Power Electronics

EEE 4101
DC-DC Converters
(Choppers)

Sarah Cynthia Gomes

Lecturer
Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering
University of Dhaka
Buck-Boost Converter
Gating pulse

𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝒊𝒅 (𝒂)
𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
𝑽𝒔

(𝒄)
𝑽𝒂 𝒕
A buck–boost regulator provides an output voltage that may be
less than or greater than the input voltage—hence the name 𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
“buck–boost”; the output voltage polarity is opposite to that of
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
the input voltage. This regulator is also known as an inverting
(𝒅)
converter. 𝒕
𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
The IGBT is switched on and off at regular intervals as shown
(𝒆)
in figure (a). Here, the duty cycle can be given as- 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
t on 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
k= 𝒗𝒄 , −𝒗𝒐
T 𝑽𝒂
Or, t on = kT 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
∆𝑽
and, t off = T − kT = T(1 − k) 𝒊𝒐 𝒕
(𝒇)
𝑰𝒂
𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
Buck-Boost Converter
Gating pulse
−
+
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝒗𝑳 𝒗𝒄 (𝒂)
𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
− + 𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
𝑽𝒔

When Q1 is ON at t=0, the IGBT short circuits the path and the (𝒄)
𝑽𝒂 𝒕
inductor charges up through the Q1. Here, the diode remains
reverse biased and hence, 𝐢𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙

During the on period of the transistor, the inductor current 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂

reaches its peak value, Imax . Here, the voltage across the (𝒅)
inductor is equal to the input voltage and can be written as- 𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
∆I 𝒕
(𝒆)
VS = L = vL ……..(𝟏)
t on 𝑰𝒂

𝒗𝒄 , −𝒗𝒐 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Since, diode if OFF, the load is disconnected from the input
∆𝑽 𝑽𝒂
terminal. During this time, the capacitor discharges through the 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
load in order to maintain a constant average load current, Ia . (𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
During this time, the capacitor or the load voltage reaches its 𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
minimum, Vmin . 𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
Buck-Boost Converter
Gating pulse
− −
𝒊𝒅
+ 𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝒗𝒄 𝒗𝒐 (𝒂)
𝒗𝑳 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
− ∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
+ + 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
𝑽𝒔
When M1 is OFF at t= t on = 𝑘𝑇 , the inductor immediately gets
connected to the load. During this time, the inductor reverses its 𝑽𝒂 𝒕
(𝒄)
polarity and starts discharging through Dm.
𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
According to KVL, −𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
∆I
Or, Va = −L ……..(𝟐) (𝒅)
toff
𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
During the off period of the transistor, the inductor current reaches its
(𝒆)
minimum value, Imin . 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
The diode conducts current and is equal to the inductor current. The 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒗𝒄 , −𝒗𝒐
diode current can be given as-
∆𝑽 𝑽𝒂
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
i d = i c + Ia (𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
Here, when Q1 is ON again, id = 0  ic = −Ia 𝑰𝒂
𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
This implies that during this period, the capacitor charges up to a peak 𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
value of Vmax . Sarah C. Gomes
Buck-Boost Converter
Gating pulse

𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
(𝒂)
𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
From equations (1) and (2), we get – ∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
−Va t off = Vs t on 𝒗𝑳 𝒕
𝑽𝒔
Or, −Va 𝑇 1 − 𝑘 = Vs 𝑘𝑇
(𝒄)
−Vs 𝑘 𝑽𝒂 𝒕
Or, Va = 𝒊𝑫
1−𝑘 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
Substituting k = ton/T = tonf, we get- 𝑰𝒂
(𝒅)
𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑡𝑜𝑛 ……..(𝟑)
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
(𝒆)
𝒕
𝑰𝒂
Again from (1) and (2) we can write- 𝒗𝒄 , −𝒗𝒐 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙

∆𝑽 𝑽𝒂
𝑡𝑜𝑛 and, 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
𝒕
Where, ∆𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 assuming the current to fall linearly. Mode 1 Mode 2

……..(𝟒)

Sarah C. Gomes
Buck-Boost Converter
Peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
We know,
1
𝑇 = 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 =

Or,

Or,

Peak-to-peak load/capacitor ripple voltage

When the transistor is on, the capacitor supplies the load current for t = ton. The average capacitor
current during the on time is Ic =- Ia and the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is-

𝐼𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑛
∆𝑉 =
𝐶

Putting value of 𝑡𝑜𝑛 from equation (3)- or,

Sarah C. Gomes
Buck-Boost Converter
Condition for Continuous Inductor Current
here, 𝐼𝐿 is the average inductor current, which is also the average input current
1
𝐼𝐿 = 2 ∆𝐼  in case where the current is just about continuous

Therefore, ∆𝐼 = 2𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑠 𝑘
Or,
𝑓𝐿
= 2𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑠 𝑘 𝑉𝑎 2𝑉𝑠 𝑘 Resistive load
Or, = 2 =
𝑓𝐿 𝑅 𝑅(1−𝑘)

Or, Critical value of inductance

Condition for Continuous Capacitor Voltage

1
Let 𝑉𝑎 is the average capacitor or load voltage, which is equal to ∆𝑉𝑐
2
Therefore, ∆𝑉𝑐 = −2𝑉𝑎
Or, Or, Critical value of capacitance

Sarah C. Gomes
Cuk Converter
Gating pulse

𝒗𝑳
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝒕
(𝒂)
𝒊𝑳𝟏 𝑰𝑳𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙
∆𝑰1 𝑰𝑳𝟏
𝑰𝑳𝟏𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒊𝑳𝟐 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝒂
𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒄)
Boost converter Buck converter
𝒊𝒄𝟐 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
(𝒅)
𝒕
Similar to the buck–boost regulator, the Cúk regulator provides 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
an output voltage that is less than or greater than the input 𝒗𝒄𝟐 , −𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒂
voltage, but the output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the 𝒕
input voltage. It is named after its inventor. (𝒆)
𝒊𝒄𝟏
The IGBT is switched on and off at regular intervals as shown in 𝒕
figure (a). Here, the duty cycle can be given as- (𝒇)

t on
k= 𝒊𝒐
T
Or, t on = kT 𝒕
and, t off = T − kT = T(1 − k) (𝒈)

Sarah C. Gomes
Cuk Converter
𝒗𝑳 Gating pulse
+ −
− 𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝒕
𝒗𝒐 (𝒂)
𝒊𝑳𝟏 𝑰𝑳𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙
+ ∆𝑰1 𝑰𝑳𝟏
𝑰𝑳𝟏𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒊𝑳𝟐 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝒂
When Q1 is ON at t=0, the IGBT short circuits the path and the
𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏
inductor L1 charges up to its maximum through the Q1. Here, we are (𝒄)
considering that the capacitor C1 was initially charged upto Vc1. Due 𝒊𝒄𝟐 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
to the short circuit, the capacitor gets a path to discharge through Q1. (𝒅)
𝒕
The discharging current of the capacitor circulates through load, C2 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
and L2. During this period, L2 also charges upto its maximum. 𝒗𝒄𝟐 , −𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒂
Here, the voltage across the inductors can be written as- 𝒕
(𝒆)
𝒊𝒄𝟏
∆I1
VS = L1 = vL1 ……..(𝟏) 𝒕
t on (𝒇)
∆I2
Vc1 − (−Va ) = L2 = vL2……..(𝟐)
t on 𝒊𝒐
Again we can write: iL2 = ic2 + Ia 𝒕
(𝒈)
So, the current of C2 flows only when iL2 > Ia and when iL2 < Ia, the
Sarah C. Gomes
capacitor discharges through the load.
Cuk Converter
− 𝒗𝑳 + Gating pulse

𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝒕
(𝒂)
𝒊𝑳𝟏 𝑰𝑳𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙
∆𝑰1 𝑰𝑳𝟏
𝑰𝑳𝟏𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒊𝑳𝟐 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
∆𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝒂
When Q1 is OFF at t=ton, the IGBT disconnects the path and so, the
𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏
inductor L1 reverses its polarity and discharges through Dm. Here, (𝒄)
the discharging current flows through the capacitor C1 in the 𝒊𝒄𝟐 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
direction opposite to the conventional ic1. And hence, we get negative (𝒅)
𝒕
current of C1. During this period, L2 also discharges through Dm and 𝑰𝑳𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
attains its minimum current value. 𝒗𝒄𝟐 , −𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒂
Here, the voltage across the inductors can be written as- 𝒕
(𝒆)
𝒊𝒄𝟏
∆I1
VS − Vc1 = −L1 = −vL1 ……..(𝟑) 𝒕
t off (𝒇)
∆I2 ……..(𝟒)
Va = −L2 = −vL2
t off 𝒊𝒐
Again we can write: iL2 = ic2 + Ia 𝒕
(𝒈)
So, the current of C2 flows only when iL2 > Ia and when iL2 < Ia, the
Sarah C. Gomes
capacitor discharges through the load.
Cuk Converter

Equating (1) and (3), we get-

VS t o𝑛 = −(VS −Vc1 ) t off
1
Or, Vc1 = V ……..(𝟓)
1−𝑘 S

Equating (2) and (4), we get-

(Vc1 − Va ) t o𝑛 = −Va t off
Va ……..(𝟔)
Or, Vc1 = −
𝑘

Combining (5) and (6):

Sarah C. Gomes