STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS

Arrangement of particles the components of solids can be arranged in two general ways:
they can form a regular repeating three-dimensional structure called a CRYSTAL
LATTICE, thus producing a crystalline solid, or they can be aggregate with no particular
long-range order, and form an amorphous solid (from the Greek word ámorphos,
meaning “shapeless”).

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS - are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or lattices.

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS - have a random orientation of particles.
LONG-RANGE ORDER - The repetition of structural units of the
substance over long atomic distances
CRYSTAL LATTICES - The structures of crystalline solids are built from repeating
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS - soften gradually when they are heated. They tend to melt over
a wide range of temperature.
DIAMOND - is a crystalline solid. It is the most expensive stone and the hardest mineral
known to man.

KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF

LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

SOLID - has an ordered and dense molecule but has fixed shape and volume. It is slightly
compressible because of the presence of strong intermolecular forces.

 definite shape
 definite volume
 definite melting point
 high density
 incompressible
 low rate of diffusion
FLUID - loosely packed molecules. They vibrate vigorously that the attraction cannot
hold them in a fixed position. Hence, liquids are almost incompressible, have fixed
volume but no fixed shape, it readily flows, and have boiling point above room
temperature.
 TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

ION –DIPOLE FORCES

 exists between an ion and the partial charge on the end of a polar molecule
 polar molecules are dipoles (positive ions are attracted to the negative end of the
dipole, negative ions are attracted to the positive end)
 magnitude of attraction increases as either the charge of ion or magnitude of
dipole moment increases
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
 exists between neutral polar molecules
 polar molecules attract each other when the positive end of one molecule is near
the negative end of another
 effective only when polar molecules are very close together, and they are generally
weaker than ion-dipole forces.
 the partial negative side of one molecule is attracted to the partial positive side of
another molecule.
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
 resulting from temporary dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar
molecules
 forces are present between all types of molecules due to the movement of
electrons
 electrons move around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes momentary
charge separation
 slightly positive sides of a molecule are attracted to the slightly negative sides of
the adjacent molecule.
 extent to which a dipole moment can be induced in a molecule is called its
HYDROGEN BONDING
 a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that exists between the hydrogen atom
in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an electronegative O, N, or F
atom.
 when the partially positive H of one molecule is attracted to the partially negative
lone pair on the N, O, or F of another molecule, a hydrogen bond (H - bond)
forms. Thus, the atom sequence of an H bond (dotted line) is A B H, where A and
B are N, O, or F