Oral Communication 1

Summarized by : Jallal-eddine TAYAÂ

Course taught by : Professor Assya EL HANNAOUI

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Session 1 : IPC definition & characteristics

-IPC: Interpersonal Communication is the verbal (words) or nonverbal
(gestures, body language . . .) interactions between two/more than two
interdependant individuals.

-IPC Characteristics : 1- it's done between two or more

people.

2- it's relational, it has to do with relationships.

3- it exists on a scale from personal to
professional called a continuum (like good and
bad, better and worse, freezing and boiling...)

4- Involves verbal and nonverbal messages.

5- Takes place in varied forms (phoncall, face
to face, video call . . . )

6- IPC involves choice, you choose what to

say.

-The importance of IPC : a- it's a major part of human existence.

b- it defines relationships, as in it makes them
 or breaks them.

c- it has more importance than job specefic

skills.

d- the more you know about IPC, the more

insight and knowledge you'll gain about what
works and what doesn't.

-The Principles of IPC : +It’s inevitable. ( You can’t not

communicate)

+It’s irreversible. ( You can’t take back

your words)

+It’s unrepeatable. ( Every situation is

unique)

-Elements of IPC : 1- Sender : encodes the message.

2- Receiver : decodes the message.

3- Message : the message itself.

-Nonverbal communication : Refers to communicating without

speaking.

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-Feedback : The reaction of the received message.

-Feedforward : The nonverbal reaction of the received message.
(Feedforward comes before Feedback)
-Feedback dimensions : +It should be about the behavior not the
personality.
+It should describe the effect of the
person’s behavior.
+It should be as specific as possible.
+It should be timely, given at the right
moment.
-Punctuation of events : refers to the order of the events.
-Stimulus and Response : Stimulus is the action that leads to the
Response.[Stimulus -> Response).

+ I-message : It’s an IPC type that focuses on describing the person’s

feelings. In I-messages, we focus on the event, the effect of the speaker
and emotions, we also try to avoid conflicts. This type of message mostly
starts with “I feel . . .”
Example : I feel worthless when my opinion is not considered.

+ You-message : an IPC type that focuses on blaming the other

speaker. It’s a direct attack and blame that usually starts with “You . . . “
Example : You always blame others for your mistakes.

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 Conflicts in IPC

-Conflict : It refers to the outcome of disagreement between people with

different attitudes towards solving problems.

-Conflict Starters : 1-Social Allergen : Personal habits that you

find impolite
but others don’t.
2-Patronizing : Speaking to others as if
you’re superior.
them.
3-Making assumptions : Talking with no
proof.
4-Hostile language : Aggressive and
unfriendly language,
Using you messages to
blame others.

-Types of conflict : +Positive conflict : When it contains

something beneficial.
-Negative conflict : Occurs when talking about
the issues in
an aggressive manner.

+Conflict management :
+Effective management : 1) Win-win, both sides win by finding
the middle
ground.
2) Talking Politely and
understandably, maintain
eye contact and facial expressions.
3) Argumentativeness, you want to be
logical.
4) Talk, carrying an open
conversation.
-Ineffective managements : a) Win-lose, imposing your point
without caring
about the other.
b) Attacking, talking impolitely.
c) Verbal aggressiveness, attacking
without
supportive details.
d) Force, taking control.

Ways to avoid conflict : Listen to others, be logical, don’t allow the

situation to escalate, respect differences.

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 Power in Conflict

+Power is increased by using the right communication techniques and

decreased by using unsuccessful techniques. Power can be shared
whereas the mere powerful can earn power from the less powerful. Power
follows the principle of interest, whereas the more powerful is always
careless and independent, but the less powerful needs other people to earn
power. Power generates privilege and gives advantages. Power is
influenced by culture.

+Sources of power : Referent power : Power that stems from one’s

ability to
influence and inspire others.
Legitimate power : Power given by position.
Expert power : power given by experience.
Reward power : power given by the ability to
reward.
Information/Persuation : like blackmail, power
gained when you have an information on
someone who doesn’t want it to go public.
Coercive power : Power gained by threatening
someoneof
Losing their job, being
Demoted . . .
Persuasion power : when you can convince
others with your Ideas.