj m cflsphrmtfr `fr
cflsphrmcy trmlscelgs
cfjpmlhflsahp.
^E]UHSHWES T^FTFSMB?
=.  Wamt m persfl ams gechgeg tf cfjjht m `ebfly9
mlg
>.  Wamt ae prfpfses hts executhfl tf sfje ftaer
persfl fr persfls.
  Waere hs lf crhjhlmb prfpfsmb wael
f  Wae persfl waf prfpfses hs lft geterjhleg
tf cfjjht tae `ebfly.
f  Waere hs lf gechgeg, cflcrete mlg `frjmb
prfpfsmb
f  Ht hs lft tae executhfl f` m `ebfly tamt hs
prfpfseg.
 
 M cflcehveg
fvertarfwhlk tae
tae hgem f`
preselt
kfverljelt. M cmbbeg severmb f` ahs
trusteg `fbbfwers mlg hlstructeg
taej tf kf mrfulg tae cfultry mlg
secretby tf frkmlhze krfups mlg tf
cflvhlce taej f` tae lecesshty f`
amvhlk m lew kfverljelt. Lfte
tamt wamt M prfpfseg hl tahs cmse hs
lft tae executhfl f` tae crhje f`
renebbhfl, nut tae per`frjmlce f`
prepmrmtfry mcts `fr tae cfjjhsshfl
f` renebbhfl. Waere`fre, taere hs lf
crhjhlmb prfpfsmb.
  Ht hs lft lecessmry tamt tae persfl tf wafj tae
prfpfsmb hs jmge mkrees tf cfjjht tremsfl fr
renebbhfl.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

  Trfpfsmb ms ml fvert mct f` cfrrupthfl f` punbhc

f``hcer.

 Mrthcbe 8. Krmve `ebflhes, bess krmve `ebflhes

`ebflhes mlg
bhkat `ebflhes. - Krmve `ebflhes mre tafse tf wahca
tae bmw mttmcaes tae cmphtmb pulhsajelt fr
pelmbthes wahca hl mly f` taehr perhfgs mre
m``bhcthve, hl mccfrgmlce whta Mrt. >5 f` tahs Cfge.

Bess krmve `ebflhes mre tafse wahca tae bmw

pulhsaes whta pelmbthes wahca hl taehr jmxhjuj
perhfg mre cfrrecthflmb, hl mccfrgmlce whta tae
mnfve-jelthfleg Mrt..

Bhkat `ebflhes mre tafse hl`rmcthfls f` bmw `fr tae

cfjjhsshfl f` wahca m pelmbty f` mrrest
mr rest jelfr fr
m `hle lft exceeghlk >44 pesfs fr nfta9 hs
prfvhgeg.

 Mrthcbe =4. F``elses lft sunoect tf tae prfvhshfls

f` tahs Cfge. - F``elses wahca mre fr hl tae `uture
jmy ne pulhsamnbe ulger spechmb bmws mre lft
sunoect tf tae prfvhshfls f` tahs Cfge. Wahs Cfge

sambb ne suppbejeltmry tf suca bmws, ulbess tae

bmtter safubg spechmbby prfvhge tae cfltrmry.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
 Mrthcbe ==. Ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlces. - Wae
`fbbfwhlk gf lft hlcur mly crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty?
=. Mlyfle waf mcts hl ge`else f` ahs persfl fr
rhkats, prfvhgeg tamt tae `fbbfwhlk chrcujstmlces
cflcur9
@hrst. Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl.
Secflg. ^emsflmnbe lecesshty f` tae jemls
ejpbfyeg tf prevelt fr repeb ht.
Wahrg. Bmci f` su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl fl tae pmrt
f` tae persfl ge`elghlk ahjseb`.
>. Mly fle waf mcts hl ge`else f` tae persfl fr
rhkats f` ahs spfuse, mscelgmlts, gescelgmlts, fr
bekhthjmte, lmturmb fr mgfpteg nrftaers fr shsters,
fr ahs rebmthves ny m``hlhty
m``hlh ty hl tae smje gekrees
mlg tafse cflsmlkuhlhty whtahl tae `furta chvhb
gekree, prfvhgeg tamt tae `hrst mlg secflg
requhshtes prescrhneg hl tae lext preceghlk
chrcujstmlce mre preselt, mlg tae `urtaer
requhshte, hl cmse tae revfcmthfl wms khvel ny tae
persfl mttmcieg, tamt tae fle jmihlk ge`else
amg lf pmrt taerehl.
3. Mlyfle waf mcts hl ge`else f` tae persfl fr
rhkats f` m strmlker, prfvhgeg tamt tae `hrst mlg
secflg requhshtes jelthfleg hl tae `hrst
chrcujstmlce f` tahs Mrthcbe mre preselt mlg tamt
tae persfl ge`elghlk ne lft hlguceg ny revelke,
reseltjelt, fr ftaer evhb jfthve.
7. Mly persfl waf, hl frger tf mvfhg ml evhb fr
hloury, gfes lft mct wahca cmuses gmjmke tf
mlftaer, prfvhgeg tamt tae `fbbfwhlk requhshtes
mre preselt9
@hrst. Wamt tae evhb sfukat tf ne mvfhgeg mctumbby
exhsts9
Secflg. Wamt tae hloury `emreg ne kremter taml
tamt gfle tf mvfhg ht9
Wahrg. Wamt taere ne lf ftaer prmcthcmb mlg bess
amrj`ub jemls f` prevelthlk ht.
5. Mly persfl waf mcts hl tae `ub`hbbjelt f` m guty
fr hl tae bmw`ub exerchse f` m rhkat fr f``hce.
0. Mly persfl waf mcts hl fneghelce tf ml frger
hssueg ny m superhfr `fr sfje bmw`ub
b mw`ub purpfse.
OUSWH@XHLK CH^CUJSWMLCE
  Ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlces mre tafse waere tae mct
f` m persfl hs smhg tf ne hl mccfrgmlce whta bmw,
sf tamt suca persfl hs geejeg lft tf amve
trmlskresseg tae bmw mlg hs `ree `rfj nfta
crhjhlmb mlg chvhb bhmnhbhty. Waere hs lf chvhb
bhmnhbhty, except hl pmr. 7 f` Mrt. ==, waere tae
chvhb bhmnhbhty hs nfrle ny tae persfls nele`hteg ny
tae mct. 
  Wae bmw recfklhzes tae lfl-exhstelce f` m crhje
ny expressby stmthlk hl tae fpelhlk seltelce f`
 Mrthcbe == tamt tae persfls taerehl
taerehl jelthfleg
"gf lft hlcur mly crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty." 
H. SEB@-GE@ELSE
  ^E]UHSHWES?
f   Mlyfle waf mcts hl ge`else f` ahs
persfl fr rhkats, prfvhgeg tamt tae
`fbbfwhlk chrcujstmlces cflcur?
  @hrst. Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl9
  Secflg. ^emsflmnbe
lecesshty f` tae jemls
ejpbfyeg tf prevelt fr
repeb ht9
  Wahrg. Bmci f` su``hchelt
prfvfcmthfl fl tae pmrt f`
tae persfl ge`elghlk
ahjseb`
  Wae bmw fl seb`-ge`else ejnfgheg hl mly
pelmb systej hl tae chvhbhzeg wfrbg `hlgs
 ousth`hcmthfl hl jml's lmturmb hlsthlct tf
prftect, repeb, mlg smve ahs persfl fr rhkats
`rfj hjpelghlk gmlker fr perhb9
  ht hs nmseg fl tamt hjpubse f` seb`-
preservmthfl nfrl tf jml mlg pmrt f` ahs
lmture ms m aujml nehlk
H.  @hrst requhshte f` seb`-ge`else
 M.  Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl hs ml hlghspelsmnbe
requhshte
Ht hs m stmtutfry mlg gfctrhlmb requhrejelt tamt `fr tae
 ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlce f` seb`-ge`else,
seb`-ge`else, tae preselce f`
ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl hs m cflghthfl shle qum lfl
H` taere hs lf ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl, taere hs lftahlk tf
prevelt fr repeb. Wae secflg requhshte f` ge`else whbb
amve lf nmshs.
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
N. Mkkresshfl just ne ulbmw`ub
Wae `ub`hbbjelt f` m guty fr tae exerchse f` m rhkat hl m
jfre fr bess vhfbelt jmller hs ml mkkresshfl, nut ht hs
bmw`ub.
Tmrmjfur surprhseg hl tae mct f` mgubtery cmllft hlvfie
seb`ge`else h` ae ihbbeg tae f``elgeg ausnmlg waf wms
mssmubthlk ahj
Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl hs equhvmbelt tf mssmubt fr mt bemst
taremteleg mssmubt f` ml hjjeghmte mlg hjjhlelt ihlg
Waere hs ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl wael tae perhb tf fle's bh`e,
bhjn fr rhkat hs ehtaer mctumb fr hjjhlelt.
Waere just ne mctumb payshcmb `frce fr mctumb use f`
wempfl.
Waere just ne ml mctumb payshcmb mssmubt upfl m persfl,
fr mt bemst m taremt tf hl`bhct remb hloury.
Waere just ne ml mctumb payshcmb mssmubt upfl m persfl,
fr mt bemst m taremt tf hl`bhct remb hloury.
Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl presuppfses ml mctumb, suggel, mlg
ulexpecteg mttmci, fr hjjhlelt gmlker taeref`, mlg lft
jereby m taremtelhlk fr hlthjhgmthlk mtthtuge
Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl re`ers tf ml mttmci tamt ams mctumbby
nrfiel fut fr jmterhmbhzeg fr mt tae very bemst hs cbemrby
hjjhlelt9 ht cmllft cflshst hl frmb taremts fr m jereby
taremtelhlk stmlce fr pfsture.
^emsfl way sbmp fl tae `mce cflsthtutes ulbmw`ub
mkkresshfl.
Shlce tae `mce represelts m persfl mlg ahs ghklhty,
sbmpphlk ht hs m serhfus persflmb mttmci. Ht hs m payshcmb
mssmubt cfupbeg whta m whbb`ub ghsrekmrg, lmy, m ge`hmlce,
f` ml hlghvhgumb's persflmbhty
Jere nebhe` f` ml hjpelghlk mttmci hs lft su``hchelt
 M strflk retmbhmthfl `fr ml hloury fr taremt jmy mjfult
tf ml ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl
Wae mkkresshfl tamt wms nekul ny tae hloureg pmrty
mbremgy cemseg tf exhst wael tae mccuseg mttmcieg ahj.
Hl seb`-ge`else, tae mkkresshfl wms sthbb exhsthlk wael
tae mkkressfr wms hloureg fr ghsmnbeg ny tae persfl
jmihlk m ge`else
Wae mttmci jmge ny tae gecemseg mlg tae ihbbhlk f` tae
gecemseg ny ge`elgmlt safubg succeeg emca ftaer
whtafut mpprechmnbe hltervmb f` thje
Wae ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl just cfje `rfj tae persfl
waf wms mttmcieg ny tae mccuseg
 M punbhc f``hcer exceeghlk ahs mutafrhty jmy necfje ml
ulbmw`ub mkkressfr
Lmture, camrmcter, bfcmthfl, mlg extelt f` wfulg f` tae
mccuseg mbbekegby hl`bhcteg ny tae hloureg pmrty jmy nebhe
cbmhj f` seb`-ge`else
Wae `mct tamt tae mccuseg gecbhleg tf khve mly stmtejelt
wael ae surrelgereg tf m pfbhcejml hs hlcflshstelt whta
tae pbem f` seb`-ge`else.
[ael tae mkkressfr `bees, ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl lf
bflker exhsts
^etremt tf tmie jfre mgvmltmkefus pfshthfl
Lf ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl wael taere hs mkreejelt tf `hkat
 Lf ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl hl cflcerteg `hkat, ms
wael tae mccuseg mlg tae gecemseg, m`ter ml
mbtercmthfl hl m nmr, mkreeg tf `hkat, welt tf m
stfre mlg purcamseg twf ilhves9 tamt taerem`ter,
tae mccuseg repemtegby expresseg ahs geshre mlg
whsa tf tae gecemseg lft tf `hkat, mlg tamt tae
`frjer nekkeg tae bmtter tamt taere ne lf `hkat
netweel taej, mlg tamt tae gecemseg pmhg lf
aeeg tf suca request mlg mttmcieg tae mccuseg9
nut tae mccuseg succeegeg hl ihbbhlk tae
gecemseg. Ht wms aebg tamt tae mkkresshfl wms
rechprfcmb mlg bekhthjmte ms netweel twf
cfltelghlk pmrthes.
 Waere hs mkreejelt tf `hkat hl tahs cmse
 Wae cambbelke tf m `hkat just ne mccepteg
 ^MWHF? [aere tae `hkat hs mkreeg upfl, emca f`
tae prftmkflhsts hs mt flce mssmhbmlt mlg
mssmubteg, mlg lehtaer cml hlvfie tae rhkat f`
seb`-ge`else, necmuse mkkresshfl wahca hs ml
hlchgelt hl tae `hkat hs nfulg tf mrhse `rfj fle
fr tae ftaer f` tae cfjnmtmlts
 Mkkresshfl wahca hs maemg f` tae sthpubmteg
sthpubmteg thje mlg
pbmce hs ulbmw`ub

Jutumb Mkreejelt
Fle waf vfbultmrhby ofhleg m `hkat cmllft cbmhj seb`-
ge`else

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
Wae rube lfw hs "stmlg krfulg wael hl tae rhkat."
  Sf, waere tae mccuseg hs waere ae ams tae rhkat
tf ne, tae bmw gfes lft requhre ahj tf retremt
wael ahs mssmhbmlt hs rmphgby mgvmlchlk upfl
up fl ahj
whta m gemgby wempfl
  ^MWHF? h` fle `bees `rfj ml mkkressfr, ae ruls
tae rhsi f` nehlk mttmcieg hl tae nmci ny tae
mkkressfr
Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl hl ge`else f` ftaer rhkats
   Mttejpt tf rmpe m wfjml ‗ ge`else f` rhkat tf
camsthty  use m jemls f` ge`else
  Ge`else f` prfperty rhkats
f  FBG ^UBHLK? Ge`else f` prfperty cml
ne hlvfieg ms m ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlce
flby wael ht hs cfupbeg whta ml mttmci
fl tae persfl f` fle eltrusteg whta smhg
prfperty
f  LE[? Evel whtafut ml mttmci fl tae
persfl
  Ge`else f` afje
   Phfbelt eltry tf mlftaer's afuse mt
f
lhkatthje, ny m persfl waf hs mrjeg
whta m nfbf, mlg `frchlk ahs wmy hltf tae
afuse, safws ae wms remgy mlg bffihlk
`fr trfunbe, mlg tae jmller f` ahs eltry
cflsthtutes ml mct f` mkkresshfl. Wae
fwler f` tae afuse leeg lft wmht `fr m
nbfw ne`fre repebbhlk tae mkkresshfl, ms
tamt nbfw jmy prfve `mtm
Wae nebhe` f` tae mccuseg jmy ne cflshgereg hl
geterjhlhlk tae exhstelce f` ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl
  JHSWMIE F@ @MCW
Waremt tf hl`bhct remb hloury ms ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl
  LF. ht hs requhreg tamt tae mct ne f``elshve mlg
pfshthveby strflk, safwhlk tae wrflk`ub hltelt f`
tae mkkressfr tf cmuse ml hloury
Jere taremtelhlk mtthtuge hs lft ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl
[ael hltelt tf mttmci hs jmlh`est, phcihlk up m wempfl
hs su``hchelt ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl
 Mkkresshfl tamt hs expecteg
   Ml mkkresshfl tamt hs expecteg hs sthbb
sthbb remb,
prfvhgeg ht hs hjjhlelt. Ht hs webb-ilfwl tamt tae
persfl waf pursues mlftaer whta tae hltelt mlg
purpfse f` mssmubthlk ahj gfes lft rmhse ahs
amlg tf ghscamrke tae nbfw ulthb ae nebheves tamt
ahs vhcthj hs whtahl ahs remca. Hl tahs cmse, ht hs
lft lecessmry tf wmht ulthb tae nbfw hs mnfut tf
ne ghscamrkeg, necmuse hl frger tamt tae mssmubt
jmy ne prevelteg ht hs lft lecessmry tamt ht ams
neel mctumbby perpetrmteg
HH.  Secflg ^equhshte f` Ge`else f` Tersfl fr
^hkat? ^emsflmnbe lecesshty f` tae jemls
ejpbfyeg tf prevelt fr repeb ht
 Wae lecesshty tf tmie m cfurse f` mcthfl mlg tf
  Wae persfl mttmcieg hs lft guty-nfulg tf
expfse ahjseb` tf ne wfulgeg fr ihbbeg, mlg
wahbe tae gmlker tf ahs persfl fr bh`e sunshsts,
ae ams m per`ect mlg hlghsputmnbe rhkat tf repeb
suca gmlker ny wfulghlk ahs mgversmry mlg, h`
lecessmry, tf ghsmnbe ahj cfjpbeteby sf tamt ae
jmy lft cflthlue tae mssmubt
  Wae remsflmnbeless f` tae lecesshty gepelgs
upfl tae chrcujstmlces
f   Mbwmys Msi? Amg ae lft
saft/ihbbeg/mcteg upfl N wamt whbb
amppel6
f  H` rhkat fr persfl whbb ne vhfbmteg? FI
f  H` lft? Lf lecessmry
f  @fbbfw up? Hs tae mct remsflmnbe jemls6
f  Hs ht lecessmry tf use *htej* tf prevelt
ht6
f  H` yes? ^emsflmnbe
HHH.  Wahrg requhshte f` seb`-ge`else - "Bmci f`
su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl fl tae pmrt f` tae
persfl ge`elghlk ahjseb`."
 
^MWHF- [ael tae persfl ge`elghlk ahjseb` `rfj tae
mttmci ny mlftaer kmve su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl tf tae
bmtter, tae `frjer hs mbsf tf ne nbmjeg `fr amvhlk
khvel cmuse `fr tae mkkresshfl.
  Waere wms prfvfcmthfl, nut lft su``hchelt.
f  Exerchse f` rhkats
  Su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl lft khvel ny tae persfl
ge`elghlk ahjseb`
f  SEB@
  Trfvfcmthfl ny tae persfl ge`elghlk ahjseb` just
ne prfxhjmte mlg hjjeghmte tf tae mkkresshfl
@bhkat, hlcfjpmthnbe whta seb`-ge`else
  Wae mppebbmlt welt hltf ahghlk m`ter tae amcihlk
hlchgelt. Su``hce ht tf stmte tamt `bhkat m`ter tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje hs ahkaby evhgelthmry f`
kuhbt, mlg hlcfjpmthnbe whta seb`-ge`else

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
HH. GE@ELSE F@ ^EBMWHPES
^E]UHSHWES
=.  Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl9
>.  ^emsflmnbe lecesshty f` tae jemls ejpbfyeg tf
prevelt fr repeb ht9 mlg
3.  Hl cmse tae prfvfcmthfl wms khvel ny tae persfl
mttmcieg, tae fle jmihlk m ge`else amg lf pmrt
taerehl
  ^ebmthves tamt cml ne ge`elgeg
f  CFGMB
  Wahrg requhshte f` ge`else f` rebmthve
f  Ht gfes lft jeml tamt tae rebmthve ge`elgeg
safubg khve prfvfcmthfl tf tae mkkressfr.
Wae cbmuse jereby stmtes ml evelt wahca
jmy fr jmy lft tmie pbmce.
f  Wae `mct tamt tae rebmthve ge`elgeg kmve
prfvfcmthfl hs hjjmterhmb.  –  ―hl cmse‐   ―ms
bflk ms ge`elger amg lf pmrt taerehl
(prfvfcmthfl)‐   nele`hteg.
HHH. GE@ELSE F@ M SW^MLKE^
^E]UHSHWES
=.  Ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl9
>.  ^emsflmnbe lecesshty f` tae jemls ejpbfyeg tf
prevelt fr repeb ht9 mlg
3.  Wae persfl ge`elghlk ne lft hlguceg ny
revelke, reseltjelt, fr ftaer evhb jfthve.
[af mre geejeg strmlkers6
   Mly persfl lft hlcbugeg hl tae elujermthfl f`
rebmthves jelthfleg hl pmrmkrmpa > f` tahs
mrthcbe, hs cflshgereg strmlker `fr tae purpfse f`
pmrmkrmpa 3. Aelce, evel m cbfse `rhelg fr m
ghstmlt rebmthve hs m strmlker whtahl tae jemlhlk
f` pmrmkrmpa 3.
HP. MPFHGMLCE F@ ML EPHB F^ HLOU^X (SWMWE
F@ LECESSHWX)
^E]UHSHWES? 
 Mly persfl waf, hl frger tf mvfhg ml evhb
ev hb fr hloury, gfes
ml mct wahca cmuses gmjmke tf mlftaer, prfvhgeg tamt
tae `fbbfwhlk requhshtes mre preselt?
=.  @hrst. Wamt tae evhb sfukat tf ne mvfhgeg mctumbby
exhsts9
>.  Secflg. Wamt tae hloury `emreg ne kremter taml
tamt gfle tf mvfhg ht
3.  Wahrg. Wamt taere ne lf ftaer prmcthcmb mlg bess
amrj`ub jemls f` prevelthlk ht
Wae evhb wahca nrfukat mnfut tae kremter evhb just lft
resubt `rfj m vhfbmthfl f` bmw ny tae mctfr.
Waere hs chvhb bhmnhbhty ulger tahs pmrmkrmpa
  tae chvhb bhmnhbhty hs nfrle ny tae persfls
 P. @UB@HBBJELW F@ GUWX F^ BM[@UB EQE^CHSE
F@ ^HKAW F^ F@@HCE
 Mly persfl waf mcts hl tae `ub`hbbjelt f` m guty fr hl tae
bmw`ub exerchse f` m rhkat fr f``hce.
^E]UHSHWES?
=.  Wamt tae mccuseg mcteg hl tae per`frjmlce f` m
guty fr hl tae bmw`ub exerchse f` m rhkat fr f``hce9
>.  Wamt tae hloury cmuseg fr tae f``else cfjjhtteg
ne tae lecessmry cflsequelce  f` tae gue  
per`frjmlce f` guty fr tae bmw`ub exerchse f`
suca rhkat fr f``hce
  Tpb v Fmlhs, Wae secflg requhshte hs lft preselt,
necmuse tarfuka hjpmthelce, fver-mlxhety, fr hl
taehr geshre tf tmie lf camlces, tae mccuseg
exceegeg hl tae `ub`hbbjelt f` taehr guty wael
taey ihbbeg m sbeephlk persfl wafj taey
nebheveg tf ne tae wmlteg crhjhlmb whtafut
jmihlk mly prevhfus hlquhry ms tf ahs hgelthty.
  Saffthlk ml f``elger waf re`useg tf surrelger
hs ousth`heg.
f  GUE CM^E9 Guty f` Tfbhcejel
  Nut saffthlk m tahe` waf re`useg tf ne mrresteg
hs lft ousth`heg.
f  m, ht wms aebg tamt mbtafuka ml f``hcer hl
jmihlk m bmw`ub mrrest hs ousth`heg hl
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

ushlk suca `frce ms hs remsflmnby

lecessmry tf secure mlg getmhl tae
f``elger, fvercfje ahs reshstmlce,
prevelt ahs escmpe, recmpture ahj h` ae
escmpes, mlg prftect ahjseb` `rfj nfghby
amrj, yet ae hs lever ousth`heg hl ushlk
ullecessmry `frce fr hl tremthlk ahj
whta wmltfl vhfbelce, fr hl resfrthlk tf
gmlkerfus jemls wael tae mrrest cfubg
ne e``ecteg ftaerwhse
  Wae punbhc f``hcer mcthlk hl tae `ub`hbbjelt f` m
guty jmy mppemr tf ne ml mkkressfr nut ahs
mkkresshfl hs lft ulbmw`ub, ht nehlk lecessmry tf
`ub`hbb ahs guty

 PH. FNEGHELCE WF ML F^GE^ HSSUEG @F^ SFJE

BM[@UB TU^TFSE

 Mly persfl waf mcts hl fneghelce tf ml frger hssueg ny

m superhfr `fr sfje bmw`ub purpfse.

^E]UHSHWES?

=. Wamt ml frger ams neel hssueg ny m superhfr .

>.   Wamt suca frger just ne `fr sfje bmw`ub  
purpfse
3. Wamt tae jemls useg ny tae sunfrghlmte tf
cmrry fut smhg frger hs bmw`ub .

[ael tae frger hs lft `fr m bmw`ub purpfse, tae

sunfrghlmte waf fneyeg ht hs crhjhlmbby bhmnbe

Wae sunfrghlmte hs lft bhmnbe `fr cmrryhlk fut ml hbbekmb

frger f` ahs superhfr, h` ae hs lft mwmre f` tae hbbekmbhty f`
tae frger mlg ae hs lft lekbhkelt
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
 Mrthcbe =>. Chrcujstmlces wahca exejpt
exejpt `rfj
crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty. - tae `fbbfwhlk mre exejpt `rfj
crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty?
=. Ml hjnechbe fr ml hlsmle persfl, ulbess tae
bmtter ams mcteg gurhlk m buchg hltervmb.
[ael tae hjnechbe fr ml hlsmle persfl ams
cfjjhtteg ml mct wahca tae bmw ge`hles ms m
`ebfly (gebhtf), tae cfurt sambb frger ahs
cfl`hlejelt hl fle f` tae afsphtmbs fr msybujs
estmnbhsaeg `fr persfls taus m``bhcteg, wahca ae
sambb lft ne perjhtteg tf bemve whtafut `hrst
fntmhlhlk tae perjhsshfl f` tae smje cfurt.
>. M persfl ulger lhle yemrs f` mke. (=5)
3. M persfl fver lhle
lh le yemrs f` mke mlg ulger
`h`teel, ulbess ae ams mcteg whta ghscerljelt, hl
wahca cmse, suca jhlfr sambb ne prfceegeg
mkmhlst hl mccfrgmlce whta tae prfvhshfls f` Mrt.
14 f` tahs Cfge. (=5)
[ael suca jhlfr hs mgougkeg tf ne crhjhlmbby
hrrespflshnbe, tae cfurt, hl cfl`frjmnby whta tae
prfvhshfls f` tahs mlg tae preceghlk pmrmkrmpa,
sambb cfjjht ahj tf tae cmre mlg custfgy f` ahs
`mjhby waf sambb ne camrkeg whta ahs survehbbmlce
mlg egucmthfl ftaerwhse, ae sambb ne cfjjhtteg
tf tae cmre f` sfje hlsthtuthfl
hl sthtuthfl fr persfl
jelthfleg hl smhg Mrt. 14.
7. Mly persfl waf, wahbe per`frjhlk m bmw`ub mct
whta gue cmre, cmuses ml hloury ny jere mcchgelt
whtafut `mubt fr hltelthfl f` cmushlk ht.
5. Mly persfl waf mct ulger tae cfjpubshfl f`
hrreshsthnbe `frce.
0. Mly persfl waf mcts ulger tae hjpubse f` ml
ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr f` ml equmb fr kremter hloury.
;. Mly persfl waf `mhbs tf per`frj ml mct
requhreg ny bmw, wael prevelteg ny sfje bmw`ub
hlsupermnbe cmuse.
EQEJTWHLK CH^CUJSWMLCE
  Exejpthlk chrcujstmlces (lfl-hjputma-bhty) mre
tafse krfulgs `fr exejpthfl `rfj pulhsajelt
necmuse taere hs wmlthlk hl tae mkelt f` tae
crhje mly f` tae cflghthfls wahca jmie tae mct
vfbultmry fr lekbhkelt.
  Wae exejpthfl `rfj pulhsajelt hs nmseg fl tae
cfjpbete mnselce f` hltebbhkelce, `reegfj f`
mcthfl, fr hltelt, fr fl tae mnselce f`
lekbhkelce fl tae pmrt f` tae mccuseg.
  Ulger tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge, m persfl just
mct whta jmbhce fr lekbhkelce tf ne crhjhlmbby
bhmnbe. Fle waf mcts whtafut hltebbhkelce,
`reegfj f` mcthfl fr hltelt gfes lft mct whta
jmbhce. Fl tae ftaer amlg, fle waf mcts
whtafut hltebbhkelce, `reegfj f` mcthfl fr `mubt
gfes lft mct whta lekbhkelce
H. HJNECHBHWX & HLSMLHWX
 Wahs pmrmkrmpa estmnbhsaes tae ghsthlcthfl
netweel hjnechbhty mlg hlsmlhty, necmuse wahbe
tae hjnechbe hs exejpt hl mbb cmses `rfj crhjhlmb
bhmnhbhty, tae hlsmle hs lft sf exejpt h` ht cml ne
safwl tamt ae mcteg gurhlk m buchg hltervmb
 Gurhlk buchg hltervmb, tae hlsmle mcts whta
hltebbhkelce
  Ml hjnechbe hs flefl e waf, wahbe mgvmlceg hl mke,
ams m jeltmb gevebfpjelt cfjpmrmnbe tf tamt f`
cahbgrel netweel twf mlg sevel yemrs f` mke.
 Wf cflsthtute hlsmlhty, taere just ne cfjpbete
geprhvmthfl f` hltebbhkelce fr tamt taere ne m
tftmb geprhvmthfl f` tae `reegfj f` tae whbb
 Hlsmlhty mt tae thje f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
`ebfly ghsthlkuhsaeg `rfj hlsmlhty mt tae thje f`
tae trhmb.
f  [ael m persfl wms hlsmle mt tae thje
f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae `ebfly, ae hs
exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty.
f  [ael ae wms smle mt tae thje f` tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, nut ae
necfjes hlsmle mt tae thje f` tae trhmb,
ae hs bhmnbe crhjhlmbby. Wae trhmb,
afwever, whbb ne suspelgeg ulthb tae
jeltmb cmpmchty f` tae mccuseg ne
restfreg tf m``frg ahj m `mhr trhmb.
  Gejelthm prmecfx hs cfvereg ny tae terj
hlsmlhty
f  Waus, wael m persfl hs su``erhlk `rfj m
`frj f` psycafshs, m type f` gejelthm
prmecfx, afjhchgmb mttmci hs cfjjfl,

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
necmuse f` gebushfls tamt ae hs nehlk
hlter`ereg whta sexumbby, fr tamt ahs
prfperty hs nehlk tmiel. Gurhlk tae
perhfg f` exchtejelt, suca persfl ams
lf cfltrfb wamtever f` ahs mcts.  
f  Wae ulbmw`ub mct f` tae mccuseg jmy ne
gue tf ahs jeltmb ghsemse fr m jeltmb
ge`ect, prfguchlk ml "hrreshsthnbe
hjpubse," ms wael tae mccuseg ams neel
geprhveg
wahca wfubg fr amselmnbe
bfst tae ahj
pfwer
tff`prevelt
ahs whbb
w hbb
ahjseb` `rfj gfhlk tae mct.
  Scahzfparelhm, `frjerby cmbbeg gejelthm prmecfx
  Ibeptfjmlhm
f  Wae cmse f` m persfl su``erhlk `rfj
ibeptfjmlhm just ne hlvesthkmteg ny
cfjpetelt mbhelhst fr psycahmtrhst tf
geterjhle waetaer tae hjpubse tf stemb
hs hrreshsthnbe fr lft.
f  Fl tae ftaer amlg, h` tae jeltmb ghsemse
fr jeltmb ge`ect f` tae mccuseg flby
ghjhlhsaes tae exerchse f` ahs whbb-
pfwer, mlg ghg lft geprhve ahj f` tae
cflschfusless f` ahs mcts, tael
ibeptfjmlhm, h` ht ne tae resubt f` ahs
jeltmb ghsemse fr jeltmb ge`ect, hs flby
m jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce.
  Cfjjhtthlk m crhje wahbe hl m gremj
  Cfjjhtthlk m crhje wahbe su``erhlk `rfj
jmbhklmlt jmbmrhm
Nmshs f` pmrmkrmpa =
  Wae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce f` hlsmlhty fr
hjnechbhty hs nmseg fl tae cfjpbete mnselce f`
hltebbhkelce, ml ebejelt f` vfbultmrhless.
HH. M persfl ulger lhle yemrs f` mke (JHLF^HWX)
   Mke f` mnsfbute hrrespflshnhbhty rmhseg tf `h`teel
yemrs f` mke.
  Cflstrueg ms =5 fr bess
  Wae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce f` jhlfrhty hs
nmseg mbsf fl tae cfjpbete mnselce f`
hltebbhkelce.
HHH. M persfl fver lhle yemrs f` mke mlg ulger
`h`teel, ulbess ae ams mcteg whta ghscerljelt, hl
wahca cmse, suca jhlfr sambb ne prfceegeg
mkmhlst hl mccfrgmlce whta tae prfvhshfls f`
Mrthcbe 14 f` tahs Cfge. (*=5-=1)
   M jhlfr ulger ehkateel (=1) nut mnfve `h`teel
(=5) just amve mcteg whta ghscerljelt tf hlcur
crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty. Wae jhlfr hs presujeg tf amve
mcteg whtafut ghscerljelt shlce tae parmse
"ulbess ae/sae mcteg whta ghscerljelt"
hlghcmtes ml excepthfl tf tae kelermb rube tamt m
jhlfr ulger =1 nut mnfve =5 ams mcteg whtafut
ghscerljelt.
  Terhfgs f` crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty ^epunbhc Mct
Lf. 8377
f  Wae mke f` mnsfbute hrrespflshnhbhty  ‗  8
yemrs mlg nebfw (hl`mlcy). (*=5)
f  Wae mke f` cflghthflmb respflshnhbhty  ‗ 
netweel 8 mlg =5 yemrs. (*=5-=1)
f  Wae mke f` `ubb respflshnhbhty  ‗  =1 fr
fver (mgfbescelce) tf ;4 (jmturhty
f 
Wae mke f` ulger
jhthkmteg  ‗
fver 8 mlg =5, respflshnhbhty
f``elger mcthlk  
whta ghscerljelt9 =5 fr fver nut bess
taml =19 fver ;4 yemrs f` mke.
  Jemlhlk f` "ghscerljelt."
f  Wae terjs "hltelt" mlg "ghscerljelt"
cflvey twf ghsthlct tafukats. [ahbe nfta
mre prfgucts f` tae jeltmb prfcesses
whtahl m persfl, "hltelt" re`ers tf tae
geshreg mct f` tae persfl wahbe
"ghscerljelt" rebmtes tf tae jfrmb
shklh`hcmlce tamt m persfl mscrhnes tf
tae smhg mct
  Wae mbbekmthfl f` "whta hltelt tf ihbb" hl tae
hl`frjmthfl hs su``hchelt mbbekmthfl f`
ghscerljelt
  Wae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce hl pmrmkrmpa 3 f`
 Mrt. => hs nmseg mbsf fl tae cfjpbete mnselce f`
hltebbhkelce.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
HP. MCCHGELW
 Mly persfl waf, wahbe per`frjhlk m bmw`ub mct whta gue
cmre, cmuses ml hloury ny jere mcchgelt whtafut `mubt fr
hltelthfl f` cmushlk ht
EBEJELWS?
=.   M persfl hs per`frjhlk m bmw`ub mct9
>.  [hta gue cmre9
3.  Ae cmuses ml hloury tf mlftaer ny jere
mcchgelt9
7.  [htafut `mubt fr hltelthfl f` cmushlk ht
[amt hs ml mcchgelt6
    Ml mcchgelt hs sfjetahlk tamt amppels futshge
tae swmy f` fur whbb, mlg mbtafuka ht cfjes
mnfut tarfuka sfje mct f` fur whbb, bhes neyflg
tae nfulgs f` aujmlby `freseemnbe
cflsequelces.
 Mcchgelt presuppfses bmci f` hltelthfl tf cfjjht tae
wrflk gfle.
Cmse f` lekbhkelce, lft mcchgelt
 Mcchgelt mlg lekbhkelce, hltrhlshcmbby
hltrhlshcmbby cfltrmghctfry
Wae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce hl pmrmkrmpa 7 f` Mrt. => hs
nmseg fl bmci f` lekbhkelce mlg hltelt. Ulger tahs
chrcujstmlce, m persfl gfes lft cfjjht ehtaer ml
hltelthflmb `ebfly fr m cubpmnbe `ebfly.
 P. H^^ESHSWHNBE @F^CE
@F^CE
 Mly persfl waf mcts ulger tae cfjpubshfl f` ml
hrreshsthnbe `frce.
EBEJELWS?
=.  Wamt tae cfjpubshfl hs ny jemls f` payshcmb
`frce.
>.  Wamt tae payshcmb `frce just ne hrreshsthnbe.
3.  Wamt tae payshcmb `frce just cfje `rfj m tahrg
persfl.
Ne`fre m `frce cml ne cflshgereg tf ne ml hrreshsthnbe
fle, ht just prfguce suca ml e``ect upfl tae hlghvhgumb
tamt, hl sphte f` mbb reshstmlce, ht reguces ahj tf m jere
hlstrujelt mlg, ms suca, hlcmpmnbe f` cfjjhtthlk m
crhje. Ht just ne suca tamt, hl sphte f` tae reshstmlce f`
tae persfl fl wafj ht fpermtes, ht cfjpebs a hs jejners
tf mct mlg ahs jhlg tf fney. Suca m `frce cml lever
cflshst hl mlytahlk wahca sprhlks prhjmrhby `rfj tae jml
ahjseb`9 ht just ne m `frce wahca mcts upfl ahj `rfj tae
futshge mlg ny m tahrg persfl
Wae guress, `frce, `emr fr hlthjhgmthfl just ne preselt,
hjjhlelt mlg hjpelghlk mlg f` suca m lmture ms tf
hlguce m webb-krfulgeg mppreaelshfl f` gemta fr serhfus
nfghby amrj h` tae mct hs lft gfle.
 M taremt f` `uture hloury hs lft elfuka. Wae cfjpubshfl
just ne f` suca m camrmcter ms tf bemve lf fppfrtulhty
tf tae mccuseg `fr escmpe fr seb`-ge`else hl equmb
cfjnmt.
Tmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl cmllft ne hrreshsthnbe `frce
- Wae hrreshsthnbe `frce cml lever cflshst hl ml
hjpubse fr pmsshfl, fr fn`uscmthfl. Ht just cflshst f` ml
extrmlefus `frce cfjhlk `rfj m tahrg persfl
NMSHS?
Wae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce hl pmrmkrmpa 5 f` Mrt. => hs
nmseg fl tae cfjpbete mnselce f` `reegfj, ml ebejelt
f` vfbultmrhless. M persfl waf mcts ulger tae
cfjpubshfl f` ml hrreshsthnbe `frce, bhie fle waf mcts
ulger tae hjpubse f` ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr f` equmb fr
kremter hloury, hs exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty necmuse
ae gfes lft mct whta `reegfj.
 PH. ULCFLW^FBBMNBE @EM^
 Mly persfl waf mcts ulger tae hjpubse f` ml
ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr f` ml equmb fr kremter hloury
^E]UHSHWES
=.  Wamt tae taremt wahca cmuses tae `emr hs f` ml
evhb kremter taml fr mt bemst equmb tf, tamt wahca
ae hs requhreg tf cfjjht9
>.  Wamt ht prfjhses ml evhb f` suca krmvhty mlg
hjjhlelce tamt tae frghlmry jml wfubg amve
succujneg tf ht
ULCFLW^FBBMNBE @EM^
@fr tae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce f` ulcfltrfbbmnbe
ul cfltrfbbmnbe `emr tf
ne hlvfieg success`ubby, tae `fbbfwhlk requhshtes just
cflcur?
  exhstelce f` ml ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr
  tae `emr just ne remb mlg hjjhlelt9
  tae `emr f` ml hloury hs kremter taml fr mt bemst
equmb tf tamt cfjjhtteg.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Lmture f` guress ms m vmbhg ge`else GHSWHLCWHFL NEW[EEL OUSWH@XHLK MLG

EQEJTWHLK CH^CUJSWMLCES
-  Guress ms m vmbhg ge`else safubg ne nmseg fl
remb, hjjhlelt, fr remsflmnbe `emr `fr fle's
fl e's bh`e    M persfl waf mcts ny vhrtue f` m ousth`yhlk
ousth`yhlk
fr bhjn mlg safubg lft ne specubmthve, `mlch`ub, chrcujstmlce gfes lft trmlskress tae bmw, tamt
fr rejfte `emr. hs, ae gfes lft cfjjht mly crhje hl tae eyes f`
tae bmw, necmuse taere hs lftahlk ulbmw`ub hl tae
Wae mccuseg just lft amve fppfrtulhty `fr escmpe fr mct ms webb ms hl tae hltelthfl f` tae mctfr. Wae
seb`-ge`else mct f` suca persfl hs hl htseb` nfta oust mlg
bmw`ub.
-  taremt f` `uture hloury hs lft elfuka. Wae   Hl ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlces, taere hs lehtaer m
cfjpubshfl just ne f` suca m camrmcter ms tf
crhje lfr m crhjhlmb. Lf chvhb bhmnhbhty, except hl
bemve lf fppfrtulhty tf tae mccuseg `fr escmpe
pmr. 7
fr seb`-ge`else hl equmb cfjnmt
  Hl exejpthlk chrcujstmlces, taere hs m crhje nut
-  Guress hs ulmvmhbhlk waere tae mccuseg amg
lf crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty. Wae mct hs lft ousth`heg, nut
every fppfrtulhty tf rul mwmy h` ae amg wmlteg
tae mctfr hs lft crhjhlmbby bhmnbe. Waere hs chvhb
tf fr tf reshst mly pfsshnbe mkkresshfl necmuse
bhmnhbhty, except hl pmrs. 7 mlg ;
ae wms mbsf mrjeg
-  Specubmthve, `mlch`ub mlg rejfte `emr hs lft
ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr.

Ghsthlcthfl netweel hrreshsthnbe `frce mlg ulcfltrfbbmnbe

`emr.

-  Hl hrreshsthnbe `frce (pmr. 5), tae f``elger uses

vhfbelce fr payshcmb `frce tf cfjpeb mlftaer
persfl tf cfjjht m crhje9 hl ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr
(pmr. 0), tae f``elger ejpbfys hlthjhgmthfl fr
taremt hl cfjpebbhlk mlftaer tf cfjjht m crhje.

Nmshs f` pmrmkrmpa 0.

-  Wae exejpthlk chrcujstmlce hl pmrmkrmpa 0 f`

 Mrt. => hs mbsf nmseg fl tae cfjpbete mnselce
mnselce f`
`reegfj.
-  "Mctus je hlvhtf `mctus lfl est jeus mctus."
("Ml mct gfle ny je mkmhlst jy whbb hs lft jy
mct.")

 PHH. BM[@UB fr HLSUTE^MNBE

HLSUTE^MNBE CMUSE

 Mly persfl waf `mhbs tf per`frj ml mct requhreg

requhreg ny bmw,
wael prevelteg ny sfje bmw`ub fr hlsupermnbe cmuse.

EBEJELWS?

=.  Wamt ml mct hs requhreg ny bmw tf ne gfle9

>.  Wamt m persfl `mhbs tf per`frj suca mct9
3.  Wamt ahs `mhbure tf per`frj suca mct wms gue tf
sfje bmw`ub fr hlsupermnbe cmuse.

^MWHF? Wae chrcujstmlce hl pmrmkrmpa ; f` Mrt. =>

exejpts tae mccuseg `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty, necmuse ae
mcts whtafut hltelt, tae tahrg cflghthfl f` vfbultmrhless
hl hltelthflmb `ebfly.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Campter Waree JHWHKMWHLK CH^CUJSWMLCE

CH^CUJSWMLCES [AHCA JHWHKMWE C^HJHLMB
BHMNHBHWX
 Mrthcbe =3. Jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces. - Wae
`fbbfwhlk mre jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces9
=. Wafse jelthfleg hl tae preceghlk campter,
wael mbb tae requhshtes lecessmry
le cessmry tf ousth`y fr tf
exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hl tae respecthve
r especthve
cmses mre lft mttelgmlt.
-  Jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces mre tafse wahca, h`
preselt hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, gf lft
elthreby `ree tae mctfr `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty, nut
serve flby tf reguce tae pelmbty
-  Jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces mre nmseg fl tae
ghjhluthfl f` ehtaer `reegfj f` mcthfl,
hltebbhkelce, fr hltelt, fr fl tae besser pervershty
f` tae f``elger

>. Wamt tae f``elger hs ulger ehkateel yemr f` mke Frghlmry

fr fver sevelty yemrs. Hl tae cmse f` tae jhlfr, Trhvhbekeg
Jhthkmthlk 
ae sambb ne prfceegeg mkmhlst hl mccfrgmlce whta Jhthkmthlk 
tae prfvhshfls f` Mrt. 14.
Cmllft ne f``set Cml ne f``set
3. Wamt tae f``elger amg lf
l f hltelthfl tf cfjjht F``set ny mly
ny mly ny m kelerhc
sf krmve m wrflk ms tamt cfjjhtteg. mkkrmvmthlk
mkkrmvmthlk mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlce
7. Wamt su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl fr taremt fl tae chrcujstmlce chrcujstmlce
pmrt f` tae f``elgeg pmrty hjjeghmteby precegeg
tae mct. H` lft

5. Wamt tae mct wms cfjjhtteg hl tae hjjeghmte Ams tae e``ect f` f``set, ams tae
hjpfshlk tae e``ect f`
vhlghcmthfl f` m krmve f``else tf tae fle E``ect fl tae
pelmbty ny = fr > hjpfshlk tae
cfjjhtthlk tae `ebfly (gebhtf), ahs spfuse, pelmbty
gekrees taml tamt pelmbty hl tae
mscelgmlts, fr rebmthves ny m``hlhty whtahl tae
prfvhgeg ny bmw jhlhjuj
smje gekrees.
perhfg
0. Wamt f` amvhlk mcteg upfl ml hjpubse sf
pfwer`ub ms lmturmbby tf amve prfguceg pmsshfl fr Jhlfrhty,
fn`uscmthfl. Hlcfjpbete Seb`-
ge`else, twf fr
;. Wamt tae f``elger amg vfbultmrhby surrelgereg
jfre jhthkmthlk
ahjseb` tf m persfl hl mutafrhty fr ahs mkelts, fr Wafse
chrcujstmlces
tamt ae amg vfbultmrhby cfl`esseg ahs kuhbt ne`fre chrcujstmlces
whtafut mly
tae cfurt prhfr tf tae preseltmthfl f` tae evhgelce
e vhgelce Ihlgs mkkrmvmthlk elujermteg hl
`fr tae prfsecuthfl9 pmrmkrmpa = tf
chrcujstmlce (ams
=4 f` Mrthcbe =3
1. Wamt tae f``elger hs gem` mlg gujn, nbhlg fr tae e``ect f`
ftaerwhse su``erhlk sfje payshcmb ge`ect wahca bfwerhlk tae
taus restrhcts ahs jemls f` mcthfl, ge`else, fr pelmbty ny fle
cfjjulhcmthfls whta ahs `ebbfw nehlks. gekree)

8. Suca hbbless f` tae f``elger ms wfubg ghjhlhsa

tae exerchse f` tae whbb-pfwer
whbb -pfwer f` tae f``elger
whtafut afwever geprhvhlk ahj f` tae
cflschfusless f` ahs mcts.
H. Wafse jelthfleg hl tae preceghlk campter
wael mbb tae requhshtes lecessmry tf ousth`y tae
mct fr tf exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hl tae

=4. Mlg,lmture
shjhbmr `hlmbby,mlg
mlymlmbfkfus
ftaer chrcujstmlces f` m
tf tafse mnfve respecthve cmses mre lft mttelgmlt.
jelthfleg.   Ousth`yhlk chrcujstmlces 
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

=.  Seb`-ge`else/ge`else f` rebmthve/ge`else f` Exmjpbe ? Ulger taremt tamt taehr `mrj whbb ne nurleg,
strmlker   –
– ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl just ne preselt Tegrf mlg Ouml tffi turls kumrghlk ht mt lhkat. Tegrf
`fr Mrt =3 tf ne mppbhcmnbe. Ftaer > ebejelts lft `hreg hl tae mhr wael m persfl hl tae samgfws re`useg tf
lecessmry. H` > requhshtes mre preselt  –  revemb ahs hgelthty. Ouml wms mwmieleg mlg saft tae
cflshgereg m prhvhbekeg jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce.
ulhgelth`heg persfl. Wurleg fut tf ne m lehkanfr bffihlk
Exmjpbe?   Ouml jmies `ul f` Tegrf. Tegrf kets phsseg
`fr hs pet. Ouml jmy amve mcteg ulger tae hl`buelce f`
f``, kets m ilh`e mlg trhes tf stmn Ouml. Ouml krmns ahs
`emr nut suca `emr wms lft elthreby ulcfltrfbbmnbe.
fwl ilh`e mlg ihbbs Tegrf. Hlcfjpbete seb`-ge`else
Cflshgereg jhthkmthlk
necmuse mbtafuka taere wms ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl mlg
remsflmnbe jemls tf repeb wms tmiel, taere wms
HH. JHLF^HWX
su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl fl tae pmrt f` Ouml. Nut shlce >
ebejelts mre preselt, ht cflshgereg ms prhvhbekeg Tmrmkrmpa >, Mrthcbe =3 f` tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge
jhthkmthlk. prfvhghlk tamt f``elger ulger ehkateel yemrs f` mke hs
n. Stmte f` Lecesshty  (pmr
 (pmr 7) mvfhgmlce f` kremter evhb elthtbeg tf m jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce f` jhlfrhty hs
fr hloury9 h` mly f` tae bmst > requhshtes hs mnselt, taere‘s geejeg repembeg ny tae prfvhshfl f` ^epunbhc Mct 8377
gecbmrhlk m cahbg mnfve `h`teel (=5) yemrs nut nebfw
flby ml frghlmry Jhthkmthlk Chrcujstmlce.
ehkateel yemrs (=1) fr mke sambb ne exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb
Exmjpbe ? [ahbe grhvhlk ahs cmr, Ouml sees Tegrf
bhmnhbhty ulbess ae/sae ams mcteg whta ghscerljelt. (Sec.
cmrebessby crfsshlk tae street. Ouml swerves tf mvfhg
0, ^ep. Mct Lf. 8377)
ahj, taus ahtthlk m jftfrnhie whta > pmsselkers, ihbbhlk
taej hlstmltby. Lft mbb requhshtes tf ousth`y mct were Hl ftaer wfrgs, waerems ne`fre, ml f``elger `h`teel (=5)
preselt necmuse amrj gfle tf mvfhg hloury hs kremter. fr fver nut ulger ehkateel (=1) yemrs f` mke hs elthtbeg
flby tf tae nele`hts prfvhgeg ulger Mrthcbe 01 f` tae
Cflshgereg ms jhthkmthlk.
^evhseg Telmb Cfge, ulger ^epunbhc Mct Lf. 8377 fr tae
c. Ter`frjmlce f` Guty  (pmr
 (pmr 5)
"Ouvelhbe Ousthce mlg [eb`mre Mct f` >440," suca
Exmjpbe ? Ouml hs suppfseg tf mrrest Tegrf. Ae taus f``elger jmy ne exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty safubg
kfes tf Tegrf‘s ahgefut. Ouml sees m jml msbeep. ae/sae mcteg whtafut ghscerljelt.
Wahlihlk ht wms Tegrf, Ouml saft ahj. Ouml jmy amve
Fl tae ftaer amlg, h` suca f``elger mcteg whta
mcteg hl tae per`frjmlce f` ahs guty nut tae crhje wms
ghscerljelt, suca cahbg hl cfl`bhct whta tae bmw sambb
lft m lecessmry cflsequelce taeref`. Cflshgereg ms
ulgerkf ghvershfl prfkrmjs prfvhgeg ulger Campter > f`
jhthkmthlk. ^epunbhc Mct Lf. 8377.
  Exejpthlk chrcujstmlce 

m. Jhlfrhty fver 8 mlg ulger =5  –

 – h` jhlfr mcteg whta Wamt tae f``elger hs fver ;4 yemrs f` mke hs flby m
ghscerljelt, cflshgereg jhthkmthlk kelerhc jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce.
Exmjpbe ? =3 yemr fbg stfbe kffgs mt lhkatthje. Mcteg HHH. Wamt tae f``elger amg lf hltelthfl tf cfjjht
whta ghscerljelt ms safwl ny tae jmller hl wahca tae sf krmve m wrflk ms tamt cfjjhtteg. (T^MEWE^
mct wms cfjjhtteg. HLWELWHFLEJ)
 – h` >lg requhshte
n. Cmushlk hloury ny jere mcchgelt  –
^UBE? Wahs chrcujstmlce cml ne tmiel hltf mccfult flby
(gue cmre) mlg =st  pmrt f` 7ta requhshte (whtafut `mubt  – 
wael tae `mcts prfvel safw tamt taere hs m lftmnbe mlg
taus lekbhkelce flby) mre MNSELW, cflshgereg ms evhgelt ghsprfpfrthfl netweel tae jemls ejpbfyeg tf
jhthkmthlk necmuse tae pelmbty hs bfwer taml tamt execute tae crhjhlmb mct mlg hts cflsequelces.
prfvhgeg `fr hltelthflmb `ebfly.
Exmjpbe ? Tfbhce f``hcer trhes tf stfp m `hkat netweel Ouml Hltelthfl, nehlk ml hlterlmb stmte, just ne ougkeg ny
exterlmb mcts
mlg Tegrf ny `hrhlk ahs kul hl tae mhr. Nubbet rhcfcaeteg
mlg ihbbeg Tetrm. F``hcer whbb`ubby ghscamrkeg ahs kul nut  Mrt. =3, pmr. 3, hs lft mppbhcmnbe wael tae f``elger
wms uljhlg`ub f` tae `mct tamt mrem wms pfpubmteg.  ejpbfyeg nrute `frce
c. Ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr   –
–  flby fle requhshte
preselt, cflshgereg jhthkmthlk

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
Ht hs tae hltelthfl f` tae f``elger mt tae jfjelt wael
ae hs cfjjhtthlk tae crhje wahca hs cflshgereg.
Bmci f` hltelthfl tf cfjjht sf krmve m wrflk jhthkmthlk
hl rfnnery whta afjhchge.
 Mpprechmteg hl jurger qumbh`heg ny
n y chrcujstmlces nmseg
fl jmller f` cfjjhsshfl, lft fl stmte f` jhlg f`
mccuseg
  LFW HLCFJTMWHNBE. SWMWE F@ JHLG vs
JEMLS EJTBFXEG
Lft mpprechmteg hl jurger qumbh`heg ny tremcaery
Bmci f` hltelt tf ihbb lft jhthkmthlk hl payshcmb hlourhes
  Hl crhjes mkmhlst persfls waf gf lft ghe ms m
resubt f` tae mssmubt, tae mnselce f` tae hltelt tf
ihbb reguces tae `ebfly tf jere payshcmb hlourhes,
nut ht gfes lft cflsthtute m jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlce ulger Mrt. =3, pmr. 3
  Jhthkmthlk wael tae vhcthj ghes.
Lft mppbhcmnbe tf `ebflhes ny lekbhkelce
 Mppbhcmnbe flby tf f``elses resubthlk hl payshcmb hlourhes
fr jmterhmb amrj.
HP. Wamt su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl fr taremt fl tae
pmrt f` tae f``elgeg pmrty hjjeghmteby precegeg
tae mct.
^equhshtes? 
=.  Wamt tae prfvfcmthfl just ne su``hchelt.
>.  Wamt ht just frhkhlmte `rfj tae f``elgeg pmrty.
3.  Wamt tae prfvfcmthfl just ne hjjeghmte tf tae
mct, h.e., tf tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje ny tae
persfl waf hs prfvfieg.
Ny prfvfcmthfl hs ulgerstffg mly uloust
ul oust fr hjprfper
cflguct fr mct f` tae f``elgeg pmrty, cmpmnbe f` exchthlk,
hlchthlk, fr hrrhtmthlk mly fle.
Trfvfcmthfl hl frger tf ne jhthkmthlk just ne su``hchelt
mlg hjjeghmteby preceghlk tae mct
Wae wfrg "su``hchelt" jemls mgequmte tf exchte m persfl
tf cfjjht tae wrflk mlg just mccfrghlkby ne
prfpfrthflmte tf hts krmvhty.
 Ms tf waetaer fr lft m prfvfcmthfl hs su``hchelt
su``hchelt gepelgs
upfl tae mct cflsthtuthlk
c flsthtuthlk tae prfvfcmthfl, tae sfchmb
stmlghlk f` tae persfl prfvfieg, tae pbmce mlg tae thje
wael tae prfvfcmthfl hs jmge.
Trfvfcmthfl just frhkhlmte `rfj tae f``elgeg pmrty
Gh``erelce netweel su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl ms requhshte f`
hlcfjpbete seb`-ge`else mlg ms m jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlce
-  Su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl ms m requhshte f`
hlcfjpbete seb`-ge`else hs gh``erelt `rfj
su``hchelt prfvfcmthfl ms m jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlce.
-   Ms ml ebejelt f` seb`-ge`else,
seb`-ge`else, ht pertmhls tf hts
mnselce fl tae pmrt f` tae persfl ge`elghlk
ahjseb`9 wahbe ms m jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce, ht
pertmhls tf hts preselce fl tae pmrt f` tae
f``elgeg pmrty
Trfvfcmthfl just ne hjjeghmte tf tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhje
Waremt hjjeghmteby precegeg tae mct
-  Wae taremt safubg lft ne f``elshve mlg pfshthveby
strflk, necmuse, h` ht hs, tae taremt tf hl`bhct remb
hloury
rhse tf hsseb`-ge`else
ml ulbmw`ub mkkresshfl wahca jmy khve
 P. Wamt tae mct wms cfjjhtteg
cfjjhtteg hl tae hjjeghmte
hjjeghmte
vhlghcmthfl f` m krmve f``else tf tae fle
cfjjhtthlk tae `ebfly (gebhtf), ahs spfuse,
mscelgmlts, gescelgmlts, bekhthjmte, lmturmb fr
mgfpteg nrftaers fr shsters, fr rebmthves ny
m``hlhty whtahl tae smje gekrees
^equhshtes?
=.  Wamt taere ne m krmve f``else gfle tf tae fle
cfjjhtthlk tae `ebfly, ahs spfuse, mscelgmlts,
gescelgmlts, bekhthjmte, lmturmb fr mgfpteg
nrftaers fr shsters, fr rebmthves ny m``hlhty whtahl
tae smje gekrees9
>.  Wamt tae `ebfly hs cfjjhtteg hl vhlghcmthfl f`
suca krmve f``else. M bmpse f` thje hs mbbfweg
netweel tae vhlghcmthfl mlg tae gfhlk f` tae
krmve f``else.
 M bmpse f` thje hs mbbfweg
mbbfweg netweel tae krmve f``else
mlg tae vhlghcmthfl
Hltervmb f` thje lekmthlk vhlghcmthfl
 Phlghcmthfl f` m krmve f``else
f``else hlcfjpmthnbe whta pmsshfl
fr fn`uscmthfl.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Phlghcmthfl f` krmve f``else cmllft cf-exhst whta pmsshfl

T^FPFCMWHFL
Jmge ghrectby flby tf tae
persfl cfjjhtthlk tae
`ebfly
Cmuse tamt nrfukat mnfut
tae prfvfcmthfl leeg lft
ne m krmve f``else
Lecessmry tamt
prfvfcmthfl fr taremt
hjjeghmteby precegeg tae
mct. Lf thje hltervmb
mlg fn`uscmthfl
PHLGHCMWHFL
-  Hl tae cmse f` Tefpbe vs. Xmfl, C.M., 73 F.K.
7=7>, ht wms aebg tamt h` tae mccuseg mssmhbeg ahs
Krmve f``else jmy ne vhcthj hl tae prfxhjmte vhlghcmthfl f` m krmve
f``else, ae cmllft success`ubby mbbeke tamt ae
mbsf mkmhlst tae
wms mbsf, hl tae smje nremta, nbhlgeg ny pmsshfl
f``elger‘s rebmthves
mlg fn`uscmthfl, necmuse taese twf jhthkmthlk
jelthfleg ny bmw
chrcujstmlces cmllft nfta exhst mlg ne nmseg
fl fle mlg tae smje `mct fr jfthve. Mt jfst,
F``elgeg pmrty just flby fle f` taej cfubg ne cflshgereg hl `mvfr f`
amve gfle m krmve tae mppebbmlt, nut lft nfta shjubtmlefusby.
f``else tf tae f``elger  Phmgm, chthlk jfre taml fle gfzel cmses, smys
fr ahs rebmthves tamt ht hs tae cflstmlt gfctrhle f` tae Spmlhsa
Supreje Cfurt tamt fle shlkbe `mct cmllft ne
jmge tae nmshs f` gh``erelt jfgh`yhlk
chrcujstmlces
Jmy ne prfxhjmte. Whje
hltervmb mbbfweg Tmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl cfjpmthnbe whta bmci f` hltelthfl
tf cfjjht sf krmve m wrflk.

Tmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl hlcfjpmthnbe whta tremcaery

 PH. Wamt f` amvhlk mcteg upfl ml hjpubse sf
pfwer`ub ms lmturmbby tf amve prfguceg pmsshfl fr
fn`uscmthfl
Wahs pmrmkrmpa requhres tamt ‗  mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce f` tremcaery, tae
=. Wae mccuseg mcteg upfl ml hjpubse.
>. Wae hjpubse just ne sf pfwer`ub tamt ht lmturmbby
prfguceg pmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl hl ahj.
^ube `fr tae mppbhcmthfl f` tahs pmrmkrmpa
Tmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl jmy cflsthtute m jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlce flby wael tae smje mrfse `rfj bmw`ub
selthjelts
^equhshtes f` tae jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce f` pmsshfl fr
fn`uscmthfl?
=. Wamt taere ne ml mct, nfta ulbmw`ub mlg su``hchelt tf
prfguce suca m cflghthfl f` jhlg9 mlg
>. Wamt smhg mct wahca prfguceg tae fn`uscmthfl wms lft
`mr rejfveg `rfj tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje ny m
cflshgermnbe belkta f` thje, gurhlk wahca tae
-  Tmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl cmllft cf-exhst whta
tremcaery, `fr wahbe hl tae jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlce f` pmsshfl fr fn`uscmthfl tae
f``elger bfses ahs remsfl mlg seb`-cfltrfb, hl tae
jfge f` mttmci just ne cflschfusby mgfpteg.
Fle waf bfses ahs remsfl mlg seb`-cfltrfb
cmllft gebhnermteby ejpbfy m pmrthcubmr jemls,
jetafg fr `frj f` mttmci hl tae executhfl f` m
crhje
 Phlghcmthfl fr fn`uscmthfl cmllft ne cflshgereg wael
tae persfl mttmcieg hs lft tae fle waf kmve cmuse
taere`fr
-   Phlghcmthfl mlg fn`uscmthfl cmllft ne
cflshgereg, lft flby necmuse tae ebfpejelt f`
Buchbm Gmkmtml whta Ebeuterhf Xmrm mlg aer
mnmlgfljelt ny tae bmtter tffi pbmce bflk
ne`fre tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, nut mbsf
necmuse tae gecemseg wms lft tae fle waf
ebfpeg whta mlg mnmlgfleg aer.
Tmsshfl mlg fn`uscmthfl cmllft cf-exhst whta evhgelt
prejeghtmthfl

perpetrmtfr jhkat recfver ahs lfrjmb equmlhjhty -  Wae mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce f` evhgelt
Trfvfcmthfl mlg fn`uscmthfl mrhshlk `rfj fle mlg tae prejeghtmthfl cmllft cf-exhst whta tae
smje cmuse safubg ne tremteg ms flby fle jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce f` pmsshfl mlg fn`uscmthfl. Wae
chrcujstmlce. esselce f` prejeghtmthfl hs tamt tae executhfl f`

tae crhjhlmb mct just ne precegeg ny cmbj
tafukat mlg re`becthfl upfl tae resfbuthfl tf
cmrry fut tae crhjhlmb hltelt gurhlk tae spmce f`
thje su``hcelt tf mrrhve mt m cfjpfseg ougkjelt.
TMSSHFL MLG
FN@USCMWHFL 
Jhthkmthlk
Lf payshcmb `frce leegeg
@rfj tae f``elger ahjseb`
Just cfje `rfj bmw`ub
selthjelts
TMSSHFL MLG
FN@USCMWHFL
Trfguceg ny ml hjpubse wahca
jmy ne cmuseg ny prfvfcmthfl
F``else, wahca elkelgers
perturnmthfl f` jhlg, leeg lft
ne hjjeghmte. Ht hs flby
requhreg tamt tae hl`buelce
taeref` bmsts ulthb tae crhje hs
cfjjhtteg
E``ect hs bfss f` remsfl mlg
seb`-cfltrfb fl tae pmrt f` tae
f``elger
C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
 PHH. Wamt tae f``elger amg vfbultmrhby
surrelgereg ahjseb` tf m persfl hl mutafrhty fr
ahs mkelts, fr tamt ae amg vfbultmrhby cfl`esseg
ahs kuhbt ne`fre tae cfurt prhfr tf tae preseltmthfl
f` tae evhgelce `fr tae prfsecuthfl.
H^^ESHWHNBE @F^CE   PFBULWM^X SU^^ELGE^
SU^^ELGE^
^equhshtes f` vfbultmry surrelger?
Exejpthlk
m. Wamt tae f``elger amg lft neel mctumbby mrresteg.
^equhres payshcmb `frce n. Wamt tae f``elger surrelgereg ahjseb` tf m persfl hl
mutafrhty fr tf tae bmtter's mkelt.
Just cfje `rfj m 3rg c. Wamt tae surrelger wms vfbultmry.
persfl
^equhshte f` vfbultmrhless?
-  @fr vfbultmry surrelger tf ne mpprechmteg, tae
Ulbmw`ub
smje just ne spfltmlefus hl suca m jmller
tamt ht safws tae hlterest f` tae mccuseg tf
surrelger ulcflghthflmbby tf tae mutafrhthes,
ehtaer necmuse ae mcilfwbegkeg ahs kuhbt fr
necmuse ae whsaes tf smve taej tae trfunbe mlg
T^FPFCMWHFL expelses lecessmrhby hlcurreg hl ahs semrca mlg
cmpture
Cfjes `rfj hloureg Lft jhthkmthlk wael ge`elgmlt wms hl `mct mrresteg
pmrty
Wae bmw gfes lft requhre tamt tae surrelger ne prhfr tf
tae frger f` mrrest
Just hjjeghmteby [ael tae wmrrmlt f` mrrest amg lft neel serveg fr lft
precege tae returleg ulserveg necmuse tae mccuseg cmllft ne
cfjjhsshfl f` tae bfcmteg, tae surrelger hs jhthkmthlk
crhje
[ael hs surrelger vfbultmry6
-   M surrelger tf ne vfbultmry just ne
spfltmlefus, safwhlk tae hltelt f` tae mccuseg
Smje tf sunjht ahjseb` ulcflghthflmbby tf tae
mutafrhthes, ehtaer (=) necmuse ae mcilfwbegkes
ahs kuhbt, fr (>) necmuse ae whsaes tf smve taej
tae trfunbe mlg expelses lecessmrhby hlcurreg hl
ahs semrca mlg cmpture
Wae surrelger just ne spfltmlefus.
Hltelthfl tf surrelger, whtafut mctumbby surrelgerhlk, hs
lft jhthkmthlk.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

TBEM F@ KUHBW  PHHH. Wamt tae f``elger hs gem` mlg gujn, nbhlg fr
ftaerwhse su``erhlk `rfj sfje payshcmb ge`ect
Hl frger tamt tae pbem f` kuhbty jmy ne jhthkmthlk, tae wahca taus restrhcts ahs jemls f` mcthfl, ge`else,
taree requhshtes just ne preselt? fr cfjjulhcmthfl whta ahs `ebbfw nehlks

=. Wamt tae f``elger spfltmlefusby cfl`esseg ahs kuhbt9 HQ. Suca hbbless f` tae f``elger ms wfubg ghjhlhsa
tae exerchse f` tae whbb-pfwer f` tae f``elger
>. Wamt tae cfl`esshfl f` kuhbt wms jmge hl fpel cfurt,
whtafut afwever geprhvhlk ahj f` cflschfusless
tamt hs, ne`fre tae cfjpetelt cfurt tamt hs tf try tae
f` ahs mcts.
cmse9 mlg

3. Wamt tae cfl`esshfl f` kuhbt wms jmge prhfr tf tae ^equhshtes?

preseltmthfl f` evhgelce `fr tae prfsecuthfl =. Wamt tae hbbless f` tae f``elger just ghjhlhsa tae
exerchse f` ahs whbb-pfwer.
Tbem f` kuhbty fl mppemb, lft jhthkmthlk
>. Wamt suca hbbless safubg lft geprhve tae f``elger f`
Tbem f` lft kuhbty mt tae prebhjhlmry hlvesthkmthfl hs lf
cflschfusless f` ahs mcts.
pbem mt mbb.
[ael tae f``elger cfjpbeteby bfst tae exerchse f` whbb-
-  H` ml mccuseg hs camrkeg whta ml f``else
pfwer, ht jmy ne ml exejpthlk chrcujstmlce.
cfklhzmnbe ny tae cfurt f` `hrst hlstmlce, mlg
pbemgs lft kuhbty ne`fre tae julhchpmb cfurt mt Gecemseg jhlg, lft mjfulthlk tf hlsmlhty, jmy khve
hts prebhjhlmry hlvesthkmthfl, mlg m`ter tae pbmce tf jhthkmthfl
ebevmthfl f` tae cmse tf tae cfurt f` `hrst
hlstmlce ‗tae cfurt f` cfjpetelt ourhsghcthfl ‗  Q. Mlg, `hlmbby, mly ftaer chrcujstmlce f`
f` m shjhbmr
ae pbemgs kuhbty upfl mrrmhkljelt ne`fre tahs lmture mlg mlmbfkfus tf tafse mnfvejelthfleg.
bmtter cfurt, tae pbem f` lft kuhbty upfl
mrrmhkljelt mt tae prebhjhlmry hlvesthkmthfl hl  
 Exmjpbes f` ―mly ftaer chrcujstmlce‐? 
tae julhchpmb cfurt hs lf pbem mt mbb. Aelce, tae
m) ge`elgmlt waf hs 04 yemrs fbg whta `mhbhlk eyeshkat
mccuseg cfubg cbmhj ahs pbem f` kuhbty hl tae
hs shjhbmr tf m cmse f` fle fver ;4 yemrs fbg
cfurt f` `hrst hlstmlce ms jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce
pursumlt tf Mrthcbe =3(;) f` tae ^evhseg Telmb n) futrmkeg `eebhlk f` fwler f` mlhjmb tmiel `fr
Cfge rmlsfj hs mlmbfkfus tf vhlghcmthfl f` krmve f``else

Wae cfl`esshfl f` kuhbt just ne jmge hl fpel cfurt. c) hjpubse f` oembfus `eebhlk, shjhbmr tf TMSSHFL MLG
FN@USCMWHFL
Tbem f` kuhbty m`ter tae `hscmb amg preselteg evhgelce hs
lft jhthkmthlk necmuse tae tahrg requhshte hs bmcihlk g) vfbultmry resthtuthfl f` prfperty, shjhbmr tf
vfbultmry surrelger
[htagrmwmb f` pbem f` lft kuhbty mlg pbemghlk kuhbty
ne`fre preseltmthfl f` evhgelce ny prfsecuthfl hs sthbb e) extreje pfverty, shjhbmr tf hlcfjpbete ousth`hcmthfl
jhthkmthlk nmseg fl stmte f` lecesshty

SC rubeg tamt ml f``er tf elter m pbem f` kuhbty tf m besser  

 LFW mlmbfkfus?
f``else cmllft ne cflshgereg ms ml mttelumthlk
chrcujstmlce ulger tae prfvhshfls f` Mrt. =3 f` Wae m) ihbbhlk wrflk persfl
^evhseg Telmb Cfge necmuse tf ne vfbultmry tae pbem f`
n) lft reshsthlk mrrest lft tae smje ms vfbultmry
kuhbty just ne tf tae f``else camrkeg. (Tefpbe v
surrelger
Gmwmtfl)
c) rullhlk mjuci hs lft jhthkmthlk
Tbem f` kuhbty tf m besser f``else hs lft m jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlce, necmuse tf ne vfbultmry, tae pbem f` kuhbty  
 JHWHKMWHLK CH^CUJSWMLCE wahca mrhse `rfj?
just ne tf tae f``else camrkeg
m) jfrmb mttrhnutes f` tae f``elger
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Exmjpbe ? Ouml mlg Wfjms ihbbeg Tegrf. Ouml mcteg w/

TMSSHFL MLG FN@USCMWHFL. Flby Ouml whbb ne elthtbeg
tf Jhthkmthlk Chrcujstmlce

n) prhvmte rebmthfls whta tae f``elgeg pmrty

Exmjpbe ? Ouml stfbe ahs nrftaer‘s wmtca. Ouml sfbg ht tf

Tegrf, waf ilew ht wms stfbel. Wae chrcujstmlce f`
rebmthfl mrfse `rfj prhvmte rebmthfl f` Ouml mlg tae
nrftaer. Gfes lft jhthkmte Tegrf.

c) ftaer persflmb cmuse

Exmjpbe ? Jhlfr, mcthlk whta ghscerljelt rfnneg Ouml.

Tegrf, pmsshlk ny, aebpeg tae jhlfr. Chrcujstmlce f`
jhlfrhty, jhthkmtes bhmnhbhty f` jhlfr flby.

 
 Sambb serve tf jhthkmte tae bhmnhbhty f` tae
prhlchpmbs, mccfjpbhces mlg mccessfrhes tf wafj
tae chrcujstmlces mre mttelgmlt.

 
 Chrcujstmlces wahca mre lehtaer exejpthlk lfr
jhthkmthlk

m) jhstmie hl tae nbfw

n) jhstmie hl tae hgelthty f` tae vhcthj

c) eltrmpjelt f` tae mccuseg

g) mccuseg hs fver =1 yemrs fbg

e) per`frjmlce f` m rhkatefus mcthfl

Exmjpbe ? Ouml smveg tae bhves f` 88 pefpbe nut cmuseg

tae gemta f` tae bmst persfl, ae hs sthbb crhjhlmbby bhmnbe

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
Campter @fur
CH^CUJSWMLCE [AHCA MKK^MPMWE C^HJHLMB
BHMNHBHWX
 Mrthcbe =7. Mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces.
chrcujstmlces. - Wae
`fbbfwhlk mre mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces?
=. Wamt mgvmltmke ne tmiel ny tae f``elger f` ahs
punbhc pfshthfl.
>. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl cfltejpt fr
whta hlsubt tf tae punbhc mutafrhthes.
3. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta hlsubt fr hl
ghsrekmrg f` tae respect gue tae f``elgeg pmrty
fl mccfult f` ahs rmli, mke, fr sex, fr tamt hs ne
cfjjhtteg hl tae gwebbhlk f` tae f``elgeg pmrty,
h` tae bmtter ams lft khvel prfvfcmthfl.
7. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta mnuse f`
cfl`hgelce fr fnvhfus ulkrmte`ubless.
5. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl tae pmbmce f`
tae Cahe` Executhve fr hl ahs preselce, fr waere
punbhc mutafrhthes mre elkmkeg hl tae ghscamrke f`
taehr guthes, fr hl m pbmce geghcmteg tf rebhkhfus
wfrsahp.
0. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl tae lhkat thje,
fr hl ml ulhlamnhteg pbmce, fr ny m nmlg,
waelever suca chrcujstmlces jmy `mchbhtmte tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae f``else.
[aelever jfre taml taree mrjeg jmbe`mctfrs
sambb amve mcteg tfketaer hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` ml
f``else, ht sambb ne geejeg tf amve neel
cfjjhtteg ny m nmlg.
;. Wamt tae crhje ne
n e cfjjhtteg fl tae fccmshfl f`
m cfl`bmkrmthfl, sahpwreci, emrtaqumie, ephgejhc
fr ftaer cmbmjhty fr jhs`frtule.
1. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg whta tae mhg f`
mrjeg jel fr persfls waf hlsure fr m``frg
hjpulhty.
8. Wamt tae mccuseg hs m rechghvhst.
 M rechghvhst hs fle waf, mt tae thje f` ahs trhmb `fr
fle crhje, sambb amve neel prevhfusby cflvhcteg
ny `hlmb ougkjelt f` mlftaer crhje ejnrmceg hl
tae smje thtbe f` tahs Cfge.
=4. Wamt tae f``elger ams neel prevhfusby
pulhsaeg ny ml f``else tf wahca tae bmw mttmcaes
ml equmb fr kremter pelmbty fr `fr twf fr jfre
crhjes tf wahca ht mttmcaes m bhkater pelmbty.
==. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl cflshgermthfl
f` m prhce, rewmrg, fr prfjhse.
=>. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg ny jemls f`
hlulgmthfl, `hre, pfhsfl, expbfshfl, strmlghlk f` m
vesseb fr hlterlmthflmb gmjmke taeretf,
germhbjelt f` m bfcfjfthve, fr ny tae use f` mly
ftaer mrth`hce hlvfbvhlk kremt wmste mlg ruhl.
=3. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta evhgelce
prejeghtmthfl.
=7. Wamt tae crm`t, `rmug fr ghskuhse ne ejpbfyeg.
=5. Wamt mgvmltmke ne tmiel f` superhfr strelkta,
fr jemls ne ejpbfyeg tf wemiel tae ge`else.
=0. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta tremcaery
(mbevfshm).
Waere hs tremcaery wael tae f``elger cfjjhts
mly f` tae crhjes mkmhlst tae persfl, ejpbfyhlk
jemls, jetafgs, fr `frjs hl tae executhfl
taeref` wahca telg ghrectby mlg spechmbby tf hlsure
hts executhfl, whtafut rhsi tf ahjseb` mrhshlk `rfj
tae ge`else wahca tae f``elgeg pmrty jhkat
jmie.
=;. Wamt jemls ne ejpbfyeg fr chrcujstmlces
nrfukat mnfut wahca mgg hklfjhly tf tae lmturmb
e``ects f` tae mct.
=1. Wamt tae crhje
crh je ne cfjjhtteg m`ter ml
ulbmw`ub eltry.
Waere hs ml ulbmw`ub eltry wael ml eltrmlce f` m
crhje m wmbb, rff`, `bffr, gffr, fr whlgfw ne
nrfiel.
>4. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg whta tae mhg f`
persfls ulger `h`teel yemrs f` mke fr ny jemls f`
jftfr veahcbes, jftfrhzeg wmtercrm`t, mhrsahps, fr
ftaer shjhbmr jemls. (Ms mjelgeg ny ^M 5731).
>=. Wamt tae wrflk gfle hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhje ne gebhnermteby mukjelteg ny cmushlk ftaer
wrflk lft lecessmry `fr hts cfjjhsshfls.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 MBWE^LMWHPE CH^CUJSWMLCE
CH^CUJSWMLCE

-   Mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce s mre tafse wahca, h` Leeg lft ne mbbekeg.

mttelgmlt hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, serve Jmy ne prfveg fver tae
tf hlcremse tae pelmbty whtafut, afwever, Just ne mbbekeg hl tae fnoecthfl f` tae ge`else.
exceeghlk tae jmxhjuj f` tae pelmbty prfvhgeg hl`frjmthfl. Hltekrmb pmrt ]umbh`yhlk h` lft mbbekeg
ny bmw `fr tae f``else. f` tae f``else whbb jmie ht kelerhc
-  Waey mre nmseg fl tae kremter pervershty f` tae
f``elger jmlh`esteg hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
`ebfly ms safwl ny? (=) tae jfthvmthlk pfwer

htseb`, (>) tae pbmce f` cfjjhsshfl, (3) tae    Mkkrmvmthlk Chrcujstmlces wahca
wahca GF LFW amve
jemls mlg wmys ejpbfyeg, (7) tae thje, fr (5) tae e``ect f` hlcremshlk tae pelmbty?
tae persflmb chrcujstmlces f` tae f``elger, fr f`
tae f``elgeg pmrty. =) wahca taejsebves cflsthtute m crhje spech`hcmbby
pulhsamnbe ny bmw fr wahca mre hlcbugeg hl tae bmw
Ihlgs? ge`hlhlk m crhje mlg prescrhnhlk tae pelmbty taeref`

m) Kelerhc – kelermbby mppbhcmnbe tf mbb crhjes Exmjpbe ? nremihlk m whlgfw tf ket hlshge tae afuse mlg
rfn ht
n) Spech`hc – mppby flby tf spech`hc crhjes (hklfjhly
 – `fr camsthty crhjes9 tremcaery  – `fr persfls crhjes) >) mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce hlaerelt hl tae crhje tf
suca gekree tamt ht just f` lecesshty mccfjpmly tae
c) ]umbh`yhlk – tafse tamt camlke tae lmture f` tae cfjjhsshfl taeref`
crhje (evhgelt prejeghtmthfl  – necfjes jurger)
Exmjpbe ? evhgelt prejeghtmthfl hlaerelt hl tae`t,
g) Hlaerelt – lecessmrhby mccfjpmlhes tae rfnnery, estm`m, mgubtery mlg cflcunhlmke
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje (evhgelt prejeghtmthfl hl tae`t,
estm`m)    Mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces mre lft presujeg.
presujeg.
Just ne prfveg ms `ubby ms tae crhje htseb` hl
frger tf hlcremse tae pelmbty.
]UMBH@XHLK KELE^HC
 MKK^MPMWHLK  MKK^MPMWHLK H. Wamt mgvmltmke ne tmiel ny tae f``elger f` ahs
CH^CUJSWMLCE  CH^CUJSWMLCE  punbhc pfshthfl.

 Mppbhcmnbe flby wael tae f``elger hs

Khves tae prfper mlg
excbushve lmje, pbmces tae
mutafr taeref` hl suca m
shtumthfl ms tf geserve lf
ftaer pelmbty taml tamt
spech`hcmbby prescrhneg ny
bmw
hs m punbhc f``hcer.
-  Wae mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce tamt mgvmltmke ne
tmiel ny tae f``elger f` ahs punbhc pfshthfl
mppbhes flby wael tae persfl cfjjhtthlk tae
crhje hs m punbhc f``hcer waf tmies mgvmltmke f`
Hlcremse pelmbty tf tae
ahs punbhc pfshthfl.
jmxhjuj, whtafut
exceeghlk bhjht Wae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje wfubg lft amve neel
prescrhneg ny bmw pfsshnbe whtafut tae pfwers, resfurces mlg hl`buelce f`
tae f``hce ae afbgs.

Wae punbhc f``hcer just use tae hl`buelce, presthke fr

Cml‘t ne f``set ny Jmy ne cfjpelsmteg ny mscelgmlcy wahca ahs f``hce khves ahj ms tae jemls ny
Jhthkmthlk Chrcujstmlce Jhthkmthlk Chrcujstmlce wahca ae rembhzes ahs purpfse. Wae esselce f` tae jmtter
hs preselteg hl tae hlquhry, "Ghg tae mccuseg mnuse ahs
f``hce hl frger tf cfjjht tae crhje6"

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
Temce f``hcers tmihlk mgvmltmke f` taehr punbhc pfshthfls.
  Esselthmb – Tunbhc f``hcer useg tae hl`buelce,
presthke fr mscelgmlcy wahca ahs f``hce khves
ahj ms tae jemls ny wahca ae rembhzeg ahs
purpfse.
  @mhbure hl f``hchmb hs tmltmjfult tf mnushlk f`
f``hce

  [emrhlk f` ulh`frj hs hjjmterhmb – wamt jmtters
hs tae prff` tamt ae hlgeeg tffi mgvmltmke f` ahs
pfshthfl
HH. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl cfltejpt f` fr
whta hlsubt tf tae punbhc mutafrhthes.
^E]UHSHWES?
=. Wamt tae punbhc mutafrhty hs elkmkeg hl tae exerchse f`
ahs `ulcthfls.
>. Wamt ae waf hs taus elkmkeg hl tae exerchse f` smhg
`ulcthfls hs lft tae persfl mkmhlst wafj tae crhje hs
cfjjhtteg. (U.S. vs. ^fgrhkuez, =8 Tahb. =54,=509 Tefpbe
vs. Shfof, 0= Tahb. 34;, 3=;)
3. Wae f``elger ilfws ahj tf ne m punbhc mutafrhty.
7. Ahs preselce ams lft prevelteg tae f``elger `rfj
cfjjhtthlk tae crhjhlmb mct.
Jemlhlk f` "punbhc mutafrhty."
-   M punbhc mutafrhty, sfjethjes mbsf
mbsf cmbbeg m
persfl hl mutafrhty, hs m punbhc f``hcer waf hs
ghrectby vesteg whta ourhsghcthfl, tamt hs, m punbhc
f``hcer waf ams tae pfwer tf kfverl mlg
execute tae bmws. Wae cfulchbfr, tae jmyfr, tae
kfverlfr, etc., mre persfls hl mutafrhty. Wae
nmrmlkmy cmptmhl mlg nmrmlkmy camhrjml mre
mbsf persfls hl mutafrhty
Lft mppbhcmnbe wael crhje hs cfjjhtteg hl tae preselce
f` ml mkelt flby
Ilfwbegke tamt m punbhc mutafrhty hs preselt hs esselthmb.
 Ml f``else jmy ne smhg tf amve neel cfjjhtteg
cfjjhtteg hl
cfltejpt f` mf``elger,
ilfwl tf tae punbhc mutafrhty
ams lftwael ahs preselce,
prevelteg tae bmtterjmge
`rfj
cfjjhtthlk tae crhjhlmb mct.
HHH. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg (=) whta hlsubt fr
hl ghsrekmrg f` tae respect gue tae f``elgeg pmrty
fl mccfult f` ahs (m) rmli, (n) mke, fr (c) sex, fr
(>) tamt ht ne cfjjhtteg hl tae gwebbhlk f` tae
f``elgeg pmrty, h` tae bmtter ams lft khvel
prfvfcmthfl.
=. Hlsubt fl mccfult f` rmli, mke, sex
Chrcujstmlces (rmli, mke, sex) jmy ne tmiel hltf
mccfult flby hl crhjes mkmhlst persfls fr aflfr,  ht
cmllft ne hlvfieg hl crhjes mkmhlst prfperty
^mli – re`ers tf m ahka sfchmb pfshthfl fr stmlghlk ny
wahca tf geterjhle fle‘s pmy mlg ejfbujelts hl mly
scmbe f` cfjpmrhsfl whtahl m pfshthfl
 Mke – tae chrcujstmlce f` bmci f` respect gue tf mke
mppbhes hl cmse waere tae vhcthj hs f` telger mke ms webb
ms f` fbg mke
Sex – re`ers tf tae `ejmbe sex, lft tf tae jmbe sex9 lft
mppbhcmnbe wael
 Mppbhcmnbe flby tf crhjes mkmhlst
mkmhlst persfls fr aflfr.
-  Ghsrekmrg f` tae respect gue tae f``elgeg pmrty
fl mccfult f` ahs rmli, mke fr sex jmy ne tmiel
hltf mccfult flby hl crhjes mkmhlst persfls fr
aflfr, wael hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje,
taere hs sfje hlsubt fr ghsrespect tf rmli, mke fr
sex. Ht hs lft prfper tf cflshger tahs mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlce hl crhjes mkmhlst prfperty.
^fnnery whta afjhchge hs prhjmrhby m crhje
mkmhlst prfperty mlg lft mkmhlst persfls.
Afjhchge hs m jere hlchgelt f` tae rfnnery, tae
bmtter nehlk tae jmhl purpfse mlg fnoect f` tae
crhjhlmb.
Jemlhlk f` "whta hlsubt fr hl ghsrekmrg."
-  t hs lecessmry tf prfve tae spech`hc `mct fr
chrcujstmlce, ftaer taml tamt tae vhcthj hs m
wfjml (fr ml fbg jml fr fle f` ahka rmli),
safwhlk hlsubt fr ghsrekmrg f` sex (fr mke fr
rmli) hl frger tamt ht jmy ne cflshgereg ms
mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce. (Tefpbe vs. Pmbelchm,
C.M., 73 F.K. 3;74) Waere just ne evhgelce
tamt hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, tae mccuseg
gebhnermteby hltelgeg tf f``elg fr hlsubt tae sex
fr mke f` tae f``elgeg pmrty
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Lft mppbhcmnbe hl certmhl cmses Wae prfvfcmthfl just ne?

  Wae f``elger mcteg w/ TMSSHFL MLG
FN@USCMWHFL
  taere exhsts m rebmthfl netweel tae f``elger mlg
tae vhcthj (nut hl cmses f` ghvfrce gecrees
waere taere hs m ghrect nemrhlk fl taehr cahbg, ht
hs mppbhcmnbe)
  tae cflghthfl f` nehlk m wfjml hs hlghspelsmnbe
hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje (Ex. Tmrrhchge,
rmpe, mngucthfl)
^equhshte f` ghsrekmrg tf rmli, mke, fr sex
=.  Crhjes just ne mkmhlst tae vhcthj‘s persfl fr
ahs aflfr
(=) Khvel ny tae fwler f` tae gwebbhlk,
(>) Su``hchelt, mlg
(3) Hjjeghmte tf tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje.
H` mbb taese cflghthfls mre preselt, tae
ta e f``elgeg pmrty hs
geejeg tf amve khvel prfvfcmthfl, mlg tae `mct tamt tae
crhje hs cfjjhtteg hl tae gwebbhlk f` tae f``elgeg pmrty
hs lft ml mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce.
Fl tae ftaer amlg, h` mly f` tafse cflghthfls hs lft
preselt, tae f``elgeg pmrty hs geejeg lft tf amve khvel
prfvfcmthfl, mlg tae `mct tamt tae crhje hs cfjjhtteg hl
tae gwebbhlk f` tae f``elgeg pmrty hs ml mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlce.

>.  Waere hs gebhnermte hltelt tf f``elg fr hlsubt tae Ebejelts f` tae mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce f` gwebbhlk
respect gue tf tae vhcthj‘s rmli, mke, fr sex  
=.  Crhje fccurreg hl tae gwebbhlk f` tae vhcthj
G[EBBHLK 
>.  Lf prfvfcmthfl fl tae pmrt f` tae vhcthj
-  Gwebbhlk just ne m nuhbghlk fr structure, HP. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta (=) mnuse f`
excbushveby useg `fr rest mlg cfj`frt. M
"cfjnhlmthfl afuse mlg stfre" fr m jmriet stmbb cfl`hgelce fr (>) fnvhfus ulkrmte`ubless
waere tae vhcthj sbept hs lft m gwebbhlk
-  Gwebbhlk hs cflshgereg ml mkkrmvmthlk ^equhshtes f`
^equhshte f` Fnvhfus
chrcujstmlce prhjmrhby necmuse f` tae smlcthty f`  Mnuse f`
Ulkrmte`ubless
prhvmcy tae bmw mccfrgs tf aujml mnfge. Cfl`hgelce
 Mccfrghlk tf fle cfjjeltmtfr, fle's gwebbhlk
gwebbhlk
pbmce hs m "smlctumry wfrtay f` respect" mlg tamt m) F``elgeg m) ulkrmte`ubless just ne
fle waf sbmlgers mlftaer hl tae bmtter's afuse hs pmrty ams trusteg fnvhfus, tamt hs, taere just ne
jfre kuhbty taml ae waf f``elgs ahj ebsewaere. tae f``elger sfjetahlk wahca tae f``elger
[amt mkkrmvmtes tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje hl fle's n) F``elger safubg fwe tae vhcthj m gent f`
gwebbhlk mnuseg suca trust krmthtuge `fr
-  Wae mnuse f` cfl`hgelce wahca tae f``elgeg c) Mnuse f` Lfte? rfnnery fr tae`t
pmrty repfseg hl tae f``elger ny fpelhlk tae cfl`hgelce cfjjhtteg ny m vhshtfr hl tae
gffr tf ahj9 fr `mchbhtmteg tae afuse f` tae f``elgeg pmrty hs
-  Wae vhfbmthfl f` tae smlcthty f` tae afje ny cfjjhsshfl f` tae mkkrmvmteg ny fnvhfus
trespmsshlk taerehl whta vhfbelce fr mkmhlst tae crhje ulkrmte`ubless
whbb f` tae fwler.

F``elgeg pmrty just lft khve prfvfcmthfl

-   Ms jmy ne seel, m cflghthfl shle qum lfl f` tahs

chrcujstmlce, hs tamt tae f``elgeg pmrty "ams lft
khvel prfvfcmthfl" tf tae f``elger. [ael ht hs
tae f``elgeg pmrty waf ams prfvfieg tae
hlchgelt, ae bfses ahs rhkat tf tae respect mlg
cflshgermthfl gue ahj hl ahs fwl afuse
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mnuse f` cfl`hgelce
Treshgelthmb Tmbmce
-  Wahs chrcujstmlce exhsts flby wael tae f``elgeg
pmrty ams trusteg tae f``elger waf bmter mnuses Tunbhc mutafrhty jmy ne Tunbhc mutafrhty hs lft ne
suca trust ny cfjjhtthlk tae crhje. Wae mnuse tae f``elgeg pmrty tae f``elgeg pmrty
f` cfl`hgelce just ne m jemls f` `mchbhtmthlk tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, tae cubprht tmihlk
mgvmltmke f` tae f``elgeg pmrty's nebhe` tamt tae
`frjer wfubg lft mnuse smhg cfl`hgelce. Tbmce geghcmteg tf rebhkhfus wfrsahp

Ulkrmte`ubless just ne fnvhfus, h.e., jmlh`est F``elger just amve hltelthfl tf cfjjht m crhje wael
mlg cbemr ae eltereg tae pbmce

-  Wae ftaer mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce hl ^equhshtes `fr mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces

pmrmkrmpa 7 f` Mrt. =7 hs tamt tae mct ne
cfjjhtteg whta fnvhfus ulkrmte`ubless. =.  Wae crhje fccurreg hl tae punbhc f``hce
-  Wae chrcujstmlce wms preselt waere tae vhcthj
>.  Tunbhc mutafrhthes mre mctumbby per`frjhlk taehr
wms suggelby mttmcieg wahbe hl tae mct f` khvhlk
punbhc guthes
tae mssmhbmlts taehr nremg mlg cf``ee `fr
nremi`mst. Hlstemg f` nehlk krmte`ub tf tae ^ebhkhfus [frsahp
vhcthj, mt bemst ny gfhlk ahj lf amrj, taey tffi
mgvmltmke f` ahs aebpbessless wae l ahs twf =.  Wae crhje fccurreg hl m pbmce geghcmteg tf tae
mrjs wer e useg `fr cmrryhlk taeh r `ffg, taus wfrsahp f` Kfg rekmrgbess f` rebhkhfl
prevelthlk ahj `rfj ge`elghlk ahjseb` `rfj tae
>.  F``elger just amve gechgeg tf cfjjht tae
suggel mttmci.
crhje wael ae eltereg tae pbmce f` wfrsahp
 P. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl tae pmbmce f`
 PHm. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg (=) hl tae
tae Cahe` Executhve, fr hl ahs preselce, fr waere
lhkatthje, fr (>) hl ml ulhlamnhteg pbmce (3) ny m
punbhc mutafrhthes mre elkmkeg hl tae ghscamrke f`
nmlg, waelever suca chrcujstmlces jmy
taehr guthes, fr hl m pbmce geghcmteg tf rebhkhfus
`mchbhtmte tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae f``else.
wfrsahp.
^E] Lhkatthje, ulhlamnhteg pbmce fr nmlg hs mkkrmvmthlk
[ael Tmrmkrmpa > mlg 5 f` Mrthcbe =7 mre
mppbhcmnbe  -  [ael ht `mchbhtmteg tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje9
fr
-  [ael espechmbby sfukat `fr ny tae f``elger tf
Cfjjhtteg hl tae preselce Cfjjhtteg hl cfltejpt hlsure tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje fr `fr tae
f` tae Cahe` Executhve, hl
f` Tunbhc Mutafrhty purpfse f` hjpulhty (Tefpbe vs. Tmrgf, ;8 Tahb.
tae Treshgelthmb Tmbmce fr
501, 5;1)9 fr
m pbmce f` wfrsahp(Tmr. 5, (Tmr. >, Mrt =7) -  [ael tae f``elger tffi mgvmltmke taeref` `fr
 Mrt. =7)
tae purpfse f` hjpulhty

Tunbhc mutafrhthes mre  Mbtafuka lfcturlhty safubg lft ne esthjmteg ms ml

per`frjhlk f` taehr guthes
wael tae crhje hs
cfjjhtteg
[ael crhje hs cfjjhtteg
hl tae punbhc f``hce, tae
f``hcer just ne per`frjhlk
ahs guthes, except hl tae
mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce, shlce tae thje `fr tae
Smje cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje wms lft gebhnermteby cafsel ny
tae mccuseg9 yet, h` ht mppemrs tamt tae mccuseg tffi
mgvmltmke f` tae gmriless `fr tae jfre success`ub
cflsujjmthfl f` ahs pbmls, tf prevelt ahs nehlk
recfklhzeg, mlg tamt tae crhje jhkat ne perpetrmteg
Futshge tae f``hce (sthbb uljfbesteg, tae mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce f` lfcturlhty
per`frjhlk guty)
safubg ne mppbheg.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Lhkatthje jmy `mchbhtmte tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje,
wael necmuse f` tae gmriless f` tae lhkat tae crhje cml
ne perpetrmteg uljfbesteg, fr hlter`erelce cml ne
mvfhgeg, fr taere wfubg ne kremter certmhlty hl mttmhlhlk
tae elgs f` tae f``elger
 PHH. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg fl tae fccmshfl
f` m cfl`bmkrmthfl, sahpwreci, emrtaqumie,
ephgejhc fr ftaer cmbmjhty fr jhs`frtule
^equhshtes? 

Lhkatthje `mchbhtmteg tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje tf suca =.  Cfjjhtteg wael taere hs m cmbmjhty fr
ml extelt tamt tae ge`elgmlt wms mnbe tf cflsujjmte ht jhs`frtule, Cfl`bmkrmthfl, Sahpwreci, Ephgejhc
whta mbb hts gmstmrgby getmhbs whtafut mlyfle f` tae
>.  F``elger tffi mgvmltmke f` tae stmte f`
persfls bhvhlk hl tae smje prejhses necfjhlk mwmre f`
wamt wms kfhlk fl. cfl`ushfl fr camfthc cflghthfl `rfj suca
jhs`frtule
Lft mkkrmvmthlk wael crhje nekml mt gmythje
Nmshs? Cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje mggs tf tae su``erhlk ny
Wae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje just nekhl mlg ne tmihlk mgvmltmke f` tae jhs`frtule.
mccfjpbhsaeg hl tae lhkatthje.
   nmseg fl thje
Wae f``else just ne mctumbby cfjjhtteg hl tae gmriless
   f``elger just tmie mgvmltmke f` tae cmbmjhty fr
f` tae lhkat.
jhs`frtule
[ael tae pbmce f` tae crhje hs hbbujhlmteg ny bhkat,
lhkatthje hs lft mkkrmvmthlk Ghsthlcthfl netweel Tmrmkrmpas ; mlg => f`
 Mrthcbe =7
[amt hs ulhlamnhteg pbmce6

-   Ml ulhlamnhteg pbmce hs fle waere taere mre lf Cfjjhtteg gurhlk m Cfjjhtteg whta tae use
afuses mt mbb, m pbmce mt m cflshgermnbe ghstmlce cmbmjhty fr jhs`frtule f` wmste`ub jemls
`rfj tfwl, fr waere tae afuses mre scmttereg mt
m kremt ghstmlce `rfj emca ftaer. Crhje hs cfjjhtteg
-  Wahs mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce safubg lft ne Crhje hs cfjjhtteg
NX  ushlk `hre, hlulgmthfl,
cflshgereg wael tae pbmce waere tae crhje wms GU^HLK mly f` tae
expbfshfl fr ftaer
cfjjhtteg cfubg ne seel mlg tae vfhce f` tae cmbmjhthes
wmste`ub jemls
gecemseg cfubg ne aemrg `rfj m lemrny afuse

 PHn.  [aelever jfre taml 3 mrjeg jmbe`mctfrs

 – 

sambb amve mcteg tfketaer hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` ml

 PHHH. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg whta tae mhg
m hg f`
f``else, ht sambb ne geejeg tf amve neel
cfjjhtteg ny m nmlg. (=) mrjeg
m``frg jel fr (>) persfls waf hlsure fr
hjpulhty
[amt hs m nmlg6
^equhshtes f` tahs mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce
-  [aelever jfre taml taree mrjeg jmbe`mctfrs
=.  Wamt mrjeg jel fr persfls tffi pmrt hl tae
sambb amve mcteg tfketaer hl tae cfjjhsshfl f`
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, ghrectby fr hlghrectby.
ml f``else, ht sambb ne geejeg tf amve neel
>.  Wamt tae mccuseg mvmhbeg ahjseb` f` taehr mhg fr
cfjjhtteg ny m nmlg.
rebheg upfl taej wael tae crhje wms
^E]UHSHWES cfjjhtteg

QTL?
-  @mchbhtmteg tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje
-  Espechmbby sfukat `fr ny tae f``elger tf hlsure =.  wael nfta tae mttmcihlk pmrty mlg tae pmrty
tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje fr `fr tae purpfse mttmcieg were equmbby mrjeg
f` hjpulhty
-  Wmiel mgvmltmke f` `fr tae purpfses f` hjpulhty >.  lft preselt wael tae mccuseg ms webb ms tafse
-  Waere just ne `fur fr jfre mrjeg jel waf cffpermteg whta ahj hl tae cfjjhsshfl f`
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

tae crhje mcteg ulger tae smje pbml mlg `fr tae
smje purpfse.
3.  Cmsumb preselce, fr wael tae f``elger ghg lft
mvmhb ahjseb` f` mly f` taehr mhg lfr ghg lft
ilfwhlkby cfult upfl taehr msshstmlce hl tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje
[HWA WAE MHG F@
NX M NMLG 
 M^JEG JEL  ^EHWE^MCHFL  ^ECHGHPHSJ
 Q. Wamt tae f``elger ams neel prevhfusby
prevhfusby pulhsaeg
`fr ml f``else tf wahca tae bmw mttmcaes ml equmb
fr kremter pelmbty fr `fr twf fr jfre crhjes tf
wahca ht mttmcaes m bhkater pelmbty
^ehtermchfl fr Amnhtumbhty  –  ht hs esselthmb tamt tae
f``elger ne prevhfusby pulhsaeg9 tamt hs, ae ams serveg
seltelce.
 

Treselt evel h` fle f` tae ^equhres jfre taml 3 Lecessmry tamt f``elger Elfuka tamt `hlmb
f``elgers jereby rebheg mrjeg jmbe`mctfrs waf mbb sambb amve serveg fut ahs  ougkjelt ams neel
fl taehr mhg. Mctumb mhg hs mcteg tfketaer hl tae seltelce `fr tae `hrst relgereg hl tae `hrst
lft lecessmry cfjjhsshfl f` ml f``else seltelce f``else

Trevhfus mlg sunsequelt

HQ. Wamt tae mccuseg hs m rechghvhst
f``elses just lft ne
Smje thtbe
ejnrmceg hl tae smje thtbe
^echghvhst  –  fle waf mt tae thje f` ahs trhmb `fr fle f` tae Cfge
crhje, sambb amve neel prevhfusby cflvhcteg ny `hlmb
 ougkjelt f` mlftaer crhje ejnrmceg hl tae smje thtbe f` Lft mbwmys ml mkkrmvmthlk
tae ^TC  Mbwmys mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlce
^equhshtes?

=. Wamt tae f``elger hs fl trhmb `fr ml f``else9

>. Wamt ae wms prevhfusby cflvhcteg ny `hlmb ougkjelt f`
mlftaer crhje9
3. Wamt nfta tae `hrst mlg tae secflg f``elses mre
ejnrmceg hl tae smje thtbe f` tae Cfge9
7. Wamt tae f``elger hs cflvhcteg f` tae lew f``else
[amt hs cfltrfbbhlk hs tae thje f` tae trhmb, lft tae thje
f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae f``else. Mt tae thje f` tae trhmb
jemls `rfj tae mrrmhkljelt ulthb m`ter seltelce hs
mllfulceg ny tae ougke hl fpel cfurt
[ael gfes ougkjelt necfje `hlmb6 (^ubes f` Cfurt)
=.  m`ter tae bmpse f` m perhfg `fr per`ecthlk ml
mppemb
>.  wael tae seltelce ams neel pmrthmbby fr tftmbby
smths`heg fr serveg
Amnhtumb Gebhlquelcy  – wael m persfl whtahl m perhfg f`
=4 yemrs `rfj tae gmte f` ahs rebemse fr bmst cflvhcthfl
f` tae crhjes f` serhfus fr bess serhfus payshcmb hlourhes,
rfnnery, tae`t, estm`m fr `mbsh`hcmthfl hs `fulg kuhbty f`
mly f` smhg crhjes m tahrg thje fr f`teler.
]umsh-^echghvhsj  –  mly persfl waf sambb cfjjht m
`ebfly m`ter amvhlk neel cflvhcteg ny `hlmb ougkjelt,
ne`fre nekhllhlk tf serve suca seltelce, fr wahbe
servhlk tae smje, sambb ne pulhsaeg ny tae jmxhjuj
perhfg f` tae pelmbty prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae lew
`ebfly
=.  ^echghvhsj – kelerhc
>.  ^ehtermchfl fr Amnhtumbhty – kelerhc
3.  Jubthpbe rechghvhsj fr Amnhtumb gebhlquelcy  – 
extrmfrghlmry mkkrmvmthlk
7.  ]umsh-^echghvhsj – spechmb mkkrmvmthlk

3.  ge`elgmlt ams expressby wmhveg hl wrhthlk ahs

rhkat tf mppemb

7.  tae mccuseg ams mppbheg `fr prfnmthfl


C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
 QH. Wamt
W amt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg hl cflshgermthfl
f` m prhce, rewmrg fr prfjhse.
^equhshtes?
=.   Mt bemst > prhlchpmbs
>.  tae prhce, rewmrg, fr prfjhse safubg ne prevhfus
tf mlg hl cflshgermthfl f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhjhlmb mct
 QHH.  Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg ny jemls f`
hlulgmthfl, `hre, pfhsfl, expbfshfl, strmlghlk m
vesseb fr hltelthflmb gmjmke taeretf, fr
germhbjelt f` m bfcfjfthve, fr ny use f` mly ftaer
mrth`hce hlvfbvhlk kremt wmste fr ruhl 
[ael taere hs lf mctumb geshkl tf ihbb m persfl hl
nurlhlk m afuse, ht hs pbmhl mrsfl evel h` m persfl hs
ihbbeg.
[ael useg ms m jemls tf ihbb mlftaer persfl, tae crhje
hs jurger.
 QHHH. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta evhgelt
prejeghtmthfl
Esselce f` prejeghtmthfl? tae executhfl f` tae crhjhlmb
mct just ne precegeg ny cffb tafukat mlg re`becthfl
upfl tae resfbuthfl tf cmrry fut tae crhjhlmb hltelt
gurhlk tae spmce f` thje su``hchelt tf mrrhve mt m cmbj
 ougkjelt
^equhshtes?
=.  tae thje wael tae f``elger geterjhleg tf
cfjjht tae crhje
>.  ml mct jmlh`estby hlghcmthlk tamt tae cubprht ams
cbulk tf ahs geterjhlmthfl
3.  m su``hchelt bmpse f` thje netweel tae
geterjhlmthfl mlg executhfl tf mbbfw ahj tf
re`bect upfl tae cflsequelces f` ahs mct mlg tf
mbbfw ahs cflschelce tf fvercfje tae resfbuthfl
f` ahs whbb
Cflsphrmcy kelermbby presuppfses prejeghtmthfl
[ael vhcthj hs gh``erelt `rfj tamt hltelgeg,
prejeghtmthfl hs lft mkkrmvmthlk. Mbtafuka ht hs lft
lecessmry tamt taere hs m pbml tf ihbb m pmrthcubmr persfl
`fr prejeghtmthfl tf exhst (e.k. pbml tf ihbb `hrst > persfls
fle jeets, kelermb mttmci fl m vhbbmke…`fr ms bflk ms ht
wms pbmlleg)
Wae prejeghtmthfl just ne nmseg upfl exterlmb `mcts,
mlg just ne evhgelt, lft jereby suspecteg hlghcmthlk
gebhnermte pbmllhlk
Evhgelt prejeghtmthfl hs hlaerelt hl rfnnery, mgubtery,
tae`t, estm`m, `mbsh`hcmthfl, mlg etc.
 QHP. Wamt (=) crm`t, (>) `rmug, fr (3) ghskuhse ne
ejpbfyeg
Crm`t  – hlvfbves hltebbectumb trhciery mlg cullhlk fl tae
pmrt f` tae mccuseg
Ht hs ejpbfyeg ms m scaeje hl tae executhfl f` tae crhje
(e.k. mccuseg pretelgeg tf ne jejners f` tae
cflstmnubmry, mccuseg hl frger tf perpetrmte rmpe, useg
cafcfbmtes cfltmhlhlk gruks)
@rmug –hlvfbves hlshghfus wfrgs fr jmcahlmthfls useg tf
hlguce vhcthj tf mct hl m jmller wahca wfubg elmnbe tae
f``elger tf cmrry fut ahs geshkl.
 Ms ghsthlkuhsaeg `rfj crm`t wahca hlvfbves mcts gfle hl
frger lft tf mrfuse tae susphchfl f` tae vhcthj, `rmug
hlvfbves m ghrect hlgucejelt tarfuka eltrmpphlk fr
nekuhbhlk bmlkumke fr jmcahlmthfls
Ghskuhse  –  resfrthlk tf mly gevhce tf cflcemb hgelthty.
Turpfse f` cflcembhlk hgelthty hs m just.
Ghsthlcthfl netweel Crm`t, @rmug, mlg Ghskuhse
Crm`t  @rmug  Ghskuhse 
Hlvfbves tae use
Hlvfbves tae use Hlvfbves tae
f` hltebbectumb
f` ghrect use f`
trhciery mlg
hlgucejelt ny gevhse tf
cullhlk tf
hlshghfus wfrgs fr cflcemb
mrfuse susphchfl
jmcahlmthfls hgelthty
f` tae vhcthj
^equhshte? Wae f``elger just amve mctumbby tmiel
mgvmltmke f` crm`t, `rmug, fr ghskuhse tf `mchbhtmte tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje.
Hlaerelt hl? estm`m mlg `mbsh`hcmthfl.
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 QP. Wamt (=) mgvmltmke ne tmiel f` superhfr ^equhshtes?

strelkta, fr (>) jemls ne ejpbfyeg tf wemiel
tae ge`else
Wf purpfseby use excesshve `frce fut f` tae prfpfrthfl
tf tae jemls f` ge`else mvmhbmnbe tf tae persfl
mttmcieg.
=.  Superhfrhty jmy mrhse `rfj mkkressfr‘s sex,
wempfl fr lujner ms cfjpmreg tf tamt f` tae
vhcthj (e.k. mccuseg mttmcieg ml ulmrjeg khrb
whta m ilh`e9 3 jel stmnneg tf gemta tae `ejmbe
vhcthj).
>.  Lf mgvmltmke f` superhfr strelkta wael fle
waf mttmcis hs fvercfje whta pmsshfl mlg
fn`uscmthfl fr wael qumrreb mrfse ulexpectegby
mlg tae `mtmb nbfw wms struci wahbe vhcthj mlg
mccuseg were strukkbhlk.
3. Ps. ny m nmlg ? chrcujstmlce f` mnuse f`
superhfr strelkta, wamt hs tmiel hltf mccfult hs
lft tae lujner f` mkkressfrs lfr tae `mct tamt
taey mre mrjeg nut taehr rebmthve payshcmb jhkat
vhs-ä-vhs tae f``elgeg pmrty
Wf wemiel tae ge`else  –  hbbustrmteg hl tae cmse waere
fle strukkbhlk whta mlftaer suggelby tarfws m cbfmi
fver tae aemg f` ahs fppflelt mlg wahbe hl tae smhg
shtumthfl, ae wfulgs fr ihbbs ahj. Ftaer jemls f`
wemielhlk tae ge`else wfubg ne hltfxhcmthfl fr
ghsmnbhlk taru tae selses
^equhshte f` Jemls tf [emiel Ge`else
=.  tamt mt tae thje f` tae mttmci, tae vhcthj wms lft
hl tae pfshthfl tf ge`elg ahjseb`
>.  tamt tae f``elger cflschfusby mgfpteg tae
pmrthcubmr jemls, jetafg fr `frj f` mttmci
ejpbfyeg ny ahj
Wremcaery  –  cml‘t ne cflshgereg wael taere hs lf
evhgelce tamt tae mccuseg, prhfr tf tae jfjelt f` tae
ihbbhlk, resfbveg tf cfjjht tf crhje, fr taere hs lf prff`
tamt tae gemta f` tae vhcthj wms tae resubt f` jeghtmthfl,
cmbcubmthfl fr re`becthfl.
Nut tremcaery jmy exhst evel h` mttmci hs `mce-tf-`mce  – 
ms bflk ms vhcthj wms lft khvel mly camlce tf prepmre
ge`else
Gfes lft exhst h` tae mccuseg kmve tae gecemseg camlce
tf prepmre fr taere wms wmrlhlk khvel fr tamt ht wms
precegeg ny m aemteg mrkujelt
Waere hs mbwmys tremcaery hl tae ihbbhlk f` cahbg
Kelermbby camrmcterhzeg ny tae gebhnermte mlg suggel
mlg ulexpecteg mttmci f` tae vhcthj `rfj neahlg,
whtafut mly wmrlhlk mlg whtafut khvhlk tae vhcthj ml
fppfrtulhty tf ge`elg ahjseb`
JEMLS
 MNUSE F@
EJTBFXEG
W^EMCAE^X   SUTE^HF^
WF [EMIEL
SW^ELKWA 
GE@ELSE 

=.  Jemls were purpfseby sfukat tf wemiel tae

Jemls, jetafgs F``elger gfes
ge`else f` tae vhcthj tf reshst tae mssmubt
fr `frjs mre lft ejpbfy Jemls mre
>.  Wae jemls useg just lft tftmbby ebhjhlmte ejpbfyeg ny tae jemls,
ejpbfyeg nut ht
pfsshnbe ge`else f` tae vhcthj, ftaerwhse ht whbb f``elger tf jetafgs fr
flby jmterhmbby
`mbb ulger tremcaery jmie ht `frjs f`
wemiels tae
hjpfsshnbe fr mttmci, ae flby
reshsthlk pfwer
 QPH. Wamt tae mct ne cfjjhtteg whta tremcaery amrg `fr tae tmies
f` tae f``elgeg
(mbevfshm) f``elgeg pmrty mgvmltmke f`
pmrty
tf put mly sfrt ahs superhfr
W^EMCAE^X? wael tae f``elger cfjjhts mly f` tae
f` reshstmlce strelkta
crhje mkmhlst tae persfl, ejpbfyhlk jemls, jetafgs fr
`frjs hl tae executhfl taeref` wahca telg ghrectby mlg
spechmbby tf hlsure hts executhfl whtafut rhsi tf ahjseb`
mrhshlk `rfj tae ge`else wahca tae f``elgeg pmrty jhkat
jmie.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
[aere taere hs cflsphrmcy, tremcaery hs cflshgereg
mkmhlst mbb tae f``elgers
Wremcaery mnsfrns mnuse f` strelkta, mhg f` mrjeg jel,
ny m nmlg mlg jemls tf wemiel tae ge`else
 Mppbhcmnbe flby tf crhjes mkmhlst
mkmhlst tae persfl.
 QPHH. Wamt tae jemls ne ejpbfyeg fr
chrcujstmlces nrfukat mnfut wahca mgg hklfjhly
tf tae lmturmb e``ects f` tae mcts
HKLFJHLX  –  hs m chrcujstmlce pertmhlhlk tf tae jfrmb
frger, wahca mggs ghskrmce mlg fnbfquy tf tae jmterhmb
hloury cmuseg ny tae crhje
 Mppbhcmnbe tf crhjes mkmhlst camsthty (rmpe hlcbugeg),
bess serhfus payshcmb hlourhes, bhkat fr krmve cferchfl mlg
jurger
^equhshtes
=.  Crhje just ne mkmhlst camsthty, bess serhfus
payshcmb hlourhes, bhkat fr krmve cferchfl, mlg
jurger
>.  Wae chrcujstmlce jmge tae crhje jfre
aujhbhmthlk mlg samje`ub `fr tae vhcthj
 QPHHH. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg m`ter ml
ulbmw`ub eltry
Ulbmw`ub eltry  – wael ml eltrmlce hs e``ecteg ny m wmy
lft hltelgeg `fr tae purpfse. Jemlt tf e``ect
e``ect eltrmlce
mlg LFW exht
[ay mkkrmvmthlk6 Fle waf mcts, lft respecthlk tae
wmbbs erecteg ny jel tf kumrg taehr prfperty mlg
prfvhge `fr taehr persflmb sm`ety, safws kremter
pervershty, m kremter mugmchty mlg aelce tae bmw
pulhsaes ahj whta jfre severhty
Hlaerelt hl? Wrespmss tf gwebbhlk, rfnnery whta `frce
upfl tahlks, mlg rfnnery whta vhfbelce fr hlthjhgmthfl
mkmhlst persfls
 QHQ. Wamt ms m jemls tf tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhje, m wmbb, rff`, gffr fr whlgfw ne nrfiel
^equhshtes
=.  M wmbb, rff`, whlgfw, fr gffr wms nrfiel
>.  Waey were nrfiel tf e``ect eltrmlce
 Mppbhcmnbe flby h` suca mcts were gfle ny tae f``elger tf
e``ect eltrmlce.
Nremihlk hs bmw`ub hl tae `fbbfwhlk hlstmlces?
=.   Ml f``hcer hl frger tf jmie ml mrrest jmy nremi
fpel m gffr fr whlgfw f` mly nuhbghlk hl wahca
tae persfl tf ne mrresteg hs fr hs remsflmnby
nebheveg tf ne9
>.  ml f``hcer h` re`useg mgjhttmlce jmy nremi fpel
mly gffr fr whlgfw tf execute tae semrca
wmrrmlt fr bhnermte ahjseb`,
 QQ. Wamt tae crhje ne cfjjhtteg (=) whta tae mhg
f` persfls ulger =5 yemrs f` mke, fr (>) ny jemls
f` jftfr veahcbes, mhrsahps fr ftaer shjhbmr jemls.
 QQH. Wamt tae wrflk gfle hl tae cfjjhsshfl f`
tae crhje ne gebhnermteby mukjelteg ny cmushlk
ftaer wrflk lft lecessmry `fr hts cfjjhsshfl
Cruebty? wael tae cubprht elofys mlg gebhkats hl jmihlk
ahs vhcthj su``er sbfwby mlg krmgumbby, cmushlk ahj
ullecessmry payshcmb pmhl hl tae cflsujjmthfl f` tae
crhjhlmb mct. Cruebty cmllft ne presujeg lfr jereby
hl`erreg `rfj tae nfgy f` tae gecemseg. Ams tf ne
prfvel.
Jere pburmbhty f` wfrgs gf lft safw cruebty
Lf cruebty wael tae ftaer wrflk wms gfle m`ter tae
vhcthj wms gemg
^equhshtes?
=.  tamt tae hloury cmuseg ne gebhnermteby hlcremseg
ny cmushlk ftaer wrflk
>.  tamt tae ftaer wrflk ne ullecessmry `fr tae
executhfl f` tae purpfse f` tae f``elger
HKLFJHLX   C^UEBWX  
Jfrmb su``erhlk – 
Tayshcmb su``erhlk
sunoecteg tf aujhbhmthfl
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

]UMBH@XHLK JU^GE^?

=. [hta tremcaery, tmihlk mgvmltmke f` superhfr strelkta,

whta tae mhg f` mrjeg jel, fr ejpbfyhlk jemls tf
wemiel tae ge`else fr f` jemls fr persfls tf hlsure fr
m``frg hjpulhty

>. Hl cflshgermthfl f` m prhce, rewmrg, fr prfjhse

3. Ny jemls f` hlulgmthfl, `hre, pfhsfl, expbfshfl,

sahpwreci, strmlghlk f` m vesseb, germhbjelt fr mssmubt
upfl m street cmr fr bfcfjfthve, `mbb f` ml mhrsahp, ny
jemls f` jftfr veahcbes, fr whta tae use f` mly ftaer
jemls hlvfbvhlk kremt wmste mlg ruhl

7. Fl fccmshfl f` mly f` tae cmbmjhthes elujermteg hl

tae preceghlk pmrmkrmpa, fr f` ml emrtaqumie, erupthfl
f` m vfbcmlf, gestructhve cycbfle, ephgejhc fr ftaer
punbhc cmbmjhty

5. [hta evhgelt prejeghtmthfl

0. [hta cruebty, ny gebhnermteby mlg hlaujmlby

mukjelthlk tae su``erhlk f` tae vhcthj, fr futrmkhlk fr
scf``hlk mt ahs persfl fr cfrpse.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Campter @hve ^EBMWHFLSAHT 

 MBWE^LMWHPE CH^CUJSWMLCES
CH^CUJSWMLCES
 Mkkrmvmthlk
 Mrthcbe =5. Waehr cflcept. - Mbterlmthve Jhthkmthlk Chrcujstmlce 
Chrcujstmlce 
chrcujstmlces mre tafse wahca just ne tmiel hltfh ltf
cflshgermthfl ms mkkrmvmthlk fr jhthkmthlk
mccfrghlk tf tae lmture mlg e``ects f` tae crhje Hl crhjes mkmhlst
mlg tae ftaer cflghthfls mttelghlk hts persfls – hl cmses
cfjjhsshfl. Waey mre tae rebmthflsahp, waere tae f``elger, fr
hltfxhcmthfl mlg tae gekree f` hlstructhfl mlg wael tae f``elger mlg
egucmthfl f` tae f``elger. tae f``elgeg pmrty mre
Hl crhjes mkmhlst prfperty rebmthves f` tae smje
Wae mbterlmthve chrcujstmlce f` rebmthflsahp sambb beveb, ms ihbbhlk m
(rfnnery, usurpmthfl,
ne tmiel hltf cflshgermthfl wael tae f``elgeg nrftaer, mgfpteg
`rmugubelt hlsfbvelcy, mrsfl)
pmrty hl tae spfuse, mscelgmlt, gescelgmlt, nrftaer fr amb`-
bekhthjmte, lmturmb, fr mgfpteg nrftaer fr shster, nrftaer.
fr rebmthve ny m``hlhty hl tae smje gekrees f` tae
f``elger.  Mbwmys mkkrmvmthlk hl
crhjes mkmhlst
Wae hltfxhcmthfl f` tae f``elger sambb ne tmiel camsthty.
hltf cflshgermthfl ms m jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces
wael tae f``elger ams cfjjhtteg m `ebfly hl m
Excepthfl? Mrt 33> f` CC  – 
stmte f` hltfxhcmthfl, h` tae smje hs lft amnhtumb fr
sunsequelt tf tae pbml tf cfjjht smhg `ebfly nut lf crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty, chvhb
bhmnhbhty flby `fr tae crhjes f`
wael tae hltfxhcmthfl hs amnhtumb fr hltelthflmb, ht
tae`t, swhlgbhlk fr jmbhchfus
sambb ne cflshgereg ms ml mkkrmvmthlk
jhscahe` cfjjhtteg fr
chrcujstmlce.
cmuseg jutumbby ny spfuses,
CH^CUJSWMLCES 
 MBWE^LMWHPE CH^CUJSWMLCES mscelgmlts, gescelgmlts fr
rebmthves ny m``hlhty (mbsf
-  tafse wahca just ne tmiel hltf cflshgermthfl nrftaers, shsters, nrftaers-hl-
ms mkkrmvmthlk fr jhthkmthlk mccfrghlk tf tae bmw fr shsters-hl-bmw h` bhvhlk
lmture mlg e``ects f` tae crhje mlg ftaer tfketaer). Ht necfjes ml
cflghthfls mttelghlk hts cfjjhsshfl. EQEJTWHLK chrcujstmlce.

^ebmthflsahp

tmiel hltf cflshgermthfl wael f``elgeg pmrty hs

tae spfuse, mscelgmlt, gescelgmlt, bekhthjmte, lmturmb
fr mgfpteg nrftaer fr shster, fr rebmthve ny m``hlhty hl tae
smje gekree f` tae f``elger
^ebmthflsahp lehtaer jhthkmthlk lfr mkkrmvmthlk wael
rebmthflsahp hs ml ebejelt f` tae f``else.
HLWFQHCMWHFL

Hltfxhcmthfl
JHWHKMWHLK  MKK^MPMWHLK
jhthkmthlk wael tae f``elger ams cfjjhtteg m CH^CUJSWMLCE   CH^CUJSWMLCE 

`ebfly hl tae stmte f` hltfxhcmthfl, h` tae smje hs lft

amnhtumb fr sunsequelt tf tae pbml tf cfjjht tae smhg m) h` hltfxhcmthfl hs
`ebfly. Mkkrmvmthlk h` amnhtumb fr hltelthflmb m) h` hltfxhcmthfl hs lft
amnhtumb – suca amnht just
ne mctumb mlg cfl`hrjeg
amnhtumb & h` hltfxhcmthfl hs lft
Gekree f` hlstructhfl mlg egucmthfl f` tae f``elger
sunsequelt tf tae pbml tf
cfjjht m `ebfly n) h` hts hltelthflmb
(sunsequelt tf tae pbml tf
cfjjht m `ebfly)
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Just safw tamt ae ams tmiel suca qumlthty sf ms tf nbur

ahs remsfl mlg geprhve ahj f` m certmhl gekree f` cfltrfb

Amnhtumb grulielless just ne safwl tf ne ml mctumb

mlg cfl`hrjeg amnht f` tae f``elger, nut lft lecessmrhby
f` gmhby fccurrelce.

 M amnhtumb grulimrg hs khvel tf hlenrhety

hlenrhety fr tae excesshve
use f` hltfxhcmthlk grhlis.

ULGE^ HL@BUELCE F@ G^UKS

Secthfl >5. ]umbh`yhlk Mkkrmvmthlk Chrcujstmlces hl
tae Cfjjhsshfl f` m Crhje ny ml F``elger Ulger tae
Hl`buelce f` Gmlkerfus Gruks . – Lftwhtastmlghlk tae
prfvhshfls f` mly bmw tf tae cfltrmry, m pfshthve `hlghlk
`fr tae use f` gmlkerfus gruks sambb ne m qumbh`yhlk
mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` m crhje
ny ml f``elger, mlg tae mppbhcmthfl f` tae pelmbty
prfvhgeg `fr hl tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge sambb ne
mppbhcmnbe

GEK^EE F@ HLSW^UCWHFL MLG EGUCMWHFL

JHWHKMWHLK  MKK^MPMWHLK
CH^CUJSWMLCE  CH^CUJSWMLCE 

Bfw gekree f` hlstructhfl

Ahka gekree f` hlstructhfl
egucmthfl fr tae bmci f` ht.
mlg egucmthfl – f``elger
Necmuse ae gfes lft `ubby
mvmhbs ahjseb` f` ahs
rembhze tae cflsequelces f` ahs
bemrlhlk hl cfjjhtthlk tae
crhjhlmb mct. Lft oust jere
f``else.
hbbhtermcy nut bmci f` hltebbhkelce.

Geterjhleg ny? tae cfurt just cflshger tae

chrcujstmlce f` bmci f` hlstructhfl

Gekree f` hlstructhfl hs mkkrmvmthlk wael tae f``elger

mvmhbeg ahjseb` fr tffi mgvmltmke f` ht hl cfjjhtthlk tae
crhje

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
Whtbe Wwf
TE^SFLS C^HJHLMBBX BHMNBE @F^ @EBFLHES
 Mrthcbe =0. [af mre crhjhlmbby bhmnbe. - Wae
`fbbfwhlk mre crhjhlmbby bhmnbe `fr krmve mlg bess
krmve `ebflhes?
=. Trhlchpmbs.
>. Mccfjpbhces.
3. Mccessfrhes.
Wae `fbbfwhlk mre crhjhlmbby bhmnbe `fr bhkat
`ebflhes?
=. Trhlchpmbs
>. Mccfjpbhces.

   Mccessfrhes – lft bhmnbe `fr bhkat `ebflhes necmuse
tae hlghvhgumb preoughce hs sf sjmbb tamt pelmb
smlcthfl hs lft lecessmry
  Flby lmturmb persfls cml ne crhjhlmbs ms flby
taey cml mct whta jmbhce fr lekbhkelce mlg cml
ne sunsequeltby geprhveg f` bhnerty. Ourhghcmb
persfls mre bhmnbe ulger spechmb bmws.
  Jmlmker f` m pmrtlersahp hs bhmnbe evel h` taere hs
lf evhgelce f` ahs ghrect pmrthchpmthfl hl tae
crhje.
 
Cfrpfrmthfls jmy ne tae hloureg pmrty
p mrty
  Kelermb ^ube? Cfrpses mlg mlhjmbs amve lf
rhkats tamt jmy ne hloureg.
  Excepthfl? ge`mjmthfl f` tae gemg hs pulhsamnbe
wael ht nbmciels tae jejfry f` fle waf hs
gemg.
 Mrthcbe =;. Trhlchpmbs. - Wae `fbbfwhlk mre
cflshgereg prhlchpmbs?
=. Wafse waf tmie m ghrect pmrt hl tae executhfl
f` tae mct9
>. Wafse waf ghrectby `frce fr hlguce ftaers tf
cfjjht ht9
3. Wafse waf cffpermte hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
f``else ny mlftaer mct whtafut wahca ht wfubg lft
amve neel mccfjpbhsaeg.
Trhlchpmbs ny Ghrect Tmrthchpmthfl
=.  pmrthchpmteg hl tae crhjhlmb resfbuthfl
(cflsphrmcy)
>.  cmrrheg fut taehr pbml mlg persflmbby tffi pmrt hl
hts executhfl ny mcts wahca ghrectby telgeg tf
tae smje elg
Cflsphrmcy –  Hs ulhty f` purpfse mlg hltelthfl.
hltelthfl.
Estmnbhsajelt f` Cflsphrmcy 
=.  fvel ny fvert mct
>.  Lft jere ilfwbegke fr mpprfvmb
3.  Ht hs lft lecessmry tamt taere ne `frjmb
mkreejelt.
7.  Just prfve neyflg remsflmnbe gfunt
5.  Cflsphrmcy hs hjpbheg wael tae mccuseg amg m
cfjjfl purpfse mlg were ulhteg hl executhfl.
 
0. Ulhty f` purpfse
cfjjhsshfl f` taemlg hltelthfl
crhje jmy nehl safwl
tae hl tae
`fbbfwhlk cmses?
=.  Spfltmlefus mkreejelt mt tae jfjelt
f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje
>.   Mcthve Cffpermthfl ny mbb tae f``elgers
hl tae perpetrmthfl f` tae crhje
3.  Cfltrhnuthlk ny pfshthve mcts tf tae
rembhzmthfl f` m cfjjfl crhjhlmb hltelt
7.  Treselce gurhlk tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhje ny m nmlg mlg belghlk jfrmb
suppfrt taeretf.
5.  [ahbe cflsphrmcy jmy ne hjpbheg `rfj
tae chrcujstmlces mttelghlk tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje, ht hs
levertaebess m rube tamt cflsphrmcy just

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
ne estmnbhsaeg ny pfshthve mlg
cflcbushve evhgelce.
Cflsphrmtfr lft bhmnbe `fr tae crhjes f` tae ftaer wahca hs
lft tae fnoect f` tae cflsphrmcy fr hs lft m bfkhcmb fr
lecessmry cflsequelce taeref`
Jubthpbe rmpe – emca rmphst hs bhmnbe `fr mlftaer‘s crhje
necmuse emca cffpermteg hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae rmpes
perpetrmteg ny tae ftaers
Hl tae crhje f` jurger whta tremcaery – mbb tae f``elgers
just mt bemst ilfw tamt taere whbb ne tremcaery hl
executhlk tae crhje fr cffpermte taerehl.
Lf suca tahlk ms cflsphrmcy tf cfjjht ml f``else
tarfuka lekbhkelce. Afwever, spechmb bmws jmy jmie
fle m cf-prhlchpmb. Exmjpbe? Ulger tae Ture @ffg mlg
Gruk Mct, m stfrefwler hs bhmnbe `fr tae mct f` ahs
ejpbfyees f` sebbhlk mgubtermteg cf``ee, mbtafuka ae
ghgl‘t ilfw tamt cf``ee wms nehlk sfbg.  executfr
Cflsphrmcy hs lekmthveg ny tae mcquhttmb f` cf-ge`elgmlt.
Wamt tae cubprhts ―cmrrheg fut tae pbml mlg persflmbby
tffi pmrt hl tae executhfl, ny mcts wahca ghrectby telgeg
tf tae smje elg‐? 
Wae prhlchpmbs ny ghrect pmrthchpmthfl just ne mt
tae scele f` tae crhje, persflmbby tmihlk pmrt, mbtafuka
ae wms lft preselt hl tae scele f` tae crhje, ae hs
equmbby bhmnbe ms m prhlchpmb ny ghrect pmrthchpmthfl.
Fle servhlk ms kumrg pursumlt tf tae cflsphrmcy
hs m prhlchpmb ghrect pmrthchpmthfl.
H` tae secflg ebejelt hs jhsshlk, tafse waf ghg lft
pmrthchpmte hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae mcts f` executhfl
cmllft ne aebg crhjhlmbby bhmnbe, ulbess tae crhje mkreeg
tf ne cfjjhtteg hs tremsfl, seghthfl, fr renebbhfl.
Trhlchpmbs ny Hlgucthfl
Ny ghrectby `frchlk mlftaer tf cfjjht m crhje
-  Waere mre twf wmys f` ghrectby `frchlk mlftaer
tf cfjjht m crhje. Waey mre?
f  m. Ny ushlk hrreshsthnbe `frce.
f  n. Ny cmushlk ulcfltrfbbmnbe `emr
-  Hl taese cmses, taere hs lf cflsphrmcy, lft evel
m ulhty f` crhjhlmb purpfse mlg hltelthfl. Flby
tae fle ushlk `frce fr cmushlk `emr hs crhjhlmbby
bhmnbe. Wae jmterhmb executfr hs lft crhjhlmbby
bhmnbe necmuse f` Mrt. =>, pmrs. 5 mlg 0
m. Hlgucejelt (Trhce, ^ewmrg, Trfjhse)
^equhshte
=.  Hlgucejelt ne jmge ghrectby whta tae hltelthfl
f` prfcurhlk tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje
>.  suca hlgucejelt ne tae geterjhlhlk cmuse f`
tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje ny tae jmterhmb
Trhlchpmb ny hlgucthfl bhmnbe flby wael prhlchpmb ny ghrect
pmrthchpmthfl cfjjhtteg tae mct hlguceg
N. Ny ushlk wfrgs f` cfjjmlg
^equhshte?
=.  Wamt tae fle utterhlk tae wfrgs f` cfjjmlg
just amve tae hltelthfl f` prfcurhlk tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje.
>.  Wamt tae fle waf jmge tae cfjjmlg just
amve ml mscelgmlcy fr hl`buelce fver tae
persfl waf mcteg.
3.  Wamt tae wfrgs useg just ne sf ghrect, sf
e``hcmchfus, sf pfwer`ub ms tf mjfult tf payshcmb
fr jfrmb cferchfl.
7.  Wae wfrgs f` cfjjmlg just ne uttereg prhfr tf
tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje.
5.  Wae jmterhmb executfr f` tae crhje ams lf
persflmb remsfl tf cfjjht tae crhje.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
T^FTFSES WF CFJJHW M
HLGUCWF^   lf cflsphrmcy.
@EBFLX  
Hlguce ftaers  Smje 
Tulhsamnbe mt flce wael
prfpfses tf cfjjht renebbhfl fr
Bhmnbe flby wael tae tremsfl. Wae persfl tf wafj
crhje hs executeg fle prfpfseg safubg lft
cfjjht tae crhje, ftaerwhse
tae bmtter necfjes ml hlguctfr
Cfvers mly crhje Cfvers flby tremsfl mlg renebbh
E``ects f` Mcquhttmb f` Trhlchpmb ny ghrect
pmrthchpmthfl fl bhmnhbhty f` prhlchpmb ny
hlgucejelt
=.  Cflsphrmcy hs lekmteg ny tae mcquhttmb f` tae cf-
ge`elgmlt.
>.  Fle cml lft ne aebg kuhbty f` hlsthkmthlk tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje whtafut `hrst safwhlk
tamt tae crhje ams neel mctumbby cfjjhtteg ny
mlftaer. Nut h` tae fle camrkeg ms prhlchpmb ny
ghrect pmrthchpmthfl ne mcquhtteg necmuse ae
mcteg whtafut crhjhlmb hltelt fr jmbhce, ht hs lft
m krfulg `fr tae mcquhttmb f` tae prhlchpmb ny
hlgucejelt.
Trhlchpmbs ny Hlghspelsmnbe Cffpermthfl
 ―
 ―Wafse
Wafse waf cffpermte hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae f``else
ny mlftaer mct whtafut wahca ht wfubg lft amve neel
mccfjpbhsaeg‐  
^E]UHSHWE?
=.  Tmrthchpmthfl hl tae crhjhlmb resfbuthfl
>.  Cffpermthfl tarfuka mlftaer mct (hlcbuges
lekbhkelce)
Waere hs cfbbecthve crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty wael tae
f``elgers mre crhjhlmbby bhmnbe hl tae smje jmller
jmll er mlg
tf tae smje extelt. Wae pelmbty hs tae smje `fr mbb.
Waere hs hlghvhgumb crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty wael taere hs
Secflg requhshte
-  Wae cffpermthfl just ne hlghspelsmnbe, tamt hs,
whtafut wahca tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje
wfubg lft amve neel mccfjpbhsaeg. H` tae
cffpermthfl hs lft hlghspelsmnbe, tae f``elger hs
flby ml mccfjpbhce.
"Cffpermte xxx ny mlftaer mct"
Wae mct f` tae prhlchpmb ny hlghspelsmnbe cffpermthfl
safubg ne gh``erelt `rfj tae mct f` tae prhlchpmb ny ghrect
pmrthchpmthfl. Wae bmw smys "ny mlftaer mct," wahca
jemls tamt ht safubg lft ne tae mct f` fle waf cfubg ne
cbmssh`heg ms prhlchpmb ny ghrect pmrthchpmthfl
H` tae cffpermthfl f` fle f` tae mccuseg cflshsts hl
per`frjhlk ml mct lecessmry hl tae executhfl f` tae
crhje cfjjhtteg, ae hs m prhlchpmb ny ghrect pmrthchpmthfl.
 Mrthcbe =1. Mccfjpbhces. - Mccfjpbhces
Mccfjpbhces mre tafse
persfls waf, lft nehlk hlcbugeg hl Mrthcbe =;,
cffpermte hl tae executhfl f` tae f``else ny
prevhfus fr shjubtmlefus mcts.
]umsh-cfbbecthve crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty. Netweel
cfbbecthve crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty mlg hlghvhgumb crhjhlmb
respflshnhbhty, taere hs tae sf-cmbbeg qumsh-cfbbecthve
crhjhlmb respflshnhbhty. Hl qumsh-cfbbecthve crhjhlmb
respflshnhbhty, sfje f` tae f``elgers hl tae crhje mre
prhlchpmbs mlg tae ftaers mre mccfjpbhces.
Wae pmrthchpmthfl f` ml mccfjpbhce presuppfses tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje ny tae prhlchpmb ny ghrect
pmrthchpmthfl.
^equhshtes?
=.  Wamt taere ne cfjjulhty f` geshkl9 tamt hs,
ilfwhlk tae crhjhlmb geshkl f` tae prhlchpmb ny
ghrect pmrthchpmthfl, ae cflcurs whta tae bmtter hl
ahs purpfse9
>.  Wamt ae cffpermtes hl tae executhfl f` tae
f``else ny prevhfus fr shjubtmlefus mcts, whta
tae hltelthfl f` suppbyhlk jmterhmb fr jfrmb mhg
hl tae executhfl f` tae crhje hl ml e``hcmchfus
wmy9 mlg

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
3.  Wamt taere ne m rebmthfl netweel tae mcts gfle
ny tae prhlchpmb mlg tafse mttrhnuteg tf tae
persfl camrkeg ms mccfjpbhce
 Ml mccfjpbhce ams ilfwbegke f` tae crhjhlmb
crhjhlmb geshkl f`
tae prhlchpmb mlg mbb ae gfes hs cflcur whta ahs purpfse.
Hl afjhchge fr jurger, tae mccfjpbhce just lft amve
hl`bhcteg tae jfrtmb wfulg.
Nut tae cffpermthfl f` ml mccfjpbhce hs flby lecessmry,
lft hlghspelsmnbe.
Ghsthlkuhsa mccfjpbhce `rfj prhlchpmb hl kelermb.
 Ml mccfjpbhce hs fle waf gfes lft tmie m ghrect
ghrect
pmrt hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae mct, waf gfes lft `frce fr
hlguce ftaers tf cfjjht ht, fr waf gfes lft cffpermte hl
tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae crhje ny mlftaer mct whtafut
wahca ht wfubg lft amve neel mccfjpbhsaeg, yet
cffpermtes hl tae executhfl f` tae mct ny prevhfus fr
shjubtmlefus mcthfls.
Ghsthlkuhsa ml mccfjpbhce `rfj m prhlchpmb ny
cffpermthfl.
Wae pmrthchpmthfl f` tae f``elger hl m cmse f`
cfjpbhchty, mbtafuka lecessmry, hs lft hlghspelsmnbe ms hl
tae cmse f` m cf-prhlchpmb ny cffpermthfl.
@fr exmjpbe, h` fle belgs ahs gmkker fr phstfb tf
m jurgerer `ubby ilfwhlk tamt tae bmtter whbb cfjjht
jurger, ae ulgfuntegby cffpermtes hl tae cfjjhsshfl
f` tae crhje f` jurger whta m prevhfus mct wahca,
afwever, cmllft ne cflshgereg hlghspelsmnbe `fr tae
remsfl tamt evel tafuka tae f``elger ghg lft belg ahs
gmkker fr phstfb, tae jurgerer cfubg amve fntmhleg ht
sfjewaere ebse fr `rfj sfje ftaer persfl. Hl suca m
cmse, tae pmrthchpmthfl f` tae f``elger hs tamt f` ml
mccfjpbhce ny vhrtue f` tae prfvhshfls f` tahs mrthcbe
Ghsthlkuhsa ml mccfjpbhce `rfj m prhlchpmb ny ghrect
pmrthchpmthfl
Hl nfta, taere hs cfjjulhty f` crhjhlmb geshkl.
 Ms tf tae mcts per`frjeg, taere hs lf cbemr-cut
cbemr-cut
ghsthlcthfl netweel tae mcts f` tae mccfjpbhce mlg tafse
f` tae prhlchpmb ny ghrect pmrthchpmthfl. Wamt hs way, hl
cmse f` gfunt, ht sambb ne resfbveg hl `mvfr f` besser
respflshnhbhty, tamt hs, tamt f` jere mccfjpbhce
Netweel fr mjflk prhlchpmbs bhmnbe `fr tae smje
f``else, taere just ne cflsphrmcy9 nut netweel tae
prhlchpmbs mlg tae mccfjpbhces, taere hs lf cflsphrmcy
 Mrthcbe =8. Mccessfrhes. - Mccessfrhes
Mccessfrhes mre tafse
waf, amvhlk ilfwbegke f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhje, mlg whtafut amvhlk pmrthchpmteg taerehl,
ehtaer ms prhlchpmbs fr mccfjpbhces, tmie pmrt
sunsequelt tf hts cfjjhsshfl hl mly f` tae
`fbbfwhlk jmllers?
=. Ny prf`hthlk taejsebves fr msshsthlk tae
f``elger tf prf`ht ny tae e``ects f` tae crhje.
>. Ny cflcembhlk fr gestrfyhlk tae nfgy f` tae
crhje, fr tae e``ects fr hlstrujelts taeref`, hl
frger tf prevelt hts ghscfvery.
3. Ny amrnfrhlk, cflcembhlk, fr msshsthlk hl tae
escmpe f` tae prhlchpmbs f` tae crhje, prfvhgeg tae
mccessfry mcts whta mnuse f` ahs punbhc `ulcthfls
fr waelever tae mutafr f` tae crhje hs kuhbty f`
tremsfl, pmrrhchge, jurger, fr ml mttejpt tf tmie
tae bh`e f` tae Cahe` Executhve, fr hs ilfwl tf ne
amnhtumbby kuhbty f` sfje ftaer crhje.
 Mrthcbe >4. Mccessfrhes waf mre exejpt
exejpt `rfj
crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty. - Wae pelmbthes prescrhneg `fr
mccessfrhes sambb lft ne hjpfseg upfl tafse waf
mre suca whta respect tf taehr spfuses,
mscelgmlts, gescelgmlts, bekhthjmte, lmturmb, mlg
mgfpteg nrftaers mlg shsters, fr rebmthves ny
m``hlhty whtahl tae smje gekrees, whta tae shlkbe
excepthfl f` mccessfrhes `mbbhlk whtahl tae
prfvhshfls f` pmrmkrmpa = f` tae lext preceghlk
mrthcbe.
Cml taere ne ml mccessfry evel m`ter tae prhlchpmb
wms cflvhcteg6
-   Xes, ny preselthlk fleseb` tf serve
serve fut tae
seltelce hl bheu f` tae remb cubprht. Nut tae crhje
cfjjhtteg ny tae remb cubprht just ne tremsfl,
pmrrhchge, jurger, fr ml mttejpt tf tmie tae bh`e
f` tae Treshgelt, tamt ae hs ilfwl tf ne
amnhtumbby kuhbty f` sfje ftaer crhje, necmuse
tahs hs pfsshnbe flby wael tae mccessfry hs m
prhvmte hlghvhgumb.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Aemvy pelmbthes `fr mccessfrhes hl rfnnery mlg

tae`t

-   MLWH @ELCHLK

 MLWH-@ELCHLK BM[

-  @elchlk hs ge`hleg hl Secthfl >(m) f` T.G. =0=>

ms tae mct f` mly persfl waf, whta hltelt tf kmhl

`fr ahjseb` fr `fr mlftaer, sambb nuy, recehve,
pfssess, ieep, mcquhre, cflcemb, sebb fr ghspfse
f`, fr sambb nuy mlg sebb, fr hl mly jmller gemb
hl mly mrthcbe, htej, fnoect fr mlytahlk f` vmbue
wahca ae ilfws, fr safubg ne ilfwl tf ahj, tf
amve neel gerhveg `rfj tae prfceegs f`
taecrhje f` rfnnery fr tae`t

EBEJELWS?

(=)  m crhje f` rfnnery fr tae`t ams neel

cfjjhtteg9
(>)  tae mccuseg, waf hs lft m prhlchpmb fr fl
mccfjpbhce hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae
crhje f` rfnnery fr tae`t, nuys,
recehves, pfssesses, ieeps, mcquhres,
cflcembs, sebbs fr ghspfses, fr nuys mlg
sebbs, fr hl mly jmller gembs hl mly
mrthcbe, htej, fnoect fr mlytahlk f`
vmbue, wahca ams neel gerhveg `rfj tae
prfceegs f` tae crhje f` rfnnery fr
tae`t9
(3)  tae mccuseg ilew fr safubg amve ilfwl
tamt tae smhg mrthcbe, htej, fnoect fr
mlytahlk f` vmbue ams neel gerhveg `rfj
tae prfceegs f` tae crhje f` rfnnery fr
tae`t9 mlg
(7)  taere hs, fl tae pmrt f` fle mccuseg,
hltelt tf kmhl `fr fleseb` fr `fr mlftaer.

Flk v Tefpbe? Chrcujstmlces jmy prfve ilfwbegke tamt

tae mrthcbe wms mcquhreg ny rfnnery fr tae`t.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Whtbe Waree

TELMBWHES

Campter Fle
TELMBWHES HL KELE^MB

 Mrthcbe >=. Telmbthes

Telmbthes tamt jmy ne hjpfseg. - Lf `e
`ebfly
bfly
sambb ne pulhsamnbe ny mly pelmbty lft prescrhneg ny
bmw prhfr tf hts cfjjhsshfl.

 Mrthcbe >>. ^etrfmcthve

^etrfmcthve e``
e``ect
ect f` pelmb bmws. - Telmb
Bmws sambb amve m retrfmcthve e``ect hlsf`mr ms taey
`mvfr tae persfls kuhbty f` m `ebfly, waf hs lft m
amnhtumb crhjhlmb, ms tahs terj hs ge`hleg hl ^ube 5 f`
 Mrthcbe 0> f` tahs Cfge, mbtafuk
mbtafukaa mt tae tthje
hje f` tae
punbhcmthfl f` suca bmws m `hlmb seltelce ams neel
prflfulceg mlg tae cflvhct hs servhlk tae smje.

 Mrthcbe >3. E``ect

E``ect f` pmrgfl ny tae f``elg
f``elgeg
eg pmrty. - M
pmrgfl f` tae f``elgeg pmrty gfes lft exthlkuhsa
crhjhlmb mcthfl except ms prfvhgeg hl Mrthcbe 377 f` tahs
Cfge9 nut chvhb bhmnhbhty whta rekmrg tf tae hlterest f`
tae hloureg pmrty hs exthlkuhsaeg ny ahs express wmhver.

 Mrthcbe >7. Jemsures

Jemsures f` prevelt
prevelthfl
hfl fr sm`ety w
wahca
ahca mre
lfr cflshgereg pelmbthes. - Wae `fbbfwhlk sambb lft ne
cflshgereg ms pelmbthes?

=. Wae mrrest mlg tejpfrmry getelthfl f` mccuseg

persfls, ms webb ms taehr getelthfl ny remsfl f` hlsmlhty
fr hjnechbhty, fr hbbless requhrhlk
r equhrhlk taehr cfl`hlejelt hl m
afsphtmb.

>. Wae cfjjhtjelt f` m jhlfr tf mly f` tae hlsthtuthfls

jelthfleg hl Mrthcbe 14 mlg `fr tae purpfses spech`heg
taerehl.

3. Suspelshfl `rfj tae ejpbfyjelt f` punbhc f``hce

gurhlk tae trhmb fr hl frger tf hlsthtute prfceeghlks.

7. @hles mlg ftaer cfrrecthve jemsures wahca, hl tae

exerchse f` taehr mgjhlhstrmthve ghschpbhlmry pfwers,
superhfr f``hchmbs jmy hjpfse upfl taehr sunfrghlmtes.

5. Geprhvmthfl f` rhkats mlg tae repmrmthfls wahca tae

chvhb bmws jmy estmnbhsa hl pelmb `frj.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Campter Wwf  Mrt. >5 cbmssh`hes pelmbthes hltf p

CBMSSH@HCMWHFL F@ TELMBWHES
 Mrthcbe >5. Telmbthes
Telmbthes wahca jmy ne hjpfseg. - Wae
pelmbthes wahca jmy ne hjpfseg mccfrghlk tf tahs
Cfge, mlg taehr gh``erelt cbmsses, mre tafse hlcbugeg hl
tae `fbbfwhlk?
Scmbe
Trhlchpmb Telmbthes
prhlchpmb
rhlchpmb mlg mccessfry.
Wahs mrthcbe cbmssh`hes pelmbthes hltf?
=. Trhlchpmb pelmbthes ‗ tafse expressby hjpfseg ny tae
cfurt hl tae ougkjelt f` cflvhcthfl.
>. Mccessfry pelmbthes ‗ tafse tamt mre geejeg
hlcbugeg hl tae hjpfshthfl f` tae prhlchpmb pelmbthes.
Wae prhlchpmb pelmbthes jmy ne cbmssh`heg?

Cmphtmb pulhsajelt?
 Mccfrghlk tf taehr
taehr ghvhshnhbhty.

Gemta. =.  Ghvhshnbe.

>.  Hlghvhshnbe.
 M``bhcthve pelmbthes?
pelmbthes?
Hlghvhshnbe pelmbthes mre tafse wahca amve lf `hxeg
^ecbushfl perpetum,
gurmthfl.
^ecbushfl tejpfrmb,
Terpetumb fr tejpfrmry mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl, =.  Gemta.
Terpetumb fr tejpfrmry spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl,
>.  ^ecbushfl perpetum.
Trhshfl jmyfr. 3.  Terpetumb mnsfbute fr spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl.
7.  Tunbhc celsure.
Cfrrecthflmb pelmbthes?

Trhshfl cfrrecchflmb, Ghsthlcthfl netweel

netweel cbmssh`hcmthfl f` Telmbthes hl Mrt. 8
 Mrrestf jmyfr, mlg Mrt. >0 
Suspelshfl,
Gestherrf.
 Mrthcbe 8   Mrthcbe >0 
Bhkat pelmbthes?
 Mppbhcmnbe hl geterjhlhlk tae  Mppbhcmnbe hl geterjhlhlk tae
 Mrrestf jelfr,
prescrhpthve perhfg f` prescrhpthve perhfg f`
Tunbhc celsure.
`ebflhes pelmbthes
Telmbthes cfjjfl tf tae taree preceghlk cbmsses?

@hle, mlg
Nflg tf ieep tae pemce.  Mrthcbe >0. [ael m``bhcthve, cfr
cfrrecthflmb,
recthflmb, fr bhkat
pelmbty. - M `hle, waetaer hjpfseg ms m shlkbe f` ms ml
 Mccessfry Telmbthes mbterlmthve pelmbty, sambb ne cflshgereg ml m``bhcthve
pelmbty, h` ht exceegs 0,444 pesfs9 m cfrrecthflmb
Terpetumb fr tejpfrmry mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl,
pelmbty, h` ht gfes lft exceeg 0,444 pesfs nut hs lft
Terpetumb fr tejpfrmry spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl,
bess taml >44 pesfs9 mlg m bhkat pelmbty h` ht bess taml
Suspelshfl `rfj punbhc f``hce, tae rhkat tf vfte mlg ne
>44 pesfs.
vfteg `fr, tae prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk.
Chvhb hlterghcthfl,
Hlgejlh`hcmthfl,
@fr`ehture fr cfl`hscmthfl f` hlstrujelts mlg prfceegs
f` tae f``else,
f ``else,
Tmyjelt f` cfsts.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Campter Waree
ghsqumbh`hc -Terpetumb -Terpetumb -Terpetumb
GU^MWHFL MLG E@@ECWS F@ TELMBWHES mthfl mnsfbute mnsfbute spechmb
ghsqumbh`hc ghsqumbh`hc ghsqumbh`hc
Secthfl Fle. - Gurmthfl f` Telmbthes -Chvhb mthfl mthfl mthfl `rfj
hlterghcthf tae rhkat
 Mrthcbe >;. ^ecbushfl
^ecbushfl perpetum. - Mly persfl sel
seltelceg
telceg l `fr 34 f`
tf mly f` tae perpetumb pelmbthes sambb ne pmrgfleg yemrs su``rmke
m`ter ulgerkfhlk tae pelmbty `fr tahrty yemrs, ulbess wahca tae
suca persfl ny remsfl f` ahs cflguct fr sfje ftaer f``elger
serhfus cmuse sambb ne cflshgereg ny tae Cahe` su``ers
mbtafuka
Executhve ms ulwfrtay f` pmrgfl.
pmrgfleg
^ecbushfl tejpfrmb. - Wae pelmbty f` recbushfl tejpfrmb
sambb ne `rfj twebve yemrs mlg fle gmy tf twelty
 yemrs.
Trhsfl  Mrrestf  Mrrestf
Trhshfl jmyfr mlg tejpfrmry ghsqumbh`hcmthfl. - Wae Cfrrecthflmb Jmyfr Jelfr
gurmthfl f` tae pelmbthes f` prhshfl jmyfr mlg
tejpfrmry ghsqumbh`hcmthfl sambb ne `rfj shx yemrs mlg
fle gmy tf twebve yemrs, except wael tae pelmbty f` 0 jfltas = jflta
Hjprhsfl- = gmy tf 34
ghsqumbh`hcmthfl hs hjpfseg ms ml mccessfry pelmbty, hl mlg = gmy mlg = gmy
jelt gmys
wahca cmse hts gurmthfl sambb ne tamt f` tae prhlchpmb tf 0 yemrs tf 0 jfltas
pelmbty.

Trhshfl cfrrecchflmb, suspelshfl, mlg gestherrf. - Wae

-Suspelshfl
`rfj punbhc
gurmthfl f` tae pelmbthes f` prhshfl cfrrecchflmb, f``hce
suspelshfl mlg gestherrf sambb ne `rfj shx jfltas mlg
fle gmy tf shx yemrs, except wael suspelshfl hs -Suspelshfl -Suspelshfl
-Suspelshfl
hjpfseg ms ml mccessfry pelmbty, hl wahca cmse, hts f` rhkat tf f` rhkat tf
`rfj tae
gurmthfl sambb ne tamt f` tae prhlchpmb pelmbty. afbg f``hce afbg f``hce
rhkat tf
`fbbfw m
 Mrrestf jmyfr. - Wae
Wae gurmthfl f` tae
tae pelmbty f` mrrest
mrrestf
f  Mccessfry -Suspelshfl -Suspelshfl
jmyfr sambb ne `rfj fle jflta mlg fle gmy tf shx
prf`esshfl
Telmbthes f` tae rhkat f` tae rhkat
fr cmbbhlk
jfltas. f` su``rmke f` su``rmke
gurhlk tae gurhlk tae
 Mrrestf jelfr. - Wae gurmthfl f` tae pelmb
pelmbty
ty f` mrrestf
-Terpetumb
terj f` tae terj f` tae
jelfr sambb ne `rfj fle gmy tf tahrty gmys.
spechmb
seltelce seltelce
ghsqumbh`hcmt
Nflg tf ieep tae pemce. - Wae nflg tf ieep tae pemce hfl fl tae
sambb ne requhreg tf cfver suca perhfg f` thje ms tae rhkat f`
cfurt jmy geterjhle. su``rmke

Cmphtmb mlg M``bhcthve Telmbthes

^ecbushfl ^ecbushfl Trhsfl Wae ^TC prescrhnes certmhl pelmbthes  ‗ mjflk taej, recbushfl
Gemta
Terpetum Wejpfrmb Jmyfr perpetum. ^ecbushfl perpetum hs ml hlghvhshnbe pelmbty,"

^ecbushfl perpetum, wahca pbmces m cflvhct hl prhsfl `rfj >4 tf

Werj 74 yemrs mlg `mbbs ulger tae ^TC's bhst f` m``bhcthve pelmbthes,
>4 gmys => yemrs 0 yemrs
f`
mlg = gmy mlg = gmy mlg = gmy mbsf cmrrhes whta ht mccessfry pelmbthes.
Hjprhs Lfle
tf 74 tf >4 tf =>
fl-
yemrs yemrs yemrs Bh`e hjprhsfljelt – crhje cfvereg ny spechmb pelmb bmws.
jelt
Hlge`hlhte gurmthfl. Lf mccessfry pelmbty

Lfle, -Chvhb -Chvhb -

 Mccess ulbess Hlterghcthf Hlterghcthf Wejpfrmr
fry
pmrgfleg? l fr l fr y mnsfbute
Telmbth
gurhlk ahs gurhlk ahs ghsqumbh`hc
es
-Terpetumb seltelce seltelce mthfl
mnsfbute
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe >1. Cfjputmthfl

Cfjputmthfl f` pel
pelmbthes.
mbthes. - H` ta
tae
e f``elger
sambb ne hl prhsfl, tae terj f` tae gurmthfl f` tae
tejpfrmry pelmbthes sambb ne cfjputeg `rfj tae gmy fl
wahca tae ougkjelt f` cflvhcthfl sambb amve necfje
`hlmb.

H` tae f``elger ne lft hl prhsfl, tae terj f` tae

gurmthfl f` tae pelmbty cflshsthlk f` geprhvmthfl f`
bhnerty sambb ne cfjputeg `rfj tae gmy tamt tae
f``elger hs pbmceg mt tae ghspfsmb f` tae oughchmb
mutafrhthes `fr tae el`frcejelt f` tae pelmbty. Wae
gurmthfl f` tae ftaer pelmbthes sambb ne cfjputeg flby
`rfj tae gmy fl wahca tae ge`elgmlt cfjje
cfjjelces
lces tf
serve ahs seltelce.

 Mrthcbe >8. Terhfg

Terhfg f` prevelthv
prevelthve e hjprhsfljelt gegucteg
`rfj terj f` hjprhsfljelt. - F``elgers waf amve
ulgerkfle prevelthve hjprhsfljelt sambb ne creghteg
hl tae servhce f` taehr seltelce cflshsthlk f`
geprhvmthfl f` bhnerty, whta tae `ubb thje gurhlk wahca
taey amve ulgerkfle prevelthve hjprhsfljelt, h` tae
getelthfl prhsfler mkrees vfbultmrhby hl wrhthlk tf
mnhge ny tae smje ghschpbhlmry
ghschpbh lmry rubes hjpfseg upfl
cflvhcteg prhsflers, except hl tae `fbbfwhlk cmses?

=. [ael taey mre rechghvhsts fr amve neel cflvhcteg

prevhfusby twhce fr jfre thjes f` mly crhje9 mlg

>. [ael upfl nehlk sujjfleg `fr tae executhfl f`

taehr seltelce taey amve `mhbeg tf surrelger
vfbultmrhby.

H` tae getelthfl prhsfler gfes lft mkree tf mnhge ny tae

smje ghschpbhlmry rubes hjpfseg upfl cflvhcteg
prhsflers, ae sambb ne creghteg hl tae servhce f` ahs
seltelce whta `fur-`h`tas f` tae thje gurhlk wahca ae
ams ulgerkfle prevelthve hjprhsfljelt. (Ms mjelgeg
ny ^epunbhc Mct 0=>;, Oule =;, =8;4).

[aelever ml mccuseg ams ulgerkfle prevelthve

prevelthve
hjprhsfljelt `fr m perhfg equmb tf fr jfre taml tae
pfsshnbe jmxhjuj hjprhsfljelt f` tae f``else
camrkeg tf wahca ae jmy ne seltelceg mlg ahs cmse hs
lft yet terjhlmteg, ae sambb ne rebemseg
r ebemseg hjjeghmteby
whtafut preoughce tf tae cflthlumthfl f` tae trhmb
taeref` fr tae prfceeghlk fl mppemb, h` tae smje hs
ulger revhew. Hl cmse tae jmxhjuj pelmbty tf wahca
tae mccuseg jmy ne seltelceg hs gestherrf, ae sambb ne
rebemseg m`ter tahrty (34) gmys f` prevelthve
hjprhsfljelt. (Ms mjelgeg ny E.F. Lf. >=7, Ouby =4,
=811).
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Secthfl Wwf. - E``ects f` tae pelmbthes mccfrghlk tf
taehr respecthve lmture
 Mrthcbe 34. E``ects
E``ects f` tae p
pelmbthes
elmbthes f` perpet
perpetumb
umb fr
tejpfrmry mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl. - Wae pelmbthes f`
perpetumb fr tejpfrmry mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `fr
punbhc f``hce sambb prfguce tae `fbbfwhlk e``ects?
=. Wae geprhvmthfl f` tae punbhc f``hces mlg
ejpbfyjelts wahca tae f``elger <jmy amve aebg evel
h` cfl`erreg ny pfpubmr ebecthfl.
>. Wae geprhvmthfl f` tae rhkat tf vfte hl mly ebecthfl
`fr mly pfpubmr f``hce fr tf ne ebecteg tf suca f``hce.
3. Wae ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `fr tae f``hces fr punbhc
ejpbfyjelts mlg `fr tae exerchse f` mly f` tae rhkats
jelthfleg.
Hl cmse f` tejpfrmry ghsqumbh`hcmthfl, suca
ghsqumbh`hcmthfl ms hs cfjprhseg hl pmrmkrmpas > mlg 3
f` tahs mrthcbe sambb bmst
b mst gurhlk tae terj f` tae seltelce.
7. Wae bfss f` mbb rhkats tf rethrejelt pmy fr ftaer
pelshfl `fr mly f``hce `frjerby aebg.
Wae persfl suspelgeg `rfj afbghlk punbhc f``hce sambb
lft afbg mlftaer amvhlk shjhbmr `ulcthfls gurhlk tae
perhfg f` ahs suspelshfl.
 Mrthcbe 37. Chvhb hlterghcthfl.
hlterghcthfl. - Chvhb hhlterghcthfl
lterghcthfl sambb
geprhve tae f``elger gurhlk tae thje f` ahs seltelce f`
tae rhkats f` pmreltmb mutafrhty, fr kumrghmlsahp, ehtaer
ms tf tae persfl fr prfperty f` mly wmrg, f` jmrhtmb
mutafrhty, f` tae rhkat tf jmlmke ahs prfperty mlg f`
tae rhkat tf ghspfse f` suca prfperty ny mly mct fr mly
cflveymlce hlter vhvfs.
 Mrthcbe 35. E``ects f` nflg tf ieep
ieep tae pemce. - Ht sambb
ne tae guty f` mly persfl seltelceg tf khve nflg tf
ieep tae pemce, tf preselt twf su``hchelt surethes waf
sambb ulgertmie tamt suca persfl whbb lft cfjjht tae
f``else sfukat tf ne prevelteg, mlg tamt hl cmse suca
f``else ne cfjjhtteg taey whbb pmy tae mjfult
geterjhleg ny tae cfurt hl tae ougkjelt, fr ftaerwhse
tf gepfsht suca mjfult hl tae f``hce f` tae cberi f` tae
cfurt tf kumrmltee smhg ulgertmihlk.
Wae cfurt sambb geterjhle, mccfrghlk tf hts ghscrethfl,
ghscr ethfl,
tae perhfg f` gurmthfl f` tae nflg.

 Mrthcbe 3=. E``ect

E``ect f` tae ppelmbthes
elmbthes f` perpet
perpetumb
umb fr Safubg tae persfl seltelceg `mhb tf khve tae nflg ms
requhreg ae sambb ne getmhleg `fr m perhfg wahca sambb hl
tejpfrmry spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl. - Wae pelmbthes f`
lf cmse exceeg shx jfltas, hs ae sambb amve neel
perpetumb fr tejpfrmb spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `fr punbhc
prfsecuteg `fr m krmve fr bess krmve `ebfly, mlg sambb
f``hce, prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk sambb prfguce tae `fbbfwhlk
lft exceeg tahrty gmys, h` `fr m bhkat `ebfly.
e``ects?
 Mrthcbe 30. Tmrgfl9
Tmrgfl9 hts e``ect. - M pmrgfl sambb lft wfri
=. Wae geprhvmthfl f` tae f``hce, ejpbfyjelt,
tae restfrmthfl f` tae rhkat tf afbg punbhc f``hce, fr tae
prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk m``ecteg9
rhkat f` su``rmke, ulbess suca rhkats ne expressby
>. Wae ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `fr afbghlk shjhbmr f``hces fr restfreg ny tae terjs f` tae pmrgfl.
ejpbfyjelts ehtaer perpetumbby fr gurhlk tae terj f`
 M pmrgfl sambb hl lf cmse exejpt ttae
ae cubprht ``rfj
rfj tae
tae seltelce mccfrghlk tf tae extelt f` suca
pmyjelt f` tae chvhb hlgejlhty hjpfseg upfl ahj ny
ghsqumbh`hcmthfl.
tae seltelce.

 Mrthcbe 3>. E``ect

E``ect f` tae p
pelmbthes
elmbthes f` perpet
perpetumb
umb fr  Mrthcbe 3;. Cfst9 [amt mre hlc
hlcbugeg.
bugeg. - Cfsts sambb
tejpfrmry spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `fr tae exerchse f`
hlcbuge `ees mlg hlgejlhthes hl tae cfurse f` tae
tae rhkat f` su``rmke. - Wae perpetumb fr tejpfrmry
 oughchmb prfceeghlks, waetaer
waetaer taey ne `hxeg fr
spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `fr tae exerchse f` tae rhkat f`
ulmbtermnbe mjfults prevhfusby geterjhleg ny bmw fr
su``rmke sambb geprhve tae f``elger perpetumb
perpetumbby
by fr
rekubmthfls hl `frce, fr mjfults lft sunoect tf
gurhlk tae terj f` tae seltelce, mccfrghlk tf tae
scaegube.
lmture f` smhg pelmbty, f` tae rhkat tf vfte hl mly
pfpubmr ebecthfl `fr mly punbhc f``hce fr tf ne ebecteg tf
 Mrthcbe 31. Teculhmry
Teculhmry bhmnhbhthes9 Frger f` pmyjelt. - Hl
suca f``hce. Jfrefver, tae f``elger sambb lft ne
cmse tae prfperty f` tae f``elger safubg lft ne
perjhtteg tf afbg mly punbhc f``hce
f ``hce gurhlk tae perhfg f`
su``hchelt `fr tae pmyjelt f` mbb ahs peculhmry bhmnhbhthes,
ahs ghsqumbh`hcmthfl.
tae smje sambb ne jet hl tae `fbbfwhlk frger?

 Mrthcbe 33. E``ects

E``ects f` tae p
pelmbthes
elmbthes f` suspels
suspelshfl
hfl `rfj
=. Wae repmrmthfl f` tae gmjmke cmuseg.
mly punbhc f``hce, prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk, fr tae rhkat f`
su``rmke. - Wae suspelshfl `rfj punbhc f``hce,
prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk, mlg tae exerchse f` tae rhkat f` >. Hlgejlh`hcmthfl f` cflsequelthmb gmjmkes.
su``rmke sambb ghsqumbh`y tae f``elger `rfj afbghlk suca 3. Wae `hle.
f``hce fr exerchshlk suca prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk fr rhkat f`
su``rmke gurhlk tae terj f` tae seltelce. 7. Wae cfst f` tae prfceeghlks.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe 38. Sunshghmry

Sunshghmry pelmbty. - H` tae cflvhct am
ams
s lf
prfperty whta wahca tf jeet tae `hle jelthfleg hl tae
pmrmkrmpa 3 f` tae lext preceghlk mrthcbe, ae sambb ne TELMBWX BELKWA F@ SUNSHGHM^X
sunoect tf m sunshghmry persflmb bhmnhbhty mt tae rmte f` HJTFSEG  TELMBWX  
fle gmy `fr emca ehkat pesfs, sunoect tf tae `fbbfwhlk
rubes? Lft exceeg =/3 f` terj f` seltelce,
Trhshfl cfrrecchflmb
hl lf cmse jfre taml = yemr `rmcthfl
fr mrrestf mlg `hle
=. H` tae prhlchpmb pelmbty hjpfseg
h jpfseg ne prhshfl fr pmrt f` m gmy lft cfulteg.
cfrrecchflmb fr mrrestf mlg `hle, ae sambb rejmhl ulger
cfl`hlejelt ulthb ahs `hle re`erreg tf hl tae preceghlk
Lft tf exceeg 0 jfltas h`
pmrmkrmpa hs smths`heg, nut ahs sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt prfsecuteg `fr krmve fr bess krmve
sambb lft exceeg fle-tahrg f` tae terj f` tae seltelce, @hle flby
`ebfly, lft tf exceeg =5 gmys h`
mlg hl lf cmse sambb ht cflthlue `fr jfre taml fle yemr,
prfsecuteg `fr bhkat `ebfly
mlg lf `rmcthfl fr pmrt f` m gmy sambb ne cfulteg
c fulteg
mkmhlst tae prhsfler.
Ahkaer taml prhshfl
>. [ael tae prhlchpmb pelmbty hjpfseg ne flby m `hle, Lf sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt
cfrrecchflmb
tae sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt sambb lft exceeg shx
jfltas, h` tae cubprht sambb amve neel prfsecuteg `fr m
krmve fr bess krmve `ebfly, mlg sambb lft exceeg `h`teel Lft tf ne executeg Smje geprhvmthfls ms tafse f` tae
gmys, h` `fr m bhkat `ebfly. ny cfl`hlejelt nut prhlchpmb pelmbty ulger rubes =, >
f` `hxeg gurmthfl mlg 3 mnfve
3. [ael tae prhlchpmb hjpfseg hs ahkaer
ah kaer taml prhshfl
cfrrecchflmb, lf sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt sambb ne
  H` `hlmlchmb chrcujstmlces hjprfve, cflvhct sthbb tf pmy
hjpfseg upfl tae cubprht.
tae `hle evel h` ae ams su``ereg sunshghmry persflmb
7. H` tae prhlchpmb pelmbty hjpfseg hs lft tf ne bhmnhbhty.
executeg ny cfl`hlejelt hl m pelmb hlsthtuthfl, nut
  Wae pelmbty hjpfseg just ne TC, MJ, Mj,
suca pelmbty hs f` `hxeg gurmthfl, tae cflvhct, gurhlk
suspelshfl, gestherrf mlg `hle flby.  – ftaer taml
tae perhfg f` thje estmnbhsaeg hl tae preceghlk rubes,
taese (TJ, ^W, ^T) cfurt cmllft hjpfse sunshghmry
sambb cflthlue tf su``er tae smje geprhvmthfls ms tafse
pelmbty.
f` wahca tae prhlchpmb pelmbty cflshsts.

5. Wae sunshghmry persflmb bhmnhbhty wahca tae cflvhct   Evel h` tae pelmbty hjpfseg hs lft ahkaer taml TC, h`
jmy amve su``ereg ny remsfl f` ahs hlsfbvelcy sambb lft tae mccuseg hs m amnhtumb gebhlquelt waf geserves ml
rebheve ahj, `rfj tae `hle hl cmse ahs `hlmlchmb mgghthflmb pelmbty f` => yrs mlg = gmy f` ^W, taere hs
chrcujstmlces safubg hjprfve. (Ms mjelgeg ny ^M lf sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt.
5705, Mprhb >=, =808).
Lf sunshghmry pelmbty hl tae `fbbfwhlk cmses
 
Waere hs lf hlgejlh`hcmthfl
repmrmthfl, sunshghmry pelmbty
mlg`fr lfl-pmyjelt
cfsts hl pmr =, > f`
mlg 7

  [ael tae pelmbty hjpfseg hs ahkaer taml prhshfl
cfrrecchflmb
f` Mrt 31. Ht hs flby `fr `hles.
  @fr `mhbure tf pmy tae repmrmthfl f` tae gmjmke
   Mrt 38 mppbhes flby wael tae cflvhct ams lf prfperty cmuseg, hlgejlh`hcmthfl f` tae cflsequelthmb
whta wahca tf jeet tae `hle hl pmr 3 f` mrt 31. Waus, m gmjmkes, mlg tae cfsts f` tae prfceeghlks
cflvhct waf ams prfperty elfuka tf jeet tae `hle   [ael tae pelmbty hjpfseg hs `hle mlg m pelmbty lft tf
mlg lft exejpteg `rfj executhfl cmllft caffse tf ae executeg ny cfl`hlejelt hl m pelmb hlsthtuthfl mlg
serve tae sunshghmry pelmbty hlstemg f` tae pmyjelt wahca ams lf `hxeg gurmthfl.
f` tae `hle.

  Sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt hs lft ml mccessfry

m ccessfry pelmbty.
Ht hs cfvereg ny Mrt 74-75 f` tahs Cfge. Mccessfry
pelmbthes mre geejeg hjpfseg evel wael lft
jelthfleg wahbe sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt just ne
expressby hjpfseg.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Secthfl Waree. - Telmbthes hl wahca ftaer mccessfry Campter @fur

pelmbthes mre hlaerelt  MTTBHCMWHFL F@ TELMBWHES
TELMBWHES

 Mrthcbe 74. Gemta9 Hts mccessfry pelmbthes.

pelmbthes. - Wae gemta Secthfl Fle. - ^ubes `fr tae mppbhcmthfl f` pelmbthes tf
pelmbty, wael ht hs lft executeg ny remsfl f` tae persfls crhjhlmbby bhmnbe mlg `fr tae krmgumthfl f`
cfjjutmthfl fr pmrgfl sambb cmrry whta ht tamt f` tae smje.
perpetumb mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl mlg tamt f` chvhb
hlterghcthfl gurhlk tahrty yemrs `fbbfwhlk tae gmte  Mrthcbe 70. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl prhlchpmbs hl
seltelce, ulbess suca mccessfry pelmbthes amve neel kelermb. - Wae pelmbty prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae
expressby rejhtteg hl tae pmrgfl. cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae
prhlchpmbs hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` suca `ebfly.
 Mrthcbe 7=. ^ecbushfl
^ecbushfl perpetum mlg recbushfl tejpfrmtejpfrmb9
b9
Waehr mccessfry pelmbthes. - Wae pelmbthes f` recbushfl [aelever tae bmw prescrhnes m pelmbty `fr m `ebfly hs
perpetum mlg recbushfl tejpfrmb sambb cmrry whta taej kelermb terjs, ht sambb ne ulgerstffg ms mppbhcmnbe tf
tamt f` chvhb hlterghcthfl
h lterghcthfl `fr bh`e fr gurhlk tae perhfg f` tae cflsujjmteg `ebfly.
tae seltelce ms tae cmse jmy ne, mlg tamt f` perpetumb
 Mrthcbe 7;. Hl wamt
wamt cmses tae g gemta
emta pelmbty sambb lf
lftt ne
mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl wahca tae f``elger sambb su``er
hjpfseg. - Wae gemta pelmbty sambb ne hjpfseg hl mbb
evel tafuka pmrgfleg ms tf tae prhlchpmb pelmbty,
cmses hl wahca ht just ne hjpfseg ulger exhsthlk bmws,
ulbess tae smje sambb amve neel expressby rejhttegr ejhtteg hl
except hl tae `fbbfwhlk cmses?
tae pmrgfl.
=. [ael tae kuhbty persfl ne jfre taml sevelty yemrs
 Mrthcbe 7>. Trhshfl jmyfr9 Hts mccessfry pelmbthes.
pelmbthes. - Wae
f` mke.
pelmbty f` prhshfl jmyfr, sambb cmrry whta ht tamt f`
tejpfrmry mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl mlg tamt f`
>. [ael upfl mppemb fr revhshfl f` tae cmse ny tae
perpetumb spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `rfj tae rhkat f`
su``rmke wahca tae f``elger sambb su``er mbtafuka Supreje cfurt,
ulmlhjfus mbbvfthlk
hl taehr tae jejners
ms tf taetaeref` mref`
prfprhety lft
tae
pmrgfleg ms tf tae prhlchpmb pelmbty, ulbess tae smje
hjpfshthfl f` tae gemta pelmbty. @fr tae hjpfshthfl f` f`
sambb amve neel expressby rejhtteg hl tae pmrgfl.
smhg pelmbty fr `fr tae cfl`hrjmthfl f` m ougkjelt f`
tae hl`erhfr cfurt hjpfshlk tae gemta seltelce, tae
 Mrthcbe 73. Trhshfl cfrrecchflmb9 Hts mccessfry
Supreje Cfurt sambb relger hts gechshfl per curhmj,
pelmbthes. - Wae pelmbty f` prhshfl cfrrecchflmb sambb
wahca sambb ne shkleg ny mbb ousthces f` smhg cfurt,
cmrry whta ht tamt f`
f ` suspelshfl `rfj punbhc f``hce, `rfj
ulbess sfje jejner fr jejners taeref` sambb amve
tae rhkat tf `fbbfw m prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk, mlg tamt f`
neel ghsqumbh`heg `rfj tmihlk pmrt hl tae cflshgermthfl
perpetumb spechmb ghsqumbh`hcmthfl `rfj tae rhkat f`
f` tae cmse, hl wahca evel tae ulmlhjfus vfte mlg
su``rmke, h` tae gurmthfl f` smhg hjprhsfljelt
h jprhsfljelt sambb
shklmture f` flby tae rejmhlhlk ousthces sambb ne
exceeg ehkateel jfltas. Wae f``elger sambb su``er tae
requhreg.
ghsqumbh`hcmthfl prfvhgeg hl tae mrthcbe
mr thcbe mbtafuka
pmrgfleg ms tf tae prhlchpmb pelmbty, ulbess tae smje
sambb amve neel expressby rejhtteg hl tae pmrgfl.

 Mrthcbe 77. Mrrestf9

Mrrestf9 Hts mccessfry pelm
pelmbthes.
bthes. - Wae
pelmbty f` mrrestf sambb cmrry whta ht tamt f` suspelshfl
f` tae rhkat tff afbg f``hce mlg tae rhkat f` su``rmke
gurhlk tae terj f` tae seltelce.

 Mrthcbe 75. Cfl`hscmthfl

Cfl`hscmthfl mlg `fr`eht
`fr`ehture
ure f` tae prfceegs
fr hlstrujelts f` tae crhje. - Every pelmbty hjpfseg
`fr tae cfjjhsshfl f` m `ebfly sambb cmrry whta ht tae
`fr`ehture f` tae prfceegs f` tae crhje mlg tae
hlstrujelts fr tffbs whta wahca ht wms cfjjhtteg.
c fjjhtteg.

Suca prfceegs mlg hlstrujelts fr tffbs sambb ne

cfl`hscmteg mlg `fr`ehteg hl `mvfr f` tae Kfverljelt,
ulbess taey ne prfperty f` m tahrg persfl lft bhmnbe `fr
tae f``else, nut tafse mrthcbes wahca mre lft sunoect f`
bmw`ub cfjjerce sambb ne gestrfyeg.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
 Mrthcbe 71. Telmbty `fr
`fr cfjpbex crhjes.
crhjes. - [ael m shlkbe
mct cflsthtutes twf fr jfre krmve fr bess krmve
`ebflhes, fr wael ml f``else hs m lecessmry jemls `fr
cfjjhtthlk tae ftaer, tae pelmbty `fr tae jfst serhfus
serh fus
crhje sambb ne hjpfseg, tae smje tf ne mppbheg hl hts
jmxhjuj perhfg.
 Mrt. 71 requhres tae cfjjhsshfl f` mt bemst twf crhjes. Nut tae
twf fr jfre krmve fr bess krmve `ebflhes just ne tae resubt f`
m shlkbe mct, fr ml f``else just ne m lecessmry jemls `fr
cfjjhtthlk tae ftaer
 M cfjpbex crhje hs flby fle
fle crhje.
Wwf ihlgs f` cfjpbex crhjes
   [ael m shlkbe mct cflsthtutes twf fr jfre krmve fr
bess krmve `ebflhes.
   [ael ml f``else hs m lecessmry jemls `fr cfjjhtthlk
tae ftaer.
Wae `hrst hs ftaerwhse ilfwl ms cfjpfulg crhje. Wae secflg
hs tae cfjpbex crhje prfper
"[ael m shlkbe mct cflsthtutes twf fr jfre krmve fr
bess krmve `ebflhes."
^E]?
=. Wamt flby m shlkbe mct hs per`frjeg ny tae f``elger.
>. Wamt tae shlkbe mct prfguces (=) twf fr jfre krmve `ebflhes,
fr (>) fle fr jfre krmve mlg fle fr jfre bess krmve `ebflhes,
fr (3) twf fr jfre bess krmve `ebflhes.
Waere hs lf cfjpbex crhje f` mrsfl whta afjhchge ulger Mrt.
71
 Mppbhcmnbe tf crhjes tarfuka lekbhkelce
[ael ml f``else hs m lecessmry jemls `fr cfjjhtthlk
tae ftaer.
^E]?
=. Wamt mt bemst twf f``elses mre cfjjhtteg.
>. Wamt fle fr sfje f` tae f``elses just ne lecessmry tf
cfjjht tae ftaer.
3. Wamt nfta fr mbb tae f``elses just ne pulhsaeg ulger tae
smje stmtute.
[ael twf fr jfre crhjes mre cfjjhtteg nut (=) lft ny m
shlkbe mct, fr (>) fle hs lft m lecessmry jemls `fr cfjjhtthlk
tae ftaer, taere hs lf cfjpbex crhje
Waere hs lf cfjpbex crhje f` renebbhfl whta jurger, mrsfl,
rfnnery, fr ftaer cfjjfl crhjes.
 Mrt. 71 gfes lft mppby wael tae bmw prfvhges fle shlkbe
pelmbty `fr spechmb cfjpbex crhjes.
Waus, hl rfnnery whta afjhchge (Mrt. >87, pmr. =), rfnnery whta
rmpe (Mrt. >87, pmr. >), fr ihglmpphlk whta serhfus payshcmb
hlourhes (Mrt. >0;, pmr. 3), fr ihglmpphlk whta jurger fr
afjhchge (Mrt. >0;, bmst pmr.), fr rmpe whta afjhchge (Mrt. 335),
Hvber v Jfgestf
   Wae gfctrhle tamt recibess hjprugelce ulger Mrthcbe
305 hs m shlkbe qumsh-f``else ny htseb` mlg lft jereby
m jemls tf cfjjht ftaer crhjes suca tamt cflvhcthfl
fr mcquhttmb f` suca qumsh-f``else nmrs sunsequelt
prfsecuthfl `fr tae smje qumsh f``else, rekmrgbess f`
hts vmrhfus resubthlk mcts, ulgerkhrgeg tae Cfurt‘ s
ulnrfiel camhl f` ourhsprugelce fl gfunbe oefpmrgy
ms mppbheg tf Mrthcbe 305 stmrthlk whta Tefpbe v. Ghmz,
gechgeg hl =857.
   SC rubeg tamt prfsecuthfls ulger Mrthcbe 305 safubg
prfceeg `rfj m shlkbe camrke rekmrgbess f` tae
lujner fr severhty f` tae cflsequelces. Hl hjpfshlk
pelmbthes, tae ougke whbb gf lf jfre taml mppby tae
pelmbthes ulger Mrthcbe 305 `fr emca cflsequelce
mbbekeg mlg prfvel. Hl safrt, taere sambb ne lf
spbhtthlk f` camrkes ulger Mrthcbe 305, mlg flby fle
hl`frjmthfl sambb ne `hbeg hl tae smje `hrst beveb cfurt
 M cflthlueg crhje hs lft m cfjpbex
cfjpbex crhje
 M cflthlueg crhje hs lft m cfjpbex
cfjpbex crhje, necmuse
tae f``elger hl cflthlueg fr cflthlufus crhje gfes lft
per`frj m shlkbe mct, nut m serhes f` mcts, mlg fle f``else hs
lft m lecessmry jemls `fr cfjjhtthlk tae ftaer.
 Mrthcbe 78. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl tae prhlchpmbs
wael tae crhje cfjjhtteg hs gh``erelt `rfj tamt
hltelgeg. - Hl cmses hl wahca tae `ebfly cfjjhtteg hs
gh``erelt `rfj tamt wahca tae f``elger hltelgeg tf
cfjjht, tae `fbbfwhlk rubes sambb ne fnserveg?
=. H` tae pelmbty prescrhneg `fr tae `ebfly cfjjhtteg ne
ahkaer taml tamt cfrrespflghlk tf tae f``else wahca
tae mccuseg hltelgeg tf cfjjht, tae pelmbty
cfrrespflghlk tf tae bmtter sambb ne hjpfseg
h jpfseg hl hts
jmxhjuj perhfg.
>. H` tae pelmbty prescrhneg `fr tae `ebfly cfjjhtteg ne
bfwer taml tamt cfrrespflghlk tf tae fle wahca tae
mccuseg hltelgeg tf cfjjht, tae pelmbty `fr tae `frjer
sambb ne hjpfseg hl hts jmxhjuj perhfg.
3. Wae rube estmnbhsaeg ny tae lext preceghlk
pmrmkrmpa sambb lft ne mppbhcmnbe h` h ` tae mcts cfjjhtteg
ny tae kuhbty persfl sambb mbsf cflsthtute ml mttejpt fr
`rustrmthfl f` mlftaer crhje, h` tae bmw prescrhnes m
ahkaer pelmbty `fr ehtaer f` tae bmtter
b mtter f``elses, hl wahca
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

cmse tae pelmbty prfvhgeg `fr tae mttejpteg fr tae

`rustrmteg crhje sambb ne hjpfseg hl hts
h ts jmxhjuj
perhfg.

 Mrt. 78 ams re`erelce tf tae prfvhshfl

prfvhshfl f` tae =st pmrmkrmpa f`
 Mrt. 7.

Tmrmkrmpa = f` Mrt. 7 cfvers (=) mnerrmthf hctus (jhstmie hl tae

nbfw), (>) errfr hl persflme (jhstmie hl tae hgelthty f` tae
vhcthj), mlg (3) prmeter hltelthflej (waere m jfre serhfus
cflsequelce lft hltelgeg ny tae f``elger ne`mbbs tae smje
persfl)

 Mrt. 78 mppbhes flby wael taere hs m jhstmie

jhstmie hl tae hgelthty f`
tae vhcthj f` tae crhje, mlg tae pelmbty `fr tae crhje
cfjjhtteg hs gh``erelt `rfj tamt `fr tae crhje hltelgeg tf ne
cfjjhtteg.

 M^W 78   M^W 71 

Telmbty `fr tae jfre serhfus

Besser pelmbty tf ne hjpfseg
crhje sambb ne hjpfseg hl hts
hl hts jmxhjuj pg
jmxhjuj pg

 Mrt. 78 ams lf
lf mppbhcmthfl tf cmses waere m jfre
jfre
serhfus cflsequelce lft hltelgeg ny tae f``elger
ne`mbbs tae smje persfl.

 M wmlteg flby tf hl`bhct m wfulg fl tae `mce f`f` N tamt wfubg

bemve m perjmlelt scmr fl ahs `mce fr fle tamt wfubg cfjpeb
tae bmtter tf rejmhl hl tae afsphtmb `fr m weei fr twf,
tw f, nut
lever hltelgeg tf ihbb ahj. Nut ms M ghg lft amve cfltrfb f` ahs
rhkat mrj fl mccfult f` pmrmbyshs, tae nbfw, mbtafuka hltelgeg
`fr tae `mce, bmlgeg mt tae nmse f` tae leci, resubthlk hl tae
`mtmb wfulg hl tamt pmrt f` tae nfgy f` N, waf gheg
g heg ms m
cflsequelce.

Hl tahs cmse, taere hs prmeter hltelthflej mlg tae crhje lft

hltelgeg ny tae f``elger ne`ebb tae smje persfl. Lfte tamt hl
tae exmjpbes ulger errfr hl persflme, tae crhje lft hltelgeg
ny tae f``elger ne`ebb m gh``erelt persfl.

@rfj tae `frekfhlk exmjpbes mlg ghscusshfls, ht whbb

wh bb ne lfteg
tamt tae rubes stmteg hl pmrmkrmpas = mlg > f` Mrt. 78 cmllft
mppby tf cmses hlvfbvhlk mnerrmthf hctus fr prmeter hltelthflej.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe 54. Telmbty

Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl prhlchpmbs f` m  Mrthcbe 58. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg hl cmse f` `mhbure
`mhbure tf
`rustrmteg crhje. - Wae pelmbty lext bfwer hl gekree cfjjht tae crhje necmuse tae jemls ejpbfyeg fr tae
taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae cflsujjmteg mhjs sfukat mre hjpfsshnbe. - [ael tae persfl
`ebfly sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae prhlchpmb hl m hltelghlk tf cfjjht ml f``else ams mbremgy per`frjeg
`rustrmteg `ebfly. tae mcts `fr tae executhfl f` tae smje nut levertaebess
tae crhje wms lft prfguceg ny remsfl f` tae `mct tamt
 Mrthcbe 5=. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl prhlchpmbs
prhlchpmbs f` tae mct hltelgeg wms ny hts lmture fle f` hjpfsshnbe
mttejpteg crhjes. - M pelmbty bfwer ny twf gekrees mccfjpbhsajelt fr necmuse tae jemls ejpbfyeg ny
taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae cflsujjmteg suca persfl mre esselthmbby hlmgequmte tf prfguce tae
`ebfly sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae prhlchpmbs hl ml resubt geshreg ny ahj, tae cfurt,
c furt, amvhlk hl jhlg tae
mttejpt tf cfjjht m `ebfly. sfchmb gmlker mlg tae gekree f` crhjhlmbhty safwl ny
tae f``elger, sambb hjpfse upfl ahj tae pelmbty
 Mrthcbe 5>. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl mccfjpbhces hl
f` mrrestf jmyfr fr m `hle `rfj >44 tf 544 pesfs.
cflsujjmteg crhje. - Wae pelmbty lext bfwer hl
gekree taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae  Mrthcbe 04. Excepthfl
Excepthfl tf tae ru
rubes
bes estmnbhsaeg hl Mrthcbes
cflsujjmteg sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae mccfjpbhces 54 tf 5;. - Wae prfvhshfls cfltmhleg hl Mrthcbes 54 tf
hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` m cflsujjmteg `ebfly. 5;, hlcbushve, f` tahs Cfge sambb lft ne mppbhcmnbe tf
cmses hl wahca tae bmw
b mw expressby prescrhnes tae pelmbty
 Mrthcbe 53. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl mccessfrhes tf
prfvhgeg `fr m `rustrmteg fr mttejpteg `ebfly, fr tf ne
tae cfjjhsshfl f` m cflsujjmteg
cf lsujjmteg `ebfly. - Wae
hjpfseg upfl mccfjpbhces fr mccessfrhes.
pelmbty bfwer ny twf gekrees taml tamt prescrhneg ny
bmw `fr tae cflsujjmteg `ebfly sambb ne hjpfseg upfl  Mrthcbe 0=. ^ubes `fr krmgumthlk pelmbthes. - @fr tae
tae mccessfrhes tf tae cfjjhsshfl f` m cflsujjmteg purpfse f` krmgumthlk tae pelmbthes wahca, mccfrghlk
`ebfly. tf tae prfvhshfls f` Mrthcbes 54 tf 5;, hlcbushve, f` tahs
Cfge, mre tf ne hjpfseg upfl persfls kuhbty ms
 Mrthcbe 57. Telmbty
Telmbty tf hjpfseg up
upfl
fl mccfjpbhces hl m prhlchpmbs f` mly `rustrmteg fr mttejpteg `ebf
`ebfly,
ly, fr ms
`rustrmteg crhje. - Wae pelmbty lext bfwer hl gekree
mccfjpbhces fr mccessfrhes, tae `fbbfwhlk rubes sambb ne
taml prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae `rustrmteg `ebfly sambb
fnserveg?
ne hjpfseg upfl tae mccfjpbhces
mcc fjpbhces hl tae cfjjhsshfl f`
m `rustrmteg `ebfly. =. [ael tae pelmbty prescrhneg `fr tae `ebfly hs
h s shlkbe
mlg hlghvhshnbe, tae pelmbty lext bfwer hl gekrees sambb
 Mrthcbe 55. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl mccessfrhes f` m
ne tamt hjjeghmteby `fbbfwhlk tamt hlghvhshnbe pelmbty
`rustrmteg crhje. - Wae pelmbty bfwer ny twf gekrees
hl tae respecthve krmgumteg scmbe prescrhneg hl Mrthcbe
taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae `rustrmteg `ebfly
;= f` tahs Cfge.
sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae mccessfrhes tf tae
cfjjhsshfl f` m `rustrmteg `ebfly. >. [ael tae pelmbty prescrhneg `fr tae crhje hs
cfjpfseg f` twf hlghvhshnbe pelmbthes, fr f` fle fr
 Mrthcbe 50. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl mccfjpbhces hl
jfre ghvhshnbe pelmbthes tf ne hjpfse tf taehr `ubb
ml mttejpteg crhje. - Wae pelmbty lext bfwer hl gekree
extelt, tae pelmbty lext bfwer hl gekree sambb ne tamt
taml tamtsambb
`ebfly prescrhneg ny bmw
ne hjpfseg `fr ml
upfl taemttejpt tf cfjjht
mccfjpbhces hl ml m hjjeghmteby `fbbfwhlk tae besser f` tae pelmbthes
prescrhneg hl tae respecthve krmgumteg scmbe.
mttejpt tf cfjjht tae `ebfly.
3. [ael tae pelmbty prescrhneg `fr tae crhje hs
 Mrthcbe 5;. Telmbty
Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl mccessfrhes f`
cfjpfseg f` fle fr twf hlghvhshnbe pelmbthes mlg tae
ml mttejpteg crhje. - Wae pelmbty bfwer ny twf
jmxhjuj perhfg f` mlftaer ghvhshnbe pelmbty, tae
gekrees taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae mttejpteg
pelmbty lext bfwer hl gekree sambb ne cfjpfseg f` tae
`ebfly sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae mccessfrhes tf tae
jeghuj mlg jhlhjuj perhfgs f` tae prfper ghvhshnbe
mttejpt tf cfjjht m `ebfly.
pelmbty mlg tae jmxhjuj perhfgs f` tae prfper
ghvhshnbe pelmbty mlg tae jmxhjuj perhfg f` tamt
 Mrthcbe 51. Mgghthflmb
Mgghthflmb pelmbty tf n
nee hjpfseg up
upfl
fl
hjjeghmteby `fbbfwhlk hl smhg respecthve krmgumteg
certmhl mccessfrhes. - Wafse mccessfrhes `mbbhlk whtahl
scmbe.
tae terjs f` pmrmkrmpas 3 f` Mrthcbe =8 f` tahs Cfge
waf safubg mct whta mnuse f` taehr punbhc `ulcthfls,
7. wael tae pelmbty prescrhneg `fr tae crhje hs
sambb su``er tae mgghthflmb pelmbty f` mnsfbute perpetumb
cfjpfseg f` severmb perhfgs, cfrrespflghlk tf
ghsqumbh`hcmthfl h` tae prhlchpmb f``elger sambb ne kuhbty gh``erelt ghvhshnbe pelmbthes, tae pelmbty lext bfwer hl
f` m krmve `ebfly, mlg tamt f` mnsfbute tejpfrmry
gekree sambb ne cfjpfseg f` tae perhfg hjjeghmteby
ghsqumbh`hcmthfl h` ae sambb ne kuhbty f` m bess krmve
`fbbfwhlk tae jhlhjuj prescrhneg mlg f` tae twf lext
`ebfly.
`fbbfwhlk, wahca sambb ne tmiel `rfj tae pelmbty
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

prescrhneg, h` pfsshnbe9 ftaerwhse `rfj tae pelmbty

Cms l hl hts hflmb hl Jmyfr  Mrrest
hjjeghmteby `fbbfwhlk hl tae mnfve jelthfleg
e Wej jmxhj hts hl ht's f
respecthve krmgumteg scmbe.
pfrmb uj jmxhj jmxh Jmyfr
hl hts perhfg uj juj hl hts
5. [ael tae bmw prescrhnes m pelmbty `fr m crhje hl
jmxh tf perhfg perhfg jhlhj
sfje jmller lft espechmbby prfvhgeg `fr hl tae `fur
juj recbush tf tf uj
preceghlk rubes, tae cfurts, prfceeghlk ny mlmbfky,
perhf fl prhshfl prhshf mlg
sambb hjpfse cfrrespflghlk pelmbthes upfl tafse kuhbty
g tf tejpfr jmyfr l jeghu
ms prhlchpmbs f` tae `rustrmteg `ebfly, fr f` mttejpt tf
gemt mb hl hts hl hts cfrrec j
cfjjht tae smje, mlg upfl mccfjpbhces mlg
a jeghu jeghu chflmb perhfg
mccessfrhes. j j hl hts s
WMNUBMWHFL F@ WAE T^FPHSHFLS F@ WAE CAMTWE^ perhfg perhfg jeghu
j
perhfg
Telmbty
tf ne
Telmbt
hjpfse Trhsh
 y tf
g upfl fl
Telmbty ne
tae Jmyf Trhshfl  Mrrestf
tf ne hjpfs @hle
prhlchp r hl cfrrecc jmyfr
hjpfse eg Telmbt mlg
mb hl ml hts hflmb hl hl hts
g upfl upfl  y tf  Mrrest
mttejp jmxh hts jmxhj
tae tae ne f
Telm teg juj jmxhj uj
prhlchp mccess hjpfs Jmyfr
bty crhje, @fu perhf uj perhfg
mb hl m fry hl eg hl hts
Tres `rustrm tae m upfl rta g tf perhfg tf jhlhj @hle.
crhne mccess Cms recbu tf prhshfl
teg `rustr tae uj
`fr fry hl e shfl prhshfl cfrrecc
crhje, mteg mccess mlg
tae tae tejp jmyfr hflmb hl
mlg crhje, fry hl jeghu
crhj cflsu frmb hl hts hts
mccfj mlg ml j
e jjmte hl hts jeghu jeghu
pbhce hl tae mttej perhfg
g crhje jegh j j
m mccfj pteg s
mlg tae uj perhfg. perhfg.
cflsu pbhces crhje
mccfj perhf
jjmte hl ml
pbhces g.
g crhje mttej
hl m
pteg
`rustrm Secthfl Wwf. - ^ubes `fr tae mppbhcmthfl f` pelmbthes
crhje
teg whta rekmrg tf tae jhthkmthlk mlg mkkrmvmthlk
crhje. chrcujstmlces, mlg amnhtumb gebhlquelcy.

 Mrthcbe 0>. E``ect

E``ect f` tae mtt
mttelgmlce
elgmlce f` j
jhthkmthlk
hthkmthlk fr
@hrs ^ecbush ^ecbush Trhshf
Trhshf mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces mlg f` amnhtumb
t Gemt fl fl l
l gebhlquelcy. - Jhthkmthlk fr mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces
Cms a Terpet Wejpf Cfrrec
Jmyfr mlg amnhtumb gebhlquelcy sambb ne tmiel hltf mccfult
e um rmb chflmb
`fr tae purpfse f` ghjhlhsahlk fr hlcremshlk tae pelmbty
hl cfl`frjhty whta tae `fbbfwhlk rubes?
^ecb
ushf =. Mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces wahca hl taejsebves
Sec l ^ecbush Trhshf cflsthtute m crhje spechmbby pulhsamnbe ny bmw fr wahca
 Mrrest
flg Terp fl Trhshfl l mre hlcbugeg ny tae bmw
b mw hl ge`hlhlk m crhje mlg
f
Cms etum Wejpf Jmyfr Cfrrec prescrhnhlk tae pelmbty taere`fr sambb lft ne tmiel hltf
Jmyfr
e tf rmb chflmb mccfult `fr tae purpfse f` hlcremshlk tae pelmbty.
Gemt
>. Wae smje rube sambb mppby whta respect tf mly
a mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce hlaerelt hl tae crhje tf suca
m gekree tamt ht just f` lecesshty mccfjpmly tae
Wah ^ecb Trhshfl Trhshfl  Mrrest @hle cfjjhsshfl taeref`.
rg ushf Jmyfr cfrrecc f mlg

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
3. Mkkrmvmthlk fr jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces wahca mrhse
`rfj tae jfrmb mttrhnutes f` tae f``elger, fr `rfj ahs
prhvmte rebmthfls whta tae f``elgeg pmrty, fr `rfj mly
ftaer persflmb cmuse, sambb flby serve tf mkkrmvmte fr
jhthkmte tae bhmnhbhty f` tae prhlchpmbs, mccfjpbhces
mccf jpbhces mlg
mccessfrhes ms tf wafj suca chrcujstmlces mre
mttelgmlt.
7. Wae chrcujstmlces wahca cflshst hl tae jmterhmb
executhfl f` tae mct, fr hl tae jemls ejpbfyeg tf
mccfjpbhsa ht, sambb serve tf mkkrmvmte fr jhthkmte tae
bhmnhbhty f` tafse persfls flby waf amg ilfwbegke f`
taej mt tae thje f` tae executhfl f` tae mct fr taehr
cffpermthfl taerehl.
5. Amnhtumb gebhlquelcy sambb amve tae `fbbfwhlk
e``ects?
(m) Upfl m tahrg cflvhcthfl tae cubprht sambb ne
seltelceg tf tae pelmbty prfvhgeg ny bmw `fr tae bmst
crhje f` wahca ae ne `fulg kuhbty mlg tf tae mgghthflmb
pelmbty f` prhshfl cfrrecchflmb hl hts
h ts jeghuj mlg
jmxhjuj perhfgs9
(n) Upfl m `furta cflvhcthfl, tae cubprht sambb ne
seltelceg tf tae pelmbty prfvhgeg `fr tae bmst crhje
cr hje f`
wahca ae ne `fulg kuhbty mlg tf tae mgghthflmb pelmbty
f` prhshfl jmyfr hl hts jhlhjuj mlg jeghuj perhfgs9
mlg
(c) Upfl m `h`ta fr mgghthflmb cflvhcthfl, tae cubprht
sambb ne seltelceg tf tae pelmbty prfvhgeg `fr tae bmst
crhje f` wahca ae ne `fulg kuhbty mlg tf tae mgghthflmb
pelmbty f` prhshfl jmyfr hl hts jmxhjuj perhfg tf
recbushfl tejpfrmb hl hts jhlhjuj perhfg.
Lftwhtastmlghlk tae prfvhshfls f` tahs mrthcbe, tae tftmb
f` tae twf pelmbthes tf ne hjpfseg upfl tae f``elger,
hl cfl`frjhty aerewhta, sambb hl lf cmse
c mse exceeg 34
 yemrs.
@fr tae purpfse f` tahs mrthcbe, m persfl sambb ne
geejeg tf ne amnhtumb gebhlquelt, hs whtahl m perhfg f`
tel yemrs `rfj tae gmte f` ahs rebemse fr bmst cflvhcthfl
f` tae crhjes f` serhfus fr bess serhfus payshcmb hlourhes,
rfnf, aurtf, estm`m fr `mbsh`hcmthfl, ae hs `fulg kuhbty f`
mly f` smhg crhjes m tahrg thje fr f`teler.
 Mrthcbe 03. ^ubes
^ubes `fr tae mp
mppbhcmthfl
pbhcmthfl f` hlghvhs
hlghvhshnbe
hnbe
pelmbthes. - Hl mbb cmses hl wahca tae bmw prescrhnes m
shlkbe hlghvhshnbe pelmbty, ht sambb ne mppbheg ny tae
cfurts rekmrgbess f` mly jhthkmthlk fr mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlces tamt jmy amve mttelgeg tae cfjjhsshfl
f` tae geeg.
Hl mbb cmses hl wahca tae bmw prescrhnes m pelmbty
cfjpfseg f` twf hlghvhshnbe pelmbthes, tae `fbbfwhlk
rubes sambb ne fnserveg hl tae mppbhcmthfl taeref`?
=. [ael hl tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae geeg taere hs preselt
flby fle mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce, tae kremter pelmbty
sambb ne mppbheg.
>. [ael taere mre lehtaer jhthkmthlk lfr mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlces mlg taere hs lf mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlce, tae besser pelmbty sambb ne mppbheg.
3. [ael tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae mct hs mttelgeg ny sfje
jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces mlg taere hs lf mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlce, tae besser pelmbty sambb ne mppbheg.
7. [ael nfta jhthkmthlk mlg mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlces mttelgeg tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae mct, tae
cfurt sambb remsflmnby mbbfw taej tf f``set fle mlftaer
hl cflshgermthfl f` taehr lujner mlg hjpfrtmlce, `fr
tae purpfse f` mppbyhlk tae pelmbty hl mccfrgmlce whta
tae preceghlk rubes, mccfrghlk tf tae resubt f` suca
cfjpelsmthfl.
 Mrthcbe 07. ^ubes `fr tae mpp
mppbhcmthfl
bhcmthfl f` pelmbt
pelmbthes
hes wahca
cfltmhl taree perhfgs. - Hl cmses hl wahca tae pelmbthes
prescrhneg ny bmw cfltmhl taree perhfgs,
perh fgs, waetaer ht ne
m shlkbe ghvhshnbe pelmbty fr cfjpfseg f` taree gh``erelt
pelmbthes, emca fle f` wahca `frjs m perhfg hl
mccfrgmlce whta tae prfvhshfls f` Mrthcbes ;0 mlg ;;,
tae cfurt sambb fnserve `fr tae mppbhcmthfl f` tae
pelmbty tae `fbbfwhlk rubes, mccfrghlk tf waetaer taere
mre fr mre lft jhthkmthlk fr mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces?
=. [ael taere mre lehtaer mkkrmvmthlk lfr jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlces, taey sambb hjpfse tae pelmbty
prescrhneg ny bmw hl hts jeghuj perhfg.
>. [ael flby m jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlces hs preselt hl
tae cfjjhsshfl f` tae mct, taey sambb hjpfse tae
pelmbty hl hts jhlhjuj perhfg.
3. [ael ml mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlce hs preselt hl tae
cfjjhsshfl f` tae mct, taey sambb hjpfse tae pelmbty hl
hts jmxhjuj perhfg.
7. [ael nfta jhthkmthlk mlg mkkrmvmthlk
chrcujstmlces mre preselt, tae cfurt sambb remsflmnby
f``set tafse f` fle cbmss mkmhlst tae ftaer mccfrghlk tf
taehr rebmthve wehkat.
5. [ael taere mre twf fr jfre jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlces mlg lf mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces mre
preselt, tae cfurt sambb hjpfse tae pelmbty lext bfwer
tf tamt prescrhneg ny bmw, hl tae perhfg tamt ht jmy
geej mppbhcmnbe, mccfrghlk tf tae lujner mlg lmture
f` suca chrcujstmlces.
0. [amtever jmy ne tae lujner mlg lmture f` tae
mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces, tae cfurts sambb lft hjpfse
m kremter pelmbty taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw, hl hts
jmxhjuj perhfg.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

;. [htahl tae bhjhts f` emca perhfg, tae cfurt sambb
geterjhle tae extelt f` tae pelmbty mccfrghlk tf tae
lujner mlg lmture f` tae mkkrmvmthlk mlg jhthkmthlk
chrcujstmlces mlg tae kremter mlg besser extelt f` tae
evhb prfguceg ny tae crhje.
perhfg wahca jmy ne geejeg prfper, hl vhew f` tae
lujner mlg lmture f` tae cflghthfls f` exejpthfl
preselt fr bmcihlk.

 Mrthcbe 05. ^ube

^ube hl cmses hl w
wahca
ahca tae pelm
pelmbty
bty hs lft
cfjpfseg f` taree perhfgs. - Hl cmses hl wahca tae
pelmbty prescrhneg ny bmw hs lft cfjpfseg f` taree
perhfgs, tae cfurts sambb mppby tae rubes cfltmhleg hl

tae `frekfhlk mrthcbes, ghvhghlk hltf taree equmb

pfrthfls f` thje hlcbugeg hl tae pelmbty prescrhneg, mlg
`frjhlk fle perhfg f` emca f` tae taree pfrthfls.

 Mrthcbe 00. Hjpfshthfl f` `hles. - Hl hjpfshlk `hles tae

cfurts jmy `hx mly mjfult whtahl tae bhjhts estmnbhsaeg
ny bmw9 hl `hxhlk tae mjfult hl emca cmse mttelthfl
sambb ne khvel, lft flby tf tae jhthkmthlk mlg
mkkrmvmthlk chrcujstmlces, nut jfre pmrthcubmrby tf
tae wembta fr jemls f` tae cubprht.

 Mrthcbe 0;. Telmbty

Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg wael lft mbb tae
requhshtes f` exejpthfl f` tae `furta chrcujstmlce f`
 Mrthcbe => mre
mre preselt. - [a
[ael
el mbb tae cflg
cflghthfls
hthfls
requhreg hl chrcujstmlces Lujner 7 f` Mrthcbe => f`
tahs Cfge tf exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty mre lft
preselt, tae pelmbty f` mrrestf jmyfr hl hts jmxhjuj
perhfg tf prhshfl cfrrecchflmb hl hts jhlhjuj perhfg
sambb ne hjpfseg upfl tae cubprht h` ae sambb amve neel
kuhbty f` m krmve `ebfly, mlg mrrestf jmyfr hl hts
jhlhjuj mlg jeghuj perhfgs, h` f` m bess b ess krmve `ebfly.

 Mrthcbe 01. Telmbty

Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg upfl m persfl
persfl ulger
ehkateel yemrs f` mke. - [ael tae f``elger hs m jhlfr
ulger ehkateel yemrs mlg ahs cmse hs fle cfjhlk ulger
tae prfvhshfls f` tae pmrmkrmpas lext tf tae bmst f`
 Mrthcbe 14 f` tahs
tahs Cfge, tae `fbbfwhlk rubes sa
sambb
mbb ne
fnserveg?

=. Upfl m persfl ulger `h`teel nut fver lhle yemrs f`

mke, waf hs lft exejpteg `rfj bhmnhbhty ny remsfl f`
tae cfurt amvhlk gecbmreg tamt ae mcteg whta
ghscerljelt, m ghscrethflmry pelmbty sambb ne hjpfseg,
nut mbwmys bfwer ny twf gekrees mt bemst taml tamt
prescrhneg ny bmw `fr tae crhje wahca ae cfjjhtteg.

>. Upfl m persfl fver `h`teel mlg ulger ehkateel yemrs

f` mke tae pelmbty lext bfwer taml tamt prescrhneg ny
bmw sambb ne hjpfseg, nut mbwmys hl tae prfper perhfg.

 Mrthcbe 08. Telmbty

Telmbty tf ne hjpfseg wael tae crhje
cfjjhtteg hs lft wafbby excusmnbe. - M pelmbty bfwer
ny fle fr twf gekrees taml tamt prescrhneg ny bmw sambb
ne hjpfseg h` tae geeg hs lft wafbby excusmnbe ny
remsfl f` tae bmci f` sfje f` tae cflghthfls requhreg tf
 ousth`y tae smje fr
fr tf exejpt `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hl
tae severmb cmses jelthfleg hl Mrthcbe == mlg =>,
prfvhgeg tamt tae jmofrhty f` suca cflghthfls ne
preselt. Wae cfurts sambb hjpfse tae pelmbty hl tae
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe ;4. Successhve

Successhve servhce f` selte
seltelce.
lce. - [ael tae Jmxhjuj gurmthfl f` tae cflvhct‘s seltelce? 3 thjes tae
cubprht ams tf serve twf fr jfre pelmbthes, ae sambb jfst severe pelmbty
serve taej shjubtmlefusby h` tae lmture f` tae
pelmbthes whbb sf perjht ftaerwhse, tae `fbbfwhlk rubes Jmx perhfg sambb lft exceeg 74 yemrs
sambb ne fnserveg?
Sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt – tahs sambb ne excbugeg hl
Hl tae hjpfshthfl f` tae pelmbthes, tae frger f` taehr cfjputhlk `fr tae jmxhjuj gurmthfl
respecthve severhty sambb ne `fbbfweg sf tamt taey jmy
Wae taree-`fbg rube
ne executeg successhveby fr ms lemrby ms jmy ne
pfsshnbe, safubg m pmrgfl amve neel krmlteg ms tf tae
-   Mccfrghlk tf tae taree-`fbg rube, tae jmxhjuj
pelmbty fr pelmbthes `hrst hjpfseg, fr safubg taey amve gurmthfl f` tae cflvhcts seltelce sambb lft ne jfre
neel serveg fut.
taml taree thjes tae belkta f` thje cfrrespflghlk tf
tae jfst severe f` tae pelmbthes hjpfseg upfl ahj
@fr tae purpfse f` mppbyhlk tae prfvhshfls f` tae lext
-  Jmx perhfg sambb lft exceeg 74 yemrs
preceghlk pmrmkrmpa tae respecthve severhty f` tae
pelmbthes sambb ne geterjhleg hl mccfrgmlce whta tae
[aere tae ge`elgmlt wms seltelceg tf taree ghsthlct
`fbbfwhlk scmbe?
terjs f` hjprhsfljelt `fr tae sepmrmte f``elses f`
`rustrmteg afjhchge, trespmss, mlg bess serhfus payshcmb
=. Gemta,
hlourhes, tae taree pelmbthes safubg ne serveg successhveby
>. ^ecbushfl perpetum, hl tae frger f` taehr severhty.

3. ^ecbushfl tejpfrmb,
7. Trhshfl jmyfr,
5. Trhshfl cfrrecchflmb,
Wae parmse "tae jfst severe f` tae pelmbthes" hlcbuges
equmb pelmbthes.
Wae taree-`fbg rube mppbhes flby wael tae cflvhct ams tf
serve mt bemst `fur seltelces.

0. Mrrestf jmyfr,

;. Mrrestf jelfr,

1. Gestherrf,

8. Terpetumb mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl,

=4 Wejpfrmb mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl.

==. Suspelshfl `rfj punbhc f``hce, tae rhkat tf vfte mlg

ne vfteg `fr, tae rhkat tf `fbbfw m prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk,
mlg

=>. Tunbhc celsure.

Lftwhtastmlghlk tae prfvhshfls f` tae rube lext

preceghlk, tae jmxhjuj gurmthfl f` tae cflvhct's
seltelce sambb lft ne jfre taml taree-`fbg tae belkta
f` thje cfrrespflghlk tf tae jfst severe f` tae
pelmbthes hjpfseg upfl ahj. Lf ftaer pelmbty tf wahca
ae jmy ne bhmnbe sambb ne hl`bhcteg m`ter tae suj tftmb f`
tafse hjpfseg equmbs tae smje jmxhjuj perhfg.

Suca jmxhjuj perhfg sambb hl lf cmse exceeg `frty

 yemrs.

Hl mppbyhlk tae prfvhshfls f` tahs rube tae gurmthfl f`

perpetumb pelmbthes (pelm perpetum) sambb ne cfjputeg
mt tahrty yemrs. (Ms mjelgeg).
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe ;=. Krmgumteg

Krmgumteg scmbes. - Hl tae cmse hl w
wahca
ahca tae  Mrthcbes 74, 7=, 7>, 73 m
mlg
lg 77 f` ta
tahs
hs Cfge, ht j
just
ust ne
bmw prescrhneg m pelmbty bfwer fr ahkaer ny fle fr ulgerstffg tamt tae mccessfry pelmbthes mre mbsf
jfre gekrees taml mlftaer khvel pelmbty, tae rubes hjpfseg upfl tae cflvhct.
prescrhneg hl Mrthcbe 0= sambb ne fnserveg hl krmgumthlk
suca pelmbty.  Mrthcbe ;7. Telmbty ahkaer
ahkaer taml rrecbushfl
ecbushfl perpetum hl
certmhl cmses. - Hl cmses hl wahca tae bmw prescrhnes m
Wae bfwer fr ahkaer pelmbty sambb ne tmiel `rfj tae pelmbty ahkaer taml mlftaer khvel pelmbty, whtafut
krmgumteg scmbe hl wahca hs cfjprhseg tae khvel spechmbby geshklmthlk tae lmje f` tae `frjer, h` suca
pelmbty. ahkaer pelmbty safubg ne tamt f` gemta, tae smje
pelmbty mlg tae mccessfry pelmbthes f` Mrthcbe 74, sambb
Wae cfurts, hl mppbyhlk suca bfwer fr ahkaer pelmbty,
sambb fnserve tae `fbbfwhlk krmgumteg scmbes? ne cflshgereg ms tae lext ahkaer pelmbty.
 Mrthcbe ;5. Hlcremshlk
Hlcremshlk fr reguchlk ta
tae
e pelmbty f` `hle ny
SCMBE LF. = fle fr jfre gekrees. - [aelever ht jmy ne lecessmry
tf hlcremse fr reguce tae pelmbty f` `hle ny fle fr jfre
=. Gemta,
gekrees, ht sambb ne hlcremseg fr reguceg, respecthveby,
`fr emca gekree, ny fle-`furta f` tae jmxhjuj
>. ^ecbushfl perpetum,
mjfult prescrhneg ny bmw, whtafut afwever, camlkhlk
3. ^ecbushfl tejpfrmb, tae jhlhjuj.

7. Trhshfl jmyfr, Wae smje rubes sambb ne fnserveg whta rekmrg f` `hles
tamt gf lft cflshst f` m `hxeg mjfult, nut mre jmge
5. Trhshfl cfrrecchflmb, prfpfrthflmb.

0. Mrrestf jmyfr,  Mrthcbe ;0. Bekmb perhfg

perhfg f` gurmthfl
gurmthfl f` ghvhshnbe
pelmbthes. - Wae bekmb perhfg f` gurmthfl f` ghvhshnbe
;. Gestherrf, pelmbthes sambb ne cflshgereg ms ghvhgeg hltf
h ltf taree
pmrts, `frjhlk taree perhfgs, tae jhlhjuj, tae
1. Mrrestf jelfr,
jeghuj, mlg tae jmxhjuj hl tae jmller safwl hl tae
`fbbfwhlk tmnbe?
8. Tunbhc celsure,
WMNBE SAF[HLK WAE GU^MWHFL F@ GHPHSHNBE
=4. @hle.
TELMBWHES MLG WAE WHJE HLCBUGEG HL EMCA F@
SCMBE LF. > WAEH^ TE^HFGS

=. Terpetumb mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl, Telmbthes Whje Whje Whje Whje

>. Wejpfrmb mnsfbute ghsqumbh`hcmthfl

hlcbuge
hlcbugeg hlcbuge
3. Suspelshfl `rfj punbhc f``hce, tae rhkat tf vfte mlg
ne vfteg `fr, tae rhkat tf `fbbfw m prf`esshfl fr cmbbhlk, g hl tae
pelmbty hl hts g hl hts hlcbugeg
hl hts
jhlhju jeghu
hl hts jmxhju
7. Tunbhc celsure, j j
elthret j
perhfg perhfg
 y
5. @hle.

 Mrthcbe ;> Tre`erelce

Tre`erelce hl ta tae
e pmyjelt f` tae chvhb @rfj
bhmnhbhthes. - Wae chvhb bhmnhbhthes f` m persfl `fulg kuhbty =7
f` twf fr jfre f``elses sambb ne smths`heg ny `fbbfwhlk  yemrs,
tae carflfbfkhcmb frger f` tae gmtes f` tae ougkjelts @rfj @rfj =>
1 @rfj =;
relgereg mkmhlst ahj, nekhllhlk whta tae `hrst hl frger =>  yemrs
jfltas  yemrs, 7
f` thje.  yemrs mlg =
^ecbushfl mlg = jfltas
mlg = gmy tf
tejpfrmb gmy tf mlg =
Secthfl Waree. - Trfvhshfls cfjjfl hl tae bmst twf gmy tf =7 yemrs
=; gmy tf
>4 mlg 1
preceghlk secthfls  yemrs. jfltas.  yemrs >4 yemrs.
mlg 7
 Mrthcbe ;3. Tresujpthfl
Tresujpthfl hl rek
rekmrg
mrg tf tae hjp
hjpfshthfl
fshthfl f`
mccessfry pelmbthes. - [aelever tae cfurts sambb jfltas
.
hjpfse m pelmbty wahca, ny prfvhshfl f` bmw, cmrrhes
whta ht ftaer pelmbthes, mccfrghlk tf tae prfvhshfls f`
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

chrcujstmlces fr hlchgelts taml tafse expressby

Trhshfl
mutafrhzeg taereny.
jmyfr, @rfj 0 @rfj 1
@rfj 0 @rfj =4
mnsfbute  yemrs  yemrs
 yemrs  yemrs Hl mgghthfl tf tae prfvhshfls f` tae bmw, tae spechmb
ghsqumbh`hcmthf mlg = mlg =
mlg = mlg = rekubmthfls prescrhneg `fr tae kfverljelt f` tae
l mlg spechmb gmy tf gmy tf
gmy tf 1 gmy tf hlsthtuthfls hl wahca tae pelmbthes mre tf ne su``ereg
tejpfrmry => =4
 yemrs. => yemrs. sambb ne fnserveg whta rekmrg tf tae camrmcter f` tae
ghsqumbh`hcmthf  yemrs.  yemrs.
wfri tf ne per`frjeg, tae thje f` hts per`frjmlce, mlg
l
ftaer hlchgelts cfllecteg taerewhta, tae rebmthfls f`
tae cflvhcts mjflk taejsebves mlg ftaer persfls, tae

@rfj > rebhe` wahca taey jmy recehve, mlg taehr ghet.
 yemrs,
@rfj 0 Wae rekubmthfls sambb jmie prfvhshfl `fr tae sepmrmthfl
@rfj 0 7 @rfj 7
jfltas f` tae sexes hl gh``erelt hlsthtuthf
hlsthtuthfls,
ls, fr mt bemst hltf
Trhshfl jfltas jfltas  yemrs, >
mlg = gh``erelt gepmrtjelts mlg mbsf `fr tae cfrrecthfl mlg
cfrrecchflmb, mlg = mlg = jfltas
gmy tf > re`frj f` tae cflvhcts.
suspelshfl gmy tf gmy tf mlg =
 yemrs
mlg gestherrf 0 7 yemrs gmy tf 0
mlg 7  Mrthcbe ;8. Suspelshfl
Suspelshfl f` tae execut
executhfl
hfl mlg servhce f`
 yemrs. mlg >  yemrs.
jfltas. tae pelmbthes hl cmse f` hlsmlhty. - [ael m cflvhct sambb
jfltas
necfje hlsmle fr ml hjnechbe
h jnechbe m`ter `hlmb seltelce ams
.
neel prflfulceg, tae executhfl f` smhg seltelce sambb
ne suspelgeg flby whta rekmrg tf tae persflmb pelmbty,
@rfj > tae prfvhshfls f` tae secflg pmrmkrmpa f` chrcujstmlce
@rfj =
jfltas @rfj 7 lujner = f` Mrthcbe => nehlk fnserveg hl tae
jflta
@rfj = mlg = jfltas cfrrespflghlk cmses.
 Mrrestf mlg = tf > gmy tf mlg =
jmyfr gmy tf H` mt mly thje tae cflvhct sambb recfver ahs remsfl, ahs
jfltas. 7 gmy tf 0
jfltas seltelce sambb ne executeg, ulbess tae pelmbty sambb
jfltas jfltas.
. amve prescrhneg hl mccfrgmlce whta tae prfvhshfls f`
.
tahs Cfge.

@rfj Wae respecthve prfvhshfls f` tahs secthfl sambb mbsf ne

@rfj = @rfj = @rfj >=
 Mrrestf == tf fnserveg h` tae hlsmlhty fr hjnechbhty fccurs wahbe tae
tf 34 tf =4 tf 34
jelfr >4 cflvhct hs servhlk ahs seltelce.
gmys. gmys. gmys.
gmys.
 Mrthcbe 14. Suspelshfl
Suspelshfl f` seltelce f` jhlfr
gebhlquelts. - [aelever m jhlfr f` ehtaer sex, ulger
 Mrthcbe ;;. [ael
[ael tae pel
pelmbty
mbty hs m cfjpbex fl
fle
e
shxteel yemrs f` mke mt tae gmte f` tae cfjjhsshfl f` m
cfjpfseg f` taree ghsthlct pelmbthes. - Hl cmses hl
krmve fr bess krmve `ebfly, hs mccuseg taeref`, tae
wahca tae bmw prescrhnes m pelmbty cfjpfseg f` tar ee
ghsthlct pelmbthes, emca fle sambb `frj m perhfg9 tae cfurt, m`ter aemrhlk tae evhgelce hl tae prfper
prfceeghlks, hlstemg f` prflfulchlk ougkjelt f`
bhkatest f` taej sambb ne tae jhlhjuj tae lext tae
cflvhcthfl, sambb suspelg mbb `urtaer prfceeghlks mlg
jeghuj, mlg tae jfst severe tae jmxhjuj perhfg.
sambb cfjjht suca jhlfr tf tae custfgy fr cmre f` m
[aelever tae pelmbty prescrhneg gfes lft amve fle f` punbhc fr prhvmte, nelevfbelt fr camrhtmnbe hlsthtuthfl,
tae `frjs spechmbby prfvhgeg `fr hl tahs Cfge, tae estmnbhsaeg ulger tae bmw f` tae cmre, cfrrecthfl fr
perhfgs sambb ne ghstrhnuteg, mppbyhlk ny mlmbfky tae egucmthfl f` frpamleg, afjebess, ge`ecthve, mlg
prescrhneg rubes. gebhlquelt cahbgrel, fr tf tae custfgy fr cmre f` mly
ftaer respflshnbe persfl hl mly ftaer pbmce sunoect tf
Campter @hve vhshtmthfl mlg supervhshfl ny tae Ghrectfr f` Tunbhc
EQECUWHFL MLG SE^PHCE F@ TELMBWHES [eb`mre fr mly f` ahs
ah s mkelts fr represeltmthves, h` taere
ne mly, fr ftaerwhse ny tae superhltelgelt f` punbhc
Secthfl Fle. - Kelermb Trfvhshfls scaffbs fr ahs represeltmthves, sunoect tf suca
cflghthfls ms mre prescrhneg aerehlnebfw ulthb suca
 Mrthcbe ;1. [ael
[ael mlg afw m pelmbty hs tf ne executeg. -
Lf pelmbty sambb ne executeg except ny vhrtue f` m `hlmb jhlfr
bess sambbmsamve
perhfg remcaeg
tae cfurt ahs
jmy jmofrhty
geej mkeWae
prfper. fr `fr sucahl
cfurt,
 ougkjelt.
cfjjhtthlk smhg jhlfr ms prfvhgeg mnfve, sambb tmie
hltf cflshgermthfl tae rebhkhfl f` suca jhlfr, ahs
 M pelmbty sambb lft ne executeg hl mly ftaer `frj taml
pmrelts fr lext f` ihl, hl frger tf mvfhg ahs
tamt prescrhneg ny bmw, lfr whta mly ftaer
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
cfjjhtjelt tf mly prhvmte hlsthtuthfl lft ulger tae
cfltrfb mlg supervhshfl f` tae rebhkhfus sect fr
gelfjhlmthfl tf wahca taey nebflk.
Wae Ghrectfr f` Tunbhc [eb`mre fr ahs guby mutafrhzeg
represeltmthves fr mkelts, tae superhltelgelt f` punbhc
scaffbs fr ahs represeltmthves, fr tae persfl tf wafse
custfgy fr cmre tae jhlfr ams neel cfjjhtteg, sambb
sunjht tf tae cfurt every `fur jfltas mlg ms f`tel ms
requhreg hl spechmb cmses, m wrhttel repfrt fl tae kffg
fr nmg cflguct f` smhg jhlfr mlg tae jfrmb mlg
hltebbectumb prfkress jmge ny ahj.
Wae suspelshfl f` tae prfceeghlks mkmhlst m jhlfr jmy
ne extelgeg fr safrteleg ny tae cfurt fl tae
recfjjelgmthfl f` tae Ghrectfr f` Tunbhc [eb`mre fr
ahs mutafrhzeg represeltmthve fr mkelts, fr tae
superhltelgelt f` punbhc scaffbs fr ahs represeltmthv
represeltmthves,
es,
mccfrghlk ms tf waetaer tae cflguct f` suca jhlfr ams
neel kffg fr lft mlg waetaer ae ams cfjpbheg whta
tae cflghthfls hjpfseg upfl ahj, fr lft. Wae
prfvhshfls f` tae `hrst pmrmkrmpa f` tahs mrthcbe sambb
lft, afwever, ne m``ecteg ny tafse cfltmhleg aerehl.
H` tae jhlfr ams neel cfjjhtteg tf tae custfgy fr cmre
f` mly f` tae hlsthtuthfls jelthfleg hl tae `hrst
pmrmkrmpa f` tahs mrthcbe, whta tae mpprfvmb f` tae
Ghrectfr f` Tunbhc [eb`mre mlg sunoect tf suca
cflghthfls ms tahs f``hchmb hl mccfrgmlce whta bmw jmy
geej prfper tf hjpfse, suca jhlfr jmy ne mbbfweg tf
stmy ebsewaere ulger tae cmre f` m respflshnbe persfl.
H` tae jhlfr ams neamveg prfperby mlg ams cfjpbheg
whta tae cflghthfls hjpfseg upfl ahj gurhlk ahs
cfl`hlejelt, hl mccfrgmlce whta tae prfvhshfls f` tahs
mrthcbe, ae sambb ne returleg
r eturleg tf tae cfurt hl frger tamt
tae smje jmy frger ahs `hlmb rebemse.
Hl cmse tae jhlfr `mhbs tf neamve prfperby fr tf cfjpby
whta tae rekubmthfls f` tae hlsthtuthfl tf wahca ae ams
neel cfjjhtteg fr whta tae cflghthfls hjpfseg upfl
ahj wael ae wms cfjjhtteg tf tae cmre f` m
respflshnbe persfl, fr hl cmse ae safubg ne `fulg
hlcfrrhkhnbe fr ahs cflthlueg stmy hl suca hlsthtuthfl
safubg ne hlmgvhsmnbe, ae sambb ne returleg tf tae cfurt
hl frger tamt tae smje jmy relger tae ougkjelt
cfrrespflghlk tf tae crhje cfjjhtteg ny ahj.
Wae expelses `fr tae jmhltelmlce f` m jhlfr
gebhlquelt cfl`hleg hl tae hlsthtuthfl tf wahca ae ams
neel cfjjhtteg, sambb ne nfrle tftmbby fr pmrthmbby ny
ahs pmrelts fr rebmthves fr tafse persfls bhmnbe tf
suppfrt ahj, h` taey mre mnbe tf gf sf, hl tae ghscrethfl
f` tae cfurt9
rebmthves Trfvhgeg,
fr tafse Wamt
persfls hl cmse
bhmnbe ahs pmrelts
tf suppfrt fr
ahj amve
lft neel frgereg tf pmy smhg expelses fr mre `fulg
hlghkelt mlg cmllft pmy smhg expelses, tae
julhchpmbhty hl wahca tae f``else wms cfjjhtteg sambb
pmy fle-tahrg f` smhg expelses9 tae prfvhlce tf wahca
tae julhchpmbhty nebflks sambb pmy fle-tahrg9
fle -tahrg9 mlg tae
rejmhlhlk fle-tahrg sambb ne nfrle ny tae Lmthflmb
Kfverljelt? Trfvhgeg, afwever, Wamt waelever tae
Secretmry f` @hlmlce certh`hes tamt m julhchpmbhty hs lft
mnbe tf pmy hts samre hl tae expelses mnfve jelthfleg,
suca samre wahca hs lft pmhg ny smhg julhchpmbhty sambb
ne nfrle ny tae Lmthflmb Kfverljelt. Camrtereg chthes
sambb pmy twf-tahrgs f` smhg expelses9 mlg hl cmse m
camrtereg chty cmllft pmy smhg expelses, tae hlterlmb
revelue mbbftjelts wahca jmy ne gue tf smhg chty sambb
ne whtaaebg mlg mppbheg hl settbejelt f` smhg
hlgentegless hl mccfrgmlce whta secthfl `hve aulgreg
mlg ehkaty-ehkat f` tae Mgjhlhstrmthve Cfge.
Secthfl Wwf. - Executhfl f` prhlchpmb
prh lchpmb pelmbthes.
 Mrthcbe 1=. [ael mlg afw ta tae
e gemta pelm
pelmbty
bty hs tf ne
executeg. - Wae gemta seltelce sambb ne executeg whta
re`erelce tf mly ftaer mlg sambb cflshst hl putthlk tae
persfl ulger seltelce tf gemta ny ebectrfcuthfl. Wae
gemta seltelce sambb ne executeg ulger tae mutafrhty
f` tae Ghrectfr f` Trhsfls, elgemvfrhlk sf `mr ms
pfsshnbe tf jhthkmte tae su``erhlks f` tae persfl ulger
seltelce gurhlk ebectrfcuthfl ms webb ms gurhlk tae
prfceeghlks prhfr tf tae executhfl.
H` tae persfl ulger seltelce sf geshres, ae sambb ne
mlmestaethzeg mt tae jfjelt f` tae ebectrfcuthfl.
 Mrthcbe 1>. Lfth`hcmthfl
Lfth`hcmthfl mlg execut
executhfl
hfl f` tae selt
seltelce
elce
mlg msshstmlce tf tae cubprht. - Wae cfurt sambb
geshklmte m wfrihlk gmy `fr tae executhfl nut lft tae
afur taeref`9 mlg suca geshklmthfl sambb lft ne
cfjjulhcmteg tf tae f``elger ne`fre sulrhse f` smhg
gmy, mlg tae executhfl sambb lft tmie pbmce ulthb m`ter
tae exphrmthfl f` mt bemst ehkat afurs `fbbfwhlk tae
lfth`hcmthfl, nut ne`fre sulset. Gurhlk tae hltervmb
netweel tae lfth`hcmthfl mlg tae executhfl, tae cubprht
sambb, hl sf `mr ms pfsshnbe, ne `urlhsaeg suca msshstmlce
ms ae jmy request hl frger tf ne mttelgeg hl ahs bmst
jfjelts ny prhests fr jhlhsters f` tae rebhkhfl ae
prf`esses mlg tf cflsubt bmwyers, ms webb ms hl frger tf
jmie m whbb mlg cfl`er whta jejners f` ahs `mjhby fr
persfls hl camrke f` tae jmlmkejel
jmlmkejeltt f` ahs nushless,
f` tae mgjhlhstrmthfl f` ahs prfperty, fr f` tae cmre f`
ahs gescelgmlts.
 Mrthcbe 13. Suspelshfl
Suspelshfl f` tae ex
executhfl
ecuthfl f` tae gemta
seltelce. - Wae gemta seltelce sambb lft ne hl`bhcteg
upfl m wfjml whtahl tae taree yemrs lext `fbbfwhlk
tae gmte f` tae seltelce fr wahbe sae hs preklmlt, lfr
upfl mly persfl fver sevelty yemrs f` mke. Hl tahs bmst
cmse, tae gemta seltelce sambb ne cfjjuteg tf tae
pelmbty f` recbushfl perpetum whta tae mccessfry
pelmbthes prfvhgeg hl Mrthcbe 74.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe 17. Tbmce f` executhfl mlg persfls w waf

af jmy
whtless tae smje. - Wae executhfl sambb tmie pbmce hl
tae pelhtelthmry f` Nhbhnhg hl m spmce cbfseg tf tae
punbhc vhew mlg sambb ne whtlesseg flby ny tae prhests
msshsthlk tae f``elger mlg ny ahs bmwyers, mlg ny ahs
rebmthves, lft exceeghlk shx, h` ae sf request, ny tae
payshchml mlg tae lecessmry persflleb f` tae pelmb
estmnbhsajelt, mlg ny suca persfls ms tae Ghrectfr f`
Trhsfls jmy mutafrhze.

 Mrthcbe 15. Trfvhshfls

Trfvhshfls rebmthve tf tae
tae cfrpse f` ta
tae
e
persfl executeg mlg hts nurhmb. - Ulbess cbmhjeg ny ahs
`mjhby, tae cfrpse f` tae cubprht
c ubprht sambb, upfl tae
cfjpbethfl f` tae bekmb prfceeghlks sunsequelt tf tae
executhfl, ne turleg fver tf tae hlsthtute f` bemrlhlk fr
schelth`hc resemrca `hrst mppbyhlk `fr ht, `fr tae purpfse
f` stugy mlg hlvesthkmthfl, prfvhgeg tamt suca hlsthtute
sambb tmie camrke f` tae gecelt nurhmb f` tae rejmhls.
Ftaerwhse, tae Ghrectfr f` Trhsfls sambb frger tae nurhmb
f` tae nfgy f` tae cubprht mt kfverljelt expelse,
krmlthlk perjhsshfl tf ne preselt taeremt tf tae
jejners f` tae `mjhby f` tae cubprht mlg tae `rhelgs f`
tae bmtter. Hl lf cmse sambb tae nurhmb f` tae nfgy f` m
persfl seltelceg tf gemta ne aebg whta pfjp.

 Mrthcbe 10. ^ecbushfl

^ecbushfl perpetum, recbushfl tejp
tejpfrmb,
frmb,
prhshfl jmyfr, prhshfl cfrrecchflmb mlg mrrestf jmyfr. -
Wae pelmbthes f` recbushfl perpetum, recbushfl
tejpfrmb, prhshfl jmyfr, prhshfl cfrrecchflmb
mlg mrrestf jmyfr, sambb ne executeg mlg serveg hl tae
pbmces mlg pelmb estmnbhsajelts prfvhgeg ny tae
 Mgjhlhstrmthve Cfge
Cfge hl `frce fr w
wahca
ahca jmy n
ne
e prfvhgeg
ny bmw hl tae `uture.

 Mrthcbe 1;. Gestherrf.

Gestherrf. - Mly persfl seltelceg tf
gestherrf sambb lft ne perjhtteg tf elter tae pbmce fr
pbmces geshklmteg hl tae seltelce, lfr whtahl tae
rmghus taerehl spech`heg, wahca sambb ne lft jfre taml
>54 mlg lft bess taml >5 ihbfjeters `rfj tae pbmce
geshklmteg.

 Mrthcbe 11. Mrrestf jelfr. - Wae pelmbty f` mr

mrrestf
restf
jelfr sambb ne serveg hl tae julhchpmb omhb, fr hl tae
afuse f` tae ge`elgmlt ahjseb` ulger tae survehbbmlce
f` ml f``hcer f` tae bmw, wael tae cfurt sf prfvhges hl
hts gechshfl, tmihlk hltf cflshgermthfl
c flshgermthfl tae aembta f` tae
f``elger mlg ftaer remsfls wahca jmy seej
smths`mctfry tf ht.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
HLGEWE^JHLMWE SELWELCE BM[
Wae cfurt just geterjhle twf pelmbthes
[ael tae crhje hs pulhsaeg ny m spechmb bmw
H` tae f``else hs pulhsaeg ny m spechmb bmw, tae cfurt
sambb seltelce tae mccuseg tf ml hlgeterjhlmte pelmbty, tae
jmxhjuj terj f` wahca sambb lft exceeg tae jmxhjuj `hxeg
ny smhg bmw mlg tae jhlhjuj terj sambb lft ne bess taml tae
jhlhjuj prescrhneg ny tae smje.
[ael tae crhje hs pulhsaeg ny tae Cfge
H` tae f``else hs pulhsaeg ny tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge,
tae cfurt sambb seltelce tae mccuseg tf ml hlgeterjhlmte
pelmbty, tae jmxhjuj terj f` wahca sambb ne tamt wahca, hl
vhew f` tae mttelghlk chrcujstmlces, cfubg ne prfperby
hjpfseg ulger tae rubes f` tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge, mlg tae
jhlhjuj terj f` wahca sambb ne whtahl tae rmlke f` tae
pelmbty lext bfwer tf tamt prescrhneg ny tae Cfge `fr tae
f``else.
Wae purpfse f` tae Hlgeterjhlmte Seltelce Bmw hs "tf upbh`t
mlg regeej vmbumnbe aujml jmterhmb, mlg prevelt
ullecessmry mlg excesshve geprhvmthfl f` persflmb bhnerty mlg
ecflfjhc use`ubless."
Exmjpbes f` mppbhcmthfl f` Hlgeterjhlmte Seltelce Bmw
Ulger Spechmb bmw?
 M hs cflvhcteg f` hbbekmb pfssesshfl f` `hremrj pulhsamnbe ny
hjprhsfljelt `rfj fle yemr mlg fle gmy tf `hve yemrs.
Wae cfurt cml hjpfse ml hlgeterjhlmte seltelce `rfj > yemrs
mlg = gmy, ms tae jhlhjuj terj, tf 7 yemrs, ms tae jmxhjuj
terj9 > yemrs mlg = gmy tf 3 yemrs9 fr 3 yemrs mlg = gmy tf 5
yemrs.
Wae jmxhjuj terj f` emca f` tae gh``erelt exmjpbes gfes lft
exceeg tae jmxhjuj f` 5 yemrs prescrhneg ny tae bmw, mlg tae
jhlhjuj terj hs lft bess taml tae jhlhjuj f` = yemr mlg =
gmy prescrhneg ny tae smhg bmw.
Ulger tae ^evhseg Telmb Cfge
 M hs cflvhcteg f` `mbsh`hcmthfl f` f``hchmb gfcujelt cfjjhtteg ny
m punbhc f``hcer pelmbhzeg ny prhshfl jmyfr. Waere hs fle
jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce f` pbem f` kuhbty. Wf geterjhle tae
pelmbty lext bfwer, ghsrekmrg `hrst tae jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce
f` pbem f` kuhbty. Aelce, prhshfl jmyfr hl hts `ubb extelt, tae
pelmbty prescrhneg ny tae Cfge `fr tae f``else, safubg ne tae
nmshs, mlg lft prhshfl jmyfr jhlhjuj, necmuse ht hs lft tae
pelmbty "prescrhneg ny tae Cfge `fr tae f``else."
Trhshfl jmyfr jhlhjuj necfjes tae prfper pelmbty flby
necmuse f` tae preselce f` tae jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce f` pbem
f` kuhbty.
Wae pelmbty lext bfwer hs prhshgl cfrrecchflmb.
Waere`fre, tae hlgeterjhlmte seltelce whbb ne? JMQHJUJ  ‗ 
prhshgl jmyfr jhlhjuj, hl hts prfper perhfg m`ter cflshgerhlk
tae jhthkmthlk chrcujstmlce. JHLHJUJ  ‗ prhshgl cfrrecchflmb,
hl mly f` hts perhfgs fr mlywaere whtahl tae rmlke f` prhshfl
cfrrecchflmb whtafut re`erelce tf mly f` hts perhfgs.
Hlgeterjhlmte Seltelce Bmw lft mppbhcmnbe tf tae
`fbbfwhlk
  Tersfls cflvhcteg f` f``elses pulhsaeg whta gemta
pelmbty fr bh`e hjprhsfljelt.
  Wafse cflvhcteg f` tremsfl, cflsphrmcy fr prfpfsmb tf
cfjjht tremsfl
  Wafse cflvhcteg f` jhsprhshfl f` tremsfl, renebbhfl,
seghthfl fr esphflmke.
  Wafse cflvhcteg f` phrmcy.
  Wafse waf mre amnhtumb gebhlquelts.
  . Wafse waf sambb amve escmpeg `rfj cfl`hlejelt fr
evmgeg seltelce.
  Wafse waf vhfbmteg tae terjs f` cflghthflmb pmrgfl
krmlteg tf taej ny tae Cahe` Executhve.
  Wafse wafse jmxhjuj terj f` hjprhsfljelt gfes
lft exceeg fle yemr.
  Wafse waf, upfl tae mpprfvmb f` tae bmw (Gecejner

5, =833), amg neel seltelceg ny `hlmb ougkjelt.
(Sec. >, Mct Lf. 7=43)
  Wafse seltelceg tf tae pelmbty f` gestherrf fr
suspelshfl.
HSB? Hjprhsfljelt = yemr exceeg
Wae Hlgeterjhlmte Seltelce Bmw hs mppbhcmnbe tf rechghvhst
Cflshgerhlk tae crhjhlmb ms ml hlghvhgumb, sfje f` tae `mctfrs
tamt safubg ne cflshgereg mre? (=) ahs mke, espechmbby whta
re`erelce tf extreje yfuta fr fbg mke9 (>) ahs kelermb aembta
mlg payshcmb cflghthfls9 (3) ahs jeltmbhty, aereghty mlg
persflmb amnhts9 (7) ahs prevhfus cflguct, elvhrfljelt mlg
jfge f` bh`e (mlg crhjhlmb recfrg, h` mly)9 (5) ahs prevhfus
egucmthfl, nfta hltebbectumb mlg jfrmb9 (0) ahs prfcbhvhthes mlg
mpthtuges `fr use`ubless fr hloury tf sfchety9 (;) ahs gejemlfr
gurhlk trhmb mlg ahs mtthtuge whta rekmrg tf tae crhje
cfjjhtteg9 (1) tae jmller mlg chrcujstmlces hl wahca tae
crhje wms cfjjhtteg9 (8) tae krmvhty f` tae f``else.

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
T^FNMWHFL TG 801
"Trfnmthfl" hs m ghspfshthfl ulger wahca m ge`elgmlt, m`ter
cflvhcthfl mlg seltelce, hs rebemseg sunoect tf cflghthfls
hjpfseg ny tae cfurt mlg tf tae supervhshfl f` m prfnmthfl
f``hcer.
Trfnmthfl jmy ne krmlteg evel h` tae seltelce hjpfseg m `hle
flby, nut whta sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt.
Upfl mppbhcmthfl ny ge`elgmlt `fr prfnmthfl, tae cfurt jmy
suspelg tae executhfl f` tae seltelce.
Whje `fr `hbhlk mppbhcmthfl `fr prfnmthfl9 purpfse mlg e``ect
[amt tae bmw requhres hs tamt tae mppbhcmthfl `fr
prfnmthfl just ne `hbeg whtahl tae perhfg `fr per`ecthlk ml
mppemb. Wae leeg tf `hbe ht whtahl suca perhfg wms hltelgeg tf
elcfurmke f``elgers, waf mre whbbhlk tf ne re`frjeg mlg
reamnhbhtmteg, tf mvmhb f` prfnmthfl mt tae `hrst fppfrtulhty. Suca
prfvhshfl wms lever hltelgeg tf suspelg tae perhfg `fr tae
per`ecthfl f` ml mppemb, mlg tae `hbhlk f` tae mppbhcmthfl `fr
prfnmthfl fpermtes ms m wmhver f` tae rhkat tf mppemb.
[aere mppbhcmthfl `fr prfnmthfl `hbeg
 Ml mppbhcmthfl `fr prfnmthfl sambb ne `hbeg whta tae trhmb
cfurt.
Cflvhct waf `hbeg ml mppbhcmthfl `fr prfnmthfl cmllft mppemb
Wae `hbhlk f` tae mppbhcmthfl `fr prfnmthfl hs m wmhver
f` tae rhkat tf mppemb.
Crhterhm `fr pbmchlk ml f``elger fl prfnmthfl
Wae cfurt sambb cflshger (=) mbb hl`frjmthfl rebmthve tf
tae  ‗  (m) camrmcter, (n) mltecegelts, (c) elvhrfljelt, (g)
jeltmb, mlg (e) payshcmb cflghthfl f` tae f``elger, mlg (>)
mvmhbmnbe hlsthtuthflmb mlg cfjjulhty resfurces
[ael prfnmthfl sambb ne gelheg.
Trfnmthfl sambb ne gelheg h` tae cfurt `hlgs tamt?
(m) tae f``elger hs hl leeg f` cfrrecthflmb tremtjelt
tamt cml ne prfvhgeg jfst e``ecthveby ny ahs cfjjhtjelt tf ml
hlsthtuthfl9 fr (n) taere hs ml ulgue rhsi tamt gurhlk tae perhfg
f` prfnmthfl, tae f``elger whbb cfjjht mlftaer crhje9 fr (c)
prfnmthfl whbb geprechmte tae serhfusless f` tae f``else
cfjjhtteg.
[af qumbh`hes
-  Telmbty lft exceeg 0 yemrs f` hjprhsfljelt
-  QTL? `hrst thje f``elgers f` ^M 8=05 mlg ^evhseg
Ebecthfl Cfge
[af mre tae f``elgers ghsqumbh`heg `rfj nehlk pbmceg fl
prfnmthfl6
  tafse seltelceg tf serve m jmxhjuj terj f`
hjprhsfljelt f` jfre taml shx yemrs9
  tafse waf were prevhfusby cflvhcteg ny `hlmb
 ougkjelt f` ml f``else pulhsaeg ny hjprhsfljelt f`
lft bess taml fle jflta mlg fle gmy mlg H fr m `hle
f` lft jfre taml twf aulgreg pesfs9
  tafse cflvhcteg f` sunvershfl fr mly crhje mkmhlst
tae lmthflmb securhty fr punbhc frger9
  tafse waf amve neel flce fl prfnmthfl ulger tae
prfvhshfls f` tae Gecree9 mlg
  tafse waf mre mbremgy servhlk seltelce mt tae thje
tae sunstmlthve prfvhshfls f` tae Gecree necmje
mppbhcmnbe pursumlt tf Secthfl 33 taeref`.
[amt mre tae cflghthfls f` prfnmthfl6
preselt ahjseb` tf tae prfnmthfl f``hcer geshklmteg tf
ulgertmie ahs supervhshfl mt suca pbmce ms jmy ne spech`heg hl
tae frger whtahl ;> afurs `rfj recehpt f` tae frger9
repfrt tf tae prfnmthfl f``hcer mt bemst flce m jflta
mt suca thje mlg pbmce ms spech`heg ny smhg f``hcer
@fr afw bflk jmy m cflvhct ne pbmceg fl prfnmthfl6
H` tae cflvhct hs seltelceg tf m terj f` hjprhsfljelt
f` lft jfre taml fle yemr, tae perhfg f` prfnmthfl sambb lft
exceeg twf yemrs.
Hl mbb ftaer cmses, h` ae hs seltelceg tf jfre taml fle
yemr, smhg perhfg sambb lft exceeg shx yemrs.
[ael tae seltelce hjpfses m `hle flby mlg tae
f``elger hs jmge tf serve sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt, tae perhfg
f` prfnmthfl sambb ne twhce tae tftmb lujner f` gmys f`
sunshghmry hjprhsfljelt.
 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Whtbe @fur Ge`hlhthfl f` "`hlmb ougkjelt."

EQWHLCWHFL F@ C^HJHLMB BHMNHBHWX tae terj "`hlmb ougkjelt" ejpbfyeg hl tae ^evhseg
Telmb Cfge jemls ougkjelt neyflg recmbb. Ms bflk ms m
Campter Fle  ougkjelt ams lft necfje executfry, ht cmllft ne truta`ubby
WFWMB EQWHLCWHFL F@ C^HJHLMB BHMNHBHWX smhg tamt ge`elgmlt hs ge`hlhteby kuhbty f` tae `ebfly camrkeg
mkmhlst ahj.
 Mrthcbe 18. Afw crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hs tftm
tftmbby
bby
exthlkuhsaeg. - Crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hs tftmbby exthlkuhsaeg? Ny mjlesty

=. Ny tae gemta f` tae cflvhct, ms tf tae persflmb
pelmbthes mlg ms tf peculhmry pelmbthes, bhmnhbhty
taere`fr hs exthlkuhsaeg flby wael tae gemta f` tae
f``elger fccurs ne`fre `hlmb ougkjelt.
>. Ny servhce f` tae seltelce9
3. Ny mjlesty, wahca cfjpbeteby exthlkuhsaes tae
pelmbty mlg mbb hts e``ects9
Ht hs ml mct f` tae sfverehkl pfwer krmlthlk fnbhvhfl
fr m kelermb pmrgfl `fr m pmst f``else, mlg hs rmreby, h` ever,
exerchseg hl `mvfr f` m shlkbe hlghvhgumb, mlg hs usumbby exerteg
hl neamb` f` certmhl cbmsses f` persfls, waf mre sunoect tf trhmb
nut amve lft yet neel cflvhcteg.
 Mjlesty jmy ne krmlteg m`ter cflvhcthfl.
cflvhcthfl.
 Mjlesty cfjpbeteby exthlkuhsaes tae pelmbty mlg mbb hts e``ects.

7. Ny mnsfbute pmrgfl9 Ny mnsfbute pmrgfl.

5. Ny prescrhpthfl f` tae crhje9 Ht hs ml mct f` krmce prfceeghlk `rfj tae pfwer

eltrusteg whta tae executhfl f` tae bmws wahca exejpts tae t ae
0. Ny prescrhpthfl f` tae pelmbty9
hlghvhgumb fl wafj ht hs nestfweg `rfj tae pulhsajelt tae
bmw hl`bhcts `fr tae crhje ae ams cfjjhtteg.
;. Ny tae jmrrhmke f` tae f``elgeg wfjml, ms prfvhgeg
hl Mrthcbe 377 f` tahs Cfge.
Ihlgs f` pmrgfl?
Wamt crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hs tftmbby exthlkuhsaeg hs m krfulg `fr
(m) Mnsfbute pmrgfl.
jfthfl tf qumsa
(n) Cflghthflmb pmrgfl.
Ny tae gemta f` tae cflvhct.
c flvhct.
 M pmrgfl, waetaer mnsfbute fr cflghthflmb,
cflghthflmb, hs hl tae lmture f`
Wae gemta f` tae cflvhct, waetaer ne`fre fr m`ter `hlmb
m geeg, `fr tae vmbhghty f` wahca gebhvery hs ml hlghspelsmnbe
 ougkjelt, exthlkuhsaes crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty, necmuse fle f` tae
requhshte. Ulthb mccepteg, mbb tamt jmy amve neel gfle hs m
 ourhghcmb cflghthfls f` pelmbty hs tamt
tamt ht hs persflmb
jmtter f` hltelgeg `mvfr mlg jmy ne cmlcebbeg. Nut flce
mccepteg ny tae krmltee, tae pmrgfl mbremgy gebhvereg cmllft
Chvhb bhmnhbhty hs exthlkuhsaeg flby wael gemta fccurs
ne revfieg ny tae mutafrhty wahca krmlteg ht
ne`fre `hlmb ougkjelt.

Crhjhlmb mlg chvhb bhmnhbhty hs exthlkuhsaeg wael tae  MJLESWX   TM^GFL 

f``elger ghes ne`fre `hlmb ougkjelt.

Tefpbe v Nmyftms Extelgeg tf cbmsses f` persfls

Exerchseg hlghvhgumbby ny
waf jmy ne kuhbty f` pfbhthcmb
tae preshgelt
Gemta f` tae mccuseg pelghlk mppemb f` ahs cflvhcthfl f``elses
exthlkuhsaes ahs crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty ms webb ms tae chvhb bhmnhbhty
nmseg sfbeby taerefl. Ms fphleg ny Ousthce ^ekmbmgf, hl tahs
rekmrg, "tae gemta f` tae mccuseg prhfr tf `hlmb ougkjelt Exerchseg evel ne`fre trhmb fr Exerchseg wael fle hs
terjhlmtes ahs crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty mlg flby tae chvhb hlvesthkmthfl cflvhcteg
bhmnhbhty ghrectby mrhshlk `rfj mlg nmseg sfbeby fl tae f``else
cfjjhtteg, h .e .,., chvhb bhmnhbhty ex gebhctf hl selsf strhcthfre .."" Bffis `frwmrg mlg
Bffis nmciwmrg mlg mnfbhsaes
rebheves tae f``elger f`
Cfrfbbmrhby, tae cbmhj `fr chvhb bhmnhbhty survhves tae f``else htseb`
tae cflsequelces
lftwhtastmlghlk tae gemta f` mccuseg, h` tae smje jmy mbsf ne
preghcmteg fl m sfurce f` fnbhkmthfl ftaer taml gebhct
Gfes lft exthlkuhsa chvhb bhmnhbhty Smje

 M punbhc mct tamt leegs tae M prhvmte mct f` tae

 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

gecbmrmthfl f` tae preshgelt whta preshgelt

tae cflcurrelce f` Cflkress

Cfurts safubg tmie oughchmb Just ne pbemgeg mlg

lfthce prfveg

Ny prescrhpthfl f` tae crhje

   [ael tae crhje prescrhnes, tae stmte bfses tae rhkat

tf prfsecute

   Trescrhpthfl f` m crhje – hs tae bfss/`fr`ehture f` tae

rhkat f` tae stmte tf prfsecute tae f``elger m`ter tae
bmpse f` m certmhl thje.

Ny prescrhpthfl f` tae pelmbty

   jemls tae bfss/`fr`ehture f` tae rhkat f` kfverljelt

tf execute tae `hlmb seltelce m`ter tae bmpse f` m
certmhl thje.
   Cflghthfls? taere just ne `hlmb ougkejelt mlg tae
perhfg ams ebmpseg `fr hts el`frcejelt

Ny tae jmrrhmke f` tae f``elgeg wfjml

 

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 Mrthcbe 84. Trescrhpthfl

Trescrhpthfl f` crhje. - Crhjes pulhsamnbe ny safubg cfjjht mlftaer crhje ne`fre tae exphrmthfl f`
gemta, recbushfl perpetum fr recbushfl tejpfrmb sambb tae perhfg f` prescrhpthfl.
prescrhne hl twelty yemrs.

Crhjes pulhsamnbe ny ftaer m``bhcthve pelmbthes sambb

prescrhne hl `h`teel yemrs.

Wafse pulhsamnbe ny m cfrrecthflmb pelmbty sambb

prescrhne hl tel yemrs9 whta tae excepthfl f` tafse
pulhsamnbe ny mrrestf jmyfr, wahca sambb prescrhne hl

`hve yemrs.
Wae crhje f` bhneb fr ftaer shjhbmr f``elses sambb
prescrhne hl fle yemr.

Wae crhje f` frmb ge`mjmthfl mlg sbmlger ny geeg sambb

prescrhne hl shx jfltas.

Bhkat f``elses prescrhne hl twf jfltas.

[ael tae pelmbty `hxeg ny bmw hs m cfjpfulg fle, tae

ahkaest pelmbty sambb ne jmge tae nmshs f` tae
mppbhcmthfl f` tae rubes cfltmhleg hl tae `hrst, secflg
mlg tahrg pmrmkrmpas f` tahs mrthcbe. (Ms mjelgeg ny ^M
700=, mpprfveg Oule =8, =800).

 Mrthcbe 8=. Cfjputmthfl

Cfjputmthfl f` pres
prescrhpthfl
crhpthfl f` f``
f``elses.
elses. -
Wae perhfg f` prescrhpthfl sambb cfjjelce tf rul `rfj
tae gmy fl wahca tae crhje hs ghscfvereg ny tae
f``elgeg pmrty, tae mutafrhthes, fr taehr mkelts, mlg
sambb ne hlterrupteg ny tae `hbhlk f` tae cfjpbmhlt fr
hl`frjmthfl, mlg sambb cfjjelce tf rul mkmhl wael
suca prfceeghlks terjhlmte whtafut tae mccuseg nehlk
cflvhcteg fr mcquhtteg, fr mre ulousth`hmnby stfppeg `fr
mly remsfl lft hjputmnbe tf ahj.

Wae terj f` prescrhpthfl sambb lft rul wael tae

f``elger hs mnselt `rfj tae Tahbhpphle Mrcahpebmkf.

 Mrthcbe 8>. [ael mlg afw pelm

pelmbthes
bthes prescrhne. - Wae
pelmbthes hjpfseg ny `hlmb seltelce prescrhne ms
`fbbfws?

=. Gemta mlg recbushfl perpetum, hl twelty yemrs9

>. Ftaer m``bhcthve pelmbthes, hl `h`teel yemrs9

3. Cfrrecthflmb pelmbthes, hl tel yemrs9 whta tae

excepthfl f` tae pelmbty f` mrrestf
mr restf jmyfr, wahca
prescrhnes hl `hve yemrs9

7. Bhkat pelmbthes, hl fle yemr.

y emr.

 Mrthcbe 83. Cfjputmthfl

Cfjputmthfl f` ta
tae
e prescrhpthfl ff``
pelmbthes. - Wae perhfg f` prescrhpthfl f` pelmbthes sambb
cfjjelce tf rul `rfj tae gmte wael tae cubprht
safubg evmge tae servhce f` ahs seltelce, mlg ht sambb ne
hlterrupteg h` tae ge`elgmlt safubg khve ahjseb` up, ne
cmptureg, safubg kf tf sfje `frehkl cfultry whta
wahca tahs Kfverljelt ams lf extrmghthfl tremty, fr
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

Campter Wwf mbbfwmlces `fr kffg cflguct. Suca mbbfwmlces flce

TM^WHMB EQWHLCWHFL F@ C^HJHLMB BHMNHBHWX krmlteg sambb lft ne revfieg.

 Mrthcbe 87. Tmrthmb

Tmrthmb Exthlcthfl f` cr
crhjhlmb
hjhlmb bhmnhbhty. - Cflghthflmb pmrgfl  – – cfltrmct netweel tae sfverehkl pfwer
Crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty hs exthlkuhsaeg pmrthmbby? f` tae executhve mlg tae cflvhct

=. Ny cflghthflmb pmrgfl9
>. Ny cfjjutmthfl f` tae seltelce9 mlg
3. @fr kffg cflguct mbbfwmlces wahca tae cubprht jmy
emrl wahbe ae hs servhlk ahs seltelce.
 Cflvhct sambb lft vhfbmte mly f` tae pelmb bmws f` tae
Tahbhpphles
  Phfbmthfl f` cflghthfls?
 F``elger hs re-mrresteg mlg re-hlcmrcermteg

 Mrthcbe 85. Fnbhkmthfl hlcurreg ny persfl k krmlteg

rmlteg  Trfsecuthfl ulger Mrt. =58
cflghthflmb pmrgfl. - Mly persfl waf ams neel krmlteg
cflghthflmb pmrgfl sambb hlcur tae fnbhkmthfl f` Cfjjutmthfl –  –  camlke hl tae gechshfl f` tae cfurt ny tae
cfjpbyhlk strhctby whta tae cflghthfls hjpfseg taerehl cahe` rekmrghlk tae
ftaerwhse, ahs lfl-cfjpbhmlce whta mly f` tae
cflghthfls spech`heg sambb resubt hl tae revfcmthfl f` tae (=) gekree f` tae pelmbty9
pmrgfl mlg tae prfvhshfls f` Mrthcbe =58 sambb ne
mppbheg tf ahj. (>) ny gecremshlk tae belkta f` tae hjprhsfljelt fr `hle

 Mrthcbe 80. E``ect

E``ect f` cfjjutm
cfjjutmthfl
thfl f` seltelc
seltelce.
e. - Wae  Cfjjutmthfl mbbfweg wael? 
cfjjutmthfl f` tae frhkhlmb seltelce `fr mlftaer f` m
m) persfl fver ;4 yrs fbg
gh``erelt belkta mlg lmture sambb amve tae bekmb e``ect

f` sunsthtuthlk tae bmtter hl tae pbmce f` tae `frjer. n) =4 ousthces `mhb tf remca m gechshfl m``hrjhlk tae gemta
pelmbty
 Mrthcbe 8;. Mbbfwmlce
Mbbfwmlce `fr kffg cflg
cflguct.
uct. - Wae kffg
cflguct f` mly prhsfler hl mly pelmb hlsthtuthfl sambb
 Cflselt lft lecessmry hl cfjjutmthfl
elthtbe ahj tf tae `fbbfwhlk gegucthfls `rfj tae perhfg
f` ahs seltelce?
 Trhsfler hs mbsf mbbfweg spechmb thje mbbfwmlce `fr
bfymbty w/c hs =/5 gegucthfl f` tae perhfg f` ahs
=. Gurhlk tae `hrst twf yemrs f` ahs hjprhsfljelt, ae
seltelce.
sambb ne mbbfweg m gegucthfl f` `hve gmys `fr emca
jflta f` kffg neamvhfr9
Tmrfbe – –  cflshsts hl tae suspelshfl f` tae seltelce f` m
cflvhct m`ter servhlk tae jhlhjuj terj f` tae hlgeterjhlmte
>. Gurhlk tae tahrg tf tae `h`ta yemr, hlcbushve, f` ahs
pelmbty, whtafut krmlthlk pmrgfl, prescrhnhlk tae terjs upfl
hjprhsfljelt, ae sambb ne mbbfweg m gegucthfl f` ehkat
wahca tae seltelce sambb ne suspelgeg. Hl cmse ahs pmrfbe
gmys `fr emca jflta f` kffg neamvhfr9
cflghthfls mre lft fnserveg, m cflvhct jmy ne returleg tf tae

3. Gurhlk tae `fbbfwhlk yemrs ulthb tae telta yemr,
hlcbushve, f` ahs hjprhsfljelt, ae sambb ne mbbfweg
mb bfweg m
gegucthfl f` tel gmys `fr emca jflta f` kffg neamvhfr9
mlg
custfgy mlg cflthlue tf serve ahs seltelce whtafut gegucthlk
tae thje tamt ebmpseg.
CFLGHWHFLMB TM^GFL  TM^FBE 

7. Gurhlk tae ebevelta mlg successhve yemrs f` ahs

hjprhsfljelt, ae sambb ne mbbfweg m gegucthfl f` Khvel m`ter servhce f` tae
Khvel m`ter `hlmb ougkejelt
`h`teel gmys `fr emca jflta f` kffg neamvhfur. jhlhjuj pelmbty

 Mrthcbe 81. Spechmb thje

thje mbbfwmlce ``fr
fr bfymbty. - M
Khvel ny tae Ng f` Tmrgfls
gegucthfl f` fle-`h`ta f` tae perhfg f` ahs seltelce Krmlteg ny Cahe` Executhve
sambb ne krmlteg tf mly prhsfler waf, amvhlk evmgeg
mlg Tmrfbe
tae servhce f` ahs seltelce ulger tae chrcujstmlces
jelthfleg hl Mrthcbe 51 f` tahs Cfge, khves ahjseb` up @fr vhfbmthfls, jmy ne
tf tae mutafrhthes whtahl 71 afurs `fbbfwhlk tae @fr vhfbmthfl, cflvhct jmy lft
hssumlce f` m prfcbmjmthfl mllfulchlk tae pmsshlk ne prfsecuteg ulger =58 remrresteg, cflvhct serves
rejmhlhlk seltelce
mwmy f` tae cmbmjhty fr cmtmstrfpae tf hl smhg mrthcbe.

 Mrthcbe 88. [af krmlts thje mbbfw

mbbfwmlces.
mlces. - [ael
[aelever
ever
 bmw`ubby ousth`heg, tae Ghrectfr f` Trhsfls sambb krmlt

C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^
Whtbe @hve
CHPHB BHMNHBHWX
Campter Fle
TE^SFL CHPHBBX BHMNBE @F^ @EBFLHES
 Mrthcbe =44. Chvhb
Chvhb bhmnhbhty f` m persfl kuhbty f` ``ebfly.
ebfly. -
Every persfl crhjhlmbby bhmnbe `fr m `ebfly hs mbsf chvhbby
bhmnbe.
 Mrthcbe =4=. ^ubes
^ubes rekmrghlk chv
chvhb
hb bhmnhbhty hl certm
certmhl
hl
cmses. - Wae exejpthfl `rfj crhjhlmb bhmnhbhty
estmnbhsaeg hl sunghvhshfls =, >, 3, 5 mlg 0 f` Mrthcbe =>
mlg hl sunghvhshfl 7 f` Mrthcbe == f` tahs Cfge gfes lft
hlcbuge exejpthfl `rfj chvhb bhmnhbhty, wahca sambb ne
el`frceg sunoect tf tae `fbbfwhlk rubes?
@hrst. Hl cmses f` sunghvhshfls =, >, mlg 3 f` Mrthcbe =>,
tae chvhb bhmnhbhty `fr mcts cfjjhtteg ny ml hjnechbe fr
hlsmle persfl, mlg ny m persfl ulger lhle yemrs f` mke,
fr ny fle fver lhle nut ulger `h`teel yemrs f` mke, waf
ams mcteg whtafut ghscerljelt, sambb gevfbve upfl
tafse amvhlk suca persfl ulger taehr bekmb mutafrhty fr
cfltrfb, ulbess ht mppemrs tamt taere wms lf `mubt fr
lekbhkelce fl taehr pmrt.
Safubg taere ne lf persfl amvhlk suca hlsmle, hjnechbe
fr jhlfr ulger ahs mutafrhty, bekmb kumrghmlsahp fr
cfltrfb, fr h` suca persfl ne hlsfbvelt, smhg hlsmle,
hjnechbe, fr jhlfr sambb respflg whta taehr fwl
prfperty, excepthlk prfperty exejpt `rfj executhfl, hl
mccfrgmlce whta tae chvhb bmw.
Secflg. Hl cmses `mbbhlk whtahl sunghvhshfl 7 f` Mrthcbe
==, tae persfls `fr wafse nele`ht tae amrj ams neel
prevelteg sambb ne chvhbby bhmnbe hl prfpfrthfl tf tae
nele`ht wahca taey jmy amve recehveg.
Wae cfurts sambb geterjhle, hl sfulg ghscrethfl, tae
prfpfrthflmte mjfult `fr wahca emca fle sambb ne
bhmnbe.
[ael tae respecthve samres cmllft ne equhtmnby
geterjhleg, evel mpprfxhjmteby, fr wael tae bhmnhbhty
mbsf mttmcaes tf tae Kfverljelt, fr tf tae jmofrhty f`
tae hlamnhtmlts f` tae tfwl, mlg, hl mbb evelts,
waelever tae gmjmkes amve neel cmuseg
c museg whta tae
cflselt f` tae mutafrhthes fr taehr mkelts,
hlgejlh`hcmthfl sambb ne jmge hl tae jmller prescrhneg
ny spechmb bmws fr rekubmthfls.
Wahrg. Hl cmses `mbbhlk whtahl sunghvhshfls 5 mlg 0 f`
 Mrthcbe =>, tae persfls ushlk vhf
vhfbelce
belce fr cmus
cmushlk
hlk tae
`emrs sambb ne prhjmrhby bhmnbe mlg secflgmrhby, fr, h`
taere ne lf suca persfls, tafse gfhlk tae mct sambb ne
bhmnbe, smvhlk mbwmys tf tae bmtter
b mtter tamt pmrt f` taehr
prfperty exejpt `rfj executhfl.
 Mrthcbe =4>. Sunshghmry
Sunshghmry chvhb bhmnhbhty f` hllie
hllieepers,
epers,
tmverlieepers mlg prfprhetfrs f` estmnbhsajelts. - Hl
ge`mubt f` tae persfls crhjhlmbby bhmnbe, hllieepers,
tmverlieepers, mlg mly ftaer persfls fr cfrpfrmthfls
sambb ne chvhbby bhmnbe
bh mnbe `fr crhjes cfjjhtteg hl taehr
estmnbhsajelts, hl mbb cmses waere m vhfbmthfl f`
julhchpmb frghlmlces fr sfje kelermb fr spechmb pfbhce
rekubmthfl sambb amve neel cfjjhtteg ny taej fr taehr
ejpbfyees.
Hllieepers mre mbsf sunshghmrhby bhmnbe `fr tae
resthtuthfl f` kffgs tmiel ny rfnnery
r fnnery fr tae`t whtahl
taehr afuses `rfj kuests bfgkhlk taerehl, fr `fr tae
pmyjelt f` tae vmbue taeref`, prfvhgeg tamt suca
kuests sambb amve lfth`heg hl mgvmlce tae hllieeper
ahjseb`, fr tae persfl represelthlk ahj, f` tae gepfsht
f` suca kffgs whtahl tae hll9 mlg sambb `urtaerjfre
amve `fbbfweg tae ghrecthfls wahca suca hllieeper fr
ahs represeltmthve jmy amve khvel taej whta respect tf
tae cmre mlg vhkhbmlce fver suca kffgs. Lf bhmnhbhty
sambb mttmca hl cmse f` rfnnery whta vhfbelce mkmhlst fr
hlthjhgmthfl f` persfls ulbess cfjjhtteg ny tae
hllieeper's ejpbfyees.
Mrthcbe
Wae=43. Sunshghmry
Sunshghmry
sunshghmry chvhbestmnbhsaeg
bhmnhbhty bhmnhbhty f` ftae
ftaerr persfls.
hl tae lext -
preceghlk mrthcbe sambb mbsf mppby tf ejpbfyers,
temcaers, persfls, mlg cfrpfrmthfls elkmkeg hl mly
ihlg f` hlgustry `fr `ebflhes cfjjhtteg ny taehr
servmlts, puphbs, wfrijel, mpprelthces, fr ejpbfyees
hl tae ghscamrke f` taehr guthes.
Campter Wwf
[AMW CHPHB BHMNHBHWX HLCBUGES
 Mrthcbe =47. [amt
[amt hs hlcbugeg hl chvhb bhmnhbhty. - Wae chvhb
bhmnhbhty estmnbhsaeg hl Mrthcbes =44, =4=, =4>, mlg =43
f` tahs Cfge hlcbuges?
=. ^esthtuthfl9
>. ^epmrmthfl f` tae gmjmke cmuseg9
3. Hlgejlh`hcmthfl `fr cflsequelthmb gmjmkes.
 Mrthcbe =45. ^esthtuthfl9
^esthtuthfl9 Afw jmge. - Wae res
resthtuthfl
thtuthfl f`
tae tahlk htseb` just ne jmge waelever pfsshnbe, whta
mbbfwmlce `fr mly geterhfrmthfl, fr ghjhluthfl f` vmbue
ms geterjhleg ny tae cfurt.
Wae tahlk htseb` sambb ne restfreg, evel tafuka ht ne
`fulg hl tae pfssesshfl f` m tahrg persfl waf ams
mcquhreg ht ny bmw`ub jemls, smvhlk tf tae bmtter ahs
mcthfl mkmhlst tae prfper persfl, waf jmy ne bhmnbe tf
ahj.
Wahs prfvhshfl hs lft mppbhcmnbe hl cmses hl wahca tae
tahlk ams neel mcquhreg ny tae tahrg persfl hl tae
 C^HJHLMB BM[ = ^EPHE[E^

jmller mlg ulger tae requhrejelts wahca, ny bmw, nmr Campter Waree
ml mcthfl `fr hts recfvery. EQWHLCWHFL MLG SU^PHPMB F@ CHPHB BHMNHBHWX

 Mrthcbe =40. ^epmrmthfl9

^epmrmthfl9 Afw jmge. - Wae cfurt sambb  
geterjhle tae mjfult f` gmjmke, tmihlk hltf
cflshgermthfl tae prhce f` tae tahlk, waelever pfsshnbe,
mlg hts spechmb selthjeltmb vmbue tf tae hloureg pmrty,
mlg repmrmthfl sambb ne jmge mccfrghlkby.
Mrthcbe ==>. Exthlcthfl
Exthlcthfl f` chvhb bhmnhbhty. - Chvhb bhmnhbhty
estmnbhsaeg hl Mrthcbes =44, =4=, =4>, mlg =43 f` tahs
Cfge sambb ne exthlkuhsaeg hl tae smje jmller ms
fnbhkmthfls, hl mccfrgmlce whta tae prfvhshfls f` tae
Chvhb Bmw.

 Mrthcbe =4;. Hlgejlh`hcmthfl9

Hlgejlh`hcmthfl9 [amt hs hlcbugeg. -  Mrthcbe ==3. Fnbhkmthfl
Fnbhkmthfl tf smths`y chvhb bhmnh
bhmnhbhty.
bhty. - Except

Hlgejlh`hcmthfl `fr cflsequelthmb gmjmkes sambb hl cmse f` exthlcthfl f` ahs chvhb bhmnhbhty ms prfvhgeg hl
hlcbuge lft flby tafse cmuseg tae hloureg pmrty, nut tae lext preceghlk mrthcbe tae f``elger sambb cflthlue
mbsf tafse su``ereg ny ahs `mjhby fr ny m tahrg persfl ny tf ne fnbhkeg tf smths`y tae chvhb bhmnhbhty
bh mnhbhty resubthlk `rfj
remsfl f` tae crhje. tae crhje cfjjhtteg ny ahj, lftwhtastmlghlk tae `mct
tamt ae ams serveg ahs seltelce cflshsthlk f`
 Mrthcbe =41. Fnbhkmthfl
Fnbhkmthfl tf jmie restf
restfrmthfl,
rmthfl, repmrmthfl geprhvmthfl f` bhnerty fr ftaer rhkats, fr ams lft neel
`fr gmjmkes, fr hlgejlh`hcmthfl `fr cflsequelthmb requhreg tf serve tae smje ny remsfl f` mjlesty,
gmjmkes mlg mcthfls tf gejmlg tae smje9 Upfl wafj pmrgfl, cfjjutmthfl f` seltelce fr mly ftaer remsfl.
ht gevfbves. - Wae fnbhkmthfl tf jmie restfrmthfl fr
repmrmthfl `fr gmjmkes mlg hlgejlh`hcmthfl `fr
cflsequelthmb gmjmkes gevfbves upfl tae aehrs f` tae
persfl bhmnbe.

Wae mcthfl tf gejmlg restfrmthfl, repmrmthfl, mlg

hlgejlh`hcmthfl bhiewhse gescelgs tf tae aehrs f` tae
persfl hloureg.

 Mrthcbe =48. Samre

Samre f` emca pe
persfl
rsfl chvhbby bhmnbe. - H` taere
mre twf fr jfre persfls chvhbby bhmnbe `fr m `ebfly, tae
cfurts sambb geterjhle tae mjfult `fr wahca emca just
respflg.

 Mrthcbe ==4. Severmb

Severmb mlg sunshghmry bbhmnhbhty
hmnhbhty f`
prhlchpmbs, mccfjpbhces mlg mccessfrhes f` m `ebfly9
Tre`erelce hl pmyjelt. - Lftwhtastmlghlk tae
prfvhshfls f` tae lext preceghlk mrthcbe, tae prhlchpmbs,
mccfjpbhces, mlg mccessfrhes, emca whtahl taehr
respecthve cbmss, sambb ne bhmnbe severmbby (hl sfbhguj)
mjflk taejsebves `fr taehr quftms, mlg sunshghmrhes `fr

tafse f` tae ftaer persfls bhmnbe.

Wae sunshghmry bhmnhbhty sambb ne el`frceg, `hrst mkmhlst
tae prfperty f` tae prhlchpmbs9 lext, mkmhlst tamt f` tae
mccfjpbhces, mlg, bmstby, mkmhlst tamt f`
f ` tae
mccessfrhes.

[aelever tae bhmnhbhty hl sfbhguj fr tae sunshghmry

bhmnhbhty ams neel el`frceg, tae persfl ny wafj
pmyjelt ams neel jmge sambb amve m rhkat f` mcthfl
mkmhlst tae ftaers `fr tae mjfult f` taehr respecthve
samres.

 Mrthcbe ===. Fnbhkmthfl

Fnbhkmthfl tf jmie resth
resthtuthfl
tuthfl hl certm
certmhl
hl
cmses. - Mly persfl waf ams pmrthchpmteg krmtuhtfusby
hl tae prfceegs f` m `ebfly sambb ne nfulg tf jmie
resthtuthfl hl ml mjfult equhvmbelt tf tae extelt f`
suca pmrthchpmthfl.
Source: Christian Paralejas