‫إجراءات السالمة في حاالت الزالزل‬

‫‪Safety procedure for earthquake‬‬

‫اإلجراءات الوقائية الواجب إتباعها (قبل ـ وأثناء ـ وبعد) حدوث الزالزل‬

‫مقدمة‪:‬‬
‫تعتبر الزالزل أحد المخاطر الطبيعية التي تهدد حياة السكان وممتلكاتهم وسير الحياة اليومية لديهم وبالدنا رعاها هللا تعتبر من‬
‫البلدان األقل احتمالية للتعرض للزالزل الشديدة لكنها ليست بمنأى عن ذلك حيث أننا جزء من هذا العالم‪.‬‬

‫ولتوفير أفضل سبل السالمة واألمان يجب اتباع ما يلي‪:‬‬

‫أوالً‪ :‬قبل حدوث الزالزل‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬االستعداد النفسي‪:‬‬

‫تؤكد كثير من الدراسات والتقارير والتجارب في مختلف أنحاء العالم إن الرعب وعدم التصرف السليم من قبل الناس عند حدوث‬
‫الهزة األرضية يؤدي إلى الزيادة في إعداد الخسائر على عكس ذلك عندما يكون هناك إعداد نفسي مسبق وتهيئة للحذر من أخطار‬
‫الهزة األرضية وذلك يكون بإبالغ الناس بالتعليمات الهامة المتبعة أثناء الهزة وبعدها والتثقيف لهم بنشر المعلومات عن أخطار‬
‫الزالزل وما يجب أن يتخذوه من احتياطات‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬التعرف المسبق على مصدر الخطر الزلزالي ومعالجته‪:‬‬

‫أن مصدر الخطر الزلزالي على الشخص يكمن في سقوط األجسام علية أو األنقاض وليس في الهزة األرضية بحد ذاتها فلو كان‬
‫اإلنسان في منطقة فضاء فلن يكون عرضة لإلصابة إذا فمن المهم تثبيت األجسام التي تكون عرضة للسقوط أثناء الزلزال وينصح‬
‫مشاركة أفراد العائلة في تحديد األشياء التي البد من تثبيتها ووضعها في األماكن األقل خطورة ونذكر على سبيل المثال‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬تثبيت الخزائن الكبيرة التي تكون عرضة للسقوط أثناء الزلزال والمكتبات واألرفف في المطابخ والمحالت التجارية أيضا‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬سخانات المياه وما يشابهها في الخطورة حيث أنها تكون مصدر خطر كبير إذا تعرضت للسقوط‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬سقوط حائط السطح أثناء الزلزال يشكل في الغالب مصدر خطورة كبيرة سواء للمارة أو لسكان المنزل أثناء هروبهم لذلك البد من‬
‫استشارة المهندس المختص عن األسلوب االمثل إلنشاء وتثبيت حائط السطح ليكون مقاوما للحركة األفقية‪.‬‬

‫‪Page 1|8‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬األسقف المستعارة يجب تثبيتها جيدا ً في األسقف األساسية بواسطة أسالك حديدية‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬النوافذ واألبواب الكبيرة الزجاجية تشكل خطرا ً كبيرا والبد من استبدال الزجاج بزجاج مدعم بأسالك حديدية‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬السوائل الخطرة القابلة لالشتعال أو الحارقة يجب أن تحفظ في أماكن خاصة وتكون جيدة التثبيت في األرفف التي توضع بها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬العمل على تثبيت جميع األشياء التي تكون عرضة للحركة أثناء الهزة األرضية في جميع أرجاء المنزل وفي أماكن العمل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬تجنب البناء على األماكن التي تكون عرضة لالنزالقات األرضية أو لتساقط الصخور من قمم الجبال أثناء حدوث الزالزل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬تصميم المنزل ليكون مقاوما ً للزالزل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬تحسين الكفاءة الزلزالية للمبنى وذلك عن طريق استشارة مكتب هندسي أثناء البناء للظهور بكفاءة جيدة للمنزل‪.‬‬

‫ثانياً‪ :‬أثناء حدوث الزالزل‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬إذا كنت في داخل المنزل ولم تستطيع الهروب خارج المنزل الزم الهدوء واحتمي بالجلوس تحت إطارات األبواب اذا كانت‬
‫اسمنتية وقوية وحاول إطفاء مصادر النار مثل الموقد وغيرها إذا كنت قريبا منها حتى ال تسبب حريقا ‪ ،‬وكذلك تجنب إشعال أي‬
‫نار أو شعلة ألنه قد يكون هناك تسرب غاز قد يتسبب بحريق ‪.‬‬

‫اهتم دائما ً باألطفال وطمئنهم سواء كنت في المنزل او في أي مكان آخر‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬إذا كنت خارج المنزل حاول االبتعاد عن المباني واذهب في اتجاه األماكن الخالية مثل الحدائق والساحات‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬إذا كن تقود سيارتك فحاول الوقوف بأسرع وقت ممكن مع تجنب المرور من خالل األنفاق أو تحت الجسور أو فوقها‪.‬‬

‫تجنب استخدام المصاعد ألنها قد تكون عرضة للعطل والسقوط أثناء الزالزل‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬

‫ثالثاً‪ :‬بعد حدوث الزالزل‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬إذا الحظت أن منزلك في حالة إنشائية سيئة وقد ينهار ‪،‬حاول الهروب منه بحذر شديد وتجنب سقوط حائط السقف عليك أثناء‬
‫هروبك‪.‬‬

‫‪Page 2|8‬‬
 ‫كن مستعدا نفسيا للهزات األرضية الالحقة وال تستغرب حدوثها‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬تأكد من صالحية الوصالت الكهربائية وتوصيالت الغاز قبل أن تقوم باستعمال أي نوع من النار في المنزل‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬تذكر إن الهزات الالحقة قد تسبب سقوط أجزاء من المباني المتأثرة بالهزة الرئيسية‪ ،‬لذلك احرص على إزالة األنقاض واألجزاء‬
‫اآليلة للسقوط بسبب الهزات الالحقة وتجنب المرور أمام مثل هذه األنقاض‪.‬‬

‫‪Page 3|8‬‬
 Earthquakes Guide

NOTE:

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) requires employers to comply with hazard-specific
safety and health standards. In addition, pursuant to Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, employers must
provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or
serious physical harm. Emergency Preparedness Guides do not and cannot enlarge or diminish an
employer's obligations under the OSH Act.

Emergency Preparedness Guides are based on presently available information, as well as current
occupational safety and health provisions and standards. The procedures and practices discussed in
Emergency Preparedness Guides may need to be modified when additional, relevant information
becomes available or when OSH Act standards are promulgated or modified.

General Information

What is an earthquake?

An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the ground caused by the breaking and shifting of rock
beneath the Earth's surface. This shaking can cause buildings and bridges to collapse; disrupt gas,
electric, and phone service; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and
huge, destructive ocean waves (tsunamis). Buildings with foundations resting on unconsolidated
landfill, old waterways, or other unstable soil are most at risk. Buildings or trailers and manufactured
tes not tied to a reinforced foundation anchored to the ground are also at risk since they can be
shaken off their mountings during an earthquake. Earthquakes can occur at any time of the year.

What hazards are associated with earthquakes?

When an earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause deaths and injuries and extensive
property damage. Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or
injury. Most earthquake-related injuries result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects
as a result of the ground shaking, or people trying to move more than a few feet during the shaking.
Much of the damage in earthquakes is predictable and preventable.

What are aftershocks?

Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that follow the main shock and can cause further damage to
weakened buildings. After-shocks can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even months after the
quake. Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks, and a larger earthquake might
occur.

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What can I do to prepare before an earthquake occurs?

Pick "safe places". A safe place could be under a sturdy table or desk or against an interior wall away
from windows and bookcases, or tall furniture that could fall on you. The shorter the distance to
move to safety, the less likely you will be injured. Injury statistics show that people moving as little as
10 feet during an earthquake's shaking are most likely to be injured.

Practice drops, cover, and hold-on in each safe place. Drop under. Protect your eyes by keeping your
head down. Practice these actions so that they become an automatic response.

Practice drops, cover, and hold-on at least twice a year. Frequent practice will help reinforce safe
behavior. When an earthquake or other disaster occurs, many people hesitate, trying to remember
what they are supposed to do. Responding quickly and automatically may help protect you from
injury.

Wait in your safe place until the shaking stops, then check to see if you are hurt. You will be better
able to help others if you take care of yourself first, then check the people around you. Move
carefully and watch out for things that have fallen or broken, creating hazards. Be ready for
aftershocks.

Be on the lookout for fires. Fire is the most common earthquake-related hazard, due to broken gas
lines, damaged electrical lines or appliances, and previously contained fires or sparks being released.

If you must leave a building after the shaking stops, use the stairs, not the elevator. Earthquakes can
cause fire alarms and fire sprinklers to go off. You will not be certain whether there is a real threat of
fire. As a precaution, use the stairs.

If you're outside in an earthquake, stay outside. Move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and
power lines. Crouch down and cover your head. Many injuries occur within 10 feet of the entrance to
buildings. Bricks, roofing, and other materials can fall from buildings, injuring persons nearby. Trees,
streetlights, and power lines may also fall, causing damage or injury.

Inform workers of the plan. Everyone in your workplace should know what to do if an earthquake
occurs.

Get training. Take a first aid class from your local Red Cross chapter. Get training on how to use a fire
extinguisher. Keep your training current. Training will help you to keep calm and know what to do
when an earthquake occurs.

Discuss earthquakes with workers. Everyone should know what to do. Discussing earthquakes ahead
of time helps reduce fear and anxiety and lets everyone know how to respond.

Participate in the Great Shake Out Earthquake Drills conducted the third Thursday of every year in
October.

Emergency Responders

Collapsed structures are a common result of earthquakes. Rescue workers and emergency
responders may have to enter collapsed structures to perform search and rescue activities, and it is
vital that they perform their duties safely.

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What is a collapsed structure?

When internal load bearing structural elements fail, a building will collapse into itself and exterior
walls are pulled into the falling structure. This scenario may be caused by construction activity, an
earthquake or fire and may result in a dense debris field with a small footprint. Alternatively, if the
structural failure is caused by an explosion or natural forces such as weather, the building may
collapse in an outward direction resulting in a less dense and scattered debris field.

Rescue workers looking through debris - Copyright: OSHA

Who enters a collapsed structure?

Following a catastrophic failure of a structure, rescue workers and emergency responders may be
required to enter the collapsed structure. Emergency responders include firefighters, police,
emergency medical technicians, construction workers and government representatives. Emergency
responders may be responsible for assisting survivors, extinguishing fires, shutting off utilities,
assessing structural instabilities, shoring-up safe paths into the structure and assessment of other
hazards such as airborne contaminants. Rescue workers such as Urban Search and Rescue Teams
focus on finding survivors and later removing victims from collapsed structures.

Organizing Rescue Workers and Emergency Responders

What is the organizational structure for the response to these events?

Although these catastrophic events may initially be quite chaotic, eventually site management will be
under a unified command such as the recognized Incident Command Structure. Local responders and
rescuers will obviously respond first with the State requesting Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) assistance if warranted.

A trained Structures Specialist from Urban Search and Rescue will be responsible for:

Evaluating the immediate structural condition of the area to be entered during rescue operations.

Determining the appropriate type and amount of structural hazard mitigation in order to minimize
risks on site to rescue personnel.

What safety and health resources are available during a collapsed structure response?

Once the Incident Command System is established at a collapsed structure, the Incident Commander
maintains accountability for all response personnel at the scene. A Safety Officer may also be
mobilized and report directly to the Incident Commander. The Safety Officer is responsible for
monitoring and assessing the safety aspects of the responders during the collapsed structure event.

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The Safety Officer's responsibilities may include:

Overseeing all safety and health aspects of response personnel

Assuring that optimal safety and injury prevention is practiced

Investigating and documenting all response team injuries and illnesses

Preparing and maintaining entry permits

Ensuring that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is used

Developing and implementing daily health and safety plans which address (1) sanitation, (2) hygiene,
(3) PPE, (4) Decontamination, (5) work/rest cycles, (6) acute medical care, etc.

Interviewing off-going shifts to assess developing hazards

Assessing risk for the identified hazards; and

Training in hazard awareness and use of PPE

Assessing structural instabilities

What hazards may be encountered when entering a collapsed structure?

The following hazards should be considered in order to protect rescue workers and emergency
responders when preparing to enter a collapsed structure:

Rescue workers and emergency responders - Copyright: OSHA

Water system breaks that may flood basement areas

Exposure to pathogens from sanitary sewer system breaks

Exposed and energized electrical wiring

Exposure to airborne smoke and dust (asbestos, silica, etc.)

Exposure to bloodborne pathogens

Exposure to hazardous materials (ammonia, battery acid, leaking fuel, etc.)

Natural gas leaks creating flammable and toxic environment

Structural instability

Insufficient oxygen

Confined spaces

Slip, trip or fall hazards from holes, protruding rebar, etc

Being struck by a falling object

Fire
Page 7|8
Proximity to heavy machinery such as cranes

Sharp objects such as glass and debris

Secondary collapse from aftershock, vibration and explosions

Unfamiliar surroundings

Adverse weather conditions

Noise from equipment (generators/heavy machines)

Additional Federal Resources

Additional Federal Resources

▪ Disaster Information Management Research Center - Health Resources for Haiti, Post-
Earthquake. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
▪ Earthquakes. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Worker Education and
Training Program.
▪ Emergency Response Resources - Disaster Site Management. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Workplace Safety and Health Topic.
▪ Earthquakes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
▪ Emergency Response Resources - Emergency Responders. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Workplace Safety and Health Topic.
▪ Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters due to Structural Collapse. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) DHHS NIOSH Publication No. 99-
110, NIOSH Alert (August 1999).

Source of information’s

Earthquakes Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov)

https://www.osha.gov/emergency-
preparedness/guides/earthquakes#:~:text=If%20you're%20outside%20in,of%20the%20entrance%20
to%20buildings

other sources

UK regulations

https://www.ukoog.org.uk/regulation/seismicity

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