TheIntegumentarySystem Structure andFunction Ex 7

TheIntegumentarySystem includes Function

hair provides protective barrier cutaneous
skin containssensoryreceptors
nails aids in vitamin D production
sweat and sebaceousglands helpsregulatebody temperature
muscleand nervous tissue plays minor role in excretion andabsorption

The skin is also known as the

integument or cutaneous membrane

A MajorDivisions of the skin

Theskinhas 2majordivisions TheHypodermis or Subcutaneous layer not a
Epidermis the outerlayer of skin partof theintegumentarysystem is locatedbelow
composed of epithelial tissue the skin It is a majorstorage site for
Dermis theconnective tissue layer adipose tissue
that is firmlyattachedto theepidermis
by a basementmembrane provides
theavascular epidermis withnutrients
andconnectstheepidermisto the underlying
hypodermis

1 EPIDERMIS
Theepidermis is keritinizedstratifiedsa.ua usepitheium
4Typesof cellsfound in theEpidermis
1 Keratinocytes comprise90 ofthecellsofthe epidermisandproducekeratin atoughfibrousproteinthat
protects theskin anddeepertissuesfromchemicals microbes andheat Alsoproducegranulesthatsecrete a lipidrich
productthathelps waterprooftheskin
2 Melanoc ytes comprise8 oftheepidermalcellsandproduce secrete the pigmentmelanin
3 teasels immunesystemcellsthat attackpathogensthatenterthe skin
4 Merre ies leastabundantcelltype onlyfound in thedeepestlayeroftheepidermis Function astouchrece ptors
andare associated withsensoryneurons

Layersof theEpidermisfromdeepestto most superficial

Deep stratumBasale singlerowofcells melanocytes Langerhans andMerkelcells
Stratumspinosum f 10 rows of cells mainlykeratinocytes thecellshave thorn projections inmispayer
stratumgranulosum 3 5layersofflattenedkeratinocytesbeginningtodie Nodividingcellsarepresentthemoresup
stratum lucidum 3 5layersof flat deadkeratinocytes
stratumcorneum outermostlayer thick 25 30rows of deadsquamousshapedkeratinocytes Layer is
superficial
tough waterrepellent cellscontinuallySloughoff and are replaced
As newcellsform theoldercells arepushed to thesurface and undergo a process called Keritinization
whichproducestough deadcells in the superficiallayer

o Thick Skin vs Thin Skin

W W
palmsofhands soles of coversthe rest of the
body
feet Has all 5 strata doesnot have a visible stratum lucidum
thinner corneum
 2 DERMIS Highly Vascularized
consistsof 2regions
1 PapillaryRegion thinlayer of areolarconnectivetissuethat is deep to the
stratumbasaleof the epidermis andthebasement membrane
Dermalpapillae fingerlikeprojectionsextendingintoepidermis
cause Epidgeruridg.sc thatincreaseSA friction andgrip
fingerprints
2 Reticularlayer thedeeper thickerregionof thedermis Mainlycomposed of denseirregular
connectivetissuewhosecollagenfibersprovideskinstregnthandelasticfibersprovide
elasticity
someadiposetissue is foundhere in reticular layer
nutrientsdiffusefromdermistoepidermis
hasnerves lymphatic vessels

Epidermallayers in thickSkin

B AccessoryStructures of the skin

hair All are
hairfollicles derived
nails fromepidermal
D
III IsangYanas in me
dermis
ceruminousglands
mammaryglands

1 Sudoriferous And Sebaceous Glands

SudoriferousGlands sweatglands secrete a waterysubstancethat isimportant in excretionandbodytemperature
regulation
2Typesofsudoriferousglands
A 1 Eccrineglands mostcommon ductsfromeccrineglandssecretesweatonepithelialsurface
2 Appocrineglands foundonlyin axilla genitalarea pigmentedareaaroundnipples areolae produce a secretionsimilar
to sweatbutmoreviscous depositedondistalendofhairroot odorlessunlessbrokendownby
bacteria
modifiedsudoriferousglands
mammaryglands found in breasts synthesize 1 secretemilkafterhormonalstimulation
ceruminous glands secretecerumen earwax in ear canal
Sebaceousglands oilglands depositsebum oilysubstancethatlubricatestheskin hair
2 Hair and Hair Follicles HairShaft
shaft
2 mainsections ofhair
roof
hair Gonicle surrounds root Hairroot
sebaceousGland
hair bulb containspapillaof the hair matrix Arrectorpilimuscle

papilla containsbloodvessels Hairfollicle

HairBulb
formsnew hair oeus Eccrinesweatgrand
matrix papillaof hair
Apocrinesweatgland
connectivetissue sheath surroundshair toclick

arrector pili musclewar contracts putshairat 900 angle

ter keratinized
ayer cuticle layer of harr weseedead
flattened
cells
ofhair cortex and medulla
 Mdd ay ay

SebaceousGland 3 Nails
Hairfollicle foundondistalendsofdigits assist in grabbing manipulate
Hairroot objects protectdigits
nailbody
HairBulb freeedge
Papillaof hair root
Ian via
cuticle
eponychium
hyponychium
nail matrix
ponychium body
matrix
g.pro go nail
edge
Free
edge
Free
mailbody Hyponychium
ianuia
eponyenium
I

4 Fingerprints
Dactyloscopy usingfingerprints to
identify someone
Types of fingerprints loops whorls arches
Figerprintsdevelop from dermalpapillae
that form epidermalridges in the
3rd 4thmonth of fetal development
Bone Structure and Function Ex 8
Bones areorganscomposed of a complexarrangement of severaltissues
compact andspongyosseoustissues cartilage adiposetissue blood cells and connectivetissue
membranes
bonescontainbloodvessels and nerves
Articular
A Classification Of Bones shape
carriage
proximal
1 Long longer than wide epiphysis
bone
spongy
2 Short almostequallegnona width proximal
metapnysis seal
Epiphy
3 Flat relatively flat maybecurved Line
4 Irregular don'teasilyfit into a category
5 Seasmoid smartbones that develop intendons patella
cor protectionagainstwearytear
compactbone

Endosteum
B GrossFeaturesOf LongBone
NutrientArrery
Epiphyses enlargedproximala distalendsofbones
Diaphysis middle shaft Diaphysis
medullary
cavity
Metaphysis areawhereepiphyses x diaphyses join
Epiphysealplate hylinecarriagelayer getsreplacedbybone Periosteum
Epiphyseal line becomesossifiedwhenbone
stopsgrowing
Articularcartilage composedofnycinecarriage1coversbothepiphyses
periosteum coversentirebone toughCT membrane
medullarycavity containssmart ant ofspongybone
endosteum linesmedullarycavity
osteoblasts Forboneformation repair remodeling distal
contained in endosteum periosteum metapnysis
osteoclasts
Yellow marrow tatty substance distal
epiphysis
Red marrow foundWcin countiesofspongybone produceRedB cells
nutrient artery largearterynear middleofdiaphysis
Nutrient Foramen foramenouroughwhichnutrientarteryenters

C Microscopic structure of Compactand Spongy Bone Tissue

compactbone is composed of repeating units of Osteons with each a
central canal running longitudinally
having

Central Canal runslongitudinally containsbloodvessels lymphaticvessels nerves

periosteum
perforating Volkmann canals runhorizontally
concentric lamellae looklitre treetrunw
lacunae foundwithin canaliculi
canaliculi smallchannel allowingnutrients to die
Cuse
Osteocytes maturebonecells
Intersitial lamellae fill spaces b w osreous
Spongy cancellous or trabecular bone
Trabeculae
lamellae
lacunae
Octeocytes
 concentric canaliculus
lamellae
vessels
Blood Lacuna
e
acuna
octeocyte
Lamellae
Trabecula yes
oesgoonnod
0

periosteum

central
canal
pereorating
SPELL bone
compact canal trabecule

concentric
lamella
lacuna
Proximal Central
Canal
Epiphysis
SpongyBone

Metaphysics Canaliculi A

Compactbone
Medullarycavity

octeocyte

trabecula

D Role of collagen and Mineral salts in OsseousTissue

osseoustissueproperties are determined by its extracellular matrix whichcontains
254 water
25 collagenfibers providestregth flexibility
50 mineral salts givethebonehardness
mainlyof calciumphosphate calciumcarbonatesalts
consists
 Axial Skeleton Ex 9
composed of 80 bonesalongthe verticalline of the body support andprotectorgans of the
head neck and torso

The Skull Includes

Skull
Hyoid bone
vertebralcolumn
ThoraciccageCribca
Ear ossicles bones

Frontalbone
bone
parietal sphenoidbone
coronaesurure
Ethmoidbone
squamoussuture bone
lacrimal
bone
temporal Nasalbone
lambdoid
suture
Zygomatic b0
Maxilla
occipitalbone
mandible

Frontal bone
coronal suture

parietal bone

Sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
occipital bone
 maxilla Zygomatic bone
palantine bone
Vomer
Sphenoidbone
amenovale I occipitalcondyle
temporal bone
occipital bone
 crisragani
aeactoryeoramina

plate
cribriform
wing
Lesser ofsphenoid
opticeoramen
Greaterwingoespnenoid
senator.ca
Foramenare
Foramenrotondum
Forameniacerum
Internal
auditory
means
ouguar
foramen
Foramen
magnum

piai
perpendiculareoeemm.io
septalcartilage
vomer
 verranrae curve
Vertebrae
cervical 7
Thoracic 12
lumbar 5
Sacral Ct
coccygeal i

Parts of atypical vertebrae

AEEA.sk
thoracic Vertebrae
transverse
iEewace
s.se transverse EEEI.ir
process superior.gr
transverse
Foramen superior
aemira
cc
axis
spirnEesss
unina

pens
superior
c superior
vertebra
cervical aemie
Bifurcated face
articular
spinous parrostooerae enee.io
process rib demie
spinoffess
Boos pea.ae
transverse
process

Lumbarvertebrae
uw
snaagetsrnoaase s.eu

process

seo
prr.ae
Interior
pedicle www ae
foramen
a aar
vertebrae
Boa
wraosis
scoliosis hypnosis

Intervertebral dishes
intervertebral
eramen nauseous
gme
vertebrae sacruaia
sacraecanae
super.raoricaareaeet
LeftRib
b
bison Herniation Base ricoarsureace
www.spuposussaorae.romom.org
aging s
annuuseinrosos soprasjenform
manorsmen
sacrainiaous
coccyx wine
race
carriouar arn
a e.a.ae
eggee Haag

True Ribs vertebrosternatribs I 7

False Ribs 8 12
11 and 12
 g
sternalendisflatandthe

Appendicular Skeleton
curvegoesdownmenup
Ex 10 Theacromiaeend
shouldpoin
down

Pectoralgirdles Acromial
end sternal
upperlimbs
pelvicgirdle
lower limbs

Acrom
A ThePectoral Girdle proc
spines
glenoid
Ineraspinous
process

Right scapula

B The upper limb

Humerus
Ulna
Radius
carpals
metacarpals
phlanges

Right Humerus

ULNA
ulna
pinky
thumb radius
 The Hand

Right Hand and wrist

carpals
metacarpals

proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal Phalanx

C Pelvic Girdle
2 Hip Bones coxae called the Ossa coxa
Formed by fusion of
I Ilium
IS Chi UM
pubis
male pelvis
heart shape in let
more narrow

Female Pe is
more space in true
peeves
Oval pelvic inlet

The Pelvic Girdle articulates w axial skeleton at the

 Sac O 1 AC jO n l S
Right Os coxa

D Lower Limb
Femur
patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
phalanges
 Right Femur
MHeadottemur
oatonetartef
near
us namer

Lateral
epicondyle
medial

conure
caterae
media

Right Tibia and Fibula

Right foot