2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)
Analysing Public Sentiments Regarding COVID-19
2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) | 978-1-6654-0521-8/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICACCS51430.2021.9441693
Vaccine on Twitter
Kumar Rahul
Department of Information Technology
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
krrahul1997@gmail.com
Kulvinder Singh
Department of Information Technology
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
kuls810@gmail.com
Abstract— In March 2020, Coronavirus disease was officially
announced as a pandemic all over the world by the World Health
Organization (WHO). Since then, the whole pharmaceutical world
is in a state o f war with COVID-19 and has a responsibility to
provide its vaccine for the entire world as soon as possible. People
have come forward and spoken about their emotions on both the
mainstream and the social media. This study aims to analyze
COVID-19 Vaccine related tweets and generate a report on that
analysis. The motivation behind this study is the overspread o f the
virus and the increasing number o f cases daily. The method used
for topic modeling is a latest statistical model in Natural Language
Processing (NLP), and it belongs to the machine learning toolbox
and artificial intelligence toolbox, Latent Dirichlet Allocation
(LDA) to determine popular themes, and for sentiment analysis,
VADER and TextBlob are used on the dataset of 980,557 tweets
which were scraped from Twitter based on a particular set of 14
keywords namely, "Covaxin," "BNT162b2", "SputnikV," and
"mRNA-1273" from November 1 to December 16 in 2020.
Keywords— COVID Vaccine, VADER, coronavirus, TextBlob,
sentiment analysis, LDA, twint, Twitter, pandemic, topic modeling
I. In t r o d u c t io n
In March 2020, Coronavirus disease was officially
announced as a pandemic all over the world by the World
Health Organization (WHO) [1]. It originated in late 2019 in
Wuhan, China, and more than 96 million people in countries
and territories worldwide were infected with this disease, and
the death count rose to approximately 2 million [2].
COVID-19 also led to many suffering and healthcare
problems among the people, which eventually resulted in
difficulties in providing therapy to the infected. All sufferings
due to the pandemic’s effects have led to considerable losses in
businesses and the Economies of Countries. The impact of
COVID-19 is proportionately the same for every individual,
whether he is a student or a working professional. Many have
lost their jobs, and even scholars have to attend their lectures
online [3]. People were bound to work from home without
going to their offices if their type of work allowed them to do
so [4]. As there was lockdown going on, people were
978-1-6654-0521-8/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Bhanu Raj Jindal
Department of Information Technology
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
bhanurajjindal@gmail.com
Priyanka Meel
Department of Information Technology
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
priyankameel86@gmail.com
instructed not to leave their homes for some days and were
only allowed to go out for essential work, with donning their
protective equipment. Some people also faced a shortage of
food, and some got stuck away from their homes as flights,
trains, and public transports were restricted.
All such problems have made many expectations from the
coming and distribution of vaccines. People have many mixed
emotions regarding the vaccine. The vaccine is awaited
worldwide [5], and there is a race to make vaccines among the
world’s best pharma companies. This makes the coming of
vaccines and the emotions of people an exciting topic for the
research. Social media makes it possible for us to analyze the
feelings of people. Most people today use social media and
post their opinions frequently. So Social media becomes a
crucial part of the research for us. There are many platforms
that let us know about people’s opinions, but specifically, we
have used Twitter in this research. Twitter is a top-rated and
dynamic platform when it comes to research. Also, Twitter is
widely used with a total of around 166 Million daily users
consisting of a variety of age group people [6]. By this, we can
see how valuable it can be in the evaluation of people’s
opinions about different events. Twitter allows the authorized
developers to use the Twitter API [18]. This Twitter API
allows easy scraping of data. Twitter allows developers to
scrap the tweets’ data by hashtags and keywords using specific
libraries like twint and tweepy.
This study emphasizes on examining and evaluating the
key topics and themes corresponding to COVID-19 vaccine-
related tweets, which were posted by many individual and
community profiles, and exploring the opinions laid by them
on Twitter.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Data Source
A total of 980,557 tweets from November 1 to December
16 in 2020 were collected from the main social media hub
Twitter using a set of 14 keywords [8]. The keywords used in
488
 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

extraction of tweets were “AZD1222”, “BNT162”, neutral using the polarity scores. A polarity score between -1
“BNT162b2”, “CoronaVac”, “coronavirus vaccine”, and 0 was classified as negative sentiment, for neutral
“Covaxin”, “covid vaccine”, “covid19 vaccine”, sentiment, the polarity score should equal to 0, and a polarity
“covid19vaccine”, “covidshield”, “covidvaccine”, score between 0 and 1 was classified as the positive sentiment.
“covishield”, “mRNA-1273”, and “SputnikV”. These tweets
were extracted using the twint project as it offers extraction of
tweets with zero limitations [9].
After removing the duplicate and the null tweets from the
extracted dataset, we were left with a total of 686,036 tweets.
These were the tweets tweeted by people and communities all
over the world. So the collected set of tweets contain a lot of
languages, including English. Of these tweets, 16.48% of
tweets were discarded, which belonged to other languages, i.e.,
113,078 tweets. Finally, the remaining 572,958 tweets were
considered in our dataset for further analysis.
NLP was applied in this study to process the tweets. The
null values in certain columns were replaced by ‘0’ so that we
can proceed further with the analysis. The ‘user_id’ column
was filled with values in scientific notation by default, which
was converted to a standard format for ease of analysis. A
separate data frame was made for the number of tweets from
unique user ids and the unique hashtags which were used. The
column ‘tweet’ was then extracted into another data frame for
the sentiment analysis. Now from the extracted tweets,
'@mentions,' '# symbol,' URLs and RTs were removed. The
stopwords were then removed, and the tweets were tokenized.
The tokens were lemmatized, and then they were untokenized
and added to the data frame as cleaned tweets (Fig. 1). This
data frame was exported in .csv format for the analysis. The
python libraries such as "pandas," "NumPy," "re," and "nltk"
were used for the data pre-processing [10].

B. Sentiment Analysis
Initially, we applied VADER to analyse the sentiments of
the tweets [11]. The degree of sentiment was determined by the Fig. 1. Flowchart of sentiment analysis process
Compound Score values, which ranged from -1 to 1, which WordClouds [14] were made for all the tweets and each
classified the tweets into Positive, Neutral, and Negative sentiment in both the models, namely, VADER and TextBlob
sentiments. The most positive sentiment was represented by 1, (Fig. 2 and 3). Count of positive, neutral, and negative tweets
and the most negative sentiment was represented by -1. Every and their percentage were also calculated for both the models.
word of the lexicon was classified as positive, negative, and In the end, both models were compared.
neutral, automatically by the VADER [11]. The tweets were
classified of positive, neutral and negative sentiments using the ake surev^in^first vaccine ef f eCtivePlan SU5Pend
need . vote plan
compound score. The classification range is as follows: •better

• For negative sentiment, the compound score must be in

the range of -1 to -0.05. 9sLrtiSte“j a s a ! r ^p lyr
-vaccine
andidate
.
Vaccine free

• For neutral sentiment, the compound score must be in

the range of -0.05 to 0.05.
"■M “uSC0VID19 vaccine
s covid i
s s coronayiru ,
OIor patents driving H n n
suspend patent , data show gj
r
• For positive sentiment, the compound score must be in LT
control Covid mu Pfizer
l,__.
BioNTe
health care
the range of 0.05 to 1.
Li
eoa CovidVaccine nope
£ amp
sate effective ^ ,
take COVID
> today Tniip ,drlv ,supply rich

Further in the study, we applied TextBlob to analyze the

sentiments of the tweet data [12,13]. The polarity and
eoronaviru$i e" ErgEnCi USEj=
L c 1
S la n t control
■ine
side effect
next weekC0vID19Vaccine wi"” <»T3 ,pp™" setting covid
subjectivity scores of the tweets were then calculated, which patent whole h !0t one®vaccine ■ 6 patent
th in k P fiz e r coronavirus
ranged from -1 to 1 and 0 to 1, respectively [7]. The profit restricting rich countries vaccine distribution Pfizers"S

subjectivity score of 0 implied that the tweet is objective, while Fig. 2a. Wordcloud of positive sentiment tweets in VADER
the subjectivity score of 1 implied that the tweet is subjective.
The tweets were categorized into positive, negative, and
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 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

Read day government

emergency use v a c c in e ei r e c t i v e j
f lu vaccine.
based on the number of topics and iterations that the user
» pla n suspend.
— »pian suspend ■pJ;;;,~öl; " L U V l D 1S v a c c iinn e . *.
inputs. LDA first assigns a random topic to each word in each
Covi o --vaccine
Pfizer say
“n ext S
Sext” .week
c o r o n a v ir u 80
. or fdL^ i r f / i fte c t
rsj;
s o i ï u „l , f i r s t COVID
COVID
- - ..- . - s u s p e n d patent
of the documents, and in its iterations, it calculates two things
for each of the words:
km P f iz e r COVID K K
c lin ic a l t r ia l good new,

C0VID19 Vnoyv3 vCa c C 1 PI Gvote plan • How often the topic occurs in the document.
c in e c a n d id a te .
Thank Pharma g ia n t J New Y o r k
^ . make s u r e ré
restm i« « * supplyH
.. 111
% work
n egd • How often the word occurs in the topic.
P f iz e r BloNTech control ^vaccin^trja,],
coronavirus vaccime
laok v a c c in e a v a il a b l e t h i n k toc*ay
g e t t in g c o v ia SL
Based on these two factors new topic is assigned to that
word. After the assignment of topics, there is a need for manual
’ U S vaccine developed L llJ - n K P f i z e r c o r o n a v ir u s
patent whole ° n e v a c c i n e f i r s t
CovidVaccine evaluation if those topics make sense or not. If not, then the
process is repeated for some different parameters.
Fig. 2b. Wordcloud of positive sentiment tweets in TextBlob
Before applying the LDA approach to our dataset of
g o in g in c o m e c o u n t r y amo w o rk
* r wantref,
lo w e r in co m e people s id e
see say 572,958 tweets, we analyzed the tweets according to the
c:o
o s t in g c o u n ttle
le ssss «“ I E way ™£h c u t p r ie everyone«0“3?J a n fi
ti trav
vaxxer
number of words in them (Fig. 5). Of these tweets, a total of
covidü vaccine
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— s. t i l l p n c e
1 uw.
>
lower ta k e c o v idgoT,“
w o n jt
rake
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c c in e t-t-r-j
b illio n id
c
1,082 tweets were discarded as they comprised of 2-3 words
only (Fig. 6), and we personally thought that they would not
C0VID19 C o v id V a c c in e * ? 0 A A I 1 0 "1 s a ia
re fu se cu t J Q z| g vaccine shot« v i ru £> make any sense for topic assignment, and it will be good for
r ig h t
need s e t t i n g c o v id P f iz e r
vaccine
C 0 V ID Ne" ™ ~ p e o p le
"» OÏ our analysis to leave them out. So, LDA was applied on a total
come S Svacctnation ',,K t C™“ S today U S fuck . got of 571,876 tweets.
c o ro n a v iru ssh itv a
v a c c in e re fu se
einesj
s covid
Side e ff e c t flu Shot ^ eallyTrum p t J
warn people emergency use- pandemic««« UWI I L
a lle r g ic re a ctio n a n y o n e s ' t .w o r r y
... , P f iz e r co ro n av iru s
si- 6 c o v iD ig v a c c in e ^ ^ J h in k ^ f iu vacc

Fig. 3a. Wordcloud of negative sentiment tweets in VADER

even ex p e n siv e co v id jje a n a m p stuPidtoday_,
low er income . v i a ■ "g.c v M long term

c o v id id io t
v a c c in e re fu se
cOJu=
Thank vaccine C0VID19 C o v id V a ccin e

way knOWsayin'íT“ "" ' tuTel

ri SayPrÍy y ™ er^
see
<u won 1 C0VID19I vaccine % r tint
'' JP A._C?k? M ellionincojm p c o u n try
n ti va ccin < Panriemic°
corona> irus vaccines mRNA V accin e le a s t _ rn
P f iz e r ssomeoneanyone ef fec t CO VID 19V accine u UK^
come , , ,? w e ll
jC o v id V a c c in e price r ig h t
1 TrumP s make p eo p le Mow
S r e f u s e c u t Pf i zer Covztj c o s t in g c o u n t le s s

Fig. 3b. Wordcloud of negative sentiment tweets in TextBlob 40000

C. Topic Modelling
■Ö 30000
We used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Fig. 4) for -

topic modeling and it is a latest statistical model in Natural

□
Language Processing (NLP), and it belongs to the machine = 20000
z
learning toolbox and artificial intelligence toolbox to identify
popular themes and salient topics.
10000

: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Words per Tweet

Fig. 6. Number of tweets v/s Words per tweet (after removing tweet up to 3
words per tweet)

Initially, we divided the tweets into five topics keeping the

number of iterations as 10. Those five topics did not seem to
make any sense due to certain reasons:
LDA is a probabilistic approach to topic modeling [10, 15, 1) The words in some of the topics were the same, so we
16, 17]. Each word in a document is assigned a topic in LDA can’t name the topics differently.
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 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)
2) Words in one of the topics did not seem to make any
relation making it hard to name that topic.
Then we changed the parameters and decided to divide the
tweets into seven topics with 12 iterations. The seven topics
came out to be good, and we were able to name them with
distinction. Along with this division, we also analyzed the
dominant topic. Of these 571,876 tweets, 20,045 tweets did not
seem to have anyone dominant topic.
III. RESULTS
During the one and a half month period of 2020, we
collected a total of 980,557 COVID-19 Vaccine related tweets
using twint from the Twitter API based on a list of 14
keywords. A total of 267,942 unique users tweeted, and a
maximum of 954 tweets were recorded from a single user.
There was a total of 15,502,529 likes, 2,548,072 retweets and
1,176,533 replies. After the pre-processing of the data,
sentiment analysis was done on 572,958 tweets using VADER
and TextBlob. According to VADER, 270,975 (47.3%) tweets
were of positive sentiment, 164,113 (28.6%) tweets were of
neutral sentiment, and 137,870 (24.1%) tweets were of
negative sentiment. Whereas according to TextBlob, 276,888
(48.3%) tweets were of positive sentiment, 206,734 (36.1%)
tweets were of neutral sentiment, and 89,336 (15.6%) tweets
were of negative sentiment. The common positive sentiment
words were “Covid vaccine”, “COVID19 vaccine”,
coronavirus vaccine”, “Pfizer”, “bioNTech”, “vaccine trial”,
“vaccine effective”, “hope”, “clinical trial”, “thank”, “pharma
giant”, “world benefit” , “emergency use” and many more.
“COVID19 vaccine”, “covid vaccine”, “coronavirus vaccine”,
“refuse”, “costing countless”, “expensive”, “anti vaccine”,
“stupid”, “lower income”, “side effect”, “allergic reaction”,
“Trump”, “warn people”, “worry” and many more were the
negative sentiment words.
Fig. 7. VADER v/s TextBlob
Topic modelling is done using LDA approach. From a total
of 572,958 english language tweets, 1,082 tweets were
discarded for topic modelling as they had only 2-3 words in
them and finally LDA was applied on a total of 571,876 tweets.
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The tweets were classified in 7 topics namely, “Vaccine
Performance”, “News and media coverage”, “People’s
aspirations”, “Companies and market”, “Healthcare
environment”, “COVID and US elections”, and “Vaccine
potential and research”. Of these 571,876 tweets, 20,045 tweets
did not have any one dominant topic so discarding them, out of
551,831 tweets topic 1 was dominant in 65,474 (11.86%)
tweets, topic 2 was dominant in 78,620 (14.25%) tweets, topic
3 was dominant in 96,031 (17.40%) tweets, topic 4 was
dominant in 69,924 (12.67%) tweets, topic 5 was dominant in
105,487 (19.12%) tweets, topic 6 was dominant in 52,746
(9.56%) tweets and topic 7 was dominant in 83,549 (15.14%)
tweets. The dominant keywords in Vaccine Performance are
“vaccine”, “effective”, “trial”, “covid”, “data”, “result”,
“protection”, “phase”, “show”, and “coronavirus”. In news and
media coverage, “vaccine”, “first”, “covid”, “covidvaccine”,
“news”, “week”, “getting”, “next”, “hope”, and “could” were
dominant. In people’s aspirations, “vaccine”, “covid”, “need”,
“covidvaccine”, “like”, “people”, “would”, “take”, “know”,
and “want” dominated. “Pfizer”, “vaccine”, “news”,
“coronavirus”, “covidvaccine”, “biontech”, “stock”, “covid”,
“market”, and “India” were the keywords that dominated the
discussion in companies and market. In healthcare
environment, “vaccine”, “covid”, “trump”, “covidvaccine”,
“offer”, “health”, “president”, “coronavirus”, “ready”, and
“American” were the dominant keywords. In covid and US
elections, “vaccine”, “biden”, “covidvaccine”, “election”,
“covid”, “million”, “country”, “world”, “trump”, and
“development” dominated. “Vaccine”, “covid”, “people”,
“covidvaccine”, “still”, “going”, “thing”, “potential”, “long”,
and “make” dominated the discussion in vaccine potential and
research (Table I).
IV. CONCLUSION
This study focuses on the sentiment analysis and topic
modeling of COVID-19 vaccine related tweets from November
1 to December 16 in 2020. A total of 980,557 tweets were
extracted out of which 572,958 tweets were used for sentiment
analysis using VADER and TextBlob. VADER concluded
47.3% tweets were positive, 28.6% tweets were neutral, and
24.1% tweets were negative, whereas according to TextBlob,
48.3% tweets were positive, 36.1% tweets were neutral, 15.6%
tweets were negative. Hence, we can clearly see that the
positive sentiment tweets outweighed the negative sentiment
tweets in both the models, and VADER picked up the negative
sentiment more compared to TextBlob. For topic modeling, the
LDA approach was used, and tweets were classified into seven
themes and topics, namely "Vaccine Performance", "News and
media coverage", "People's aspirations", "Companies and
market", "Healthcare environment", "COVID and US
elections", and "Vaccine potential and research". Of these
seven topics, the most dominant topic, i.e., the topic with the
maximum number of tweets, was the healthcare environment
having 105,487 (19.11%) tweets and COVID and US elections
had the least dominance with 52,746 (9.55%) tweets (Table II).
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 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

TABLE I. CLASSIFICATION OF TWEETS IN TOPICS

%age of No. of
Topic No. Topic Name Keywords
tweets tweets
Vaccine vaccine, effective, trial, covid, data, result, protection, phase, show,
1 11.86% 65,474
Performance coronavirus
News and Media vaccine, first, covid, covidvaccine, news, week, getting, next, hope,
2 14.25% 78,620
coverage could
People’s vaccine, covid, need, covidvaccine, like, people, would, take, know,
3 17.40% 96,031
Aspirations want
Companies and Pfizer, vaccine, news, coronavirus, covidvaccine, biontech, stock,
4 12.67% 69,924
Market covid, market, India
Healthcare vaccine, covid, trump, covidvaccine, offer, health, resident,
5 19.12% 105,487
Environment coronavirus, ready, American
COVID and US vaccine, biden, covidvaccine, election, covid, million, country, world,
6 9.56% 52,746
elections trump, development
Vaccine potential Vaccine, covid, people, covidvaccine, still, going, thing, potential,
7 15.14% 83,549
and Research long, make

TABLE II. DOMINANT TOPICS WITH THE TOPIC %AGE CONTRIBUTION OF TWEETS

Tweet Dominant Topic %age

Keywords Tweet
No. Topic Contribution

[vegetarian, reason, version, common, cold, virus,

vaccine, covid, need, covidvaccine,
People’s adenovirus, taken, chimpanzee, human, cell,
1 39.77% like, people, would, take, know,
Aspirations engineered, contain, instruction, creating, spike,
want
protein, virus, cause

Vaccine vaccine, covid, people, [phase, trial, report, thing, long, haul, even, long,
2 potential and 51.84% covidvaccine, still, going, thing, haul, mrna, vaccine, available, poorer, country,
Research potential, long, make early, write]

vaccine, effective, trial, covid, data, [published, lancet, safety, efficacy, vaccine,
Vaccine
3 94.28% result, protection, phase, show, interim, analysis, four, randomised, controlled,
Performance
coronavirus trial, brazil, south, africa]

vaccine, effective, trial, covid, data, [lancet, published, interim, pfizer, data, safety,
Vaccine
4 89.37% result, protection, phase, show, efficacy, vaccine, interim, analysis, four,
Performance
coronavirus randomised, controlled, trial, brazil, south, africa]

vaccine, effective, trial, covid, data,

Vaccine [oxford, phase, trial, interim, analysis, result,
5 90.47% result, protection, phase, show,
Performance published, lancet]
coronavirus

vaccine, biden, covidvaccine,

COVID and [spectacular, thread, friend, thank, much, writing,
6 46.52% election, covid, million, country,
US elections thinking, amused, know, trial]
world, trump, development

[please, approve, astrazeneca, none, vaccinated,

vaccine, covid, need, covidvaccine,
People’s trial, hospitalized, prevented, severe, symptom,
7 29.80% like, people, would, take, know,
Aspirations shelf, life, month, refrigerator, unlike, pfizer,
want
modera, making, wide, distribution, easier, cost]

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 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

[please, approve, astrazeneca, effective, average,

Vaccine vaccine, covid, people,
kept, normal, refrigerator, temp, month, unlike,
8 potential and 26.71% covidvaccine, still, going, thing,
pfizer, modera, making, wide, distribution, much,
Research potential, long, make
easier, area, cost, shot, shot]

vaccine, effective, trial, covid, data,

Vaccine [astrazeneca, test, combination, oxford, vaccine,
9 90.47% result, protection, phase, show,
Performance russian, sputnik, vaccine]
coronavirus

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