&HOVR&DVWUR

Textos Básicos
de Antropologia
Cem anos de tradição: Boas,
Malinowski, Lévi-Strauss e outros


 8. Ruth Benedict e os padrões de cultura &21),*85$‡•(6'(&8/785$1$$0‰5,&$'2
1257(

5XWK%HQHGLFW

 1RV ºOWLPRV  DQRV R IDWR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH QD DQWURSRORJLD IRL VHP
R SHU­RGR HQWUH DV GXDV JUDQGHV JXHUUDV PXQGLDLV IORUHVFHX QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV XPD
N GDVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHVWUDGL§µHVGDKLVW³ULDGDDQWURSRORJLDPXLWDVYH]HVUHIHULGDFRPR
GºYLGDDDFXPXOD§£RGHDOJXQVUHWUDWRVGHFRUSRLQWHLURGHSRYRVSULPLWLYRV
Ȓ(VFROD GH &XOWXUD H 3HUVRQDOLGDGHȓ TXH LQFOXLX DXWRUHV FRPR (GZDUG 6DSLU  ‰ GLI­FLO UHOHPEUDU XP WHPSR HP TXH D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH UHFRQVWUXLU XPD
5XWK %HQHGLFW  H 0DUJDUHW 0HDG  1£R SRU DFDVR RV WUªV IRUDP LPDJHP PHVPR TXH VRIU­YHO GH TXDOTXHU WULER SULPLWLYD DLQGD VH OLPLWDYD D
DOXQRVGH)UDQ]%RDVHSRUHOHSURIXQGDPHQWHLQIOXHQFLDGRV$UHXQL£RGHVVHVGRLVWHUPRV
UHIOHWH GH LPHGLDWR VHXV LQWHUHVVHV FHQWUDLV 3RU XP ODGR D LPSRUW¢QFLD GR FRQFHLWR GH
GXDVRXWUªVUHJLµHVWRGDVFHUFDGDVSRUGLILFXOGDGHVȖ$YDVWDTXDQWLGDGH
ȒFXOWXUDȓ YLVWD QD SHUVSHFWLYD GH %RDV UHODWLYL]DGRUD H Q£R KLHUDUTXL]DQWH GDV GLIHUHQWHV GH PDWHULDO DQWURSRO³JLFR GLVSRQ­YHO HUD IUDQFDPHQWH DQHG³WLFD FRPR QDV
FXOWXUDV 3RU RXWUR ODGR ȒSHUVRQDOLGDGHȓ UHIOHWH R LPSDFWR GHFLVLYR TXH D SVLFRORJLD H HP QDUUDWLYDVGHYLDMDQWHVRXHUDHVTXHPDWLFDPHQWHGLVVHFDGDHWDEXODGDFRPR
SDUWLFXODU D SVLFDQ¡OLVH WLYHUDP QR PXQGR GXUDQWH HVVH SHU­RGR HVSHFLDOPHQWH D SDUWLU GD
REUDGH6LJPXQG)UHXGH&DUO-XQJ
QRV UHODWRV GH PXLWRV HWQ³ORJRV 1HVVDV FLUFXQVW¢QFLDV R QHFHVV¡ULR GHEDWH
6H ȒFXOWXUDȓ VH UHSRUWDYD D FRQMXQWRV GH LQGLY­GXRV TXH DGRWDYDP YLVµHV GH PXQGR H
DQWURSRO³JLFR JHUDO UHFRUULD FRPR QD ©SRFD GH 7\ORU DR P©WRGR
VHJXLDP HVWLORV GH YLGD HVSHF­ILFRV ȒSHUVRQDOLGDGHȓ UHIHULDVH D GLIHUHQ§DV HQWUH RV FRPSDUDWLYRSRUGHILQL§£RHSLV³GLFRHHVTXHP¡WLFR(OHEXVFDYDPHGLDQWHD
LQGLY­GXRVHPUHOD§£RDSDGUµHVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRFRJQL§£RHHPR§£R UHXQL£R GH JUDQGHV V©ULHV GH REVHUYD§µHV GLVVRFLDGDV GH VHX FRQWH[WR
6HJXLQGR D WUDGL§£R ERDVLDQD GH SHVTXLVDV GH FDPSR 5XWK %HQHGLFW HVWXGRX RV ­QGLRV
HVWDEHOHFHUȐDȑPHQWHSULPLWLYDRXȐRȑGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDUHOLJL£RRXȐDȑ
6HUUDQR QD &DOLI³UQLD H RV =X±L &RFKLWL H 3LPD QDV SODQ­FLHV GR 6XGRHVWH DPHULFDQR 6HX
OLYUR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH IRL 3DWWHUQV RI &XOWXUH >3DGUµHV GH FXOWXUD@  TXH VH WRUQRX XP
EHVWVHOOHU 6HX DUWLJR Ȓ&RQILJXUD§µHV GH FXOWXUD QD $P©ULFD GR 1RUWHȓ DTXL SDUFLDOPHQWH
UHSURGX]LGRIRLHVFULWRQDPHVPD©SRFDHUHVXPHDOJXPDVGDVLGHLDVFHQWUDLVGROLYURFRPR
DGHTXHFDGDFXOWXUDUHºQHHOHPHQWRVGHRULJHQVG­VSDUHVSRU©PPDLVRXPHQRVLQWHJUDGRV
VHJXQGRXPDFRQILJXUD§£RRXXPSDGU£RVLQJXODU
7RPDQGR GH HPSU©VWLPR RV WHUPRV ȒDSRO­QHRȓ H ȒGLRQLV­DFRȓ XVDGRV SRU )ULHGULFK
1LHW]VFKHHPVHXHVWXGRVREUHD*U©FLDFO¡VVLFD5XWK%HQHGLFWFODVVLILFDGRLVWLSRVRSRVWRV
GH FXOWXUD GH ­QGLRV GR 6XGRHVWH DPHULFDQR R GRV 3XHEOR Ȋ ȒDSRO­QHRVȓ Ȋ H R GH Y¡ULDV
FXOWXUDVDRVHXUHGRUȊȒGLRQLV­DFRVȓ2HWKRVDSRO­QHRHQIDWL]DDVREULHGDGHHDPRGHUD§£R
GHVFRQILDQGRGRH[FHVVRHGDRUJLDRGLRQLV­DFRYDORUL]DRH[FHVVRWDQWRSV­TXLFRVRQKRV
KLVW³ULDGRFDVDPHQWR
3RUIRU§DGDVQHFHVVLGDGHVLPSRVWDVSRUHVVDPHVPDVLWXD§£RIORUHVFLDP
WDPE©PDVHVFRODVHVWULWDPHQWHGLIXVLRQLVWDVTXHWUDQVIRUPDYDPHPYLUWXGH
D OLPLWD§£R GRV PDWHULDLV D VHX GLVSRU H RSHUDYDP XQLFDPHQWH FRP REMHWRV
LVRODGRVQXQFDFRPVHXFHQ¡ULRRXVXDIXQ§£RQDFXOWXUDGHTXHSURYLQKDP
$ FUHVFHQWH LQVDWLVID§£R FRP HVVDV GXDV DERUGDJHQV WH³ULFDV GRPLQDQWHV
GR TXH SRU FHUWR SRGHPRV FKDPDU GH SHU­RGR DQHG³WLFR GD HWQRORJLD HVWHYH
VHPSUH H[SO­FLWD QD LQVLVWªQFLD GH %RDV QR HVWXGR H[DXVWLYR GH TXDOTXHU
WUDQVH TXDQWR I­VLFR HPEULDJXH] XVR GH GURJDV RUJLDV HWF 1HVVH VHQWLGR HOD Yª DV
FXOWXUDVFRPRSURMH§µHVDPSOLDGDVGDSVLFRORJLDLQGLYLGXDOGRWDGDVGHJUDQGHVSURSRU§µHVH
GHXPDORQJDGXUD§£R
 
FXOWXUD SULPLWLYD H © DWXDOPHQWH SURFODPDGD GD PDQHLUD PDLV FODUD SRU
0DOLQRZVNL 2 YLJRU GHVWH ºOWLPR YROWDVH FRQWUD R JUXSR GLIXVLRQLVWD Q£R
FRQWUD RV )UD]HU H RV :HVWHUPDUFN GR P©WRGR FRPSDUDWLYR PDV HP VHX
WUDEDOKR HOH LQVLVWH VHPSUH TXH D WHRULD DQWURSRO³JLFD Q£R GHYH OHYDU HP
FRQWD LWHQV LVRODGRV PDV FXOWXUDV KXPDQDV FRPR WRWDOLGDGHV RUJ¢QLFDV H
IXQFLRQDLV (OH TXHULD TXH FRPSUHHQGªVVHPRV TXH TXDQGR XPD FROH§£R GH
PXVHXGHREMHWRVGRV1LDP1LDP©LQVWDODGDRXTXDQGRXPDPRQRJUDILDGH
WLSR VHPHOKDQWH © SXEOLFDGD FRQWLQXDPRV VHP FRQKHFHU FRLVD DOJXPD VREUH
HVVHSRYRDPHQRVTXHVDLEDPRVGHTXHPDQHLUDRDUUDQMRGDFDVDRVDUWLJRV
GH YHVWX¡ULR DV UHJUDV GH HYLWD§£R RX GH FDVDPHQWR DV LGHLDV VREUH R
VREUHQDWXUDO VREUH FRPR FDGD REMHWR H FDGD WUD§R FXOWXUDO HP RXWUDV
SDODYUDV©HPSUHJDGRHPVXDYLGDQDWLYD
'HPRGRXPSRXFRGHFHSFLRQDQWH0DOLQRZVNLQ£RSDVVDHPVHJXLGDDR
H[DPH GHVVDV WRWDOLGDGHV FXOWXUDLV PDV FRQWHQWDVH HP FRQFOXLU VXD
DUJXPHQWD§£R DVVLQDODQGR HP FDGD FRQWH[WR TXH WRGR WUD§R IXQFLRQD QR
FRPSOH[R FXOWXUDO WRWDO FRQFOXV£R TXH VH DVVHPHOKD PDLV DR LQ­FLR GD
LQYHVWLJD§£R TXH DR VHX W©UPLQR 3RLV VH WUDWD GH XPD SRVL§£R TXH FRQGX]
GLUHWDPHQWH   QHFHVVLGDGH GH LQYHVWLJDU HP TXH HVS©FLH GH WRWDOLGDGH HVVHV
WUD§RVIXQFLRQDPH TXHUHIHUªQFLD HOHV PDQWªPFRPD FXOWXUD WRWDO(PTXH
PHGLGD RV WUD§RV FRQVHJXHP HVWDEHOHFHU XPD LQWHUUHOD§£R RUJ¢QLFD" 2V
OHLWPRWLYHQDQRPXQGRSHORVTXDLV HOHV SRGHPVHULQWHJUDGRV V£RPXLWRV RX
SRXFRV"2VIXQFLRQDOLVWDVQ£RIRUPXODPHVVDVTXHVWµHV
2UDRTXHVHWRUQDFDGDYH]PDLVSDWHQWH PHGLGDTXHORQJDVGHVFUL§µHV
GHSRYRVSULPLWLYRVV£RSXEOLFDGDV©TXHHVVDVFXOWXUDVHPERUDFRPSRVWDVGH
IRUPDW£RHVPDJDGRUDSRUHOHPHQWRVG­VSDUHVUHXQLGRVDRDFDVRDSDUWLUGH
WRGDV DV GLUH§µHV SHOD GLIXV£R QHP SRU LVVR GHL[DP GH VHU GH PRGR
UHLWHUDGRLQWHJUDGDVVHJXQGRSDGUµHVPXLWRGLIHUHQWHVHLQGLYLGXDLV$RUGHP
DOFDQ§DGDQ£R©XPPHURUHIOH[RGRIDWRGHTXHFDGDWUD§RWHPXPDIXQ§£R
SUDJP¡WLFD Ȗ  $ RUGHP GHYHVH DQWHV   FLUFXQVW¢QFLD GH TXH QHVVDV
VRFLHGDGHVIRLHVWDEHOHFLGRXPSULQF­SLRVHJXQGRRTXDORPDWHULDOFXOWXUDO
UHXQLGR © WUDQVIRUPDGR HP SDGUµHV FRHUHQWHV VHJXQGR FHUWDV QHFHVVLGDGHV
LQWHUQDVGHVHQYROYLGDVGHQWURGRJUXSR(VVDVV­QWHVHVV£RGHY¡ULDVHVS©FLHV
3DUD DOJXPDV GHODV WHPRV WHUPLQRORJLD FRQYHQLHQWH SDUD RXWUDV Q£R (P
WRGRV RV FDVRV HODV V£R D FRQVHFX§£R PDLV RX PHQRV EHPVXFHGLGD GH XP
FRPSRUWDPHQWRLQWHJUDGRTXHVHWRUQDDLQGDPDLVQRW¡YHOSDUDRDQWURS³ORJR
HPUD]£RGHVHXFRQKHFLPHQWRGRVPDWHULDLVGLVSHUVRVHK­EULGRVDSDUWLUGRV
TXDLVDLQWHJUD§£RIRLDOFDQ§DGD
Ȗ QRWDYHOPHQWHGLVWLQWDGDGHVHXVYL]LQKRVPXLWRSU³[LPRVTXHTXDOTXHURXWUD
8PDGDVMXVWLILFD§µHVILORV³ILFDVSDUDRHVWXGRGHSRYRVSULPLWLYRV©TXH
RV GDGRV HWQRO³JLFRV WRUQDP FODURV IDWRV VRFLDLV IXQGDPHQWDLV TXH GH RXWUR
PRGRILFDULDPFRQIXVRVHLPSRVV­YHLVGHGHPRQVWUDU(QWUHHOHVQHQKXPPH
SDUHFH PDLV LPSRUWDQWH TXH R GDV FRQILJXUD§µHV IXQGDPHQWDLV H

FDUDFWHU­VWLFDV GD FXOWXUD TXH SDGURQL]DP D H[LVWªQFLD H FRQGLFLRQDP DV
UHD§µHV HPRFLRQDLV H FRJQLWLYDV GH VHXV SRUWDGRUHV GH WDO PRGR TXH HODV VH
WRUQDP LQFRPHQVXU¡YHLV FDGD TXDO VH HVSHFLDOL]DQGR HP FHUWRV WLSRV
VHOHFLRQDGRV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR FDGD TXDO H[FOXLQGR R FRPSRUWDPHQWR
SU³SULRGHVHXVRSRVWRV
5HFHQWHPHQWH H[DPLQHL GHVVH SRQWR GH YLVWD GRLV WLSRV GH FXOWXUD
UHSUHVHQWDGRV QR 6XGRHVWH D GRV ­QGLRV SXHEORV HP FRQWUDSRVL§£R  V GRV
Y¡ULRVSRYRVTXHRVFLUFXQGDP&KDPHLRHWKRVGRV3XHEORGHDSRO­QHRQR
VHQWLGR QLHW]VFKLDQR GD EXVFD FXOWXUDO GH VREULHGDGH H PRGHUD§£R GD
GHVFRQILDQ§D HP UHOD§£R DR H[FHVVR H   RUJLD 3RU RXWUR ODGR R WLSR
FRQWUDVWDQWHGH1LHW]VFKHRGLRQLV­DFR©LOXVWUDGRFRPDEXQG¢QFLDHPWRGDV
DV FXOWXUDV FLUFXQGDQWHV (VVH WLSR YDORUL]D R H[FHVVR FRPR IXJD SDUD XPD
RUGHPGHH[LVWªQFLDDO©PGDTXHODGRVFLQFRVHQWLGRVHHQFRQWUDVXDH[SUHVV£R
QDFULD§£RQRSODQRGDFXOWXUDGHH[SHULªQFLDVGRORURVDVHDUULVFDGDVHQR
FXOWLYRGHH[FHVVRVHPRFLRQDLVHSV­TXLFRVQDHPEULDJXH]QRVVRQKRVHQR
WUDQVH
$VLWXD§£RGR6XGRHVWHIRUQHFHXPDRSRUWXQLGDGHH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWHERD
SDUDRHVWXGRGRJUDXHPTXHFHQ¡ULRVSVLFRO³JLFRVFRQWUDVWDQWHVGHVVHWLSR
GHSRLVGHLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRVSRGHPPROGDUDVFXOWXUDVUHVXOWDQWHV2V­QGLRV
SXHEORV V£R XPD FLYLOL]D§£R PXLWR EHP GHOLPLWDGD H VDELGDPHQWH PXLWR
DQWLJD LOKDGD HP PHLR D FXOWXUDV H[WUHPDPHQWH GLYHUJHQWHV 0DV R
LQVXODPHQWR GH VXD FXOWXUD Q£R SRGH VHU DWULEX­GR FRPR QD 2FHDQLD DR
LVRODPHQWR I­VLFR 1£R K¡ TXDOTXHU FDGHLD GH PRQWDQKDV TXDOTXHU GHVHUWR
LQWUDQVSRQ­YHOQHPPHVPRPXLWRVTXLO´PHWURVDVHSDU¡ORVGHVHXVYL]LQKRV
(VVH © XP LQVXODPHQWR FXOWXUDO DOFDQ§DGR TXDVH D GHVSHLWR GDV FRQGL§µHV
JHRJU¡ILFDV2V3XHEORRULHQWDLVLDPUHJXODUPHQWH VSODQ­FLHVFD§DUEºIDORV
HRFHQWURGDUHJL£RGRV3LPDILFDDXPGLDGHYLDJHPDS©GRV+RSLHGRV
=X±L 2 IDWR SRUWDQWR GH HOHV WHUHP XPD FXOWXUD FRPSOH[D FRQWXGR PDLV
QD $P©ULFD GR 1RUWH WRUQD VXD VLWXD§£R LQFRQIXQG­YHO $ UHVLVWªQFLD TXH
PDQWHYH DIDVWDGRV GRV 3XHEOR WUD§RV FRPR R HVS­ULWR JXDUGL£R H D YLV£R R
[DP£ D WRUWXUD D RUJLD R XVR FXOWXUDO GH VXEVW¢QFLDV W³[LFDV DV LGHLDV GH
SHULJR P­VWLFR DVVRFLDGR DR VH[R D LQLFLDWLYD GR LQGLY­GXR H D DXWRULGDGH

SHVVRDOHPDVVXQWRVVRFLDLV©XPDUHVLVWªQFLDFXOWXUDOHQ£RRUHVXOWDGRGH
XPLVRODPHQWRGHFRUUHQWHGHIDWRVI­VLFRVGRDPELHQWH
$ FXOWXUD GRV ­QGLRV SXHEORV GR 6XGRHVWH © XPD HODERUD§£R FRPSOHWD
LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGDGRWHPDGDVREULHGDGHHGDPRGHUD§£RQRFRPSRUWDPHQWR
(VVH WHPD GRPLQDQWH QD YHUGDGH LPSHGLX R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GDTXHODV
VLWXD§µHV GLRQLV­DFDV W­SLFDV TXH D PDLRULD GDV WULERV QRUWHDPHULFDQDV
HODERUD D SDUWLU GH FDGD IDVH GD YLGD FXOWLYDQGR R DEDQGRQR H RV H[FHVVRV
HPRFLRQDLVHWUDQVIRUPDQGRRQDVFLPHQWRDDGROHVFªQFLDDPHQVWUXD§£RRV
PRUWRV R DWR GH PDWDU H TXDOTXHU GDV RXWUDV FULVHV GD YLGD HP RFDVLµHV
FDUUHJDGDV GH DPELYDOªQFLD FKHLDV GH SHULJR H IRU§D (VVD FXOWXUD UHFXVRX
LJXDOPHQWH WUD§RV GDV FXOWXUDV FLUFXQGDQWHV FRPR D DXWRWRUWXUD R XVR
FHULPRQLDOGHGURJDVHDYLV£RLQVSLUDGRUDMXQWDPHQWHFRPWRGDDDXWRULGDGH
XVXDOPHQWH GHULYDGD GR FRQWDWR SHVVRDO FRP R VREUHQDWXUDO LVWR © R
[DPDQLVPR(ODDERPLQDRVLPSXOVRVSHUWXUEDGRUHVGRLQGLY­GXRȈIDORQXPD
WDTXLJUDILDDQLP­VWLFDTXHUHQGRGL]HUTXHVXDSURSHQV£RFXOWXUDORSµHVHDRV
SRWHQFLDLVLPSXOVRVKXPDQRVSDUDWHUYLVµHVID]HUH[SHULªQFLDVFRPRSUD]HU
H H[WUDYDVDU VXD HQHUJLD HP H[FHVVRV GD FDUQH DFDEDQGR SRU UHGX]LORV DR
P­QLPR
(QWUH HVVHV LPSXOVRV SHUWXUEDGRUHV R HWKRV GRV 3XHEOR LQFOXL WDPE©P D
YRQWDGH GH SRGHU &RP D PHVPD ILUPH]D FRP TXH DJLX SDUD REOLWHUDU D
DXWRWRUWXUDHOHDJLXQRVHQWLGRGHDSDJDURLPSXOVRKXPDQRSDUDRH[HUF­FLR
GDDXWRULGDGH2KRPHPLGHDOGHVVDFXOWXUDHYLWDDDXWRULGDGHQRODURXQXP
FDUJRSºEOLFR2FDUJRDFDEDOKHVHQGRLPSRVWRPDVPHVPRHQW£RDFXOWXUD
M¡UHWLURXGDSRVL§£RTXHHOHGHYHRFXSDUTXDOTXHUFRLVDTXHVHDVVHPHOKHD
DXWRULGDGH SHVVRDO QR QRVVR VHQWLGR HOD FRQWLQXD D VHU XP FDUJR GH
FRQILDQ§D XP FHQWUR GH UHIHUªQFLD QR SODQHMDPHQWR GR SURJUDPD FRPXQDO
Q£RPXLWRPDLVTXHLVVR
$ VDQ§£R SDUD WRGRV RV DWRV GHFRUUH VHPSUH GD HVWUXWXUD IRUPDO Q£R GR
LQGLY­GXR (OH Q£R SRGH PDWDU D PHQRV TXH WHQKD R SRGHU GH HVFDOSDU RX
SODQHMHVHULQLFLDGRQHVVHSRGHU Ȉ LVWR© QDVRFLHGDGHJXHUUHLUDRUJDQL]DGD
1£R SRGH FXUDU V³ SRU VDEHU FRPR ID]ªOR QHP DGTXLUH VDQ§£R D SDUWLU GH
TXDOTXHU HQFRQWUR SHVVRDO FRP R VREUHQDWXUDO PDV SRUTXH SDJRX SDUD
DVFHQGHU DR SRVWR PDLV HOHYDGR QDV VRFLHGDGHV GH FXUD 0HVPR TXH VHMD R

VXPR VDFHUGRWH Q£R SODQWDU¡ XPD YDUD GH SUHFH H[FHWR QDV HVWD§µHV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH SUHVFULWDV VH R IL]HU VHU¡ DFXVDGR GH SUDWLFDU IHLWL§DULD
SRLV VHJXQGR GHPRQVWUDP DV KLVW³ULDV HP TXH HVVDV VLWXD§µHV RFRUUHP GH
IDWR © LVVR TXH HVW¡ ID]HQGR 3RUWDQWR R LQGLY­GXR GHYRWDVH  V IRUPDV
FRQVWLWX­GDVGHVXDVRFLHGDGH(OHSDUWLFLSDGHWRGDVDVDWLYLGDGHVGHFXOWRH
VHJXQGR VHXV UHFXUVRV DXPHQWDU¡ R QºPHUR GH P¡VFDUDV SRVVX­GDV SHORV
=X±LPDQGDQGRID]HUXPDSDUDVLȈRTXHHQYROYHMHMXPHXPDFRQVLGHU¡YHO
GHVSHVD (OH VH HQFDUUHJDU¡ GH SDWURFLQDU DV GDQ§DV NDFKLQD VHJXQGR R
FDOHQG¡ULRLU¡SURPRYªODVQDJUDQGHGDQ§DGHLQYHUQRFRQVWUXLQGRSDUDHODV
XPDQRYDFDVDHDVVXPLQGRDVGHVSHVDVGHVXDSDUWHGDFHULP´QLD0DVID]
WXGR QXP DQRQLPDWR SDUD R TXDO © GLI­FLO HQFRQWUDU SDUDOHOR HP RXWUDV
FXOWXUDV 1£R DV SURPRYH QD WHQWDWLYD GH DQJDULDU SUHVW­JLR 6RFLDOPHQWH R
ERPKRPHPQXQFDVHHOHYDDFLPDGHVHXSU³[LPRH[LELQGRDXWRULGDGH(OH
SµHWRGRV YRQWDGHȐIDODPXLWRȑQ£RG¡HQVHMRDRIHQVD1XQFD©YLROHQWR
QHPILFD PHUFªGHVXDVHPR§µHV
7RGR R LQWHUHVVH GD FXOWXUD HVW¡ YROWDGR SDUD IRUQHFHU D FDGD VLWXD§£R
FRQMXQWRVGHUHJUDVHSU¡WLFDVSRUPHLRGDVTXDLVVHVREUHYLYHVHPUHFRUUHU 
YLROªQFLDH SHUWXUED§£RDVSHFWRVGHTXHVXDFXOWXUDGHVFRQILD(PERUDID§D
GHODV R SULQFLSDO PRWLYR GH VXD UHOLJL£R DW© DV SU¡WLFDV GH IHUWLOLGDGH
DVVRFLDGDV W£R XQLYHUVDOPHQWH HP RXWUDV FXOWXUDV DR H[FHVVR H   RUJLD V£R
ULWRVQ£RHU³WLFRVEDVHDGRVHPDQDORJLDVHQDPDJLDFRPSDVVLYD
(VVDV FRQILJXUD§µHV GH FXOWXUD FRQVWUX­GDV HP WRUQR GH WUD§RV KXPDQRV
VHOHFLRQDGRV H WUDEDOKDQGR HP SURO GD REOLWHUD§£R GH RXWURV V£R GH
LPSRUW¢QFLD FDSLWDO SDUD D FRPSUHHQV£R GD FXOWXUD 7UD§RV REMHWLYDPHQWH
VHPHOKDQWHV H JHQHWLFDPHQWH DVVRFLDGRV SRGHP VHU XWLOL]DGRV HP GLIHUHQWHV
FRQILJXUD§µHVWDOYH]VHPPXGDQ§DVQRVGHWDOKHV2VIDWRVUHOHYDQWHVV£RR
FHQ¡ULR HPRFLRQDO FRQWUD R TXDO R DWR WHP OXJDU QDV GXDV FXOWXUDV
)RUPDUHPRVXPDLGHLDVREUHLVVRVHLPDJLQDUPRVDGDQ§DGDFREUDGRV­QGLRV
SXHEORVQRFHQ¡ULRGHQRVVDSU³SULDVRFLHGDGH
(QWUHRV­QGLRVSXHEORVRFLGHQWDLVSHORPHQRVTXDVHQ£RVHVHQWHUHSXOVD
SHODFREUD(OHVQ£RWªPQHQKXPHVWUHPHFLPHQWRILVLRO³JLFRDRWRTXHGHVHX
FRUSR QD FHULP´QLD Q£R H[SHULPHQWDP SURIXQGD DYHUV£R QHP KRUURU
4XDQGR Q³V QRV FRPSDUDPRV FRP HOHV QRV VLWXDPRV QR SROR

HPRFLRQDOPHQWH RSRVWR PHVPR TXH QRV DGDSWHPRV FRP PLQºFLD D VHX
SDGU£R GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR 3DUD HOHV GHSRLV GH UHPRYLGR R YHQHQR GDV
FDVFDY©LV WRGR R SURFHGLPHQWR © HTXLSDU¡YHO D XPD GDQ§D FRP ¡JXLDV RX
FRP JDWLQKRV (VVD © XPD H[SUHVV£R DSRO­QHD GH GDQ§D FRPSOHWDPHQWH
FDUDFWHU­VWLFD DR SDVVR TXH HQWUH Q³V FRP QRVVDV UHD§µHV HPRFLRQDLV   SRWHQFLDOPHQWHPDLVRXPHQRVDPHVPDYDULHGDGHGHWHPSHUDPHQWRVHGRQV
FREUD D GDQ§D Q£R © SRVV­YHO QHVVH Q­YHO 6HP PXGDU XP LWHP QR
FRPSRUWDPHQWR H[WHULRU GD GDQ§D VXD VLJQLILFD§£R HPRFLRQDO H VHX
IXQFLRQDPHQWRQDFXOWXUDV£RLQYHUWLGRV1R HQWDQWR FRPPXLWDIUHTXªQFLD
HP PRQRJUDILDV HWQRJU¡ILFDV Q£R WHPRV FRPR FRQKHFHU HVVH FHQ¡ULR
HPRFLRQDOQHPPHVPRQRVWUD§RVHPTXHHOHVHWRUQDGHLPSRUW¢QFLDE¡VLFD
FRPR SRU H[HPSOR QR VHQWLPHQWR HP UHOD§£R DR FDG¡YHU 3UHFLVDPRV GH
GDGRVPXLWRPDLVUHOHYDQWHVWRPDGRVHPSHVTXLVDGHFDPSRSDUDDYDOLDUR
SDQRUDPDHPRFLRQDO
Ȗ LQGLYLGXDLV VHMD HQFRQWUDGD HP TXDOTXHU JUXSR 0DV R JUXSR M¡ IH] VXD
$V FRQILJXUD§µHV FXOWXUDLV HVW£R SDUD D FRPSUHHQV£R GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR
JUXSDO DVVLP FRPR RV WLSRV GH SHUVRQDOLGDGH HVW£R SDUD D FRPSUHHQV£R GR
FRPSRUWDPHQWR LQGLYLGXDO 1R FDPSR SVLFRO³JLFR R FRPSRUWDPHQWR Q£R
UHFHEH PDLV D PHVPD LQWHUSUHWD§£R GLJDPRV SDUD R WLSR FLFORLGH H R WLSR
HVTXL]RLGH5HFRQKHFHVHTXHDRUJDQL]D§£RGDSHUVRQDOLGDGHWRWDO©GHFLVLYD
QDFRPSUHHQV£RRXPHVPRQDPHUDGHVFUL§£RGRFRPSRUWDPHQWRLQGLYLGXDO
6HLVVR©YHUGDGHQDSVLFRORJLDLQGLYLGXDOHPTXHDGLIHUHQFLD§£RLQGLYLGXDO
GHYHVHUVHPSUHOLPLWDGDSHODVIRUPDVFXOWXUDLVHSHODFXUWDGXUD§£RGHXPD
H[LVWªQFLD KXPDQD © DLQGD PDLV LPSHUDWLYR QD SVLFRORJLD VRFLDO HP TXH DV
OLPLWD§µHV GH WHPSR HGH FRQIRUPLGDGHV£RWUDQVFHQGLGDV ‰HYLGHQWHTXH R
JUDX GH LQWHJUD§£R SRVV­YHO GH DOFDQ§DU © LQFRPSDUDYHOPHQWH PDLRU GR TXH
MDPDLVSRGHVHUHQFRQWUDGRHPSVLFRORJLDLQGLYLGXDO$VFXOWXUDVGHVVHSRQWR
GH YLVWD V£R SURMH§µHV DPSOLDGDV GD SVLFRORJLD LQGLYLGXDO GRWDGDV GH
SURSRU§µHVJLJDQWHVFDVHGHXPDORQJDGXUD§£R
(VVD©XPD OHLWXUDGRFXOWXUDOD SDUWLU GD SVLFRORJLDLQGLYLGXDOPDV Q£R
HVW¡DEHUWD VREMH§µHVTXHVHPSUHGHYHPVHUIHLWDVFRQWUDYHUVµHVFRPRDV
GH)UD]HURX/©Y\%UXKO2SUREOHPDFRPDLQWHUSUHWD§£RGDVSUHUURJDWLYDV
GR PDULGR D SDUWLU GR FLºPH H GDV VRFLHGDGHV VHFUHWDV D SDUWLU GD
H[FOXVLYLGDGHGHJUXSRVGHLGDGHHVH[R©TXHHODLJQRUDRSRQWRFUXFLDOTXH

Q£R © D RFRUUªQFLD GR WUD§R PDV D HVFROKD VRFLDO TXH HOHJHX VXD
LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]D§£R QDTXHOD FXOWXUD$I³UPXOD© VHPSUHLPSRWHQWH GLDQWHGD
VLWXD§£R RSRVWD 1D LQWHUSUHWD§£R GH FRQILJXUD§µHV FXOWXUDLV R SRQWR FUXFLDO
GR SURFHVVR © D HVFROKD VHOHWLYD GD VRFLHGDGH ‰ SURY¡YHO TXH KDMD
LQGLYLGXDLVWRGDYLDGRSRQWRGHYLVWDGRLQGLY­GXRQROLPLDUGHVVDVRFLHGDGH
FDGDFXOWXUDM¡HVFROKHXDOJXQVGHVVHVWUD§RVSDUDWRUQ¡ORVVHXVHRXWURVSDUD
LJQRUDU2IDWRFHQWUDO©TXHDKLVW³ULDGHFDGDWUD§RSRGHVHUFRPSUHHQGLGD
H[DWDPHQWH HP WHUPRV GH VXD SDVVDJHP DWUDY©V GR EXUDFR GHVVD DJXOKD GH
DFHLWD§£RVRFLDO
,VVRHQYROYHRXWURDVSHFWRGRSUREOHPDGDVFRQILJXUD§µHVFXOWXUDLVTXH
GL]UHVSHLWRDRDMXVWDPHQWRGRLQGLY­GXR VXDVRFLHGDGH&RPRGLVVHPRV©
SURY¡YHO TXH PDLV RX PHQRV D PHVPD YDULHGDGH GH WHPSHUDPHQWRV
HVFROKD FXOWXUDO GDTXHOHV GRWHV H SHFXOLDULGDGHV KXPDQRV TXH XWLOL]DU¡ $
SDUWLUGHSHTXHQDVLQFOLQD§µHVQXPDGLUH§£RRXHPRXWUDHODVHFXUYRXWDQWR
HPGLUH§£RDDOJXPSRQWRGDEºVVRODTXHQHQKXPDPDQLSXOD§£RSRGHPXG¡
OD$PDLRULDGDVSHVVRDVQDVFLGDVQDTXHODFXOWXUDDVVXPLU¡VXDLQFOLQD§£RH
PXLWRSURYDYHOPHQWHDDFHQWXDU¡
6£R PDLV DIRUWXQDGRV DTXHOHV FXMDV GLVSRVL§µHV LQDWDV HVW£R GH DFRUGR
FRPDFXOWXUDHPTXHSRUDFDVRYªPDQDVFHUȈRVGHWHQGªQFLDVUHDOLVWDVTXH
QDVFHPHQWUHRV­QGLRVGDVSODQ­FLHVRFLGHQWDLVDTXHOHVSURSHQVRVDGHO­ULRV
GHUHIHUªQFLDTXHQDVFHPQDFRVWDQRURHVWHRVDSRO­QHRVTXHQDVFHPHQWUHRV
3XHEOR RV GLRQLV­DFRV TXH QDVFHP HQWUH RV ­QGLRV DPHULFDQRV TXH Q£R RV
3XHEORȖ
3RURXWURODGRRGHVDMXVWDGR©DSHVVRDFXMDGLVSRVL§£RQ£R©FDSLWDOL]DGD
SRUVXDFXOWXUD2GLRQLV­DFRTXHQDVFHXHQWUHRV3XHEORSUHFLVDVHUHHGXFDU
RXQ£RWHU¡YDORUDOJXPQDFXOWXUD$VVLPWDPE©PRDSRO­QHRQD&DOLI³UQLD
VHU¡ H[FOX­GR GH DWLYLGDGHV VRFLDLV QD PHGLGD HP TXH Q£R IRU FDSD] GH
DSUHQGHUDDGRWDURFRPSRUWDPHQWRLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRGRORFDOȖ
(VW¡ FODUR TXH Q£R © SRVV­YHO ID]HU QHQKXPD GHVFUL§£R JHQHUDOL]DGD GH
ȐRȑ GHVYLDQWH Ȉ HOH © R UHSUHVHQWDQWH GDTXHOH DUFR GH FDSDFLGDGHV KXPDQDV
Q£RFDSLWDOL]DGDVHPVXDFXOWXUD1DPHGLGDHPTXHVXDFLYLOL]D§£RVHODQ§RX

QXPD GLUH§£R TXH OKH © HVWUDQKD VHU¡ HOH TXH VRIUHU¡ $ FRPSUHHQV£R
LQWHOLJHQWH GD UHOD§£R GR LQGLY­GXR FRP VXD VRFLHGDGH HQYROYH VHPSUH
SRUWDQWR R HQWHQGLPHQWR GRV WLSRV GH PRWLYD§£R H GH FDSDFLGDGHV KXPDQDV
FDSLWDOL]DGRV HP VXD VRFLHGDGH H GD FRQJUXªQFLD RX LQFRQJUXªQFLD GHVWDV
FRP DTXHODV LQDWDV SDUD R LQGLY­GXR HP GLVFXVV£R RX UHVXOWDQWHV GR
FRQGLFLRQDPHQWR IDPLOLDU QRV SULPHLURV DQRV 6HPSUH VH SRGH VXSRU VHP
TXHVWLRQDPHQWR TXH D JUDQGH PDLRULD GH TXDOTXHU SRSXOD§£R VHU¡
FRPSOHWDPHQWH DVVLPLODGD DRV SDGUµHV GH VXD FXOWXUD Ȉ HOHV DSUHQGHU£R D
LQWHUSUHWDU D YLGD HP WHUPRV GH YLROªQFLD GH VREULHGDGH RX GH LQVXOWRV
FRQIRUPHRFDVR0DVDSHVVRDTXHQ£RVDEHRTXHID]HUHPVXDVRFLHGDGHD
SHVVRDQ£RDGHTXDGDQ£R©DOJXPWLSRDVHUHVSHFLILFDGRHGHVFULWRFRPEDVH
QXPD SVLFRORJLD DQRUPDO XQLYHUVDOPHQWH Y¡OLGD PDV UHSUHVHQWD R WLSR Q£R
FDSLWDOL]DGRQDVRFLHGDGHHPTXHQDVFHX
7XGR LVVR WHP XPD UHOD§£R GH H[WUHPD LPSRUW¢QFLD FRP D IRUPD§£R H R
IXQFLRQDPHQWR GH WUD§RV FXOWXUDLV (VWDPRV KDELWXDGRV GHPDLV D HVWXGDU D
UHOLJL£RGLJDPRVRXRVUHJLPHVGHSURSULHGDGHFRPRVHRIDWRIXQGDPHQWDO
DFHUFD GHOHV IRVVH XPD UHVSRVWD KXPDQD GHSHQGHQWH FRPR DVVRPEUR SRU
H[HPSOR RX ȐLQVWLQWR DTXLVLWLYRȑ GR TXDO HOHV GHULYDVVHP 2UD KRXYH
LQVWLWXL§µHV KXPDQDV TXH PRVWUDP GH IDWR HVVD FRUUHVSRQGªQFLD GLUHWD FRP
HPR§µHVKXPDQDVVLPSOHVȈSU¡WLFDVGHPRUWHTXHH[SUHVVDPSHVDUFRVWXPHV
GH DFDVDODPHQWR TXH H[SUHVVDP SUHIHUªQFLD VH[XDO SU¡WLFDV DJU­FRODV TXH
FRPH§DPHWHUPLQDPFRPRDEDVWHFLPHQWRGDWULER1RHQWDQWRPHVPROLVW¡
ODV GHVVD PDQHLUD GHL[D IRU§RVDPHQWH FODUR FRPR © GLI­FLO HQFRQWUDU WDLV
H[HPSORV
1DYHUGDGHDDJULFXOWXUDHDYLGDHFRQ´PLFDFRVWXPDPHVWDEHOHFHUSDUD
VL PHVPDV RXWURV ILQV TXH Q£R D VDWLVID§£R GD QHFHVVLGDGH GH DOLPHQWR R
FDVDPHQWR HP JHUDO H[SUHVVD RXWUDV FRLVDV GH PDQHLUD PDLV YLV­YHO TXH D
SUHIHUªQFLD VH[XDO H R OXWR Q£R HQIDWL]D FRP FODUH]D R SHVDU 4XDQWR PDLV
LQWLPDPHQWHFRQKHFHPRVRIXQFLRQDPHQWRLQWHUQRGHGLIHUHQWHVFXOWXUDVFRP
PDLV IDFLOLGDGH SRGHPRV YHU TXH D YDULDELOLGDGH TXDVH LQILQLWD HP TXDOTXHU
WUD§RFXOWXUDOVHHOHIRUREVHUYDGRHPYROWDGRJORERQ£R©XPPHURHFRGDV
PXGDQ§DV HP DOJXPD VLPSOHV UHVSRVWD KXPDQD VXEMDFHQWH (VWHYH HP D§£R
XPD IRU§D GLIHUHQWH H PDLRU TXH XVRX DV VLWXD§µHV UHFRUUHQWHV GH
DFDVDODPHQWRPRUWHDEDVWHFLPHQWRHDVGHPDLVTXDVHFRPRPDW©ULDSULPDH

DVHODERURXSDUDH[SUHVVDUVXDSU³SULDLQWHQ§£R3RGHPRVFKDPDUHVVDIRU§D
TXHFXUYDRFDVLµHVVHJXQGRVHXVSURS³VLWRVHDVPROGDDVHXSU³SULRLGLRPD
GHQWURGHVVDVRFLHGDGHGHVXDWHQGªQFLDGRPLQDQWH
$OJXPDV VRFLHGDGHV SXVHUDP WRGD HVVD PDW©ULDSULPD HP HYLGHQWH
KDUPRQLD FRP D WHQGªQFLD GRPLQDQWH DTXHODV D TXH QXPD EDVH D SULRUL
6DSLU FRQFHGHULD D GHQRPLQD§£R GH ȐFXOWXUDV JHQX­QDVȑ 0XLWDV Q£R R
IL]HUDP 6DSLU VXVWHQWD TXH XPD YHUGDGHLUD FRHUªQFLD LQWHUQD TXH H[FOXL
VLPXOD§µHV KLS³FULWDV © D PDUFD GD FXOWXUD JHQX­QD 3DUHFHPH TXH FXOWXUDV
SRGHP VHU FRQVWUX­GDV GH PDQHLUD V³OLGD H KDUPRQLRVD VREUH IDQWDVLDV
FRQVWUXWRVGHPHGRRXFRPSOH[RVGHLQIHULRULGDGHHVHFRPSUD]HUDW©ROLPLWH
HP KLSRFULVLD H VLPXOD§µHV $ SHVVRD TXH WHP XPD WHQGªQFLD LQH[WLUS¡YHO D
HQFDUDU RV IDWRV H D HYLWDU D KLSRFULVLD SRGH VHU R SURVFULWR GH XPD FXOWXUD
TXHQ£RREVWDQWH©VLP©WULFDHKDUPRQLRVDHPVHXVSU³SULRVWHUPRV2IDWR
GHXPDFRQILJXUD§£RVHUEHPGHILQLGDQ£RDWRUQDFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHKRQHVWD
‰QRHQWDQWRDUHDOLGDGHGHWDLVFRQILJXUD§µHVTXHHVW¡HPTXHVW£R1£R
PH SDUHFH TXH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVVDV FRQILJXUD§µHV HP GLIHUHQWHV
VRFLHGDGHVVHMDPDLVP­VWLFRRXGLI­FLOGHFRPSUHHQGHUGRTXHSRUH[HPSOR
R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP HVWLOR GH DUWH (P DPERV VH WLYHUPRV PDWHULDO
VXILFLHQWH SRGHUHPRV YHU D LQWHJUD§£R JUDGXDO GH HOHPHQWRV H D FUHVFHQWH
GRPLQD§£R GH XP SHTXHQR QºPHUR GH WHQGªQFLDV HVWLO­VWLFDV (P DPERV
WDPE©P VH WLY©VVHPRV PDWHULDO SRGHU­DPRV VHP GºYLGD WUD§DU D LQIOXªQFLD
GH LQGLY­GXRV WDOHQWRVRV TXH FXUYDUDP D FXOWXUD QD GLUH§£R GH VXDV SU³SULDV
FDSDFLGDGHV $ FRQILJXUD§£R GD FXOWXUD QR HQWDQWR VHPSUH WUDQVFHQGH RV
HOHPHQWRVLQGLYLGXDLVTXHSDUWLFLSDUDPGHVXDIHLWXUD$FRQILJXUD§£RFXOWXUDO
FRQVWU³LVH DR ORQJR GH JHUD§µHV GHVFDUWDQGR FRPR QHQKXP LQGLY­GXR
SRGHULD ID]ªOR RV WUD§RV TXH Q£R OKH V£R FRQYHQLHQWHV (OD WRPD SDUD VL
PRGRV ULWXDLV DUW­VWLFRV H GH DWLYD§£R GH H[SUHVV£R TXH VROLGLILFDP VXD
DWLWXGHHDH[SOLFLWDP
0XLWDVFXOWXUDVMDPDLVDOFDQ§DUDPHVVDKDUPRQLDFRPSOHWD+¡SRYRVTXH
SDUHFHP RVFLODU SDUD O¡ H SDUD F¡ HQWUH GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR
&RPR QRVVD SU³SULD FLYLOL]D§£R HOHV SRGHP WHU UHFHELGR XP QºPHUR
H[FHVVLYR GH LQIOXªQFLDV FRQWUDGLW³ULDV GH GLIHUHQWHV IRQWHV H[WHULRUHV H WHU
VLGRLQFDSD]HVGHUHGX]LODVDXPGHQRPLQDGRUFRPXP1RHQWDQWRRIDWRGH

FHUWRVSRYRVQ£RWHUHPIHLWRLVVRQ£RWRUQDGHVQHFHVV¡ULRHVWXGDUDFXOWXUDD
SDUWLUGHVVH¢QJXORWDQWRTXDQWRRIDWRGHDOJXPDVO­QJXDVRVFLODUHPSDUDO¡H
SDUDF¡HQWUHGLIHUHQWHVGLVSRVLWLYRVJUDPDWLFDLVIXQGDPHQWDLVQDIRUPD§£RGR
SOXUDORXQDGHVLJQD§£RGRVWHPSRVYHUEDLVQ£RWRUQDGHVQHFHVV¡ULRHVWXGDUDV
IRUPDVJUDPDWLFDLV
(VVDV WHQGªQFLDV GRPLQDQWHV V£R W£R FDUDFWHU­VWLFDV GH ¡UHDV LQGLYLGXDLV
TXDQWRDVIRUPDVGDVFDVDVRXDVUHJUDVTXHUHJXODPHQWDPDKHUDQ§D$LQGD
VRPRV SUHMXGLFDGRV GHPDLV SHOD IDOWD GH GHVFUL§µHV UHOHYDQWHV GH FXOWXUDV
SDUDVDEHUVHHVVDVGLVWULEXL§µHVGHWHQGªQFLDVV£RPXLWDVYH]HVFRH[WHQVLYDV
 GLVWULEXL§£RGDFXOWXUDPDWHULDORXVHHPDOJXPDVUHJLµHVK¡PXLWDVGHODV
SDUD XPD V³ ¡UHD GH FXOWXUD GHILQLGD D SDUWLU GH WUD§RV PDLV REMHWLYRV
'HVFUL§µHVGHFXOWXUDGHVVHSRQWRGHYLVWDGHYHPLQFOXLUJUDQGHSDUFHODTXH
WUDEDOKRV GH FDPSR PDLV DQWLJRV LJQRUDUDP 6HP R WUDEDOKR GH FDPSR
SHUWLQHQWHWRGDVDVQRVVDVSURSRVL§µHVV£RSXUDIDQWDVLD

48(67•(6(7(0$63$5$',6&866ƒ2
 &RPHQWHDDILUPD§£RGH%HQHGLFWGHTXHGLIHUHQWHVFXOWXUDVSRGHPVHUDVVRFLDGDV
DWLSRVSVLFRO³JLFRVGLYHUVRV
 'LVFXWDDYLV£RGDDXWRUDVREUHRVLQGLY­GXRVȒGHVYLDQWHVȓRXȒGHVDMXVWDGRVȓ

/(,785$668*(5,'$6

%HQHGLFW5XWK3DGUµHVGHFXOWXUD3HWU³SROLV9R]HV
0HDG0DUJDUHW6H[RHWHPSHUDPHQWR6£R3DXOR3HUVSHFWLYDkHG
BBBB 5XWK %HQHGLFW H (GZDUG 6DSLU &XOWXUD H SHUVRQDOLGDGH 2UJDQL]D§£R GH &HOVR
&DVWUR5LRGH-DQHLUR=DKDU

D(PDOHP£RQRRULJLQDOVLJQLILFDȒPRWLYRVFRQGXWRUHVȓ12

(GZDUG6DSLUȒ&XOWXUHJHQXLQHDQGVSXULRXVȓ$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI6RFLRORJ\QS
  'LVSRQ­YHO HP SRUWXJXªV HP KWWSUHYLVWDSSJVDLIFVXIUMEUZS
FRQWHQWXSORDGVDQRYQBDUWLJRBHGZDUGVDSLUSGI