MOVEMENTOFMATERI

ALSI
NANDOUTOFTHECELL

Substancesl i
kenut
ri
entsandexcr
eti
onsmoveinandoutofthecel
lby
:
Diff
usion
Osmosi s
Activetransport
Phagocy tosi
s
Pinocytosis
Mov ementofsubstancesdependsontheper
meabil
i
tyofthecel
lmembraneorcel
lwal
l
.

DIFFUSION
Thisi sthemov ementofmol ecul
esofgasesandl iquidsf rom aregionofhi ghconcentrat
iont oa
regionofl ow concentrati
on.Diff
usionoccursbecausesmal lmolecul
esar einconstantr andom
mot ion.Moleculesofgasesandl iquidsbyrandom mot iont endtodistributethemselvesev enly
,
throughoutt heavai
lablespace,unlikeinsoli
dswher emol eculesarecloselypackedt ogetherand
hav e no freedom ofmov ement.Dif f
usi
on onlyt akes pl ace wheret hereis a differ
ence i n
concent r
ati
on i.e.wher ethereis a concentrati
on gr adientand continues untilt
herei s ev en
distri
buti
onofmol ecules.

EXPERI
MENTTODEMONSTRATEDI
FFUSI
ONI
NGASES
Apparatus
Wetredl i
tmuspaper ,
cot
tonwool ,
gl
asst ube,
ammoni um sol
ution,
gl
assr od
Method
Somest ri
psofwetr edl i
tmuspapersarestuckont hewall
sofaglasst
ubeasindi
cat
edbelow.
Theglasstubeiscor kedasoneendandapi eceofcottonwooli
ssoakedinammonium sol
uti
onand
i
sintr
oducedatt heot herendwhichisalsoplugged.

Procedure
Squaresofwetr edl
it
muspaperwer epushedwi thagl assrodorwirei
ntoawideglasst
ubesot hat
theysti
cktothesideandareevenlyspacedout.Theglasst ubei
scorkedatoneendtheotherendis
closedwithacorkcar
ryi
ngaplugofcot t
onwool ,soakedinammoni a
Observati
on
The alkal
ine ammonia gas,di
ffused along t
he glass tube,tur
ning t
he l
it
mus paper
s blue in
successi
onfrom 1t
o5,showingthattheammoniagaswasdif
fusi
ngf
rom oneendt
otheot
her
.
NB:Iftheexper
imenti
srepeatedusingmoredi
lutesol
uti
onofammonia,
therat
eofdi
ff
usi
onwoul
d
beseent obesl
ower.

EXPERIMENTTODEMOSTRATEDI FFUSIONINLIQUIDS
Mat erials
Glassbeaker
Potassi um permanganat ecry
stals
Wat er
spat ul
a
Procedur e
Fi
llagl assbeakerwi t
habout50ccofwat er
Placeaf ewcrystalsofpotassi
um per manganat
eatthebaseofthebeakeri
nthewater
.
Leav et hesetupf orabout30mi nutes.
Obser vation
After30- 40mi nutes,thepotassium permanganat
ecolorwil
lhav espreadfi
rstatt
hebot
tom and
l
aterupwar dtocol orall
thewaterinthebeaker.
Concl usion
Diffusionoccursinl i
quids.

FACTORSAFFECTI
NGTHERATEOFDI
FFUSI
ON
Concent rati
ongr adi ent
Concent rati
ongr adi enti st hedi ff
erencei nconcent rati
onbet weent he2r egionswher ediff
usion
takespl ace.Thehi ghert heconcent r
ationgradi
entbet weent het wor egions,thef asteristherateof
diff
usion.
Temper ature
Thehi ghert hetemper atureoft hesubst ances(mol ecules),t
hef asteristher atedi f
fusion,because
temper atureincreasest heki neti
cener gyofmol ecules.
Size/densi t
yofmol ecul es
Thesmal lerthemol ecul es,thef astertherateofdiffusion.Thedensert hepar t
icle,t
hel owertherat e
ofdi f
fusion.
Distanceov erwhichdi ffusionoccur s
Theshor terthedi stancebet weent het wor egi
onsofdi ff
erentconcent rat
ion,thegr eateristherat e
ofdi f
fusionl i
ket heal veoliofl ungsort heepit
helialli
ningsoft hei l
eum ar ethint opr ovi
deashor t
distancef ordiff
usi ont husi ncr easi
ngt herateofdiffusion.
Surfacear eaov erwhi chdi ffusionoccur s
Thel argert hesur faceov erwhi chdi f
fusionist otakepl ace,thef asteristher ateofdi f
fusi
one. g.
diff
usionsur f
acesl iket hei l
eum hav enumer ousv i
l
litoincreasether ateofdiffusion.

Ty
pesofdi
ff
usi
on
Simplediff
usion
Thisisthetypeofdi ff
usi
onwher
emolecul
esorionsmovef
reelyacr
osst
hecel
lmembranewit
hout
beingaided.
Facil
it
ateddiff
usion
Thisiswher emol ecul
esori
onsmov
eacr osst
hecellmembranebybei
ngai
dedbypr
oteincar
ri
ers
usingenergy.

Si
gni
fi
canceofdi
ff
usi
ont
oor
gani
sms
I
thelpssubst ancest omov ei
nandoutofcells.
Pl
antroothai rstakeupsomesal t
sbydiff
usion
Uni
cell
ularmi croorganismsl i
keamoeba,takeinoxygenandpassoutcar bondiox
idethroughthecel
l
membr anebydi ffusion.
Di
gestedf oode. g.simplesugars,ami
noacids,enterthebloodf r
om thegutbydif
fusi
on.
Oncedissolvedi nbl ood,thefoodsubst
ancesdi f
fuseoutoft hebloodi
ntothecell
swher etheyare
needed.
Oxygendi ff
usesi ntobl oodandCO2 outofbl oodi nthel ungsofmammal sandgi ll
soff ishby
diff
usi
on.
Wastepr oduct sofmet aboli
smse.g.ni
trogencont aini
ngsubst ancesl
ikeurea,dif
fuseoutoft he
animal cell
sintobl ood.

OSMOSI
S

Thisist hemov ementofwat ermol ecul

esfrom aregi
onoft heirhighconcentr
ati
ontoar egi
onof
thei
rlowconcent rat
ionacrossasemiper meabl
emembr ane.
Or
Itisthemov ementwat ermol eculesf r
om asoluti
onofl ow concentr
ati
ont oasoluti
onofhigh
concentrati
onacrossasemiper meabl emembrane.
A semi /par
ti
all
y/sel
ectivel
yper meabl emembranei sonewhi chcanal l
ow thepassageofsome
mat eri
alstooccurandpr eventothermateri
alsf
rom passingacrossit.
Diagram showingdet ai
l
sofosmosi s

When 2 sol
uti
ons are separ
ated bya semiper
meabl
e membr ane havi
ng smal
lpor
es,wat
er
mol
ecul
escontinuetomov efr
om adil
utesol
uti
ont
oaconcent
rat
edsoluti
onthr
oughit
.

Exper
imentt
odemonst
rat
eosmosi
sinanar
ti
fi
cial
cel
l
Mat er
ial
s
Cell
ophane/ v
iski
ngtube,
Capill
arytube,
Beaker,
Syruporsugarsol ut
ion,
Threadorel asti
cband,
Clamp

Pr
ocedur
e
Ti
eoneendoftheviski
ngt
ubi
ngusingarubberbung.
Makeasugarsol
uti
onandpouri
tint
othetubi
ng
Ti
etheopenendoft hetubi
ngt othecapill
arytubeusingar ubberbungort
hread.
Poursomewat erinthebeakerhalfwayf ul
l
I
nsertthecapil
larytubewiththev i
ski
ngt ubingint
owat er
.
Notethelevelofthesoluti
onint hecapil
l
aryt ubeandt hatofwateri
nthebeaker.
Cl
ampt hecapil
lar
yt ubeonar etor
tstandandl eavethesetupf or30minut
es.

Obser vation
Inaf ewmi nutes, t
hel eveloft hesol utionisseent or iseupt hecapi
llarytube
Int
er pr etation
Wat ermol eculesar epassedt hr ought hecellophanet ubi
ngi nt
othesugarsol uti
onbyosmosis,thus
i
ncreasi ngi tsv olumeandf or cingi tupt hecapill
aryt ube.
Wat eract sasadi l
utesol ut i
on
Sugarsol utionact sasaconcent ratedsol ut
ion
Membr aneoft hev i
skingt ubi ngact sast hesemi permeabl emembr ane.
EXPERI MENTTODEMONSTRATEOSMOSI SINALI VINGTI SSUE
Appar atus
FreshI ri
shpot atoes,
knif
e,
Petri dishes,
sugarorsal t
water
Procedur e
3f r
eshI ri
shpot atoesar epeel edandt hei
rendssl icedf l
at.Theinteri
or sarescoopedoutt oforma
cupwi t hwal lsofuni for mt hickness.
InA, somegr ainsofsugarar epl acedi nthecup, whi l
et heotherpot
at oBi sleftemptyasacontrol.
Thet hi rdpot at
oi sboi ledtoki l
l ordest roythetissuesandal sosomesugargr ainsareputi
nthecup.
Allthepot atocupsar epl acedi nwat erinPetridishes.Theex per
imenti slettorunfor2-
6hours.

Endofexper
iment(
2-6hours)
Theli
qui
dinthecuppotatoAhadr
isent
ofor
m asugarsol
uti
onandi
nthePet
ridi
sh,t
hel
evelhad
fal
l
en.
I
npot atoBandi ntheboil
edpot ato,
thecupswer esti
llempt yandthewat erlev
eli
nt hePetr
idishes
remainedthesame.
Conclusion
Osmosi stakesplaceinli
vi
ngtissuesanddoesnott akepl aceinboil
edtissues.Thisisbecause,by
boil
ing,t
het i
ssuesaredestr
oyedandl oosesemipermeabilit
y
Explanat
ion
Liv
ingt i
ssueshav ecellmembr aneorcel lwal
l
sact i
ngassemiper meabl emembr aneandal low
watertomov ethroughbyosmosi swhileboil
i
ngalivi
ngt i
ssuemakesi ti
mper meable.

Termsusedinosmosi s
Osmoticpotent
ial
Thi
sist heabil
i
tyofasolut
iontoexertosmoticpressure.Thisdescr
ibestheconcent
rati
onoft
he
sol
uti
onofthesoluti
oni
ntermsoftheabil
ityofwatermol ecul
estomov ehenceasolut
ionwit
hhi
gh
osmoti
cpotenti
alhasmorewatermolecul
esabletomov e.

Osmot i
cpressure
Thisdescr
ibestheconcent
rat
ionofthesolut
ioni
ntermsoftheabil
it
yofwatermol
eculest
omove
henceasol ut
ionwit
hhighosmoticpotenti
alhasmorewatermolecul
esabl
et omove.Thi
sist
he
pressur
eexertedbyahyper
toni
csolut
iontodrawwateri
ntoit
ssel
f.

Waterpotent
ial
Thi
sistheconcentrat
ionofwateri
nasoluti
on.Ther
efor
easolut
ionhasahighosmoti
cpressur
eifi
t
i
shighlyconcentr
atedandvicever
sa.Thisistheabi
li
tyofahypot
onicsol
uti
ontoloosewatertoa
moreconcentrat
edsoluti
on.

Hypotoni
csoluti
ons
Thisisusedtodescri
beasol
uti
oncont
aini
nglesssol
uteandmorewat
ermol
eculescompar
edt o
anothere.g.hypot
oni
csol
uti
onhasal owerosmoticpressur
eandi
sgener
all
yt er
medasl ess
concentr
ated.

I
sotoni
csoluti
ons
Thesearesoluti
onswi
tht
hesameconcent
rat
ionofsal
tsandwat
eri
.e.Sol
uti
onswi
tht
hesame
i
sotoni
cpressure

Hypertoni
csol
uti
ons
Thisisusedtodescri
beasolut
ionwi
thmoresol
utesandlesswatermol
ecul
est
hantheother.A
hypertoni
csol
uti
onhasahigherosmot
icpr
essur
eandi sgener
all
yter
medasmoreconcentr
ated
solut
ion.

Osmosi
sandcel
ls
Animalcel
ls
Unli
ketheplantcell
s,ani
malcell
slackacel
lwal
landonl
yhav
eacel
lmembr
anewhi
chi
sweakand
non-r
esi
stanttohighint
ernal
pressur
e.

Osmosisandredbl
oodcells
Whenredbloodcell
sarepl
acedinadi l
utesol
uti
on(hy
potonicsol
uti
on)i.
e.di
sti
l
ledwat
er,t
hecell
s
swel
lupandev ent
ual
l
yburst(haemolyse).Thi
sisbecausewat ermov esf
rom thesurr
oundi
ng
sol
uti
on(di
sti
ll
edwater
)vi
athesemi permeabl
ecell
membr aneint
ocell
s.
 Haemol
ysi
sinr
edbl
oodcel
l
s

Whent heredbloodcellsareplacedi namor econcentrat

edsoluti
on(hypot
oni
csolut
ion)e.
g.a
strongsugarsoluti
on,watermov esoutoft hecel
lstothesurroundi
ngsoluti
onbyosmosis.Asa
result
,thecel
lsshri
nktheprocesscall
edcrenati
onorl
aking.
Howev er,whenredbloodcel
lsareplacedi
nisotoni
csoluti
ontheyneit
hergai
nnorl
osewater.

Turgor
Thisist heattainmentofenoughwat erinthecel l
tomakei texpandtoitsmaxi mum volume.
Turgorpr essure
Thisist heforceexer tedont hecellwal loft heplantcellduet opushi
ngoft hecytopl
asm asar esul
t
ofwat erenteringt hecellvacuol
eandexpandi ng.
Turgidit
y
Isadest inati
onofacel lwhichhasat tainedenoughwat erandexpandedt omaxi mum si z
e.
Whenapl antcel lisplacedinadi lutesol ut i
on( water
)t hanthecellsap,wat erentersbyosmosi s
thr
ought hesemiper meablecellwal landcel lmembr anei ntothecellsap.Thev ol
umeofcel lsap
i
ncreasesandi tmakest hesapv acuoleexpand.Thi scausest hecytoplasm mov etowar dst hecell
wallandgai ningt urgi
dity.
Timecomeswhenal lthecy t
oplasm ispr essingagainstt hecellwallandnomor ewat ercanbe
absorbed.Att hisstate,thecelli
ssai dt ohav egainedf ullt
urgi
dit
yandt heforceont hecel lwalli
s
call
edt urgorpr essure.

Di
agr
am showi
ngacel
lgai
ningt
urgi
dit
y

Pl
asmolysi
s
Thi
sisthel
ossofwaterfrom t
hecel
ltot
hesur
roundi
ngcausi
ngt
hev
acuol
etoshr
inkandcauset
he
cyt
opl
asm tol
osecontactwit
hthecel
lwal
l.
Whent hecellisinthi
scondit
ion,itissaidtobef laccidorplasmol y
sed.Thereforeaf l
accidcelli
s
onewhosecy toplasm hasl
ostcontactwiththecellwal lduetolossofwaterfrom thecellsapofthe
vacuol
e.
Whent hecellisinamor econcent r
atedsolut
iont hant hecellsap,watermov esfrom thecellsap
thr
oughacy toplasm t
hanthecellwalltothesurr
oundi ngsoluti
on.Thiscausesthev acuoletoshri
nk
andthecytoplasm tol
osecontactwiththecellwal
l andt hecelli
ssaidtobeflaccidorplasmolysed.
Diagram showingapl asmolysedcell

Exper
imentt
odemonst
rat
etur
gorandpl
asmol
ysi
s
Materi
als
Cockborer I
ri
shpotato
Fourbeaker
s Razorbl
ade
Water Sugarcr
ystal

Pr
ocedure
Getfourbeakersandpour¾ofwat eri
n3ofthem andl
eaveoneempty
.
Mixthesugarinonebeakert omake5%solut
ion
Mixsugarinanotherbeakertomake50%soluti
on
Leav
eonewi t
hpurewat er
Useacockbor ertomake4pot at
ocy l
i
nderst
hesamelengt
he.g.3cm.
Namet hi
sinit
iall
ength
Deepthepotatoineachcy l
i
nder
Leav
et hesetupforonehourandobserve.

Set
up
Remov ethecyli
nderf
rom eachbeakerandmeasureeachl
ength.Al
sof
eel
thet
ext
ure.Tabulat
ey our
resul
tsinthetabl
ebelow.
I
niti
allengt
h/cm Fi
nall
ength/cm Change i
n % change i n Text
ure(soft
/tough)
l
ength/
cm l
ength
4.0 4.3 +0.3 +7.
5 Tough
4.0 4.0 0 0 Tough
4.0 3.8 -0.
2 -
5 Soft
/fl
accid
4.0 3.9 -0.
1 -
4 Soft

Observation
Thecy l
inderinwat erhadi ncreasedi nlengt handbecamet ougher.
Thecy li
nderin5%sucr osesol uti
ondi dn’thav eanychangei nlengt handt hetexturer emainedthe
same
Thecy l
inderin50%sucr osesol uti
onhaddecr easedi nl
engthandbecomesof t
,fl
acci dandcur ved.
Thepot atointheempt ybeakerdecr easedi nlength.
Conclusion
Turgorandpl asmol ysi
soccuri npl antcells.
Explanation
The cy l
inderin wat eri ncreased inl engt h because watermol ecules moved i ntoi tfrom the
surr
oundi ngwat erbyosmosi sbecauset hecel lsaphadahi gherconcentrat
ionthant hesur r
ounding
water.
Therewasnochangei nlengt hforthecy l
inderin5%sucr osesolutionbecauset hesol uti
onhadt he
sameconcent r
at i
onast hecel lsapofapot atocyli
nderhencenonetosmosi s.
Therewasadecr easei nlengt hfort hecy linderin50%sucr osesol ut
ionbecausewat ermol ecul
es
mov edoutoft hecy l
inderwhi chhadal owerconcent rat
ionbyosmosi s.
Therewasadecr easeinl engthf orthecy l
inderint heempt ybeakerbecausewat erwasl osttothe
surr
oundi ngthroughev aporation.

Signif
icanceofosmosisi
nplant
s
Absorpti
onofwat erbyroothairsfrom soil
I
tenhancesmov ementofwat erfrom roothai
rsvi
athecor
textot
hexy
lem.
Forsupportinnon-woodypl ants
I
tfaci
lit
atesopeningandclosingofst omata
I
ngermi nat
ion,t
heinit
ialabsorpti
onofwat eri
sbyosmosis

Si
gnif
icanceofosmosisinani
mal s
I
tenablesmov ementofwatertocapill
ari
esinvi
ll
i
Mov ementofwateri
ntounicell
ularanimals
Mov ementofwaterf
rom t
issuefluidtothecel
l
I
tenablesreabsor
pti
onofwat eri
ntothebloodstream v
iat
heki
dneyt
ubul
es.

Note:manysemi-permeablemembr anesal
l
owthepassageofsol
uteandsol
vent
sthoughnott
othe
sameext ent
.Al
lthatisrequir
edf orosmosist
ooccuristhatthesolv
entmolecul
esmov emore
rapi
dlyt
hanthesolut
emol ecul
es.

ACTIVETRANSPORT
Thisisthemov ementofmol eculesfrom theregionoflow concentr
ati
ont
otheregi
onofhigher
concent
rat
ioni
.e.mov ementagainstconcentr
ati
ongradientusi
ngenergy.
Energyf
orthi
spr ocessisder
ivedfrom respi
rat
ion.Anyt
hingthataf
fectst
her
ateofr
espi
rat
ion,
also
aff
ectst
heact i
vetransporte.
g.cyani
despr
eventATPsynt
hesis.
Acti
vetr
ansporttakesplacebymeansofcar r
iermol
ecul
esinthecellmembraneswhi
chareprot
ein.
Thecarri
er,onreachingtheinnerpartoft
hemembr anerel
easesthemolecul
esandissetfr
eefor
fur
thert
ransport
ati
on.

Examplesofact
ivet
ranspor
t
Uptakeofmi neralsal
tsfr
om soi
lbyplantr
oots
Absorpti
onofsomef oodmol
eculese.g.gl
ucose
Sel
ectiv
er eabsorpti
onofmolecul
ese.g.gl
ucose

I
mpor
tanceofact
ivet
ranspor
t

Usedbypl
antrootsorroothairst
oabsor bmineral
sfrom t
hesoil.
Usedi
ntheabsorpti
onoffoodmat eri
alsfrom t
heileum i
ntothebloodstr
eam
Usedi
nthereabsorpt
ionofmi ner
alsi
nt heki
dneydur i
nguri
neformation
Usedi
nthesecret
ionandact i
veuptakeofionsinthefishgi
ll
sfrom fr
eshwater

PINOCYTOSIS
Thi
sistheprocessbywhi
chani
malcel
l
stakeinl
iqui
dmater
ial
sint
othei
rbodi
es.Thusi
tissai
dto
becel
l-
dri
nki
ng.

PHAGOCYTOSI S
Thisistheprocessbywhi chanimalcellst akeinsoli
dmat eri
als.Thecel
lengul
fs/i
nvagi
nat
esor
takesi
nsol i
dmat eri
alsandfor
m af oodv acuol
ewher ethefoodi sdi
gest
ed.Thefoodisabsorbed
i
ntothecytoplasm andundi
gestedpart
icl
esar erel
eased.I
trequi
resenergy
.

I
mport
anceofphagocytosi
s
Usedbyamoebadur ingfeedi
ng
Whitebloodcel
lsdestr
oypathogensbyphagocyt
osi
s
Unicel
l
ularani
malsegestundigest
edmateri
albyphagocy
tosis.