Power Electronics

EEE 4101
DC-DC Converters
(Choppers)

Sarah Cynthia Gomes

Lecturer
Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering
University of Dhaka
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Gating pulse
𝒗𝑳 𝒊𝑫
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
(𝒂)
𝒊𝒔 , 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
𝑽𝒔

The inductor here is connected to the input side of the (𝒄)

𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
converter (unlike a buk converter), which does the voltage
𝒊𝑫
boosting at the output. The value of inductance affect the 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
continuity of the load current.
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
The capacitor reduces the ripple load voltage and also provides (𝒅)
𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
a constant current at the output. 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
(𝒆)
Dm acts like a free wheeling diode and makes a path for the 𝒕
inductor to de-energize. 𝑰𝒂
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
The MOSFET is switched on and off at regular intervals as 𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
∆𝑽 𝑽𝒂
shown in figure (a). Here, the duty cycle can be given as- 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒇)
t on 𝒊𝒐 𝒕
k= 𝑰𝒂
T 𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
Or, t on = kT 𝒕
and, t off = T − kT = T(1 − k) Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
𝒗𝑳 𝒊𝒄 Gating pulse
+ −
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
(𝒂)
𝒊𝒔 , 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
𝑽𝒔

When M1 is ON at t=0, the MOSFET short circuits the path and (𝒄)
the inductor charges up through the M1. Here, the diode 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
remains completely OFF as inductor current entirely flows 𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
through M1 (short circuit). Hence, 𝐢𝐝 = 𝟎.
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
During the on period of the transistor, the inductor current (𝒅)
reaches its peak value, Imax . Here, the voltage across the 𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
inductor is equal to the input voltage and can be written as- 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
(𝒆)
𝒕
∆I 𝑰𝒂
VS = L = vL ……..(𝟏)
t on 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒂
Since, diode if OFF, the load is disconnected from the input 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
∆𝑽
terminal. During this time, the capacitor discharges through the 𝒊𝒐 𝒕
(𝒇)
load in order to maintain a constant average load current, Ia . 𝑰𝒂
𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
During this time, the capacitor or the load voltage reaches its 𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
minimum, Vmin . Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
− 𝒗𝑳 + Gating pulse

𝒊𝒅
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
additive (𝒂)
𝒊𝒔 , 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
𝒗𝒐 ∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
When M1 is OFF at t= t on = 𝑘𝑇 , the inductor immediately gets 𝑽𝒔
connected to the load. During this time, the inductor reverses its polarity
(𝒄)
and starts discharging through Dm. Hence, the input supply along with 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
the inductor is now delivering power to the load. 𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
According to KVL, 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
∆I (𝒅)
Or, Vs − Va = −L ……..(𝟐)
toff 𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
During the off period of the transistor, the inductor current reaches its (𝒆)
𝒕
minimum value, Imin . 𝑰𝒂

The diode conducts current and is equal to the inductor or the input 𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
current. The diode current can be given as- 𝑽𝒂
∆𝑽
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
i d = i c + Ia (𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
Here, when M1 is ON, id = 0  ic = −Ia 𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
𝒕
This implies that during this period, the capacitor charges up to a peak Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
value of Vmax .
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Gating pulse

𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
From equations (1) and (2), we get – (𝒂)
𝒊𝒔 , 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
− Vs − Va t off = Vs t on ∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
Or, Va 𝑇 1 − 𝑘 − Vs 𝑇 1 − 𝑘 = Vs 𝑘𝑇 (𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
Vs
Or, Va = 𝑽𝒔
1−𝑘
(𝒄)
Substituting k = ton/T = tonf, we get- 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑡𝑜𝑛 ……..(𝟑)
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
(𝒅)
Again we can write-
𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
𝑡𝑜𝑛 and, 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 (𝒆)
𝒕
𝑰𝒂
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Where, ∆𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 assuming the current to fall linearly. 𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
∆𝑽 𝑽𝒂
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
……..(𝟒) 𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
We know,
1
𝑇 = 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 =

Or,

Or,

Peak-to-peak load/capacitor ripple voltage

When the transistor is on, the capacitor supplies the load current for t = ton. The average capacitor
current during the on time is Ic = Ia and the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is-

1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑛
∆𝑉 = න 𝐼𝑎 𝑑𝑡 =
𝐶 0 𝐶

Putting value of 𝑡𝑜𝑛 from equation (3)- or,

Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Condition for Continuous Inductor Current
here, 𝐼𝐿 is the average inductor current, which is also the average input current
1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠 = 2 ∆𝐼  in case where the current is just about continuous

Therefore, ∆𝐼 = 2𝐼𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑘 𝐼𝑎
Or, =2 [from equation (4)]
𝑓𝐿 1−𝑘

𝑉𝑠 𝑘 𝑉𝑎 2𝑉𝑠
Or, =2 = Resistive load
𝑓𝐿 𝑅(1−𝑘) 𝑅(1−𝑘)2

Or, Critical value of inductance

Condition for Continuous Capacitor Voltage

1
Let 𝑉𝑎 is the average capacitor or load voltage, which is equal to ∆𝑉𝑐
2
Therefore, ∆𝑉𝑐 = 2𝑉𝑎
Or, Or, Critical value of capacitance

Sarah C. Gomes