ThS.

Nguyen Tht Thu Hang

ThS. Truong Gia Quyen
ThS. Truong L~ Mai

SO SANH 125 NH6M TCI

·aO·NG NGHlA
. .A . . N I
GACN NG-HlA .
, .
THl10NGGAP·TRONG ·I

TIENGHOA

Nha xuat ban Tong hf1p Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh ·

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LOi noi dau

Trong .qua trlnh d~y va hQc tiSng Hoa, nhfmg c~p tit gfuJ nghia,
dbng pghia da g&y nen nhi@u kh6 khan va nhfim Ifin, ngay ca giao vien
cling vfit va tim ~ach giai thich, giang d~y cho hQc sinh, con hQc sinh
thi lung rung khong biSt sir d\ffig thS nao cho chinh xac. Di~n hlnh nhu
c~p- tU /F va ~ trong ti~ng Vi~t deu c6 nghla la "khong", nhung trong
ti~ng Hoa:

- Khi su dv~g trong thi qua khtr thi dung Y)t, vi dl):

11PJI'FX~*7f~o (Homql!aanh takhong dihQp.)

- Khi su dvng trong thi hi~n t~i va tuong lai phai dung /F' vi dv:

1-ffif!F.J~ill/F*Tf~ o (Ngay mai anh ta cfing khong dj hQp.)

Hi~n nay, Uli 1i~u tham khao vS linh vgc nay tuang d6i khan hi~m.
Do d6, chung toi bien so~n cu6n sach So sanh 125 nhom tir ofing
nghia, gftn nghia thtrimg gJp trong ti~ng Hoa, v6i mong mu6n cung
cfip va lam phong phu them tti sach tham khao cho hQC sinh_trong qua
trinh hQC va cho ca giao Vien trong qua-trinh SO~ll giao an, gifulg_d~y.

.
Quakhao sat cac giao.trinh (nhtr: *JJ~&m 9:t~&i-ft . . m~ ..
3011:i]~i! . . &i!l=li-ft:i!.JJX)·dang giang d~y.a cac truang D~i hQC va
trung tam ngo~i ngfr, cung v6i kinh nghi~m dt'ing I6p, chung toi da
chQn Iva ra 125 nh6m tir gdn nghia, d6~g nghia thu<mg g~p nhfit, kh6
hiSu nhfit va d~ gay ng9 nh~n nhAt trong qua trlnh h~c tiSng Hoa dS
bien so~ nen cu6n sach nay. .'
. .

Vm I6i trinh bay ro rang,"-ininh hQa Cl) thB, d6i chi~u so sanh di~m
gi6ng va khac nhau, neu b~t "each dung cua cac c~p tir gfuJ va_ d6ng

3
nghia, nh~m giup hQc sinh d~ hieu han va sir dvng dling nghia va dung
ngfr canh, nang cao trinh d9 ti~ng Hoa trong thm gian ngfuJ nhftt. Giao
vien ciing c6 th~ tham khao khi giang d~y; su d\lllg bai t~p trong gh1o
trinh cho hQc sinh luy~n t~p them.

Trong qua trinh bien so~ cu6n sach nay, m~c du da c6 gfuig d~ d~t
d~n dQ chinh xac nhftt, nhung ch&c ch&n vfut khong tninh kh6i nhi€u
thi~u s6t. Rftt mong dugc d9c gia g6p y d~ cu6n sach nay duqc hoan
thi~n bon.

Xin chan thimh cam an!

'. Nhom Bien sot~n

II
I
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I
4
 DANH MVC NHOM TU

A
[001] ~ ai- .gxj( xlhuan .................................................................................... 11
[002] *~ anjing- ~tit pingjing- tJ=z~ ningjing .......................................... 12
[003] 1~ an- ~ z~ao .............. :....................................................................... _. ... 14
[004] ~~ anzhao- i&fl~ yizhao ....................................................................... 15
[005] fl{fl$ an'an- ·tf:i'tf:iqiaoqiao- fHirflitrtout5u .........................._................... 17

B
[006] .fff bang- m~tt bangmang- tg.§JJ bangzhu ............................................ 18
[907] 3!:1JJ: baogui- ~::!Y.t zhengui .... ,...... .-......................................................_.....20
[008] 1E!~ baoqian·- mtx daoqian ...-..... :........... ~ ................................................21
[009] *~ bei- ~4 jiao- iJ: rang ........................................................................ 22
(010] **benhii -_ 1**
yt.Ianlai ......................................................................... 24
(011] bt_~ bijiao- bt hi- ~jiao .... .-.................... :.......................................... _26
(012] !.i6'5E biding- !.16'~
bifari- -~):£ yiding ......................... ~ ... .-.................... :28
(013] !.16,@! bixii- !.16,1/fi bixii- !16,~ biyao ........................................................ 30
(014] §Jtl hie- §JtlB{J biede- 31ling- ~;rr lingwai. ......................................32
[015] #bing-- :ft.J3. bingqie ........................................................................·....... 34
[016] :IF bu- ¥!it (~ff) mei (meiyou) .......................... .-................................... 36
.[017] :IF&::, bubi- ~ffl buyong ........................................................................... 38
[018] /Fill. budan- ~-& bujln- ~.R bilzhi.................................................... 39
[019] :IF~~~ budebu- ,R~~ zhlde- ,Rp,:f zhi'hao ...........................................40
[020] :IF .m~~ bujiand~- :~F-J:E bu yiding .................................... .-...... ~ .............42
(021] :IF~ bilran- -N.!i!U rouze ............................................ ~ .................. ~ ....·........44
[022] /Fm~~ buy6ude- ~~ bujin ..................._. ..._.~·.-·_........................................45
[023] :IF:(£ :P. bilzaihii- 7GJi.JT~ ~suowei. ......................................................... 46

c
[024] lfm b;t.,.
s :;.r. cengJtng-
' •- JMI
r=~
'
ceng- Bk;t...
a ytjtng
v•-
..................................................
,
..48
[025] ~~~ chabuduo-~~JL chadHinr- JL.:P. jihii ........... :~-:·······················50
(026] 1it- chang- 'lit 1ft changchang- tttt wangwang- ~£1ft jingchang .... :52
[027J ..fJ.J chao- mJ xiang- tt wang ................................... ,............................. 54
[028] ~~ chuchu- $tl~ daochu ............................................ ,.......................... 56
[029]. ;,A~ c6ngbu -f.A* c6ngwei ........................ :........................... ~ .................. 51
[030] hA ffij c6ngqian- ~ $ ylqian ......................................................................58

5
 D
[0311 ~~ datU- [ill~ huida ............................................................................. 60
[032] **- daban-· :*:1$ Cj(~) ·dadou(daduo)- ~*- duoban .................. 61
[033] :X:ft!i <Iagai- :ktf.J dayue ........................................................................... 62
[034] @ dan-'_ ffi~ danshi- 1lJ ~ keshl- ;r;M buguo ............................... 64
[035] .¥§~ dangzh0ng- ~I=J:t qizhong ................ ~ .............................................. 66
[036] ~U~ daodi- $~ bijing- ~~jiujing- ~-=f zhongy(l ................... 67
[037] Er.J de- ~de- ±tk de ..................... :........................................................ 70
[038] ~WO dique- iJfJ~ queshi .......................................................................... 74
[039] ·11 dong- 1M liaojie - .. ~ 8 mfngbai- ~itt zhidao ........................ 75
[040] X1 dui.- X'f-=f duiy(l- ~-=f guany(l .......................................... ~ ............. 78
[041] ~& duoshao- JL ji ....................................... ~~~ ......................................... ·so

E
[042] rm £L erqie - Jf:£l bingqie ......................................................................... 81
[043] =er- ~ liang ......................................................................................... 82

F
[044j ~~ !ada- ~Ji; Iazhan ............................................................................ 84
[045j .&rro tan'er- ffi& xiangian....................................................................... 85
[046] :iS tan- @I hui ....................................................... :................................... 86
[047j 1% fEiJ fangjian- .l%r fangzi - 1% &. fangwii- Jj, -T wiizi ................... 88
[048] 1Ji1;b tangfU- 'PJ-'fl haoxiang- 1~~ sihii .............................................. 89
[049] ~!::1ft :teichang- ~~hen- !if ting- +itshiren- *&ji .................... 91

G.
[050J t:E~ ganjin -- ·M~ gankuai ........................._............................................. 94
[051] fjijtl ·< ~tlfjijtJ) gang (ganggang)- fjijtl.:;?J- gangcai ........................................... 95
[052] m gen- *' he - .& ji - l:fi yii ............................................................... 96

H
[053] :ia5 hai- .Pf zai- X you .......................................................................... 99
[054] :ia5~ haishl - huozhe ...................................................................... 1o1
~~
[055] jJJ- (~) ~~ bao (bu) r6ngyi -. ~~/~"'~~hen bu r6ngyi ..................... 102
[056] $t.?& hiiran- ~~ tiiran- ~?& mengran ............................................ 103

6
 J
[057] ~·ttjimang- J!·tt 1i~nrruing- ~·tt congmang .................................. l05
[058] ~·ttjfmang- Jt·tt 1ianrruing- M·tt gatun.ang .................................... 107
[059] ~Jt ji - &.JtM jiran....................................................................................... 108
[060] ~* jHing1ai- **
weilai. ...................................................................... 110
[061] ijl: jiang- i3l ~huo- ~ tan .................................................................... 111
[062] . ~ 1f jmguan- ~p ~ jishi- EilM swan................................................ 112
[063] ~ ·- 1'1- ..:-:r..:c!.Jlngguo-
r:h Jmg
..:-:r..JJ.J ~:A·~ ·- ' .!t!i ':'f tongguo
Jt!l:c!. - ' ......................................... . 114
[064] ~ jing- -!l fik 1aoshi - .~.. zong- .~, -Ji:. zongshi .......................·.......... 116
j065] Jt jing -. J!=;M jingnin- =1'*-4 buliao- RSM jiinin ............................. 118
[066] ~i.Jl jushuo -· llffi.Jl tingshuo .................................................................... 120
_[067] t}c;E jueding -. tic~~, juexin .............. :.......... :............................................ 121

·K
[068] 7f~ft kaishl- ~~)] qlchii- JIW zuichii- ~:fJJ dangchii .................. 123
[069] ~ kAn- ~ .!Jl!, kAnjian ........................................ ~ ...................................... 124
[070] ~* kAnhii -···· · ~®*lean qilai
;§"~ -=f kan yangzi- ~ J:: ~ kAnshangqu ..........................................,.... 126
[071] # kAo- 1t ping ..................................................................................... 127

L
[072] @J~ 1',
tuman
133 ~1!1· . ' - ....~:J..&- ., • '
u ;g, Jtman .
....................................................................... . 130
[073] mt1~ liuchuan- mr:qr
liUx.ing- 1~tl chuanbo ......... :............................ 131
~""-
[074] JJ~ 1T 1xuxtng-
' ~~ 1x
JJ~v" '
uyou- J.\!.1 yo'ul"
·~'1/J
1/Jj an .............................................. 132

M
[075] .!bJ: mashang- Jl:~tllike- i{Wifl'.t dilnshi ............................................... l33
[076] ~~ maimai- ~~ shengyl- WJ.~ maoyi- jt~ jiiioyi.:~ ............... l35
[077] ~~ manyi- r,JijJE!. manzu ........................................................................ l37.
[078] t'it~~ meiguanxi- ~1t~ meishenme- t'it$ JL meishir ................. 138
[079] ~ mei- :g. ge .......................................................................................... 139
[080] ~I'JB meili- ~J~ piaoliang- tf.f~ haok:a.n ........... .-....... ~ ....................... 141
[081] ~f.fl miande- ~-~' shengde ............................ ~ ..... ~ .......... .": .................... 142

N
[082] }J~ na- Jj~~ name ............... ~ .............................................. ~ ..................... l43
[083] xl't!: nanguai- 'l:?i!:li'~' guaibude ............................................................. l45

7
 [084] Xiii minguo- Xi~ nanshou ............ ·············~····· ................................... 146
[085] Xi~ minmian- .If'~ bUmian .................................................................. 147
[086] xt79 nanwei- 75Jxt weinan .................................................................... 149
[087] i¥~cnianji-1f:~nianling- ~JJ(sUishu- 51 sui ................·........... 150

0
[088] {M$ ou'er- {~~ ouran........................................................................... 152

p
[089] ~tapa- ~~ta kongpa ................................................................................ 153
[090] {;pian- {;{; pianpian ... :............................................................ ~·········· 155 -

Q
[091] ~~ qishi- ~~_t shijishang..................... .'.......................................... 156
[092] ~tttlf qiahao- ~tf:J-r:s qiaqiao- iE:tlf. zhenghao ...................................... 157
[093] T- 7i qianwan- 7i7i wanwan -. - jE yiding........ :.~ .................... ~ ....... 159
[094] ~~ qinshen- ~§ qi'nzi ......................................... ~··························· .. 161
/ [095] ~tm quanbu- Jiffff suoyou.- -m
yiqie ............................................ 162

R
[096] 1A.79 renwei- ~751 yiwei ........................................................................ 163
[097] 1Jj reng- 171?& n!ngran- *~ yinin- .kf5;)! haishi ........................... 165
[098] 1JJIE rengjiu- -f&IEJ yijiu ......................................................................... 167

s
[099J ffiffl shaoshao- ffi~ shaowei- mshao ............................................. 168
[100] 1Pl. si- 1l xiang ..................u······································································ 169
[ 101] ff n~ shiifu - *3:§: s~iishl ......................................................................... 171
-m
[1 02] !§. sui- !a~ suiran- !§. suishuo -, §Jtl~ biekan .......................... 172
[103] ~sui- Mlf suizhe- j~ gen ................................. .-.............................. 173

T
[1 04] *f§Jtl tebie- *3=±& tedi -. !f.l:• reyi ........................................................ 176
[105] ~ teng- ~tong ..................................................................................... 178
[106] ~1¥ t6ngyang- -~ yiban- -*¥ yiyang ............:............................ 179

8
 w
[107] 73 wei- 7'91 weile .................................................................................. 182
(108] x~ C/F~) wtilim(bulim)- /F1§fbuguan ........................................... 183
[109] 7Gi~ wtilun- 7Gi~3zoM willunrtihe- /F~ buguan .............................. 184

X
[110] .g.;:<_x xihuan-· .g~ xi'ai .......................................................................... 185
(111] ~ JG' xixin -. . ff~ zixi - 1j" JG' xiaoxin................................................... 187
t112] ?'GJ§ xianhou-· l}tr.J§ qianhou ................................................................... 188
t 113] *
rPJ xianghli - ~ rPJ yixiang - . - H yizhi - J-A* c6nglai ................ ~ 90
~B+.;M '' . ' ~.;e+
1

" •' l;::\7,)61r " ·- .

~~ ~~ xtexte -. {~IPJ~ ganxte- {~tnX. ganJt ............................................... .
192
[114]
[115] $::=§" xingk:ui- :§f; ~ duokui ........................................·............................. 193

y
[116] ~J§ yihou- zJ§ zhThou- ~* yflai- J§· hou- J§* houlai ...... 195
[ 117] IZil lit yinei - ~lffif yin' er - IZil 73 yinwei.- E8 .:p. y6uy6 ...................... 198
[118] W:ff yongyou- ·;ff you ............................................................................ 199
[119] -=f;J! y(Ishi- ?JT~. suoyi ................................. :......................................... 201

z
[120] fi}-=. zaisiin- -{I} yizai.......................................................................... 202
[121] ~~ zenme- ~~*¥ zenmeyang -. ~*¥ zenyang ............................... 203
[122] ~$ zhiduo- :1:~ zuiduo ....................................................................... 206
[123] ~& zhishao- :1:~ zuishao ............................... .-......................... ~ .......... 207
[124] ~-T zhongy(l -··JIJ§ Zuihou ................................................................ ~ ... 208
[125] iiJl! zuijin- ili* jinlai ........................................................................... 209

'DAP AN ..................................................................... .-........................................... 211

9
.I
I, ·-·--····· r··· ·-·-·····-· ·-~-J~!!!Jr-~·-~~ :;::...!.~-~~~~--·-··T--··---· r.:.. "" .......1
~ [B()ng tir, danh tir]
B()ng tir
(1) Yeu, thich. Bi€u tbi c6 ca1;11 tlnh v&i nguOi nao d6, ho~c v~t nao d6, ho~c
thich m()t hanh d()ng, ho~t d()ng nao d6, phai c6 tan ngfr. (Tan ngft c6 th€ la
d()ng tir, tinh tir, datih tlr, d~i tir, b6 ngfr)
11!?..1tz~11!?.,~~-fo
~1Jl~~f.:Ptit_ -to
,J, .I.. it f.: f- 'to
11!?.,~~-tf.:-f-f~4ro.
(2) Yeu. Bi€u thi tinh cam namnii, phia sau c6 ~~ mang bB ngl:r:l: . . ~ . . ii.
1j' _!..f.:_t 7 jffl ;m o
11!?.. v:A ~f.:lt -+~ r-9 j(f;.j~o
(3) Thuang hay.· BiSu thi m()t hanh d()ng, m()t sv vi~c hay thay d6i.
)iif r9·~~~·~""f~.~~rm·o
jt~jt., JJ}] ~ 1f1~%~k:lto
Danh tir: Tinh yeu, tinh thuang. Bi€u thi c6 tlnh cam sau d~m v6i m()t nguOi,
m()t vi~c ho~c S\1' v~t nao d6.
-klb~~ 7 ~~fl% ~0
-~ [B()ng tir]
( 1) Thich. Bi€u thj c6 tinh cam v6i m()t nguoo, m()t v~t, ho~c c6. hUn.g thu vm S\1'
vi~c nao d6.
jt~tz.-.~ ~ lJ9 ~ji:t- ~rp 0
~-1-Jk ~ iJil, ~it-~:~T J;}t o
;m jffj ~tl.J.YkJi..J}\{t 0

(2) Vui. Bi~u thj S\1' mirng rcr.

~*-~~L4h, :kt.8-'.t~ 7 o
~~~:ij-~X. if, iJ:%~-l-Jk..J.Jko

~ l d()ng tlr, danh tir] .g x!A. [ q()ng tir]

- B€u bi€u thi thlch thu m()t S\1' vi~c nfl:o d6, c6 tlnh cam v6i nguOi nao d6.
- Khi ·tan ngfr la nguai, mtcc ·d() "yeu thich" - K.hi tan ngfr la nguOi, muc· d()
cua !t. sau d~m han %;tk., dich la "Yeu". "yeu thlch" cila -i- ;tk, khong sau
1-t ~!!..-}:Itt-.j~ 0 bing ~' djch la "Thich".
1~-J. Jk it +-Jtt-.j~ 0

11
 - N Bu tan ngfr la nhiing danh tir mang tinh - K.hong dUng duqc v6i nhfrng tan
trang nghiem, dang kinh, nhu ;fll ~ , A. P\, thl ngfr danh tir mang tinh trang
chi dung !t, khong dimg *"X... nghiemnay.
~f.:~Al!l '\ f:A. ~ o ~-~- JX ~ tr.J ~11. J!1 ;,fP A. I\ o ( S)
~f.:~ tr..7 ~11. 1!1 ~p A. I\ o

Luy~n tip I
ChQn ~, j: x.X diBn vao cha trfing:
1. ~ ~~j(" Pl§~-*llriJT~-*o
2. ;J"*t& 1ma<J~.:r:~-r~, 1m1n~mq~t&$mi 0

3. 0*mJ55Z~ W.ffil" A~, J$. 1 L'J$.1J75JW.~" 75JA~

-~ .
~~JE~~~U-11}§ D B<JI'fto
1

4. .

5. ~J¥j8<Jm;j*l~' rffi, -rjj9t~pij=J(o

6. ~Y*~l~ ~' W3:Wl1itrJ4:!zlB~~~*o
7. ~~tl ~~rron~~~m~o
8. ~fB:f ~#~~Ef<J;t:(B[io
/ 9. ~1-.JJ\~-TJ{:i;t.A 0

10. {ifr9:J1Jl~:t& ~JW~, 7G~:k$;J"JJm~~~:tttk~L::to

· ·-· . . . ·rw··~- anjing- .l)Lfi--· .....pingjlng

I·. · ·.... ·· . · ·.[002] v~-'T·~-z~;-·
- · .·...?fi
................................
mr"~~... ~ ~_............,.... ,................... ·'1-r. . ....I
·. "· . ,"......ningjing -~

~- [Tinh tlt]
Yen tinh, ·tinh l~ng, tram tinh. DiSn ta khong c6 tiBng An, moi trubng yen t;nh va .
tr~ng thai ben ngoai cila con nguOi di~m tinh, tinh each it n6i, trAm l~ng. "**"
lam ~inh tlt, cAn c6 ph6 tlr trlnh dQ ~l,l, 41!, .:ff ~ v.v ... , ho~c bd ngfr trlnh d¢ ~
. 7' ~l~tl v.v ....
1t+m4S~tt ~tt4-tt 0

1!.1'-,J, 1:k. -=t ~ ~*Atl*ft o

1!./r'- ~ Ft*ft;tA. To
~~~ [Tinh tir]
Yen tam, yen l~ng. DiSn ta tam tr~ng con ngum binh l~ng; moi tnt<mg, hoan
canh yen I~g, khong chut khuAy d¢ng.
~t i'J ;L -=rem*
1t, ~-f-ft r *r o

ilJJ 7]<. J, ~ -f-ft~ !

12
Tflt [Tinh tir]
- Binh l{ing, tinh l{ing. Nhftn ~nh tam tr(;lng con ngum va moi truang xung
quanh rftt yen ~ng, tinh l~ng, khong h~ c6 chut khufty d(>ng. Mired(> yen ~ng,
tinh l~ng bon so v6i -tit' va 'Tit thucrng dung trong van vi€t.
~~_tl:_:k_jj' ~~~~ft, Jt-1'-1tl~{J}~fr.J-k!£o
Fa 7'G R« M~ ~it tr.J ~JJ Til o

:t( tit [Tinh tir] .If~ [Tinh tir] T~ [Tinh tir]

- D~u chi tam tr(;lng clia con ngum rftt yen l~g, ho~c chi hoan can4 mo1 truang yen
tinh, tinh l~ng.
- ~1ft·.+ r*= bi€u thi b~t - ~.. + ~ *' ~: - Khong k€t hqp v6i r
d!u c6 sg thay d6i, tr& nen
yen ~ng, tinh l~ng. Chu y€u
dung d8 bi€u thi c6 sv
thay d6i v~ tr(;lng thai *· ~a~~~-~*r*
dung chi ve b~ ngoai cua n<)i ·tam cua ngum, ho~c 1. o (S)
con nguoo, khong d~ng chi nhfrng bien d6i cua moi
tam tr~ng, tr~ng thai n<)i tam truang, hoan canh tr& ..
CUa con ngucri va cling nen yen . ~ng .. han, tinh
khong dung cho v~t, S\1' l~nghon.
vi~c. ~ J:. ~)XL j~-f-ft
:;t- ~rr kilT ::tt1:, !f r*-To
1..1n 'ti 'ti ~* r *- o ~ tr.J ,;:_; .E1tl ~ -t

**
.ilY: J:. tr.J JXL ~~
1 o (S)
r *
fto
~ 1-Jh' ~,;:_;,Jt
~ ~~ ,;:_; .:f.1tt~~ft o (S) -f-it~ 10

Luy~n~tip ·I
ChQn ~ft, .If~, tJ=r~ di~n vao ch6 trfing:
1. f#J~~!l!ttMA~&$, 1.S~~~~ o
2. ~fu$~ll!1*JEN~ti~-1' Ef{J;J\wfX~mo
3. 1tf!$~~J§~~Jtl: · ~ Bro
4. tiJE9~¥~Ef<J~TiiL~<~: ~Oito
s. ~~fi¥J~~Jti~JJU o

6. ~~~ r*J§'
~yijj7.J~~~£~1ft~o
1. ~.~ 7, P~P$B"l~m~1~ 7 0

8. ~fu:f1.S¥i1f r*' Wll~§@~~]I!JJJ~o

9. ~00~* 7C$, ~~~_t$'tW~~F£o
10. if)\:* --r JL, tilf1f~~15lo
13
 1.. ., -r -r··--"'?s- --- " 'i"'iTJ_~O~!~~~--~~=- l~~~~O "- T r · - - -· iTT., --nl
ti [D()ng tir, gi6i tir]
D()ng tir: An, b&m, nen chfit. Chi d()ng tac An xu6ng, nen xufing.
1~~-r-r1#1l~ A7ff17!
·tk:~1i.»~ ~ :;(_ #-' jjtJ il:Jjl, ~* ! .
~~~r~t~~~,~~~&T~*-0
Gi6i tir: Theo. Bieu tbi tuan theo IDQt tieu chuAn, m()t ke ho~ch nao d6.
~111'~ aJ ~~:a~e dJ~
~~ * * fr.J o
fr.J it~·], ~ 111-f ~;it~:ktr 0

1m [D()ng tit, danh tir, gi6i tir, ph6 tic]

D()ng tir: soi, chiiu, cht~p.
_k ~El}K(-?± i#J tiJ _t, JAJ lAJ ~ J'G o
~~~*~*a~*~' ~~M~~~o
1~111~ *J~J:.~ ;tro}} ~~-¥-~~ ~-Jff o
Danh tir: Gidy phep.
;JL,I!{(~~' -#&~ti::~~JI!~o
/ - Gi6i tir:
(1) HU'&ng theo, men theo. Bieu thi huang theo, tuong duong v6i -'JJ~, M~.
~M-~+~~-·~~~~~~~To
(2) Can cu theo, chiiu theo, tuong duong v6i ~.q«, ff<_,q«.
1* ~ 4S J:_ tr.J 11•] 6] ' -1t lt JL + {;] -t 0

AA-~#~A, ~-tl::-#tr.J*a*o
Ph6 tir: Theo. Bieu tbi din Clr theo tieu chuftn rna lam theo, ho~c din cu theo ban
gfic rna lam.theo,-dung tru6c d()ng tir.
.J_ ,.:.. -l ' ' ~ .;;.;1- A1Z .IJ rg - ;e.
A ~1~~ I=J v.r ,'H\'17' --J ,.;;:_.Jt.!:!!.o

~ 1n- ~ .1!« 1J, o

~ [D()ng tir, gi6i tir] .Jm [D()ng tir, danh tir, gi6i tir, ph6 tir]
- Dau c6 y nghia din c~ theo, chieu theo (gi6i tir).
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Khi la gi6i tir, con c6 nghia hu6ng theo,
di theo, tu6ng duong v6i .fJJ ;J- , faJ~.
- Thuemg dung trong van viet, chi - Thuoog dung trong khAu ngfr, v€ y nghia
nhiing vi~c mang tinh chinh thuc, y bieu tbi ciing khong cAn chinh xac, khong
nghia bieu thi ciing cAn nghiem me, cAn co din cu, my ti~n han, nen phia sau ,q«
c6 can cu, muc d() chinh xac cao hon. khfing dUng chung v6i nhiing cl)lll tir bieu

14
 ~i!J£1-Jl, ~B- i~~i!l!-14-:f: thi thOi gian, ngay th{mg, th<ri h~n, v. v...
Jt /G fit 1t9: lr.J 0 .!!«~~' ~1n-!--tt~-~ T1t ~ o
~~*~*tit, 1t e.., ~ ;r: ~~ ~ j;o aJJ R. tr.J ut ~ 1!« st ~ 1t o (S)
;iti~ 1 0

- Khong c6 each dimg ~ay - C6 y nghia mo ph6ng.

1t 1f11l« ~ l!. t&, if!J *-1'F @., 0

. - Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ lam danh tir, pb6 tir.

Luy~n t'p
ChQn ~, !ffi_ di€n vao. chfi tr6ng:
1. Et!-~" 71<~1!. fj 3tB"J 0

2. 1fi\.R~ ~1miJlB"J:t:1}mtfr 7, J3!J f6J:k·$ 0

3. ***' rJ§1fJ--~ *~§o

4. ~ 7*-~*&A7ffl, ey~~Jj£~Ao
s. r&t~f±\IEM~ . . 1*1rWt~J'G3}}~1? 0

6. ~"t;JJ~ ·l**EI"Jit1GIJJ!1ro ·
7. 1$ 13:-ctrltf:ffj)C, ~J§W cmmri=iJ~~JJ!To
8. ~~~ a']-pZ~nJ3·:t~~Mo
9. ~J!~~p' 1~---JE~ ~a']-EI"J1fJ~~~~o
10. ~Pl:~ rm5t£B"J, ·1fl\r~$~~/1'1r 0

L-·------·--'-·-··-~I~~~L~J!!T~~~~~-=-·~Ji!!l~~o ·--,.-· . ··--···-···---·rJ

~Jftt"- [Gi6i tir]
Can cu vao, d1!a theo, theo. Chi ra hfmh d()ng nao d6 din Clr, dva vao dau,
tuong duong v6i ~ (nhung phiasau ~' ~6 th€ la tir don am ti€t, con theo sau
~ R« thi phai la hai am tiet tro len. Ciing c6 th€ chi ra hanh d()ng nao d6 phai
lam theo m()t thir tv, tuAn tv nhAt djnh).

~M~-*"~' ~~--~-~~lr.J~o
~-AA~~~~~'~T~+~~,~~~~~-T~/G~o
.Jt«
i!" ;.A£. J 1Jt; ~ JrJJ! Jf :li._ T o *-
~Jm [Gi6i tir, d()ng tir]
Gi6i tir: D11a vao, nha vao, can cu theo. Dung m()t v~t ho~c vi~c nao d6, lam
mAu d€ theo d6 rna lam

15

.·.··:
 ~ ~#ll!« 1* it*;t<.JJ!l fr.J.*-f--=t 1tt -11-0
1*#l1!« ~ilL fr.J iJ ~-i-1tt' ifi ~t ~ 0

fl()ng tir: Nghe theo, theo.

,t ~-it **11« m. !£_ fr.J~P# 0

~!m [Gi6i tir] *Im [Gi6i tir, d()ng tir]

- D6u mang nghia theo, can cu theo, d11a vao, d11a theo.
- Tan ngfr thuemg la chi thi, kS - Tan ngfr mang tinh trang tr<;mg, quy ph~m
ho~ch,' phuong cham cila cftp tren, bon, thu<mg la chi thj, quy dinh, phap lu~t

ho~c la yeu cAu, phuong phap, v. v... hi~n hanh, van ban, thong bao cila ccr quan.
.til!«~*£~ it' ~J:l jftl!_;.k_ $Jj #(.,Ef«ik#~Jt,. ,J,~k5l4}-ft1f'
*~~~&.~, "ffl ~f tl J!)£ 0 *~~}to
- Cau c6 y sai khiSn, cAu khiSn, - Khong c6 each dimg nay.
thuOn.g phai dung ~ R{{, chu khong
d'ung #{a«
...•.
1* .f} 1!« ~ilL ft-J-!: 1~ 0
..

- Thu<mg dung trong khAu ngii. - ThuOn.g dilng trong van viSt. Nhftn ~nh
din cu theo do rna chAp hanh.

Luy~n tfp
ChQn ~~' {&Jm di6n vao chfi tr6ng:
1. i3:17}Jt14~ ~~Jl~~>1<-*t:&~ 0

2. · ~l¥j~~i9J¥!, ~zro::f~Ji :ff- B1flif(pg1P.lo

3. ~{tf:t(~jl~ {$tmJ~*¥T~~~o
4. 1¥~~11}:~ ~A~~~jt~~~o
5. • Jlt{.X1J~~ **~~~{~i:&~o
6. 1tb:A~ ~JG'~f$, /l'f1~1'F l=H~A~¥tn o I

7. ~l¥j~{~~' ~9~~J!JiliJ:.Wo
8. 0~t&~M~~ IE*~iflt&~~o
9. 1$ jjtl $ fllJ 7 , ff.Jt ±~ t¥J /J\-*1$: m 0

10. {tBJ~'~ ~J\!~9}$, JA~{NUJG\o

16
t. ,. . . . .~· . . .,.. , ~- .J~.~-~! . ~'~ .. ~~~ -~-~--~. ---~-~. .9!~.~.9~~-~-=-~.!.~. !~~~.~~-. ~~. - . '"" •" . .. ..1

~~ [Ph6 ttr]
Am thdm. Bi€u thi lam vi~c gi d6, hanh d9ng m9t each l~ng le, am th~m, khong
cong khai, khong rftm rQ.
~HtBir113t~~, -:~-**M-~X.i%o
;t J~ }itl A- ~ ~ Iil ~, ~ 1i .Jf- 31 tr.J :kt 1ft Bi J~ iiL ~m 1 o

ffl ffi [Ph6 tlr]

L{lng le. Bi€u thi lam vi~c gi d6 m9t each l~ng le, khe khang, khong gay ra ti~ng
d9ng, ho~c kin ti~ng, khong cho nguOi khac bi~t.
:kt ·tM ·tM J~'4~ JJJJ :/i_ {f.;* Jilt~ };t It T . -t
*
0

I J' _£ tE. JJ}] :!i.. {f.; .If- iti. ·tM ·tM JL J~ it : " ~ ~ 1~ 0 "

ffi-fflir [Ph6 ttr]

Len lut, len len. Bi~u thi lam vi~c gi d6 m9t each hi m~t, kin dao, khong d€
nguCri khac phat hi~n, ho~c lam vi~c d6 nhan luc nguOi khac khong chu y,
khongdSy.
-~At 5l-fit-fit~~ *JJtJLo m
1*-ft-ftJL~R{t~tf.J 16 iiJ, :f;[A~Pi!~~ $' ~~iit3¥:-~i. 1 o.

1$ ml [Ph6 tlr] ·t~ 't~ [Ph6 tlr] ftu {litr [Ph6 tlr].
- D~u c6 y l~ng le, am th~m, len len, khong .d€ nguoi khac bi~t. Nhung xet vS y
ngbia va di€m ~n c6 S\f khac nhau. Khi fffi-lli... ·tj!j ·I~... 1f,J11'ii) lam tr~ng ngfr trong
cau, c6 thS k€t hgp ho~c khong k~t hgp v&i ~~, n€u khong dimg ~lt, phia sau
thu(mg la tlr hai am ti€t.
- Nhftn ~nh vS n9i tam, - Nhfin ~nh ve tieng - Nh!n ~nh sv ten lut,
tr~ng .thai n{>i tam. d9ng, khong. gay ti€ng fin. sq hi- nguaLta phat hi~n.
~Ht$C~)~~~ #MM•~~o Doi khi c6 cam giac tQi
*"' ~ 7:; l!.ik ~{f.; ~i~
A~ ~r<. -1ff o
lai, vi dang:lam di~u x!u.
1~ 1f11p1.j ri~ =t S( -EF'
1it-Ht- (J~) i~ J!}j ~ 0

- Chi c6 thS dung tnr&c - Ngoai dfrng tru&c d9ng ~ Chi c6 th€ dwg tru&c
d9ngtir,(~tm+£>9ngtir) trr (•till·li!l+ D9ng nr), ·m d9ng
.
ttr,' (1ffil1t+ B9ng
·tj!j con c6 th€ dung tru&c tlr)
danh ttr, t~o thanh C\lm m
·t~ ·I~ i&- (tam S\f rieng cua
hai nguai, chuy~n thAm
kin, v.v.~.).
- Khong mang JL. - C6 th€ mang JL: ·t~ ·I~ JL I 11'ii)1ff.) JL.

17
 Luy~n tip
Ch<;>n aiai . . ·~·ffi], ftu{1itr di~n vao ch6 trfing:
1. ~ ~~-=r:Ht~ T, PJ!JW!J :l:fu~__t~r 0

2. PJT ~~~~1tti¥J~}~~'' lj'\~ 1JrEY§o

3. 1m1nfV>§lflmct£*-1¥1ltr 3ttt 10
4. 1m~:A*/FB::m, ~1 w* 0

5. ~ T :fil:X:-BJ:iB 1G', 1t&4IJ~ ttl!Jti:~1JI~~'-t 0

6. !lt*~~~,~JAJ§OO :Ctl!~tt~B<JH~Ht o
7. ~ 1
r1R: G'-}E~~l::k~o
s. ~~1n ~7---t:km~751~9rti£k~)t~B 0

9. *~~*' tf.J( ttl!* 10

10. 1m~~YffJ&tt:m, ~;tW£o

!... _[006] ffi b~ng -..... ~'t[::b~n~m~llL-:-:/fJ!~"~-~!1-~~~~--··· '···· __ ,

fH [D(>ng tlr, luQllg tir]
_. D(>ng tlr:
(1) Giup aa.
1~n~f/J~~- *-tsp!b?
~~~~m•~~~~' ~$~f/}~o
(2) Lam ph¥. Bi~u thj trong ngimh nghe lao d(>ng nao d6, chi la thg ph\1, chua
phai la thg chinh.
tf ~at., ~if ~JitlA.fP i:t~.H..Lo
1t~Jt..£,&l, ~,RJt~ ~ o.·
- Lugng tir: B9n, nh6m. Bi~u thi s6 dong, chi dimg cho nguoi.
1tl1tfl o 1(_~* 7 --F~!i.Ao
fllit [D(>ng tir]
Giup da. Bi~u thi lam vi~c gi d6 cho ngubi ta, ho~c khi ngum ta c6 g~p kh6
khan, b~n r(>n, chung ta dilnh thm gian giup dcr h<;>.
~~M~, ~*~~m•, ~*~~~,~-~~-~~0
fll!J}J [D(>ng tlr, danh tir] .
- D(>ng tir: Giup da. Giup dcr va m~t v~t chAt lftn tinh th4n.
~ 1!1 JJ}) jj__ ~~ ~tt J\!!,- Jb ~!if SJ ~5l i~
0

1!. '*- -f; - JlJJ ~ ~ :kT Jtl!, 7 M- o/ 1!1 j:_ 1-t 0

18
 Danh tir: S~r giup tla.
1il!,---t- A-1±. ~ t if, fB !:fr , -ftz% -* ~ 1n fr-1 ~ JJJ
* * {0-
0

3!. i~ ){t ~ J}J ~tt *- 0

t/f [D()ng tu, luQ11g tlr] WJ·tt [D()ng ru] WI f1JJ [D()ng tlr, danh ill]
- D~u mangy giup do, nhung c6 slj khac nhau.
- Thuemg la nhfrng hanh . : Hanh d()ng giup d5' - NhAn ~nh S\1' giup sue, ph\1
d()ng giilp do C\1 th~. d6 c6 th~ la C\1 th~, giup, c6 th€. la giup dua ra y
1;i n~ ~ ~ :t ~ r cilhg c6 th~ la trim kiSn, ho~c each giai quySt. D6i
,.qt :f=olb? tuQllg. D6i tuqng c~n trrQ11g c~n giup do, gifd quy~t
giup do la ngucri. : c6 th~ la ngucri, cfing c6 th~ la
-_ko *-:iff I!J.~fi, ~ S\1' vi~c.
-~~~~~0 ~m~x~~~~ ~~
fiJ Jh 0

- ~ la tir don .am ti~t, nen - La d()ng ttr li hgp, - Theo sau ~ JJ.h c6 th~ dung
trong. cau c~u k.hi8n phai trong cau c~u khisn r. i:t, nhung khong dung ~. ·
dung l~p l~i ( ~ ~) , thrrang l~p l~i theo :Wi-iE~~jiJj;J·~-WG;f<..JJ!t
ho~c - r . -4?- JL d€ to d~ng ~ ~ •ti::, c6 thB ~ o (S)
y ljch SlJ. mang theo lrrQ1lg tlr.
-i!-1~~ ~0 cs) 1;t n~ /F n~ ~ ~
-it1~~~-T o ·· --t-•ti:?
$:J'YJ1~~~1-I!!.o
- Theo ~au ~ c6 th~ c6
7 .. ~~ i:t.
~,~·1±. *P ·it·.~ A
*-JJJlo
.! I ~~ . ;- • .

Luy~n t~p
ffi ·tt.. WI f1}j
Ch<;>n ffi... di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. 1tPA& 1m ~fJG 1fJ 8"J o

tJG1nm*~1m2
2.
3.
4.
Iffim 1$
0Jm![:f.j~
1m u4 -$fij tB fll
0

*
!J\Jtlt&1'£JjG~o
0

s. ~ 8"J MtR ~!* ~u 1 ~* -tS 0

6. ~YffJ5fOJlJt&~ j!JG{~~ a

19
 7. 1ths<J$1$-;E~ I¥J 0

s. 1fl\1f1t~ ~xt, ft1nmf? 1$B<J 0

9. 1fJ\ Tft-~:k o

to. 1m~-~1~~tws<JA, :!Jo*1fl\1fffixt, 1th-5E B<J 0

I ···.····-.-- .·.· · ·- · .[~O_?L.~~-~~~!!~~=-~~~ell~~-w-r ....r -··-··- .J

3ift [Tinh ruJ
(1) Quj bau. Chi S\f vi~c, d6 v~t rAt c6 ghi tri. NhAn ~nh S\f quy bau, dang gia, cin ·
dugc tran trQng.
l!17)-ifL#J»..~t /f.. .;f tm *- ft-J, -:k.~f-1 o
(2) D.ugc choJa rfttquy, dugcxemnhu rAt dang gia.
~~~~k~~~~~~~~~~~o
" [Tinh ruJ
Quy _gia. Chi S\f vi~c, d6 v~t c6 gia tri cit 1~ c6 y nghia 16n lao, sa.u d~m. NhAn
~nh S\1' quy hiem, hiem CO, dQC dao.
it~ IE ~ 1t ~ iJ.. -f; ~ ~~tlstf- ~ o
,•

*-~~ ~#i }t.:Jf ~ «

ft-J -Tj; 4h 0

3s: ~ [Tinh tlr] f$~ [Tinh ru]

- D~u chi v~t c6 gia tri 16n, quy gia. Nh~g y ngbia ctia .Jt-t quy gia hon, dang gia
hon so v&i ~-t.
l!.A~ ~---I Jtitff.J 00 Ji *-~l.:fp '*' ~~~ 0

- C6 th~ dung chi nhfrng S\f v~t, db v~t - Thubng dung chi nhilng st,r v~t, db v~t

....
q~y gia mang tinh trlru tugng nhu
~,·· .. ~-,~-,~~' -'- Z:...
!l. q~y gia .mang tinh C\l th~ nhu #J 4h, *1~,
...-u . .
T~Q b~Q
.!1-l. .Iff ,
ptr ,
: .

~;ftf'' i!JL. Con v~t C\l tha,. chi kSt con mang tinh trim tuQ'llg thi thu(mg dung
hgp v&i 1f#, ~L4h rna thai.
o .,m. ,
~~ Ptr ,
. . .:. . .
·~

v?l tinh b~n, tinh hfru nghi nhu ii... a' ii... ~tt
~li~M
~ ~w.,.
~~~~
~ :..r?J

*- ~ ~ ~ F.ii 1t. ~?<- t ~ f- fr.J at ·~ r!l ~ .f Jt _ft. tr.J ~a~ ~fk ~ f-

Ja] 0 fr-Jo

• I

ChQn ~ ~, ~:83.- di~n vao ch5 tr6ng:

1. J!!t~*rffi~p~ 0

2. ~i~·mr~Jt~atraJ~p~ , -Tn3Jtl¥~~0

20.
 3. Ail I¥J~~1:.1TP o
4. ~~m~m~7 ~~~,A~*~~~~~o
s. X'tfJt*iR' t~:iH~iti I¥J o
6. 11B1]~ ll:h I¥J t£ ~ ffl ~ill~ ::f $U o
7. J!~~~*~fJtEf{J~1tf fL!fo/.Jo
s. 11BM~lEllEA~:I: :Ef{J*i~EtJM'M o

9. jj~ll:btJj(¥JJ 1~tlto
10. jj~:Lfs: 113 i=SJ!!\t:l: s<J!i!t~ 0

'···••<>·-·--···--·-·-_!·~~-~--~~~~~~9.ti.~.=-i!!. ~-~~-9!i'_~·-···-·-··-··----·-··---·J
1@!fX [Tinh tir]
Co !Ji. Chi tam tr~ng c6 16i, cam giac ay nay. Cling c6 the dung de xin 16i ngum
khac.
;f~At'<.~Jfk,. .at k /f. iL ij" JJ~ ~ -k.? it 1t o
~~t(JtiJL: "J\-5tf/G~-! "o
iiJX [DQng tir] .
- Xin !6i, nhf7n !6i. La tir ly hgp, c6 th€ tach ra, d€ xin 16i, nh~n _16i v6i nguoi
khac.
i!_;k_ .itA~/ffi 1 , ~ (t;J 1~il.fk. o
~i~1t, ~'il1t~fk?

t@tJ\ [Tinh tlr] litJ\ [DQng tlr]

- Thuang lam vi ngfr va ~ Thuong lam vi ngfr, nhung phia sau i!fk khong dugc
tr~ng ngfr. mang- tan ngfr, thu(mg c6. gi6i. tir d€ dftn· ra dfii ttTQ'llg
~ ~ f01=J ~, --~~~ ~~n xin 16i.
1 ' ~1t ~' Jt--iBtt ! ~~ 7g 11* ill JlJ ir.J' 1* ~ fcJ -ft·ilfk 0

~-~!~ilt(1to (S)
~ ~ !~ {t;J ~itt( 0
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - La tlr ly hgp, nen giua c6 the chen them nhung thanh
ph~nkhac.
~~~~~-1~~fk1~ ~~~~~
p~o

21
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn *'-X, mt,X. di€n vao chfi tr6ng: ..

1. ~ ~1f.J\~7~~$~~0
2. 1f.J\Ef{Ji~~%:i:~~3t;, flt~3i<."ll.ep - - o
3. ~tB~/f'fj~tiJJ$~})(jfijrtJJ\:% _ _ o
4. f\tjgllt~~~ 0

s. iW~~f\tB<J o

6. fffijg15t:ffflatiU~~iUt~- - - o
7. ~~~~:ffJJul¥J7J¥!1lJ~~~- - -~?
8. , X11f.J\:&JJf~ 7 o
9. *~~' ~1fJ@~~~11B1fJI¥J- - - 0

1Jt [Gi6i tir]

j - Bj, ilul}'c. Cau hi d(>ng. Biau tbi y hi d(>ng, c6 thB xu!t hi~n chu thB thgc hi~n
hanh d(>ng d6 ho~c khong d€u duqc.
~ ~ ff.J *;f.¥,~ ~1n pt 7'G 7 o (co xu!t hien chu tha la 1tl!.1ll)
~.. $tit-~Yi o (khong c6 chit tha th\fchien, khongbiStai da ~if)
* Chu y khi dung cau chii ;it:
( 1) ~t d(rng sau ph6 tir phil dinh va trg d(>ng tic (dQng tir nang nguy~n).
J!.;k til is~, ~~i_~Jk ~ ~~0
~m~~*~~ff.J*~~~*~~~To
(2) ~ d(rng sau nhiing ph6 tic: ~lj t' ~~' ~-r-, ~~ va .5l, .¥}, $,

~' ~*' Ht*:

~~lj:;f~~~~ 7-~Jlo
J!;k~~~, ~1n~tf-~~1n~r.mt 7 o

ttJlit 5l~1~-jf-J~ 7 0

(3) Trong cau bt d(>ng, d(>ng_tic a vi ngii thuemg phai c6 tr~ng ngil', hfi ngii, trg
d(>ng tir ( d(>ng tir nang nguy~n) va trq tir 7 ' .ii :
j( ~~ .ffi 7f 7 o (bfi ngfr)
fl
m{f .$~-ft*-7· 0 (bfingfr)
~,J, EJt1~«r~ 17~,
PJf fA~-l-:5tK~~ o (S)
~,J, at1~•r~p~ 11i.it, ?.1fv.A~-l-:5tk~~ o

22
P4 [Gi&i ru, d()ng t:U]
f)()ng tlr:
(1) Keu, Ia, hu. Chi ·am thanh ho~c ti~ng d()ng kha 16n do nguOi ho(lc v~t phat
ra.
1~ h 1t ~ 1!. ~ *-fir Jt p~ ?
~G- _1:_ a~ 5\ ~ P~ T :=.. fo T , -Ali ·t:k: 7f 7 !
(2) Keu, g9i. Doi khi 1Ilflng y sai bao.
1~~~ 1 ]' £ p~ Jtj 1J,;~1: *-0
1~ ~ p~ ~-!- ' '1~ ;r:: ~ .£ #;-:!;- fr-J 0

J.ILJ.il. pJ.l. ~ ~.~:a 'li.. ~ ~.£.· .rll. ~ .~u 'li.. 7

==r
·y,.;;.J ·y,.;....J -, .::=J'J<,. l.A. "J;p , .::=J'J<,. ,y..;u /f'- !.:f" I.A. "J;p J o

(3) Ten la, g9i ta.

4\ fr-J .£ !f. p~ Aa ~ o
J!.t}r1tP~ "**~"o
Gi&i t:U: Bj, iluqc. Cach dung tuong duong v6i ~.t.
1~~ ~ 1t.$- P~Aitk. 1 0 ( =1tft-J ~ 1t -$-~A1tJt 10)
iJ: [Gi&i tir, d()ng tlr]
D()ng tir:
(1) Di cho. T~o di€u ki?n d€ nhfrng gl c6 lgi, ~hu~n ti?n cho ngrr<ri khac. Doi
khi mangy cho phep, mong mu8n.
~~ ::n-1t:il:. ~ ntl A, ~e l!l ~fi rn ~ ~ G o

4\~~~~$~*~~~' ~~~G~~~o
iJ:~ ~A~ ~#.7j<.J&1JiJ!o
(2) Nhuirng, trimh Z6i, trimh ra.
~~~_1:_, ~~A~~~~~~~*Ao·
itk ~il:-il:., :4-"ffit*- 7 0

~~f;~~, itil-r, il:4\.ii-i-!

Gi&i m: BJ, iluqc. Cach dUn.g tuong.duong v6i ~t"' 17 ~
* *
: .

~ fr-J ~ 1t .$ il: Ij' 1t~ T = ~ fr-J ~ -ft .$~I j' 1t.J* 1 0 ( 0 )

*~ ll4 il:
[Gi6i tir] [Gi&i tir, d()ng tir] . JGi&i tir, d()ng tir]
- .Khi lc\ gi&i tlr, d€u mang nghia hi d()ng, djch la bj, auqc, d~u dirng sau cac ph6 tU
n6i cbung.
- Thuemg dung trong van vi~t, mang - Thucrng dimg trong khAu ngfr.
tinh trang nghiem, chinh thuc.

23
 - Trong diu bi d()ng, c6 thS dftn ra - Trong diu bi d9ng, b~t bu9c phai cffin ra
chu thS th11c hi~n hanh vi do hay chu thS thvc hi~n hanh vi d6.
khong deu dugc. ~ ~~~ I il: ~tit 7 o (S)
~~~~To ~~~iJ:~~~~7-~o
4'- R., ~-*=t"~rti4~tit 1 0

- Tf\l'c ti~p d{mg tru6c d9ng tir (~+ - it khi trv"c ti~p d{mg - Khong thS 1f\l'c
D()ng tir)

To
~ ~ J:. tl:: 1 .$ *5 , A.. tru6c d()ng tir ( "~ +
4L DQng tir)
~~J:_t:l:: 7.$
tiSp
d()ng tir.
dllng

~~J:.tJ::J.$
tru6c ·

~·A~, A~~~ 4L 7 o *1, A ii:.4L 7 o (S)

Luy~n t'p
ChQn ~, P4, ili di€n vao ch6. trc3ng:
1. JS:#-~U~*Wl:f:E~_t~ "~nJ, ~nJ" B<JmEil_ "~",
tf! " ~Q 7 "0
2. ifi~_~-1'YriJ1W~U~OifBJ~1~-"F3::ilmtlf-n!?I?
3. ilG 8{]&iit /1' M-, Jijf ~~ill Ef<J iJ51tt 1ft_·_·r:ft 00 Jlft& ~~ 0

.I
4. ~8{]§1r$_A1i1E7 0

5. JJ~llliiEJ;&Bll_~~A 7 o
6. ~wa<JH11~, ~-~*X~tJ7-r 0

7. :te=1':1fl51!$~~~UB, {~lflfm~-~~B<Jo
8. ~flrJ3-*&~lffJJ4., ~ey~---*~111\o
9. · "Fffi7, ;&B!i_¥#1~ 7 o
10. P!bY.Ib_~-~U~tJi{jjjt~:ruf!trEI!-it o

**
-
[Tfnh tir, ph6 tir]
Tinh tir: Vein Ia, vein co
~~#f~*~·~~~*~' ~~~0
Ph6 tir:
( 1) vein le, vein di. Chi S\f v~t ho~c S\f vi~c van eli' ban ddu Ia nhu v~y, thu<mg
dung kern v6i lbt.
~~*;rt~M, #J 7 -Jh ~1! o
(2) Dang le ra, dang /y ra. S11 vi~c duc;rc cho Ia dang le ra phai nhu v~y.
~~~W~~~' ~*~~g~~~~o l

24•
M* [Tinh tlr, ph6 tlr]
Tinh tlr: V6n di, van. Bieu thi y khong h€ thay d6i. f>(rng tru6c danh ru b~t bu()c
phai c6 ft-J , (,~ *-
+ ft-J + danh tir) .
~~~*4*~~~~~~, ~*~T~~~k~~~~~
!$ ilQ ?i if.;.
4
0

~ 111 l£lt ~ *-i~-J it~'] ~{tj: 0 '

Ph6 tir:
( 1) Truac tidy v6n di. Chi S\f vi~c vao thCri gian tru&c Ia nhu v~y, nhung hi~n
. gia da c6 sv,thay d6i r6i. Thu0ng mangy so_sanh gifra hi~n t~i va tru&c day.
4*-~~~~~-~' ~~$~~To
(2) Thi ra. Bieu1 thj y ng~c nhien, do tru&c day khong bi€t, hi~n nay chgt nh~n
ra, bieu ra, ng() ra, v. v...
~VA-~fti'fi, 4*-Jt1;tP~.!

** [Tinh tir, ph6 m] ~* [Tinh ttr, ph6 ttr]

- Gi6ng nhau: dSu chi tru&c day v6n la nhu v~y. Dich Ia_ v6n~ van d~ v6n le.
~ili~±~~~~*~~~±·~~~o
~**H**-14*-~~~~k*~' ~~~0
- NhAn ~nh va chu tr<;>ng ban chAt cita - NhAn ~nh v€ sv v~t; sv vi~c tung la
sv v~t, sv vi~c v6n Ia nhu v~y, khong nhu v~y, gicr c6 le c6 sv thay d6i
thay d6i. A/f..*- ~it~ -3- ~k ;Jtb ~ ~·A.. o

~~*-~Jt..~%~k~tb~fa ft-JA..o (NhAn ~nh tru&c daytimg khong thich

(NhAn ~nh ban chAt Ia khong thich nhiing ngum hut thufic la, bay gia c6 le
nhfrng ngum hut thufic Ia, d~n gicr v~n khong con phan cam nhu xua nua, b~t
v~y.) dftu chAp nh~n.)
- Bi€u thi y dang ly ra phai nP.u v~y, - Khong c6 each dung nay.
duong nhien phai nhu v~y. ~ -k!b -k!b ft. tf ·J!l A, ~ tr.J ~5t i-f~
~-k!b1Jb~ tf I!lA, ~~~5t-ii~* *,:tt,:_iifJ-r~~1fl)f.t~ 1J o (S)
wt it 1:f J;~ ~ 1n )!Jt ~~J 0 •.

**
- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - Bieu thi y khong thay d6i, tir d6 d€n
~1n r 1--~ JlJJJ£~ ft-J»~ '*- gicr vfin nhu v~y.
-ts ~]b? (S)
~lb?
A 1n r !!F JlJJ J£ ~ JN.. * tr.J »~ '*- f1

- Khong c6 each dimg nay~ - Bi€u th! y tnt&c day khong h~ hay bi€t,
**-~!£.~ 1 ''tk~1:fJ!.JLf;.._)_t bay gicr bfing chgt bi€t ra, ng9 ra, nh~n
~ .i1J-it o (S) ra, v.v...
~*-ftl!,!£.~ 1' 'tk~1~i!.JL~
)_t~-Jlj.f~o

25
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~*'
1. ~~~~
**
di€n vao chfi trBng:
El"JtJ~#i'YOO o
2. ~~79/%fEJll[~_AP~, kE~1$:tEo
3. 1tB ~~t*Ao
4. ~' ~>J&m~~~1!f~~~El"J$)Lo
5. ~ffi 1¥J~-*n4mJ~ Ao *ffi~1mi¥J~~ o
6. 1mi¥JfF~~11N:~, Wt:f~~mo
7. tJ~*ft~J:f~ 1¥1' ~*~ilf18 I¥J 0

s. 1m1:JG!ff.I~1:JG~~J~:Jffii:T, Wtt£1tB § a-¥9='*~ 0

9. ~1fJ* ~n1'A, ~£I~£I~~!E7, lJiltE~~IlY1'ATo

10. ~ . ~~~tl~t:JiC*~&illi¥Jo

~ . ·- n -y-··-r·-rf?.~!L~~ b¥~~-~-=--$-~b-=--~-!i,ltovnw ·rrrr----J

l.ttf [Ph6 tir, d()ng tir, gi6i tir]
Ph6 tir: Tuang ddi, hai, kha. Chu y~u d(mg tnr6c tinh tir, ·c6 th€ dll'ng tnr6c trg
d()ng tir (d()ng tir nang nguy~n) va nhling d(>ng tir nhu ;{f... -! y.k_. Khi di chung
/

vm k, cau d6 se mang tinh kh~ng djnh.

~5t -$-i%
~ ~.ft
*_,_ ~ 'tf, 1.6 ~ !f- ~~.ft ~1i iL o
~x. ~ ~tt J' ilL
I o

1 J,_!.-{±.~1Jljj1N__,t -t-~t~;jf .i..~ ~Ao

~ Jt -t- ~t.f.t FET 7'G 7t }lJJ fr.J 13 ~ o

- D()ng tir: So sanh,_ so, ·so hi. Lam. vi ngfr, dinh ngfr ho~c tan ngfr trong cau, bi€u
· tlJi y SO sanh bon thua gifra·hai V~t, ho~c S\I-Vi~C.

~~~~~~~«-T, ~m~~~~-~~ffi7o
1£1PJ ~ Itt ;tr ~t.fl' t ;If g JJtJ 0
Gim tir: So vai. D~n ra dBi tugng cAn so sanh. Thu<mg dung trong van vi~t.
~-~-~~' ~~fr.J*~~~~To
It [D()ng tlr, gi6i tir]
- D()ng tir: .
( 1) So sanh. C6 the c6 tan ngfr, c6 th~ trung di~p, c6 the ·mang 1 . . it. Hinh
thuc phu dinh Ia. ~ ~t,.
P~1j1ij ~~_:_T' *~~X.~~ ~fi$1!: 0
1~S!i.~~~~t~, ifi*-~~~o
~ ~ ~t 1~' 1~ ;If lf ~ }J}j ii' ~5t i%11- ~1£: !}j ~f ~~4~ ·t}t 0

26
 (2) Vi, vi nhu. Thu9'ng kSt hgp v&i 1~, dung trong cau chfr ~~' d€ vi von ngm)'i
hay v~t nay gi6ng nguai hay v~t nao d6.
~X. ii X ~ ~ 4~-Ml-Jc~ ~t.1tt1t JL, -Jt-;f=f t: ,~ o
(3) Ti s8, ti 1?. Thuang dung trong k~t qua thi dAu ho~c di~n ta con s6 ti ~~~
~~~¢~~, ~~~~~-&r~mo
~ 1---~* ~:' Jt v.A- ~t- -t fr.J ~t 171]1~x fr-J 0 ( 1 : 1000)
Gi&i m: So, so. vai. Du;ng d€ so s{mh sv khac bi~t giua hai v~t, hai ngum ho~c
hai vi~c.
1~~t~~o
1~ ir-J' ~X. if; 0 ii ~t ~ -ff 0

* Dung cau so sanh chu ~t cAn chu y trong c~u khong c6 ph6 mtrinh d9 ~fk.,
±, ~~~' v.v ...
1~ ~t. ~ .t. ~rp o (S)
1~~t~~rp 0
~ [Ph6 tlr, gi6i tlr] ·
Ph6 tir: Tuang adi, hai, kha. Cach dung ttrang dti-ong v&i J::t.$X., theo sau 4~
thuang la .tfnh tir don am ti~t. Chi dilng trong van viSt, hAu nhrr kh.6ll.g dling
trong khdu ngtr.
~tf~~-f~;ftJ-, JJ~tf~~o
Gi&i tir: So ra. Cach dung tuang duang J::t, theo sau thrrang di v6i '7g . Chi
dung trong van viSt. .
~~~~~~~~~*M#~~~~o

[Ph6 tir, d9ng tlr, gi&i tir]
- D€u c6 nghia tuang adi, khd, hai. D€u khong dilng trong - · So ra, so v6i, so
hlnh tht'rc phil djnh.
~1t{<.JJ~~ I Jt.ft1t1J:o
i!.1t;RJJ~~ I ~t~/G1t1L o (S)
- Khi mang nghia tuong
d6i, kha, v. v... phia sau
~::t tt thuang Ia tinh tir
ho~c ..~Qng tu ( J::t 4~ +
D9ng tir/ Tinh tir)
~ ;It 1--- ~t .tt ~~ ~tt
a9 =t- ~rr o
~t
[Ph6 tir, Gi6i tir] [D9ngtir, Gi6i tir]
sanh. C6 th€ dung
trong cau phil dinh.
. l! #- JJ~ ~t JJ~ *-
1tJ=-1t1J:o
- Khi mang nghia· ttrong d6i; - Khi mang nghia so
kha, v. v ... , phia sau tt thuang sailh, phia tru6c J::t
Ia tinh tir don am ti€t, ho~c ngfr thuang la danh ru,
d9ng tir. ( ~+ Tinh tir don am cvm danh tir (Danh
tiSt). Chi dung trong van vi St. tir + J::t)
~ t3J ~ 1J~JL~lzio 1:1:1 ~11. -$- ~t /,t} ~
j~Jf- 't~o

27
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn tt ~, tt, ~ di€n vao chfi trfing:

1. ~~~~&~$~ ~*~,~~~~~~0
2. 11B~-'t ~~~W!EI<JAo
3. 11B~B<J~ ~~Ef<J{J!iio
4. ~1fJ~1:m-~ -~Mo
5. fJt 1fuj:){j(f5~o
6. 11Bffl !(& ~", J!lfl~lli ~ :f~{t uz 0

7. /J\± 1m5$5t3:k~~ 0

8. ~~111\ -"F' ~il{~~'fjco

,'irl 'E tlf ::ft. rh ~ ~ 1:E1 vB:
9 . iA la:J llf t=J T ' F 11PJ /il:t
0

10. ffl I¥J1J~i,jffi¥, -~{f]~·~J1Jf 1io

1

L.• ···-r--zJ~;t'Te~.!~~~l!~~;=.;!Erw::&nwm·=J
~ )E [Ph6 tir]
j
Ph6 tir: Ch&c chiin, chiic hlin. Bieu thi.s\f phan doan, suy doan ho~c bi~u thi y
chi quySt tam NhAn ~ y chi chu quan cua minh. Khong dung trong hinh
thuc phil dinh.
*;t9ijl~J! 1*~ J:_ 7 :k~,t:~~il~~o (sl;lphiindmin, suydoiin)
a}j J!:.. iL ~*' 1* .(f.~~ fl o ~ ~, ~ ,t: ~-!- o (y chi quyBt tam)
1~~~ ~~-!-JJ~JLo (S)
1~~~~~-!-JJ~JLo (S)
~~ [Ph6 tir, tinh tir, danh tir]
Ph6 tit: Chiic chiin se, tdt nhien. NhAn ~nh m9t phan doan nao d6 ch~c ch~n se
xayra.
~lA.A-~ >J, ~f&~~J:.o
Tinh tir: Ch&c ch&n, t&t nhien. Bi~u thj S\f viec se phat tri~n theo ·quy l~t nhu
v~y, dftn dSn kSt qua nhu v~y. Dt'rng tnr&c danh tir, c6 th~ c6 tr.J ho~c khong,
nhung khi d(rng titr&c C\lm danh tir thl phai c6 €1-J.
~~~~-*-~~~~~~~~(~)*~0
~~~~~~~~~, A~~±~*~~~-~o~~~~
~~~$-/i*o
Danh tir: Diiu tdt nhien. NhAn·.~nh quy ll4t tAt yeu se la nhu v~y.
*
;f;j-:f 4h 1~ if I E1 4h :JtJJj :J!. :Ji..Jl ~ ,t: f& o

28
-~ [Ph6 tir, tinh tir]
Ph6 ttr:
(1) Nh&t djnh, ch&c ch&n. BiSu thi sv kien quy6t, quy6t tam. Khi chu ngfr la
ngoi thu hai hay ba, thi biSu thi long mong mu6n, hy VQng ho~c yeu c~u
nguOi ta lam theo y cua minh.
~ -~ ua ~A-~" ~.£..
;:)'~ ~ ~ :.:r A I.A. "h:r o ·

a}l f-_1~-~**-o
(2) At h&n, ch&c Ia. Bi€u thi sv suy doan.
: 1~*-Ji)~ ~ 3-lk, fJ~1~-~.xt5tif ~ ~tz~,~ 1 0

Tinh tir:
(1) Nh&t djnh. ·
*~~ ~~* §1 G-~ft-J~±~-m~JJ!.o
(2) Kha, tuang a6i.
~ ft.; ~X. i% t,; ~ ;t- ~ fr.J 7]<. -t 0
* Hinh thuc phli'dinh CUa -Jt la ~-it (mangy khong chic chin) va
- ;t ~ .J;;-1- ;t tJIJ (mang y khuyen ngan, dung lam):
~~-}tfJ~-i-o
··-···-·--·-·· ............... ·······-·- --------·
. ··-· ..
.
a}l J?-...1~-}t~*l&!'] o

-)E
[Ph6 ru, tinh ru, danh ru] [Ph6 tir, tinh tir]
- f>Su mang nghia ch&c ch&n.
~~~~h, ~~/-}t/~~~~*0
- Nhftn tn?nh sv phan doan - Nh~n ~nh quy lu~t - Nhftn ~nh sv suy doan,
m<)t each chu quan cua khach quan, du mu6n suy l~n chu quan, chu
mlnh, va k~t qua dtl.ng nhu qu khong cling se phat trQng bieu hi~n .quy~t tam
phan doan, suy doan. Dung trien nhu v~y. Dung cua minh. Pung trong khftu
trong van vi~t. trong van vi~t.
1~
Jt~~AJLo
* JL * *- J6 ,;a Jt ep ~-R i% z.Jt JlJ m
~ii, i!.Jt.~~{f-J o
* ngii' nhiau han.
~ 1n - ~
3J o
* jf fJ ?If
- Khi bieu d~t y chi quy~t - Vi 'iC t~ biSu ~t y quy - .C6 the dung chu ngfr la
tam, chu ngfr khong the la l~t kbach quan, nen chu ngoi thu hai hay ba, d@
ngoi thu hai hay ngoi thu ba. ngfr khong the la ngoi bi€u d~t y d~n do, yeu diu.
1~ ~ }t *-i- ~~ ly,- thu nhftt hay thu hai. 1~- }t *1±. a}] JZ /\..
11~ l'Jl ,:-;1- ~ :*' b l- .. ~b ~
~0 (~) .d::
IJ ~~ ..l.C I IFJ I~' ;:)'~ ,'?., Z iPJ ..iG n~ o
1~ ~ ~ *-!- ~~ if, - ..'l... l*. A .tv, -er ~
~ ,.... i\ ifJ:.'rOJ /'
(S) 0

~0 b
11~ l'Jl ,:-;1- ~:*'
I IFJ I~'
IJ .;t:.!~ ..l.C
~
~-'<.

-}t~tl~~o

29
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn !.16'~, !.16, )E.., - }£ dien vfw ch6 tr6ng:

1. mB ~~~Ao
2. 1m f~~f]GEJ<J~~-!:{$:o
3. Pjf ~U 111\ ~ ~~ 1'~~ }[~L ftB 1tttijt tj o
4. $;f;:f~ Ef{J, ~W3--t A -jfg{'f ili o
5. ~JTEf{]1~~ IE 8<J, -~1~7&~~, *tilffi~~iiEJ§~~' ~j!$!Jo/.J~Ji
8<J t]$o
6. ~4fJ:~:Wf.J Ef{JH'JfE]~)j ~i-Jo
7. 1m/f ~niti~14$o
s. ~~~4fi:~n2L~ . . A2r~, $~ Ef{Jm~o
9. 1ttfft~, '[9H'j£fg, ~ EJfJ~~o
l0.11B~-1'-~~~~Ef{JA, 1m ~1}~~14$o

•
[013] ~'~ bixu-
••• • • • . w,. • ... •••••. • __ ,. . •. ' :· .,_, • ..
!16,1/f bixu-
: . . • .. • • .• . .• • . . . , . \ ,.. .
!16,~ biyao
• • ,.·. •• • .... • •• • • ~. • •• •• . • • .... ~ ... ''""" f ~ .•,..

!16,~ [Ph6 tir]

- Phai, cdn, can phai. ¢ ~jl d(mg tru6c d(>ng tir, tinh tir, va c6 thB d(mg tnr&c chu
ngii. Con khi dung trong cau c!u kbien se nhdn m~nh.tinh cAn thiet, mang tinh
chAt ra l~nh.
~1~~l!1t:f' !)B~Jt *- 'f--~-1ff/J 0

~1~~_l!1t:f, -k~!)B~Jt-~~fJ 0

~~M~~M#~~,-~~~~~~~~-0
Hinh tht'rc phil djnh cua ~-~:W la: ~ ~, 7G ~.Vl, ~ ~.Vl.
~E,!~;}tJt 7, 1~~!)k ~iJLo
!IX'm [fJ(>ng tir]
. can, can phai. Mang tinh bit bu(>c phai c6,'.khong thB thieu. Khi lam v'i ngii,
khong thB mang tan ngfr phia sau. Con khi lam dinh ngir, giira ~ 1; va trung
tam ngfr phai c6 ft!J.
l!~#f~*-*~~~RM•-~•a~*&o
/]<.~P?}: ~Jt. .ft-1'- A it~ a9 ~ f; £ 0

!16,~ [Tinh tir, danh tir]

- Tinh tir: Phai, bu9c phai. Mang tinh bit bu(>c phai lam nhu v~y.
;{f ~t I\.; ~ 1t9:.:t" ~rp fr.J ~ ~ ~1t 0

30
 Danh tir: Ttlt y~u, aiJu tdt y€u. Bi€u thi nhfrng vi~c nay khong th~ khong lam, va
lam nhfrng vi~c nay la di~u tfit y€u. C6 th€ lam dinh ngfr, tan ngfr, vi ngfr, c6 th~
dung v&i ~Et. Khi lam tan ngfr, n~u trung tam ngfr la danh m, thi c6 th~ c6 ho~c
khong CO ff.J, COn n6u trung tam ngti' la C\lffi danh tlr thi phai CO ir-).
* JZ. -f J:_~t-fi'Ji, ~Atl:f[ !i&~o
1!. ~ ilt' p~ 1f1 )! !i& ~ ~ 4- 0

16, 1m · [D()ng 1ir] &, ~ [Tinh tir, danh ttr]

- DSu rriang ngllla can, ~dn phai, bu9c phai. Nhung tlr lo~i khac nhau.
- La ph6 ttr, dtmg tnr&c - La d{>ng ttr, c6 th~ -La tinh tir, lam dinh ngfr
d9ng tlr ho~c
lam tr~ng ngfr.
-1\~~Jl ~-
C\lm d9ng tlr

*
mang tan ngfr.

((~x_~ ~l~~))o (S)

~~-11;.!*- * ((~x_
ho~c vi ngfr.
~!F~~x_ itJ, ~ ~tt
o/ -1!1 JJYJ ~ :$(_ iffu )t -t ft-
i~*))o (( ~x_~ i~ ~))' k !if 3J ~~ir.J 0

((;;x.~i~ ~)) ;t_~ 3J ~x_ -it~'Nl; {f.J J-~iS 0

~X.if;-_~~Jl.ffJ~-JI.f;_o (S)
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Nh!n ID?nh cAn phai - Nh!n ID?nh khfing -th~
c6 nhfing thu nhtr: thu6c thi6u: bi~n phap, each
men, thgc ·ph§m, tiSn thuc, diSu ki~n, thiBt bi,
b~c, v.v... v.v...
,J<_lf_ ~ 1f1 El ~ .i. ~~ J:_ ~4}- :pi*'
n; iC 't J'o o !)k~J'GfPl>J 0

Luy~n t~p

Ch<;>n !.16,~, &,$, !.16,~-diSn vao _ch6 tr6ng:

1. ~Jt%1~1mB{]~>J<¥.i !tfJf~ltto
2. 4;;fij~~j}~JI:b B{j=j.~~o
3. *jU B ~rJ(i:g7J<f~t~, 7.fPJP.JJt~1~~~1¥1~**0
4. ~1tJ:$JJUA?fJ/F7, 1fT\*§ -*0
s. ~m tRt?±~:kMfrtr~1-RWbt$XW~~~Uo
6. f!1j ~ 8{] ~xJ\ ~ S:1f.I\ tiJ JfW o
1. ~~~_tij:S'Jllffti~Yflla<JiJtfD¥, 1£*$9Gtv!>.J o
8. ~1fJ~~1A79:ff M?Tr~JllWi~o
9. 1J1'- ~ iJ5ff,Jt1f 7 , & ~ f1 fEF!-MM o
10. 111\IY1* *0
31
 ~--
[014] §JIJ hie- ~JB9 biede- ~ ling- ~~r llngwai
·-. - ··- ·· ·-·--··· , --·-· ...... ·. . . ··· ......... ·.... ... . . ···-·-··- ..
~. ~ ~ ~-.-~ ~·- z~·········~· ·····~ ·· ··T· -.;~·~ ··w· . . . . . · · · · · -· ·····
~· ~-- ~ ···· · --··-· .... .......... ··
~
I
~.~

jJ [D9ng ru, ph6 ru, d~i ru]

Ph6 ru: Dimg. n1J+ D9ng ru, bieu thi ngan can ho~c cAm dmin. K.hi n1J di vm ~t.
mangy nhic nh&.
m~!~~~~~*~' ~-~~1~o
Jitl~~ 1, )i!j A~JJh~~~o
1tkat' Jj~ ;$1 *ir ~
D9ngru:
(1) Bi?t ly, f{lm bi?t, chia xa.
~~~~!m1, ~~e~mJ
m1,
(2) c&m,.gai, cai len.
~~~~~*~' **~~R*~m~*a~o
~_!fa~)Jl~Jl~i-- .t.*to
D~i ru: Rieng bi?t, khac. DUn.g tru&c d9ng ru dan am tiSt, thuemg d~ng trong

.I
-r f:f:i R. ;t lffJ i#J , . JJ•J ~--$-
1-t tr.J j:_ "* Jj•J ~ -~ 0
*6 o

jj a9 [D~i tlr]
- Khac. Thay thS nhfrng gi da n6i phia tru6c.
~ -iJL it 14- :f 1 , -iJL Jj~ 69 11~
*
0

j£ ~ Jj~ 69 *- lllb ?
-'l. [Ph6 ru, d~i tir]
Ph6 tlr: ~hac. f){rng tnr6c d9ng tlr don am tiSt, bi€u thj nhting gi ngoai ph~m vi
da n6i 6 tren.
j~~ ~ •li: ' ~ 111 Jj ~~at J'a] JWp ~~ 0
D~i ru: Cai khac, thu khac. Phia sau Ji ph:H c6 sfi tir.
-*~~~~~' ~-+~~~~*'0
-'l?r [Ph6 ru, d~i nr, lien ru]
Ph6 tu: Khac. DUn.g tnr6c d9ng ru ho~c cvm d9ng ru, thuOn.g di li~n vm it,
5l... .1f bieu thi D.hfrng gi kh~c, khong nim trong ph~m vi da n6i 6 tren.
-f-t~1~%~~~;}j~~~1-# • • o
iti.k:~-ftP~, ~}jJ~.fJ}~-i.o
- D~i tlr: Khac, cai khac_. Phia sau n 7r phai la C\lffi danh tlr, ho~c Ut them a9, d€
t~o thanh kSt cAu chii it-].
~~it~*~~~&, }j~~~~~ATo
~ 1f1 R; *- ~-!- 1 Jj '"-~;HI~ 0

32
- Lien ttr: Ngoai ra. Dung d€ lien k€t, ti€p nAi v&i cau tren, ho~c phan cau tnr&c,
bi€u thi ngoai nhung gi da n6i a tru&c, con c6 nhfrng thu nay.

1-KJlJJ~~~~A..fr-;k ttif; o
*
1t !'J ~~ Jjr, ~ ef , - t}] ~ mG % ~ ~~ 1 Jj ;r , ~N ~~ 1 , ~ 0

jjij [DQng tir, _§3 51 jj-- [Ph6 tU,

ph6 tlr, d~i tir] [Ph6 tir, d~i t\r] d~i ru, lien ru]

- D~u truing y cai khac, khac. .

~*~~~~~~' ~~**~~~*~0
~ 3!:...~~~ 5-tflt J~, ~1n~~JJ~~ at faJi~P~o
~R..~~~~~M, ~~JiA~~*~o·
r f:f:J R..;t ~#Jl, .JJ•J ~ -ftf- -~ o
- Phai k€t hgp v&i - Phia sau khong - Phia sau phai c6- - Phia sau c6 th€
m9t sA d9ng t\r mang sA hrgng. sA lugng t\r. Khi c6 sA lugng tir, c6
don am ti€t nhAt ~ * 1~ i~ ft-J lam.ph6 tU thuOn.g th€ c6 69 . Con
. dJnh, _ thuang;_ dUn.g .it!~~ -14- :f o dtmg tru&c dQng mang ngh'ia ngoai
trong khftu ngfr. (S) t\r d~····· §.~ --ti€t,· . ra.
~:ii a9 }J ijf- khong duqc c6 tr.J. atfaJ ~-f 7,
j~ ~~ :ii a9 }J ijf- atf~l~-f7, ~ 1f1 if- J!:... :!L it
*m ~t , JJ•J ~ ~ ~ 1f1 4'- J!:... ~L it ~}11-j -f'-ICJ ~' jj
~ p;lj ...f ICJ il!' jj .tr fr.J <3...-t--) 1CJ
3...1'- ICJ ~ a}] J!:... ;;¥!a}] R...;fitiB- ~ .
.;}it-i'B-o ~ j~ 1~ i~ fr.J
~ 1f1 4'- "- :fl Jt» tr~1tf: 0

it-i'B- J11j -1'-- JCJ i1!'

Jj ~ ICJ ~ a}] J!:...
-1}i-;J--i'B-.'o (S)

Luy~n t'p
ChQn jjlj tru,., 53 9r,., :13 , jjtl di~n vao chfi trdng:
1. ~~7W3*~' ~~~~m~o ·
2. JJ~1'~tr:~m-TB<J:J!~IriJ~, W31'A~·/f1Ai~o ·
3. 1$ :t:13JJ~\ 7 0

4. ffi7' '~+27 0

5. JJ~m-1'!!~l¥JJY.J~, ---"!'~rf=t~A, -1'~~~lEAo

33
 6. 1fr\tEH~~rruOOB<J~bt- - -{±, 1J~~JWt~~&~ 1 o

7. J!}tf§~1~/f'~, 1fT\ ~~}t 0

8. J:~j~~:IG1'~~, JE~ ll43JIJA -*UEo

9. rt.irw~~:ij![~jr, JE~ 1J~~?
1o. ~ ,R rtffti rruOOW3 iiJ , ~ u1f :~G ~~~ 0

:]t: [Ph6 ru, lien ru, d()ng tir]

Ph6 ru: Cimg. Btmg tru&c m()t s6 d()ng ttr don am tiet nhAt djnh nhu -#- .iL, -#-
711 , if- ff-, ft i~, ff "j:, bi€u tbi hai ho~C nhi€u SlJ vi~c ti€n hanh cung hie. Khi
dtmg ·truac nhihlg ttr .phil dinh nhu. ~.t, ~ . . ;Jf., ;f;.., iL, se nhAn ~nh y phil dinh
ho~c phil nh~n va dinh chinh.
~iA.79~M--fl7rit*PJT'\ i>L'\ ~'\ ~-Jf--£0
i!.lktt_f-, ~1Jl1jllj-}f-:f•] ~~-t
**
0

1*
'ft ;r.: 1t i>L fi-J JJ~ *-f 0

Lien ~: Va, v&i, v&i l{li. Dung d€ nfii tiep hai d()ng tir hai am tiet, hai phan cau,
.I

nhung hai phan cau d6 phai c6 ·cung m()t ch~ ngfr, d€ phan cau sau gian luge
chil ngfr di.
~1Jl*~l!~-f*:#-Jf- ii..Jh ~~1t~.fto
~-T 2006 -f*-!•J *-. J!l..%1i..Jf-~ >J **0
E>(lng ttr: H9P lf;zi, sap nhtJp.
~ 1f1 4E, l!El-1'-~ FA. .Jf- n\ --1'-- :k. fA. o
:Jt:ll [lien tir]
Va, v&i l{li. Dung lien ket, ket I16i nhfrng d()ng tir, tinh ttr, ph6 ttr vm nhau,
nhfrng tir nay phai la tir hai am ti€t. -#- lL cling lien ket dugc hai phan cau, khi
-#- JL. dfulg addu phan cau sau.
* *-r-
lienket phan cau,
~ ~ -}f-ll..;f:ro 1-t
~ ~ .2- ;t
1*-
~ ~~ 1ti JiJ .·o
~ 1!1 j:_ it ft-J 1$ ' -Jf- lll£~tl §, 0

Khi nfii Ii€n ba S\1' vi~c v&i nhau, thi -#- Jl d~t a vi~c sau cilng.
JJJl ~1f1 ~ iJL ~ *- ~rJiy, .,:A J€7 , J1ft ~ *1- 1 , *- M 1 , .Jf- Jl -it- it it-
-\t tt .,:,( -;Wi.ifl;ftj %·7 0

34
 3t [Ph6 ru, lien ru, d9ng tu] 3f:ll [Lien ru]
- Khi Htm lien tir, d~u biSu thi nghia va, v&i lr;li, nh~m k~t n6i, lien k~t hai thanh phfin
~~R~#~*/if-A~ttT~+~~o
,J, aJJ Ji;k~i~n\~:§t;t±J;Jl~-, -Jf- I-#- A;ftif- T.J1£~~ !:to
- Khi lien k~t, k~t n6i hai phan cau, hai phan cau d6 - Lien k€t phan cau c6 cling I
ph~Li cling m9t chu ngfr, dS gh\n luge b&t chu ·~gfr a m9t chu ngfr ho~c hai chu
phan cau sau.. Khong dung cho cau c6 hai chu ngfr ngfr khac nhau.
khac nhau. *- ~ .i.1f1 ~~ ~tt ~#-#­
k*~~~~~#*~~~~1~~0 Jlif~ *.&.~ }jo 1 1'13 #J o
- Khong dugc ng~t giua hai phan cau. - Bugc ng~t giua hai phan cau.
rJ!.. J.- .J., -!::
_J..;..
!:f" /f)( A/-/ .X.1"1" '
.u.. ' i£..
~'
~ .t.1- ..:f. _:lt- tim
!.:f" .::t-. .IJ'P :;e. JT
1'J.:fA fd
I '"" "' ~:f£*-IJ ~#, -#-ll,
t1{;J EL 0 (S) ; ~ .i. :;fp ~ ~rp 1f1 ~~ f.!~ T1~ B. 0

- Bi chung v&i nhfrng tir. phu dinh . ~-. )t-. ~i ;ff-. - Khong di chung v&i nhfmg
~-- -=~~- mphu dinh.
~.Jf-~FJ-t~lt~1t!zo ~:1f-ll/G FJ-i:1~~~
1t9:. o (S)
- Khong d:i chung v&i rihfrng ru /f:1.5l-. ;f:1.§.. · ... Bi ehung v&i . nhfing ru ;f.
1~ /f: 1x. :it~~ 00 A , -)f-it Ei 1~ 1£ F) - ~ 1i1 1x... .:t: 1.~-.
%o (S) 1-t/G1X.lt~~ ~A, .J1- lL

Luy~n t~p
ChQn jf-. jf J3. di~n vao ch6 trfing:
1. 1f.J\1Jl1m~~~7, A~'1ili ¥j:~~~~, R~iT~~ws·o
2. 1m!fl~H~~fu~7~~' :1.8~ ~~~tBo
3. ~IE~~fu::f~IPJ_.~A, 1fl\J31J~~R~~fut§1~ ito
-~ ~u&mB~~~~~m~a~&m*~~~~, ,~*
~~tt~~, ~m~I~~~~~-~0
s. 2oos1F~x, 1m*~1, f.mJ~@JfEI1to
6. flt1fJI¥JWc~al.fO"' ~~& l~T~o
7. 1$ &' ~.DttEA, 7( B<J 11: ~ ~ J:: :i:.$1t!(~f o ..

8. ~~~®m~~s<J~~1fJ~OO~&$, J!JI~"' £.1to

9. {tf!S~i:El±lit~u IE1£1J<.fmittJJtt1ro
10. *t51!fffast, ~1fJ1£jrJi1~1.Bft1~~:t4, JJ±-Tili~1~~-® 0

35 .
 l___..........-.. py· • [~!?~l.~~U-=-~· ~~if.?i~~~-~~~t-~)T __ T __ y···- '' T'l
/F [Ph6 tuJ
Kh6ng, chua. D(mg tnr6c d{»ng tir, tinh tir ho~c trg d{»ng tu bieu tlij S\f phii djnh.
~~f-pJ!.1~J]t{f.{f.~JLo
i!.*- ~-#t--,~,JL~~W o
1t ff.J ~ ii-1JL~l ~ k iJfL ;flj 0

* Chu y: ~ + d{»ng tir mang y xu huang = hinh thtrc phii djnh. C6 hai truemg
hgp.
a) Bieu thj tir ch6i, phii dinh, m9t each chii quan, minh khong mu6n lam
~i!t-!- ~@]* ~3~1:-!-
b) Bi€u thi phii dinh khach quan, khong the lam dugc.
*-~*·. @]~* j~~J:-!-
~ <~fi) [D9ng ru, ph6 ruJ
D{»ng ru:
\ (1) ~ Kh6ng co. Bi€u thi khong c6 sa hiiu, tAn t~i thu gi, m6n gi d6.
\ I
~~i: ($i.~) 11~ ~ ~~0
.I
1tJ!.*.f.~~ji_ ( $i,~) ~Lfto
~N.$1 ( $l:~) ,;Jl7 0
(2) Kh6ng au, chua tlu. Di theo sau ~.t ( ~.t~) phai c6 sA lugng d€ bieu thi
khong du con sA d6.
~«. ~.£~l, ()l,~) . .::..-t-#t~o
~-!-~r, ,y, fa ~l£~l. (~i:~) -+ JJ Yl,@] *-1 0

(3) Kem han. Dimg trong cau so sanh kern han (A< B)

A ¥i1f. · B +- thanh phln cAn so sanb ( tinh tir I bd ngii')

~ it~ 1t!!.Jf.t fl}J 0
~~~l~i.~~·Ji:·o
Ph6 tir: Kh6ng co. ~.t ( ~.t~) + d9ng tir/ tirih tir, bieu thi phti dinh nhihlg gi da
xay ra ho~c tinh chAt c6 S\f thay ddi.
PtJt;fr, }jt,~~o
~$1: ($~:~)
~*ot 1, 1t)i: (~i:~) ~,tPe,?
* Hinh thuc nghi vAn:
·(a) Bi€u thi ng~c nhien, hoai nghi. ii ( ~.t~) + D9ng tir I Tfnh tir + "~?
~l£)i: ( )l.;;t) PJb? *-

36
 (b) Bi6u tbi SlJ lva ch9n c6 hay khong. D()ng tir +it+ D()ng tir ?
1tt ~ ~i~ #Jj- flFl ?

::f [Ph6_rnJ ~ C~.9:1f) [D9ng tu, ph6 tu]

- :oeu biSu thi y phu djnh, chua, khong.
- Khi lam ph6 tlr, dung a thl qua khu, - Khi lam ph6 tlr, khong dung duqc 6 thl
hi~n t~i va tuong lai. tuang lai, hi~n t~i, chi dung dugc 6 thl
~J~1±-~-i-\h~ko qua khir.
~a}jk~-!-i~)~; -!--fJ~o ~J~~}t-:}m~liJo (S)
alp ~Jfi-11~~-:}, ~1Jl;$-:}o ~aJJ~~i-i-~~' -i--fJ~o (S)
a-'fkfi-1 ~$1-!-, ~1n;t~-!-o
- Chu yBu phu djnh sv phan doan, y - Chu yBu phu djnh_hanh d<)ng ho~c tr~ng
mu6n, dv djnh, thai d<), nang lvc, sv thai hanh d<)ng xay ra, hoan thanh hay
th~t, v. v... chua.
4!t1t ~ 7f fl o (S\1' th~t) 4!t1t $l.if fl o (dqng tac, himh dqng)
~~J:.i*-o (khongmulm) · · · ~-$~J:.i*-o (chuaxayra)
- C6 th6 dtrng tru&c tAt ca cac trg d<)ng - Chi dUn.g tru6c m<)t s6 trq d<)ng mnhu:
ru. n~, n~6$, *" -t, :ijt_
~~~*~~0 ~~~*~~0~

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n :iF" ~~ C~~:ff) di€n vao chd tr6ng:

1. ¥-J:k{$-2;; ~~~fu?
2. A: Wiit B: ' iiJ!
3.
4.
1m
a'F:k
Et!JJ~,
A~iJF~~:krlf
*-t: 0

l*o_
s. ~ ~nm~9fllm7, ~~ *.t.ilo
6. ~ ~ iJl1f.J\ I¥J 5! 1* 1t~ f~ ~, !.16' iE JG' c/
7. ~ ~' Jj\.:E** ~~' ?JT~~11'JiiJ§ ~0
8. ~ ~J1_[}~o ·
-9. ¥-J:k iJ, ~1n~oo~m 0

10. J6®~J1j r~~U:t · ~J~ 7 0

37
 L. ·zr·y I .•. TT····· !0_1,!1 .:f~' .b~IJI:-:: :IF.ffiiJilyOn~ ... T"'TYI"I" ..- ...• J

:f!l6' [Ph6 tir]

Khong can, khoi phai. ~ ~ + d{>ng ru, tinh tU ho?c ngfr d{>ng tU bi€u thj SlJ
viec khong cAn phai nhu v~y.
;f: ~ -tf 1~ 1 , ~ flil'J *- tt if;iJL ~ t~ ;If~ JL, ~ *- T o

~R~-~~~~~, k~~·~*o
/I' ffl [Ph6 tir]
(1) Khong can, khoi. /f'.ffl + d{>ng tir/ngfr d{>ng tlr. Bi€u thi S\f th~t khong cAn phai
nhu v~y, ~6 lam v~y cling khong c6 tac dl)D.g.
~~~~·ti1, ~Jfl.fft-kf~~9ifi7 0

. ~@] *-·1' ~·.m.-i-~~~ 10

(2) Dimg, khong can. Khi chu ngfr la ngoi thir hai, doi khi bi€u thj y khuyen ngan,
cdmcan.
1~~}ij ~£'u, 1~~4?/ff:f fr.J o
1~~m 1±.it 1, ~ ~~~**~1-t o
./

/1' 16, [Ph6 ru] ~ .ffl [Ph6 ru]

- D€u bi€u thi nghia khong can, khoi phai.
~:it mLA, ~!)k I ~Jfl%-~o
1~~~ 1 ~ m-?f'-~g, ~ 1f1-f- iiJG iA if{ 1 o
- Khong th€ dirng tru6c chu ngfr. - C6 th€ dirng trucrc chu ngfr.
~!)k1*4*'u, ~ mL4:~J£o (S) ~Jij 1~4*'u, ~ mL~~J_to
1*~~4*'u, ~ mL4:M:JJ.o
- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - Co th€ bi€u thi y khuyen ngan, c~m
~ tf.J *'f-k ~ ~ 1ij::kt' ~·1~/:fo
(S)
- Dung trong khftu ngfr va van vi€t.
can.
*
. Afr.J ·tt ~4?1tt-15-,
- ThuOn.g dilng trong khftu ngfr.
~ .m 1* -E o

Luy~n t~p

ChQn /1' !16," /1' .ffl di€n vao ch8 tr6ng:

1. 1ffi1J-H~!\t)gtJ\, ~~ 1 o

2. jg~~-{4;J,tJ:Jj9t~q,~~' j(PJ- - - 0

3. I~J.LJ(Ef{J~~' ~~1-i'f*ml:PJ~,
4. f1 D;J9t~~JJ~JLI¥J0~1-=\:$,

38
5. 1$ !\t::f~ J:.~B<J
#ifZ, 0

6. :kf?-tg7.f7f~a, ~f~:*lf!.o
7. i!Gt&t~~!l:h%~, 1~fJTI¥J 0

8. ft"*' {fu"* 0

~f~Jd.~-i!flo
1
9. 1fJ\
1o. tiP 1t11EJZ: ~ iJl, 1fT\ PI . t§ 1§ 1m o

, "'"'' ......... 1

:;fffi [Lien ru]

Khong nhung. Thuemg k€t hgp v&i mJL, #- JL, if., ~ .. ~ .. ~at t~o thanh
cau phuc tang ti€n, phan cau sau c6 y nhdn ~~ hon so v6i phan cau tru&c.
~~1!!-*·~~X.if, Jt*~~ifo
1~~1!!. *~~ ~rp, ifTJ JLA.J'o~~AE'z-:kf o
:;f~ [Lien ru]
Khong chi, khong nhftng. Bi~u· thi y nghl'a kborig chi co m()t cai, rna .con co
. nhieu cai giflng nhau nhu v~y, vuqt qua sA luQ'Ilg, ph~m vi da n6i trong phan cau
tru&c. Phan cau sau thuang c6 if..
~~~*-1, ~±~A:t~*- o r
~*~m~~-*~&*, ~~~~~0
/f ~ [Lien ru]
- . Khong chi, khong nhiing. Giflng nhu bi~u thj khong chi co m9t cai nay, con co
nhi~u cai, nhi6u ~t khac nfra. Phan cau sau thuemg k€t hgp v&i t7n ll.. -#- ll
v.v ...
1~~Jt it.f~)fiLf 1J ~ rm llit~~~r<.:f~ 1ft 0

1~~JtkiJL~5tif, .Jt~lJL EJ ifo

/GfEI. [Lien nr] I :IF ,R [Lien m] /Gtt '[Lien tir]

- I>6u bi~u thj nghia khong nhiing, khong chi.
£~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*' ~:ft .A 1f11*9:A a~ it J.'l o
£~vrr~1£-ft~1n;t ~ !¥ ~ ~x.it, iffJ ll!t:.t.t~ 1n 1t.tA. a~ i!Jf. o
-Thuangdiv&i mll, -#-ll. - Thuang di v&i ~ .. if.
~5l !f.~ 111 -1f ~ ' TfQ Jl!t~r<. ;{f ~I~ 0 nbi€uhon.
.

rm lL 0t. d:;>o -tt ""a' ~rz ·.1fr -iF

1~ ~ Jt :Ji.. -t-ff' {. .:r .1:.J 1-tt-1 1-TF 7C l!.~;J1fl, ~~~it
*
lr:!'
0

m
1e: ..<A. -ts 1t 1if tEJ a~
.f.;, ~~ 16 ~JT ~ ff.J .fJ 0

39
 - Khong c6 each dim.g nay. - co the ~~P ~~i thaoo ~ 1x.
R~~~~*~~~~A~~~'~*~ 1x. de nhAn ~nh.
Jlj X ~ fi-J 1Jii4t o (S) IPJ~~~~::X: $ .i'J
R~~~~*~~~~A~~~'~*~ 1~/r'-A.~ ~1*, .J£::X: $
f'J *-. ~ tr.] 1Jil4t o (S) Jlj k ~ ~1Jt~o
- Ph~m vi khong ro rang - Chi ro ph~m VI,

b~ng ~;;, thu(mg dung dS khong dimg dS lien

lien k8t, k8t n6i tir ho~c k8t, k8t ·nbi tir ho~c
doan ngfr. doanngfr.
i!.#:f.-*.~~Jltfflll !!.~.1Jt-*.~.R
tit 0 Jlt fflll ttt- o (S)
- Dung trong khftu ·ngfr· va ·van vi€t - Thu(mg dung trong khAu
ngfr.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn :If'@" /f'fX." /f' .R di~n vao chfi trBng:

/
1. ~~,f!ft&1¥rfL~, · ~r& - ~ll:h, ~~3JUB<J 0

2. ft1 ft1 ~ r'll'fffil _§.It~ rm 0

3. ~ ,g-¥!, rm.§.~~11t*:JJ!qo
4 .. !ltffJ ~%~1f*, rmli~{(&~o
s. :ruB ~~~, rm.§.~ ~ 0

6. ffJ\, ~~~~ffJ.1!{fo
7. · $~ · ~j}rmJl~)EJ!!)}frfo
8. 1tBffJ ~it, ffij_§J~P4::k~o
9. 1m :ttf¥7 El 6B<J~, ~re::k::ta<Jlf&{g:ttf¥7 0

10. ilc ~'J"~7.f3H~*FB"Jf:rr*o

Lr~· ~ ..!~#~J.J~~! ~.!~!b~=-~ ~~~~-=- .R£~~~o ·- _. _j

~~~
- Danh phai, bu9c phai. BiSu thj do dieu ki~n bj h~n chS, nen lam vao tinh th8 bftt
d~c di, danh phai nhu v~y.
%%~~~~*~~*' ~~~~~0
_R~· [Ph6 tir] ·
- Danh phai, bu9c phai.
~~~~~~*~-1, ~~~~k~~o

40
~Jf [Ph6 nr]
Danh phai, bu9c phai. Bi~u thi y nghia trong tlnh hinh nhu v~y, tinh th~ nhu v~y,
khong con S\1' Iva chQn nao khac tfit bon S\1' Iva chQn nay nfra, danh chAp nh~n
nhuv~y.
r f:f:J 1 , A1n.R "*t aJJ ~.fit -i:- p~ o

~ 1~ [Ph6 tir] I ~ tEf [Ph6 tir]

- B€u hi~u tbi nghia tlimh phai, bu9c phai, nhung v€ m~t y nghia c6 khac nhau a
di~m nh!n m~nh.
~hk~1,~~~~~~A~1,~~.f.f~!~"*l"I.R~~~­
..~@1*0
I

- NhAn ~nh hi d<)ng, y mu6n · chu - NhAn ~nh do di~~ ki~n khach quan nhu
quan cua nrlnh hi h~n ch~, bAt d~c di, thai gian, each thuc, phuong phap hi thay
n~m ngoai kha nang cua mlnh. d6i, ho~n canh khong cho phep.
r
J.JtJL 1
f:f:i 1 , ~ 1n ~ .fl ~ f1JJ ~.fit-!-
o (S)
r f:f:J 1 , _~ 1n ~ .ff 1 .R -jf aJJ JZ.
. . . -i:-JJtJL 1 o
*
~~~~~~~,~~~~~ ~~~~~~~' ~~~~~~
gJ 79 ~~4~~.f.i-~f.ii1t_;t;t o (S) f.J $l4~~~ /~:kfi!Ji1t.;t$ o
lli !:l *~~~{±. '*- J:::kf*f~~'
~~-1-f~Pfro
- Khong th~ d<rng tru&c chu ngfr. - C6 th€ dirng tru&c chu ngfr.
~k f~ 1t. ~1$ ~-!-, ~.f.i-~ ~ ~xf~1t~l$ ~-!-, .R* I .R-Jcf~
-i:- o (S) -i:-o
- Phan cau sau la cau phu djnh, khong - Phan cau sau la cau phu dinh; chi c6 thS .
k~t hqp v&i ~ 1~ ~. dung ;; *I- ho~c ·;; 1¥-.
mh ~if 1·, ~.f.J~;f:J:.i3fto mf.J ~if 1, .Rff I .R"*t/GJ:3*-o
(S) mf.J ~~~ JlJ ~, -t- .K--T -t .R 4ll
mf.J .t~ ;r: JlJ 4- , 4'- R. T + ~ .ff Jt-jf~-!-o
~~-i:-o (S)
- ThuOn.g dung trong kh~u ngfr. - Dilng trong kh~u ngfr va van vi€t..

Luy~n t~p

CbQn ::fi~/F . . .Ri~ . . .RM- di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. 1m1fJ jg 7 JJ~ ~ ~~L~~ 1'F tiJ F" f!lj o
2. ~~~/f7f$.*!lt, JJ~!lt IE:~~ 7 0

41
 3. fJt1fJ **fvH~:tftOO?:o
4. ~ te1m1W~U:i3:1!.o
5. ~7rf*, 1m -i;;#tiPifFo
6. f!t1f]ffl7.k 3~~¥ilJ 0

7. H~lf~ ~'=C::fM If>?.~ o

8. W~ 'ftJtJ~.lJ~~&tt)cAMo
9. !it ~~{tBB<J~JW.~o
1o. !it1fJ Ji~C#f-C$ o

L_. . rr :.-:-.,-- ··[0~2!,f.J!1!.!;~~'!e 7 .!;:;~.~.J'!~~-··n·ur-z--····1

:If'.1\!a~ (Ph6tu]
Chua ch&c. Bi~u tbi y khong tin, khong kh~ng djnh.
(1) Dimg tru6c d()ng tir, tinh tir ho~c trq d()ng tir d~ lam tr~ng ngfr.
1E.:~}J :k.. 37/T , .if: Jt .f.f){t ~ #-ff o

~ ~ 11~ .t.f- -r '

.if: J\!., ff~1tt iJi 0

(2) Bi~u thi khong dfing yv6i nh~n djnh cua ngum khac, thuoog dt'rng cuai cau
lam tan ngfr.
1~-iJL~~ R._a}tJ:. @1 *-, ~;;l_if:Jt~o
~~~~~#~~~~' ~~~Jt~o
(3) C6 th~ dung d()c l~p d~ tra Uri.
A: ~~ P)-;tlllb? B: .if: £-1-fo
/1'-}E [Ph6 tir]
Chua chlic. Bi~u .tbi sv thvc vdn chua c6 gi ch~c ch~n.
~-~JJ~{.f--=J- 1 ;f:--~ ~1ttiJio
~*-~*-J£~-~~0

/f'jl!.~~ [Ph6 tir] I

/f'- ;E [Ph6 tir]
- Deu la ph6 tir, bi~u tbi S\1' phan doan ho~c binh l~n ve kha nang xay ra ho~c tbn t~i
CUa S\1' th\IC nao d6. .
- C6 th€ lam tr~ng ngfr, tan ngu - C6 th€ l~m tr~ng ngfr, tan ngfr, vi ngii' trong
trong cau. C6 th€ dung d()c l~p d~ cau, c6 th~ dung d()c l~p d€ tra loi.
tta lm. ~~-~if-~JJh~o (Tr~gngfr)

1t it.tf-1tt 1~ ~ .!\!., .f.f~ P)-;t 0 1tiJL!t.ff-1tt5{t.J~-=J-ff' ~;t~-~0

·(Tr~ng ngfr) (tan ngfr)

42
 1~iJL1t~5l itr7]z-f-7G4%' ~i­ ~ Tm /G @1 .iila:~- Jt% o (vi ngfr)
~~-1-fo (tanngfr) 1~ ~ k *- trJ!;? /f:- Jto (tra lm d9c l~p)
1~~ *- trJ!;? ~ .t.~-J o (tra Uri
d()cl~p)

- Ngfr khi m~m ~i han, chu qua!! - Tinh khach quan ~nh han.
han. ~3.-~ JJ 1t~- Jt {?--j,)L~5l i!o
~ 3--1'- Jj -tt~ ~~l%it ~5(_

·'- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ dung trong hinh thuc cau chinh phan.
1t-k/G-kl£~i£-tfo (S) ·-f~-}/G-k:ia:~-~0
. .:. Khong c6 each dung nay. - Trang cau c6 th€ c6 cac d~i tir nghi vAn, cu6i
r ~~JtJJ -1\-f±.}J~ JL ~ Ja:~ cau c6 trg tU ~' cac <t?i mnghi vftn chi nai
Jt.f-l~o (S) ch6n, thai gian harte nguCri c6 th8 dll'ng tru&c
if- R. il-; a_t 4?- Ja: /f: Jt ff iii -k harte sau ~-Jt, nhfrng d~i tu nghi vAn khac.
'7to (S) chi c6 th€ dtmg sau ~-it.
T--t:~$JJ~1±.JJ~JL~.i£.if;~Jt% o
~ kMJBt~if./f:-Jt i'fi-k%o
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ lam vi ngfr, nhung trong cau c~n phai
1~
~~.fo (S)
* ll}J~ ~ ~ *~ ~ ~5(_ * Ja: ~ c6 d~i mmy chi.
·~-}ll~~~*X.~~5lit:l£~-Jto

Luy~n t~p

ChQn :f Jli~A~.. :f- JE di~n vaa ch6 tr6ng:

1. ~~{$~ § 1;;P4{th, .{tf!ill *o
2. 1th 4?~1Jo~ffi¥J4? o
3. 1thlf~il~~~~ 0

4. :}}Wj~~Jl.B"JI {f{tB };!~To

s. 1t!?J9J~ x @liE :ill ~~ o
6. 13~14;&~&1$~~t;g/F~f;g}J~PJ 0

1. 7( ~J.J 1~ m~ , 1.s 4? r- ffi 0 •

8. {tB!fJ.ft!f&M:f~, {SP4{tB*tfJ~ BJL*ffi£l}Jjj~PJ .\ PMo

43
 I·· -nT·ffl ,._~ ··~-,. ·• ..... ·
~ -~· . ·-·;· ··-
(021]
··----····-~
/F~ buran- ~.uta fouze
-- ~-w ~:~ ·r , • • rn r- - ~s- ·z ~rw-~ .. · .. ·· ·-- r · ·--- ·
-~

:f~ [Tinh tir, lien tir]

Tinh tir: Khong phai v~. Tuong duong v&i ~ ;l3!Af .
.;ltrr ··' ~o •.xi. J.'ft :r~
-"FFJ•lJL ,.,..,._ J;p ;r~"'P:.'
-tt ~ -c J.l:r
-Y\ ~ "'' {r.;'
0 -a& -b..
/ ' ~ /J-
fJ ~J:' Ab ~ JiZ.
•'TYLI ,EJt;:, ~ .Y..J 0

Lien tir: N~u khong. Bi€u th1 n8u khong th11c hi~n v€ d§u thl se xuftt hi~n tinh
huAng 6 v8 sau. Thu(mg kSt hgp vm ~ 6 sau.
~~*-~~~~~, ~A~~~~~~*-0
~i""t"1~~~' ~~~~i!lk'~J 0

~ 9ld [Lien tir]

N~u khong. Bi€u tbi nSu khong thgc hi~n ve ddu thl se xuftt hi~n tlnh huAng av€
sau. Thucrng k€t hgp v6i tt, if.J it_ 6 sau.
1~~~*·*- ~-~;bo}}I, ~-~ :k.. ~~~---~X 1~o
~~~~a~2~, ~M~~~~~~~o

/I'~ [Lien tir, tinh nr] ~ .mu [Lien tir J

- D€u bi€u tbi nghia n€u khong. Phia sau d€u c6 th€ them f19 if; d€ nhfr~ ~nh k€t
.I qua cua S\f gia djnh.
M'i-k:*- ~Jrj lli Ft~;Jt, ~fJk I~ JliJ~;ff !£ 4r Jtfko
~ Ktifn~~J:.j*P~, ~~~if; I ~Jl•l·~if;, :t- ~ifi ;t ~ .1£ ~~ *- ?
- Phia tru6c c6 th~ them .ff-,
*·
~ Jt~1llPt$~ ~ ~::t-~ ~,
- Khong c6 each dimg nay.
~ ~~111Pt$~.TJ:l ~"*~Iii,*~
~/&:flit. 4- ~ 0
* JN~k 4-lii o (S)
- C6 each dung clia tinh t\r (tire c6 nghia - Khong c6 each dl!ng tinh tir.
"khong.phai nhu. v(ly"). ~~~!£~~
' :.=:r ~~
~~ , ~ ~ fp ~):]
.xi. / 0 ' --~ .
' > 0 lo
•]i..

,w,. !£ ;f;~
;ff ~'~ ~~.. , ::r
,w,. ~~ fp
.li.. 0
/ ' ~
'I ' >>] 0 Yl{t 7, ~}f]~$.5t~, Jt~~JI~'
ii-~1t 7' ~ ~ ~.5t .!f , Jt.~~ m $.5t.!f-~l7 0 it~~~ 0 (S)
!&, $.5t~;fp 0 *~~~~ 0 I

- Thu<mg dung ·trong khAu ngfr. - Thuemg dfulg trong van viet.

Luy~n t'p
ChQn /f'~, -NY!U di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. 1$1~-*_t~, ~ mt~~~i3:~IfF7 o
2. U41f.J\~~{lt019t~~f$, mt:fl~?ma
3. ~tRI@, 1fl\~J1S~U 7 o

44
s. :f.f JI:h A~~ l!)j , 1r JI:h AY!U o

6. 1~~%1f~~~~-m~p-, 1wJmm7 ~~~0

7. ~{f]f-7JJJU~, 1tJ!~/Fif§{§o
s. ::k~WiJl-!:~~i'~M-, ~~ o

9. J1u~~Jlzilfi~ 7 ,. ~~1f~/F ~ 0

10. f~rtJ%.m.1J--}EgiJ5P[g, ~ ~!h~lb~tBJG\o

[_ ···-··· -··-·· -·-· ·- r·· J~~-2.Jr?.f. ~~-~-~~~~~~=-.f~-~~!~ -·Tr· .................. 1

·;f mfi [Pho ruJ

(1) Khong thl Phfa sau k~t hgp v&i hlnh· thuc phil dinh_d~~nhAn m~nh ngfr khi
kh5ngdjnh.
~ ~ J1. :kP JI:t -i~ ~~, ~ tb fl-1* ~ ;tm 1t o
~JiJfi~tr.J~t"ffi}L~i~~f~%, ~tb~n 1JA~,~~o
(2) Bang, ch{lt.Bi~u thi m9t tqmg ihiHtam lfkh5ngldem so!t dirge.
* ~ 7r rn !if tr.J J, ~ ~ ~
I

~l!.~,q«J:l' ~~tb.fl~~~?
f§J * 1, -k~ -k~ ~ t11 ~* r r Ntt ~g} 0

;f~ [Ph6 ttr]

- Bang, bang nhien, ch{lt. Bi~u thj hanh d9ng, tr~ng thai tam ly khong ki~m smit
dugc.
PJf:kt-iJLtr.Jif;, *- ~~# _jt 7 ~*o
~~~~~~~, ~!!fm~*~~-~7~*0

/G El3 ~-Wj. [Ph6 tir] I /G~ [Ph6 tir]

- Deu chi himh d9ng, tr~ng thai tam ly, himh vi, ho~t d9~g ttr duy ~- v... xuftt hi~n
trong vo thirc ho~c khong ki~m soat dirge. :
- Thtrbng dirng tru6c d9ng tir ho~c cac ngfr d()ng tir, phfa sau d9ng tir thubng c6
d()ng tir chi xu huang.
- Thuong dung v&i cac d9ng tir da am tiet ho~c cac ngfr d()ng. tir. '.
-k~-kl1~~~r~if;v.A.§, ~~#~,~~*-o · .
~~~~4~~~..s,·~~#~~ow·
PjfjiJJ.t.-tj;!f,t, ~~#~7~*-o
PJf jlj J!.Jr'-jj!) ,t, ~~# ~ 7 ·o (S)

45
 - Khong thl Phia sau k~t hgp v&i hlnh thuc phu dinh de nhAn - ~ong c6 each
ITI?nh ngfr khi kh~ng dinh. Thu<mg d(mg tru6c chu ngfr. dung nay.
~ fi-J 1.. ,7:; 11~ ~ )(ll ~' ~ti1~1;t~~~-r o
1!. *- -i~ * X. M- X.1t.1L ' ~ ti7.ff-1;t~~
- Dtmg nhi€u trong khAu ngfr.
0

- Dtmg nhiSu
trong van vi ~t.

Luy~n t'p
ChQn /G EB~"' :IG~ di€n vao chfi tr6ng:
1. 1m¥3f¥3f, Mr7H~1§o
2. ~fuEf]J!iiwX-ifiXX~t~, 1$ /G~@o
3. ~~UJJ~#t~jj(, ~ mJE9:tE~tJ?:OO~EI"Jat7'6o
4. ~~uJ!~~~a<JgJG', 1m ·:~G~-·- r=t
**m
0

5. UJT~-"J3}JirJ3:k~~i,J\, ~*Jfg*o
6. ;g 7 J! -t- !Jvtjl ' fit JEQ 8 itt EJ<J :WJ :WJ 0

7. lj\~TIZY~*~' J\:JE~JJEQ*o
8. fitmJJ~~ff*l:~, 1$/G~o
j

9. UJT~tt~rtH' ~ ~&!JE9 J § 6Ef<J£1:po

10. t&~umt&B"lit~~, · 1m 1r ~~JL~,~l}j 0

[023] ::f:tE.:sf buzaihfi - :5tJiJfiW wusuowei

/FtE~ [D()ng tir]
- Khong sao, sao ciing du:(Jc. BiSu thi diSu d6 khong quan trQng, khong dang dS
h\lllg, khong dB trong long, khong quan tiim. ~-tf. -t c6 the dilng tru6c danh tu
lam tan ngft, ngit d()ng tir, c6 the lam tr~ng ngit.
-:!-v}}JSJLPtiJi;M~-ft, ~~~-f- o .

~~~-f-J!. -,?i,JL ij; ~, 1;t~·fr.Jjf;, ~l,~-j;;o

~ ~ ,(!. -1- Pt 1t ~ , fj~ Pt 'rl!, J1± -=r- ;fl, M- o
xPJriJV [D<}ng tir] ·
(1) Khong thi noi la, khong thi g9i la. BiBu thi chua d~td~n trinh d<} d6, chua dan
muc d6, chua d~t den tieu chuAn d6.
~~k~l!.~~~~~~' ~~~*~0
~1Jl~iti~i~ EJ G!¥f >J ~X-J..fii-J·~~.ff, ~11filj.f~o

46
(2) Khong sao, sao ci1ng tlu(fc, kh6ng b9n tam. BiSu thi di€u d6 khong lien quan
d€n rnlnh, khong dang ds b~n tarn, va 1\I mlnh co-<; dinh, each lam rieng, suy
nghirieng.
;; *if~* ~lj
A~~~M~~~' ~~~~~~~~0
*VSJ' Pt,~. JL*~jt,fl~i}t 0

ir..;{t~ tft_;{t, ~PJfiJS, ~;t~~P~o

:/G1:E3f [D{>ngtir] 7GJl!f1~ [B9ng ru]

- D€u bi~u thi ngb1a khong b9n tam, sao cilng au(fc.
~m~~.f-1~~*' ~~~kA~~~~k~o
~**~~~*~~' ~~~+~~~~0
- C6 the dling ds hoi v~n J~i, hoi - Kh6ilg c6 each dilng nay.
nguqc l~i, thu<mg phai dung them 1;t n~JGJi}j"i~~PJb·? {S)
trq d9ng tir dling phfa truoc.
1t ~~ ~4!- .f-1~ plb?
- Iqlqngc6 each dung nay. -Con c6 nghla ''khong thd g9i la, khong thd
~_g}t- %-fii.;.fi~fji' ~~ n6i la''.
.f-~#*-~Ao (S) ~~ft.- ~-t-ii:ft~rp' .;t,Ji)j'i}t *#
*~Ao
h:~ ~ • , J... :.. , • Ja.. ;,¥. .l.'i!J ;/::.,. ~ ....
~~ , ,~ JJ:..... ~ 1-it... ,~ ).!)_...
? ,
- C6 the ket hgp v6i - - Co_ the ket hqp vm ;;<.J ... - ,'?.,

,~. . JL~ v.v ... (~,fi.f-~ . . ~,fi.f-
ft-J ~Ji.~ -,?.J,JL~~~Jf-).
- K.hong thS k€t hgp_v6i *f . . ~:A~-
(~,fi..if-:!tf(S) . . jf:1f~~ -f(S) ).
JL~ v.v ... (~flJfil:kf . . jt1-f~JijfiJI,
JGJi)j"i~a~ ~Jt . . -,P.,JL~JG1Ji"i!) .
- Khong thS k~t hgp· v6i ~ . . jjljJ....~iX.i~
v.v ... ( }G?Jj"i- 4~(8) . . ~JiJj"iJ_1J 1JA. ff.J-iX.
-~(S)) .

Luy~n tip
ChQn :f1£ 3_}1... 7GJlJT1~ di~n vao chfi trfing:
1. ~wc~/Ft~1fu~~11tl11J~#xt1t-it~- B<Jf¥-To
2. ~~U7.f?JTiJI=l¥Ji~ 1~~, .R~----- ,~JL~AEJ<J~¥!ffif B, 1~7:
*~~0
3. 1m~ If&~?
4. 1m~-i~~, ~}Jt~-i . 0

s. :f1ttA79Ma<J $ 'tw jj1Jt -*fi!t{, ~ -T J3tJA~ ~ i-)Ci~~---0

6. 1m~ ~iJ\B"J~~j!? .

47
 7. ~ Jj~JL*-f5, 1tB?l!~Wt~1tf!P~a
8. ~~ 1m1fJM~~~ 13lo
9. M! ffJ\J!~I".:XJ\~o
10. ffJ\J.!~~iJfilJ}Jt~iJFil, X1~*iJl=m _ _ o

~~ [Ph6 tir]
Dii timg, timg. BiSu thi tinh hinh d6 ho~c han.h d9ng d6 da tirng xuAt hi~n 6_
tnr&c day, gicr khong con t6n ~i, khong con ti~p diSn nira.
~ -~-iJLlil!.14-:f 0

. ~-+~at-!f!{±.~r, ,y,-fi.it-~ 0

* Hinh thuc phu dinh: bo f ta: rna. them 5t, it ;t.

~ >.t -itit.l!.14- ~ 0

~-+lf£at >.t~ -i-~r, ,i fi .it~ 0

~ [Ph6 tir]
Dii timg, timg. Cach dung va y nghia gifing
it M:. Chi c6 hlnh thuc phu dinh clia
.I
t khac v&i f t& la them*"' ~' t?o thanh ~ t' =*- t.
~-+-$£at.,-?±- ~r, ,y, flJ it~ 0

~-+~at-*- t -?±- ~r, ,y, fi !Yf ii 0

~ *- t -iJL lil!.14-:f 0

~ f-iJLitJ!.{tJ=-~o
* Mgt diSm khac v6i f t& nfra la tnr6c f .c6 the dung nhfrng tir "Pf, {Of, ~
de hoi hay hoi :v~n l~i, con f ~ thi khong c6 each dimg nay.
~{Oft 1JL it1*- 6] .}~ -ifr?
Sf& [Ph6 tir]
- Dii. Bieu thi S\1' vi~c da ~ay ra, da hoan thanh ho~c thai gian da troi qua. ·Hanh
d9ng do ho~c tinh tr~ng do hi~n gicr vin con ti~p dien, xay .ra.
~~~-!-J:j* 7 0

~~~i(7, Jf~ 17JftlJ1*o

11

3!.~4$~~~~ 1, 1*~ffl~~~o

48
 s ~7-.
rlm ...:x. [Ph6 tu]. St£ [Ph6 tir]
- D€u bi€u thi nghia cia, timg nh~m chi sv vi~c, hanh d()ng da xay ra, t6n t~i, nhung
xet v6 ~t y nghia, c6 sv khac bi~t doi chut.
~~~I e.,~-t::-ii-;k.L~o
~~~I e.,G;;titi!.$..-f; o
- v€ ~t y nghia, ~hi hanh d()ng d6 - v6 tri~t y nghia, hanh d{mg do, tinh hlnh
khong con ti€p '<:U€n, keo did; .tlnh hinh d6 v~n con xay ra, keo dai d€n t~n bay gia.
d6 khong con tdn t~i. 1~~~ :Ji li-*i#-o (Hi~n t~i vftn con la
1~ f :~ :J3 ii .;f- ~ o (Hi~n t~i khong hu6ng dftn vi en)
la huemg dful vi en niia) ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ;fl:, ,y, o (Luc n6i cau nay, vftn con
1~ f ~~~{::, iJ, o (Luc n6i cau nay, aB~c Kinh) ,
khong con a B~c K.inh nua)
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Khi thu~t ·l~i nhitng gi 6 hi~n t~i ho~c se
1
J~ff_ iJ J -} 7 ,f ~ jJj Pt 1:&.at fal xay ra trong tuong lai gkn, chi c6 th6 dung
7 (S) e.,~, khong k€_t hgp- v6i tr !~.
*
o

~J~1±.t~Jtk~1.. r o cs) J.~#-1JU T. , e, ~ ! 1Jpt iJi at l'al 1 o

~J~~ e, ~Jt iifr !i 1 *- 0

- Khorig c6 each dung nay. - Nhitng h~mh d()ng ca dm nguai chi xay ra
4\ :WJ :k7J f ~ ft 1 o (S) m()t IAn, ho~c chi lam m()t tAn.
~-m-m e,~1t 1 0

- Thuemg di v6i li. - Thucmg di v6i 1 .

~ t ~ -i- it~ TW o ~t:.,~-i-1~~0

Luy~n tip
Chon ~ ~... ~... B~ d{en vao chfi t~6ng:
1. ~YfPPT . ~1fl\~m~J:t?
2. ~1fJ +1¥~:frJtOOT. o
3. 1m/f Jttt1miFX;Js>(o
4. tJM1£ +=BY o

s. 1m /F3~Yfl17 0

6. 1m :(£_t~~>.JiilfJ3~, l~1£1£~tH:IfFo
· 7. ~* ~Ji~t}jt~'~o
8. 1tit1fJ t§~ii__..-PXEJtfa] 0

9. }gT~~fJ!*~' !\t =~JJ~fjj)j:'J'lo

10. ~{fJ ~71lY~¥Jl~-§o

49
 [025] ~:f~ chabuduo -~~JL chadHinr-
'•' ·• ,_,,,.,.,._, ,._,-. ,., , 't""'""'· ;t. • • · " ,._.,..,,,. •' .to.. Oot .. HOOI!"I... ""'""'-, O""l·ll''""'" ,.,.,,,.._ , ...... ,.,, o I , ll.o, ~-·~·'''"""'·'·,. - , .. .,., •' .......... , .• • ~ol •' :t of<• .............
JL.:P. jihii
nft ......... , ...... ,...,, ... -""'"'""'·"" '"• , ...,., ~- ,, !,,, •• _.

~~~ [Tinh nr, ph6 tir]

- · Tinh tir:
(1) Gan gi&ng nhau, xem xem nhau. BiSu tbi hai S\I vi~c, hai v~t c6 khoang
each, muc d9 v. v ... tuong duang nhau,. khong c6 gi khac bi~t nhau. Thu(mg
lam vj ngfr ho~c b6 ngfr.
:lt!l-jf.-fplj *-~l.~.~ ~ 0

i!. ~ 14-{<.Jlllf.J ;tt A.!.~~ ~

(2) Da s6, htlu nhu, thong thuang. Bi€u thj thong thuang S\1' vi~c se xay ra nhu
v~y, da sA m<;>i ngu<ri dBu lam nhu v~y.
-~~X~~*~~~~~-~~~mo
lltitntttro .!.~ ~ ::M~~n~ ~ ?Z ~ 'J':lt!lo
Ph6 nr: Gan nhu, hau nhu. f>(mg tru6c d9ng tir, tinh tir, sA lugng bi€u tbi hai
v~t, hai vi~c chenh l~ch rAt it.
~~~~~71~-=-.-t-'J'atJ 0

-it-~~~~.~.~~ ±E77 0

.I
*** Chu y: .!.~ ~ voi .!. ,?i,JL hoan toan mangy nghia k:hac nhau, khong nen
nhAm I§n. Rieng JL~ vira c6 y suyt chut nfra (.!.,?i,JL), vira c6 y hAu nhu, gAn nhu
(JLf-) .
.!. ~ ~ : hAu nhu, da sA, gAn gi6ng nhau.
.!. ,?i,JL: suYt chut nfra~ su)rt ti nfra
JL~: (1) hAu nhu, gAn nhu; (2) suyt chut nfra, su)rt ti nfra
~£\)~ [Ph6 tir]
Suyt tl-niia,·xem chut. nita.
*** Luu y khi dung hlnh thuc kh~ng dinh va phii dinh ciia .!. ,?i,JL:
(1) N~u la S.\I vi~c khong mong muAn xay ra thl.!. ,?i,JL va J.,?i,JL $l giAng nhau
ve nghia, deu biSu thj rna~ ~n rna S\f yi~c khong xay ra.
a'f~1~~-$ .l_,i.. JL (!_,i.. JL5.t) ~t 7 Ao
(2) N~u la Sl;t_vi~c mong mu6n xay ra thi .!. ,R. .JL va .!. ,?i,JL 5.-t khac nhau ve
nghia:
- 11 ,-?i, JL biSu thi S\f ti~c nuAi.
~l!ik!.,~~JLliY't~ii 7·~.stii B ~7]<.-f-o Oi~ J:.)
- J.,-?i,JL$1 biSu thi sg vui mimg vi may rnlin.
~-!-~JL3:hBJt 7, .l.,i,JL$i.,liJ:. ~~JLo (MJ:.1)

50
JL.:SZ [Pho tir]
(1) Suyt ti nfra, xem chut nfra. Ynghia va each dung gi6ng 1.,-P.,JL.
!!.14-$=~JL.if- (.l_,~,JL) ,t. 7 o
(2) H du hit, gJn nhu, hdu nhu. Ynghia va each dung gi6ng ~ ~ $-.
~~~~~~~+(.£~§)~-#~o

~~~JL [Pho ru] · JL3JL [Pho ill]

- Gi6ng nhau a ch6 khi bi€u tbi y nghia suyt chut nita, suyt ti nita.
~4- -*..!.,fi.. JL I J'Lf-~.i~ o
~ Co th€ dung trong. cau kh~ng dinh - Thu(mg chi dimg trong cau kh~ng dinh,
ho~c phu dinh. khong dung cho cau phu dinh.
~ ~1] 7[ :! ,?... JL ( ~.t) J$1f j
1 0 ~ ~ 1] :t JL+ J$1!1 0

- Khong co each dung nay. - Co nghia ''gdn nhu, hdu hlr.

~!. ,?... JL-t~:TJ! 7 Ji -f, ~)t ~JL+-t~i&1 £-=J-' ~)i:$ Jt1~~
~ Jt1~ fJ9 -fifJLo (S) +~JLo
- C6 th€ sir dvng,d{)cJ~p. - Khong _c6 c.cicll dinlg pay.
A: 1:t4'- ~:i&.J1J 7 f1Jb? A: 1t if-~ 3& .ftl 7 P.#; ?
8: ~,?i,JL o B: JL.iJ'-o (S)

Luy~n ti-p I·
ChQn ~:;f~ . . ~#-JL .... JL--P- di€n viw ch6 tr6ng:
1. {tB 1::1::~~7-~o
2. 1J~-*~fJt~Ef<Jat1t~tWtlbJJ:IJ§1fif§~* 1, ~3k~u o
3. ~ ~:f:fjffJ:.j(~o
4. ~?±~JL 1:rn
7 .Jiif7
5. 4-x~-tEIEHm~ *7~-§o
6. 4-*J:.il~YffJJ14~§J~J'Uj~, ~ ~/flli*o
7. ~~Ef<J~~ :J!iiJIG 7 0

;ft~J¥j 4fi:~*~~~~ 7 J*:ffi$

ili*
8. 0

9. ~~J.Krffi~¥*1fr 0

10. ~~m :f:frJ30![-tfo

51
 [02·6] 1it chang - 1it'iit changchang
-- --~--· · ·· . ······· ···--~-
fttt wangwang-
r· - ·-· · · ._,. . . . ··· ........
;.-~--·=·--
~'If jingchang
· ·, r· .. ·. ·...... :.· . . ·. . . . . . ·. · ·- -· ·. .-.. -
~ ~ --·--·-~-~----·---~··a·- ..... . ·
·~ ···-·~- -~.;..' ·--" . . . . q ... •• ·••

'ijt [Ph6 tir]

Thuirng. Bieu thi ·hanh d9ng nay, tinh tr~ng nay xay ra kha thuCm.g xuyen, ho~c
tinh triilng d6 keo dai m()t thm gian kha lau, khong hS thay dfli.
~111 FJ{f.---t1}/.e}~, '*' ~dii~ 0

1~~?i: f *-JJtJLo
#?it [Pho ru]
Thuang thuirngo each dimg va bieu tbi -y nghia gi6ng nhu '$ 0

~1nff*~ili<-o
· ~~J *- 'f Wl at, ~ 7;J ~ >J ·Uti!.~ -T .1:. ~, .Pfr v:,l. ~-f f ~ .i'J o

1jt [Ph6 tir] 11t'iit [Ph6 ru]

- DSu mang nghia thuirng, thuirng thuirng, bieu thi hanh d()ng d6, tinh tr~ng d.6 xay
ra nhiSu IAn, thuang xuyen. Nhung dung ~ ~ nhfin IDCilnh sv thuOn.g xuyen x~y ra
hon so v6i '$ 0

~ fl7~~P:ifo
~f'ftr~im o
- Hinh thuc phu djnh gifing nhau, dSu la ~ ~ 0

~~ '*"7t1tit=-' ~ _g_ :#:. Hj.Jf-~ 0 -v-

- Thu(mg di theo phla sau la ru don - Khong gi6i hiilll, nhung thuOn.g la hai am
am tiet. tiet. Nhung nhfrng ru don am tiet dum day

'*'~" '*' *- t ,fl.'\ f~i khong the dimg '$ '$ 0

'*' J\!., iii '\ '*"~!tl' tlf*~

''**"' '~dii, '*"'*"*'*"'*",fl.'\ ~ '$" ~i(S)
*' ~' ~J&.Jlj'
'*"*~
~'itt [Pho ru, tinh tir]
Ph6 tir: Thuirng, thuirng xuyen. Chi hanh d9ng d6 xay ra rfit thir<mg, khong c6 gi
thay dbi, tAn sufit cao bon so v6i '$ '$ Tuong tt.r nhu '$ , '$ '$.
0

~~'*"utft -f, ~%3tXPt7Jl1Jio

~±m•t~~~~~~M*~*~o
Tinh tir: Thuirng xuyen, binh thuirng. Bieu thi chuy~n xay~g ngay nhu
com bua, rfit binh thucrng. C6 the lam dinh ngfr, phia tru&c c6 the c6 ph6 ru trinh
dQ ~tl, it. VoVoo.
lj'~~-=t~Jtj}J!fl~:lt1il•$' ~ 0
~ ~.5l i-iit~ 6] -t :It~'*'~ f= ·tt 0

52
 1tt1tt [Ph6 tir] ~1tt [Ph6 tir, tinh tir]
- Dau mang nghia "thuoog thu(mg", "thuemg xuyen", bi€u thi hanh d<)ng d6, tinh
tr~ng d6 xay ra nhiau IAn, thuemg xuyen. Nhung dung !~ f nh§n m~nh sv thucrng
xuyen xay ra han so v&i f *.
~ *'*" 1~ '*" -i±. oo-ts tr: m11} o
- Hinh thuc phu dinh gj6ng nhau, d~u la ~ 'f. Rieng ~ 'f co the dung·~!~*.
~~ '*" I !i! 'f 7fR-f-., 4\t-~X -fH$.-!f-~o
- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - C6 each dung CUa tinh tir, lam dinh ngfr, c6 th€
iif d \if !f. Jt. ~ .~ lTt '*' '*' d(rng sau ph6 tir trlnh dQ.
_ 11~ 11-J i.k tfo o (S) Pf 0 1if Jf. Jt. ~ ~ :ijt ~ 't 11~ fi-J i.k tfo o

ttt£ [Photu]
Luon luon. Bi€u tbi d9ng tac,. tinh hu6ng d6 du&i di€u ki~n nh!t dinh se xu!t
hi~n. Nh!n ~nh mang.tinh quy l~t nhi€u hem.
A~*~~~~~~~~~n~~~o
*"-i ~ ~}~ jj %{£.1.f ~ Jj<. 0

'/it1jt [Ph6 ru] ~.± tt [Ph6 tU]

- B€u mang nghia thuitng thuitng, thuang xuyen, luon luon, bi€u thi hanh d9.ng d6,
tinh tr~ng d6 xay ra nbi€u IAn, thucrng xuyen. Nhung dung. ,f.i-fj. nhftn ~nh tinh quy
lu~t Va S\f thucrng xuyen xay ra han SO v6i ~ *.
Khi do, nen dung -fj.a_, khong nen
thay b~ng ~ *.
itY £. J::... 'f '*" r Wi o (thuang xuyen)
itY £. J::...aa -r r.m o (lufin luon)
- Khong cAn thi~t nhuv~y. -Trang cau.phaLn6i ro di€uki~n dS quy l~t
ftJ-*-, 4\1n*"f-k~J4 o d6 xuftt hi~n ho~c tinh hu6ng d6 xay ra, m6i

~
*
4\ 1f1 '*" -k ~ J4
'*' '*'-k 00 -f; tr:
0

0
...
c6 th€ dung ~1.-f£.
~ Jf:.,4\1f1~$.-k ~ J4 o (diSu ki~n Ia cuAi
tudn)
1~$.$.-i- 00 .:f;1f o (S)
r
~.K$JJ .E.. 4=-.fi$.-k f!l-f.; 1t o (disu
ki~n Ia chiSu thu s{m)
- C6 thS dung dS biSu d~t y ki~n - Khong c6 each dung nay.
chu quan cila mlnh, dung cho sv v.A J€; 4\$.~ ~1~ ~ 1-t o (S)
vi~c i:J tuang lai.
vAl€; ~ 'f'f~1~~1~ o

~3
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~~ "\ tttt "\ ~'fit diSn vao chfi trbng:

1. 1i3:: *~*mPE.o
2. 3!-t-rurrtr~~&:q&Jli, ~m!Jt1nm ~ *0
3. mJ;KA$, :111'1 ~mmr~1''J"a'fo
4. ~~~~~1~1~ ::K~tR:~r:km 0.

5. 7gJ !JlB1EJ!*~~ili*, !Jt IfF$tl~~~WjB~o

6. ~@ftl! ~@) ~J11¥o
7. J;F-f*I 1'F~ 118<JI1'F, ~Fi~*~rm&:o
~!L:b~;Jik 111¥J7f~, ~1' jj ~!IZ'fffi~tl] l¥J
8.
9.
10.
~rJJ-ft 'ijjj ~ 1t1!
1tB
t¥J t~
ffl email R~~~~ o
* 0
0

·fJ [Gi6i ttr, dQng tir]

Gi6i tit: Quay vJ, hutmg vJ. D~n ra phuong hu6ng cila hanh dQng. Chi c6 th€
.~ dirng truac d9ng ttr, co th€ them =t nhung neu la d9ng tit don am tiet thi khong
dugc them =t ."
-~~~~RM~,-(*)~~~' ~~~~~~OO~o
-t-
JJ~ A.tJf JZ. ~ 1 ~il *at J'a] , ~ ~ i!.ff. ~ 1t ~ o
D{)ng tit:
(1) -Quay, huang. Chi ~t cila chung ta ho~c cua dfi v~t hu6ng v€ hay quay ra
hu6ng nao d6. Phfa sau bit bu{)c phai cO" tan ngfr.
1~ -it if; 7;; 1t ~ Jlft ~- ~ ~?
*
lf f!l ~.% -=r J, ~Jt·1t ~b.tt!·r$1 lf.J 0

(2) Chi ra dfii tuQllg nh~n d9ng ·ta.c, thuCm.g la cac d{)ng tac C\1 th€ bit ngufin tir
cac bQ ph~n tr€n ccr th€ cua con ngtrOi. khong dung v6i cac d9ng tit trim
tuQllg, 1

~.iJJ~-fll!.n.t..ntt, ~~.Jf--r, ·.J~-f ~ ?'fJtJt 1 o

~ ~ifi ~ ·t~~.f}J ~ 111 ~8 0 *
tt [Gi6i tit, d9ng ru]
Gi6i tit: Huang vi, huang theo. Chi ra phuong hu6ng cho hitnh d()ng. Phfa sau
phai co danh ttr chi phucrng huang Ui~ , m,
tffJ , ~~, J:., r, £. ;t;, Jlfr, l&i ...... )
ho~c danh tir chi ncri chAn (~.:f. , !if*~, ~% ...... )
~-~~~k, J--1'-~~-o&~~~~~~-ff7o
it*- ~,fi.~lil.~~~! .
54
 D<)ng tlr: fJi, qua lr;zi.
~m~~*7, -~a$,-+a~~

. rEl
ftt1ll1~1t*-4\it,
[Gi&i tlr, d<)ng tirl
$~tt~+JJ * 0

Gi&i tlr: Huang the?, huang v~. Chi ra phuong hu&ng cho hanh d{»ng bo~c d6i
tm;rng. Phfa sau pha~ c6 danh tir. ·
-~1f1 J{;J ;t#- if 'rt 11~ l!LJL~g-} 1 o

· ~~~J,_!..J!~7 o
D{)ng tir:
(1) Huirng, huang thdng. BiSu thi mij.t chung ta d6i di~n hortc huang thing v~
noi nao d6.
± Jjl F) ~iii. J{;J -itt-~ ' ~~ ~ iA.~Jt ttjf';t- ~rp -i1t-i* 0

% fal lr.; 1f·,f;J ®, ~El :Jt ~Jl:_ o

(2) Thien vd. Thi~n vj cho ai, benh V¥C ai.

#~~m~•~*' *~~-~~*Er-;~~1o
-1c1b~lb 1& ~ 1fiJ ~ IJ' At~ 0

rPJ
[Gi6i tir, d{)ng tir] [Gi&i_tir, d{)ng tir] [Gi&i tlr, d{)ng tir]
- Gi&i tir: d~u gi6ng nhau a nghia "hu6ng vB, quay vB".
)AJ!JL,fi I .tJf I ~ £~15, ~lzln!J~ -t11ir 1 o
- Khi la gi&i tir,-*JJ thuoog - Khi la gi&i tir, ~.i thu<mg dung - Dimg tru&c hortc
dung trong tn;uig thai tinh d€ trong tr~ng thai d{)ng dB bi€u tbi dUn.g sau.d<)ng tir~
biSu thi ·phuong hu6ng cila thvc hi~n ho~t d{)ng theo m{)t - N€u dl1ng tru&c
d{>ng.tac. phuong.hu6ng nao d6. foJ' thi hanh d{)ng
!f *~ ;f.f ~ 1--- :k.. fl , 1W ~ ~~ ;tr ~ -1"- :k.. fl , 1lfr fl d6 phai la tr~ng
fl.f!! ~ , J6 fl.:fJl ~ o. .· - .fi ~ ., J§ Jl ;fi. ~ o (S) thai d<)ng. (tuc cac
l!-1'--~lt.:flf~~.;fo(S) l!-1"-~l{Ai~~.;fo tirsau: *-~j~,~~
- -'JJ co the bieu thi d6i - ~ khong bi€u thi d6i ttrqng 5?.~..~ •.!Jt ...... + foJ)
tugng cua d{)ng tac, nhung cua d{)ng tac. ~ M ;g- ~rr ~
d6 phai la nhilng d<)ng me ~,fi 1#. -T D£. at. Dtt, ~Jt ~Jt 1jljit J o

th\fc hi~n bm ccr thS con J1--T, .J#.-T~~J~jt 1 o (S) ·-. _ ~ 1f1 ~~ ~ :t
ngum.. - a c6 th€ d(mg tnr&c ho~c ~rr /)~ itL 0

~.f}J.J~-fD!.UtJ&., M: dimg sau d{)ng tU. N€u dl1ng

~ Jf- -T ~ :ft. -t- ~ -'lf J~ 7t tnr&c .~.i, thl hanh d<)ng d6 phlri
la ~ng thai dQng va la d<)ng tir

55
 - Chi c6 tM d{mg tru&c d{>ng tlr. don am ti€t (rue cac ttl sau: 7t'
7f .tJJ ~t ir, fr.J :k -$ e., ~ ~, it, itt, iE., i~, M, m.
k.1 0 (S) v.v ... +{i)
~~l~~~~JJ~~~~~o -Jf,fi.~t if, fr.J :kif- e.,~k_ 7 0

- Hfiu h€t d€u dimg v6i cac d{>ng tir C\1 th~. - C6 th~ dUng v6i
~1n:l-.fJJ I -ti.:kt~ >J o (S) nhfrng d{>ng tir C\1
th~ h~c triru tuqng.
~1n~~:kt* >J o

Luy~n t'p
ChQn ~' ~' tt di€n vao ch6 trAng:
1. **-!5Y. ~ !J\ f!ij ?!f. >J 0

2. lj\* ~1i~o
3. j(~ r1*~t m 0

4. 1tB ~-THZDzJ~, ~-=f~~:l:tl!~7 o

5. ~1fJ%B<J fllJ j(jj' ~(j~Pj_f$] 0

6. ~~Umxtt¥Ja11~~ MB<J1f00~&!, §JUt!i4f¥J~o

~f.J ~Jjj]H!i {$if~o
.I
7.
8. {tB@]i1~*'· ~{f]~~.=fo
9. ~{f]!J6'JEJE tfTB<J~*tl!o
}Q. ~~}§, ~fuj}}t~~ · ~(E, ~*A~~o

I.·-· . . ·-·- ""' .'... _. .....r~.~~t~~-.~~~~~!--=-.~~-~~~~~~r--·- --··---~··-)

~~ [Pho tu]
- Noi noi, khdp noi. Chi mQi mijt, cac noi, dung cho ca y ttiru tuqng I!~ C\1 th~.
~;t~~ JJJJ ~0
~ ;t ~ :iJs ~ .i1J;t.R~
jlj ~ [Ph6 tir]
* ~ fr.J 1'F JH o

- Khdp noi. Chi· cac noi, C\1 th~, khong chi mQi ~t, khong mang nghia trim
tuqng.
i!J! Jft\ rfr J•J ~ ~ iE./£ ~.jj Jt il 0

JJ~-1'-/~ ~ ~~ ~~~tl-t if 0

56
 !lt!J± [Ph6 tir] ¥U 9t [Ph6 tir] ..

- D8u bi~u th! ngbia cdc noi, m9i mQ.t, nai noi, khiip nai o
~r, if, ff.J~k*--*~ I J•J ~~~lif v:J.;t Jt ~LPt o
- Chi mQi m?t, cac nai, dting cho ca y - Chi cac nai, C\1 th~, khong chi m9i
trim ttrQllg I!n cv th~. Dich la noi noi, ~t, khong dung cho nghia trim tuQUg.
khdp noi, m9i m{it. Dichla khlip n.oi.
~~rpM:~·*'~~j_o. :t-;rp J~;t * ~~ ~ .1-o (S)
- Khong c6 y nghia nay. - Khi cau mang nghia tieu eve, phe
~ ;G 11t- .:E. !£_ ' ;t?,CP.±.#to (S) phan, thi Jlj ~ con c6 nghia "tu]' ti?n"
nua.

- Thuang dung trong van vi~t.

~ ~ 1#- .:E.1- ' J~ * p_±.?'Jt 0.
·- Thu(mg dUn.g trong khftu ngfr.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn !It~... ~0 !It di€n vao ch6 trfing:

L -1m Rt%~1'FMo
2. WhW?J*~{.'lz~tg1tl/G~~, ~~~Wlf~ ~~ o
3. 1tB F~~3J<r~~1~~Ul~M-o
4. ~ f~{llita1~/G~U, :f~ll{tB~~~JL 7 o

s. 1tB~!f&trtu 7, l_mtf: f~ A* 1tftr& o

6. }\~ Ef{jf£*f\ . ~f_t{E~tfo
1. /F~ ~L1J3til~!
8. ~~_t ~~§1f$o
9. 1m 7sJjjiJA;g*~' ~/F:751 § B1T-o
10. ~rJiHrJf.I 1''Fxt~=*i3l 1*~G'Il0~ o

1.. ·-·- 1- .. l'"T·-·--T"'J-~~t-~!5!~~~~-=~~i!!~!!~! ....... ~-........... ,T'" .. l

M:if' [Ph6 tir]

Bieu thj tir tnr&c d€n nay khong lamho~c khong mufin lam gi d6.
4\~~Pt.tf-~o
~~~f-1J~*ftro :f 0

I>\*. [Ph6 tir]

Bieu th! tir tru6'c d€n nay chua tirng c6, chua timg h\m gi d6.
*t~~~~~~~~~~o .
57
 JA /f [Ph6 tir] lA* [Ph6 ttr]
- BBu Ia ph6 ttr, dung nhiBu trong cau phil dinh, lam tr~ng ngit.
- Bi~u thi phil djnh ciia y mu6n, tinh - BiBu thi phil djnh nhiing vi~c tnr6c khi
chil quan tuang d6i cao, c6 thB phil n6i. Tinh khach quan cao.
djnh nhiing vi~c tnr6c day va ciing c6 ~~*--!-i:ti!..'J'-~7) 0
tha bi~u thi nhiing vi~c ngay h!c n6i. i!.Jt~ ~ -lk ll~ i~' v~ f.r »...~
~~~l1JfJ!.~**o ll~ito
~~~tro1tito
- Thu(mg khong ket hgp vm li. - Thu(mg k~t hgp vm .ii.

Luy~n t;p
ChQn JA/f .. lA* diSn vao ch6 tr6ng.
I. :fJt -t: tt~ IE o
2. {ik -mttftkJ!~1::o
3. ~tJX~'~!lt pZ 0
.I

4. jj~/j'~~ JlS~UJ1o
s. 1m PJT=IJtB<Ji! 0

· 6. 11k1Jll¥Ji!!\t k;iaa
7. :fJt PJT iJl Ji*-f ~{fJ\ I¥J ~-:;- -la] o

8. !J\5FJ MI~ o
9 .. *J:f:t{E~ffiJ~ ~Ji&i!o
10. ~ ~~ ~Jj~#A.jtJIJt[5(o

'-·-········ r· ·r --·r· -·~J~0~L~!!f-~~~~~l:! -=:~.J!.~~!~!l.... ·--·-·r.·· ·· ····--··· J

JA1}t [Danh ttr]
Tru;ac tltiy. Chi khoang thai gian tnr&c day, qua khrr. ThuOn.g dtrng a dAu cau,
sau ch~ ngii, tnr6c vi ngil'. Nhung ~ Rfr khong d(>c l~p lam tan ngt'r.
».~it~ ~ill JlJ ' Jt.{±. ~ :4t 7
"*'
0

it~ it~~ -!-~r, Jt{±~-!-7 0

1~ ~ ~ ~~ 7 ». ~ o (S) (khong dQc l~p lam tan ngfr)

1~~~~~ 7 #.~a9-*o
PA1lt [Danh tlr]

58
 Tnrflc d6. Chi khm\ng thCri gian tnr6c mfic thai gian n6i d€n trong cau.
1t ~.X f.r {± ~ JL ~ ~5l it?
~ i)l-'.X lfr' ~j£ ~t @J *- 0

PtA?i. fA lfr' 1t-!-P~JL 1 ?

lib~JtAtt~--f~~~lfl"Er-J:f 1 o

. }A fu" [Danh tir] . ~ 1W [Danh ttl]

- D6u chi khoang thai gian tnr&c day.
li£~~~J?A~~-~~~' ~~~~~~k~To
- C6 th€ chi khoan~ thCri gian each - .Chi khoang thai gian each nay khong xa
· nay khong xa l~m, cilng c6 th€ ·chi
· khoang thm gian da each nay r§t Hiu.
~b!~,~ 1hlf.rff.J:fltt 10
- Khong c6 each dUn.g nay.
jJ}§ -+ J.A.;W ' ~ *)tif fJ $.1t ii.
(S)
l~m, khong lau l~m.
./G ~ ~;.( ~ 1-t *-it~ ~ o
- Phia tnr&c thuang c6 dinh ngfr, chi thCri
0 gian ho~c khoang thai gian nhu .=-. *.. !!A ;it,
--t-'J'at~~.; J:xdf~f.r, *-'f~v.Alit
v.v...
jJ}§ -+
J?A lfr ' ~-!- )tiT fJ ~t<.1t .ii 0

- Ma dftu cau chuy~n, k€ chuy~n, c6 - Khong c6 each dling nay.-

th€ dung J.A m'
tuong duan"g v&i ~.Af.r' .:1f --t-~!f A.-k~r~t' J1.!1] -
ngay xua ngay xua. · _};~it··· ···(S)
JA.lfr, 1f --1'-~!f A.-!-~r~t,
z,j_ jlj - ; ; .att ..... .

Luy~n t~p ·1
Ch9n JArru, ~ nu di6n ~ao ch6 trfing:
1. *9=t IE M~ , !\G::f~¥X ill o
2. . -1' J.l !\t~1£~1'-~h5{~~~ 9!! 0

3. ~AJ~,-1-x.XiJt B{]llt~ o .

4. fJt1Wi~fi§IJ¥, m*11Bl±\OOT, mt:k~~~o

s. ~Jfs:~ 1~tiJ15, J.m1£~A;g7 o
6. ~ic1~ 1£1t~!-tlr1J.~tt{tf!o
7. PA~~J§{tf!B"J::E:rn~~::f-N~ ~f.Fo
8. {tf!fiJ ~*¥~$~hi 0

9. ~{tH@J* fJG{fJ~\~Jn{t{tB~Mo
10. ~~U{tB1JJ~~ ~*¥'(!~, AU4A:t:JG\o

59
 I
......... ~ ... ·'·
[0311
.... ·.. ······'·"'"" .......w.~···~- . u.·~
!§~ dafu-
~- "· ........~···· ---·--.·~;.···--·-y·"' ··~~-·--·.
riD* huida
.. - .. .).."'·'···4....... ~-·r;. .T
··~~· -·~"M~· .~~-..- •.. • -"·. ···~
)

!g t£ [D(>ng tir, danh tir]

D(>ng nr: Tra liri, h6i am. Tnllm cau hoi ho~c yeu cA~ cua ngum khac b~ng
mi~ng ho~c b~ng van ban.
ii~ R_~~~~ 1t1Jl fi-J laJJ!o
~~~**~' ~m~~~~~~l., ~~~M~4o
Danh ru: Ciiu tra /Di.
~fi-J~l.~1f1~ )f!j i; 0
it it ;Jt ~ 111 fi-J ~ .l. 0

ffil~ [D9ng tlr, danh tir]

D(>ng. ru: Tra liri. Tra·I<ri cau hoi, cho y kien ho~c dap l~i yeti cAu cila nguoi
khac.·
::t- ~ifl ~~ ~tt ~til~ ·r PJ !f 1n tr.J 101 il! o

it--t laJ J! ~ 111 $Jf 1L v.A 16 .flf- tiJ ~1* o

Danh ru: Ciiu tra len.

/ Jj' ..£ lr.J

*
:t- ~ifi ~ )f!j -;t ~ fi-J til~
@]~~Jl~fl7k Jto
0

~ ~ [D(>ng tir, danh tir] @1~ [Dong tir, danh tir]

- D€u bi€u tbi nghia tra !Oi, h6i am.
~m-~~~*-+~-;t~~L/tiJ~o
- Dfii tugn& cAn tnl 101 la cac yeu cAu cAn - Dfii tugng cAn tra Uri Ia cac cau hoi,
tu vAn, xin y kien nhu it iF, ~ >~, ~-if;] . cac vdn dS khuc mic nhu IQ] ,t!' ~IQJ.
*
~

fl.t ~ ~ 1-t -ifrJ lPl ' ~111Jll i~~A ·fl.t t!$. ~ *1-t·-ifu 1aJ , ~ 1n & i~ U;-
~---t~.l.o A.~-+tiJ~o (S)

- Thubng Ia nhiing vAn d€ tra lm b~ng van

Ab *
" ~ ~ ""'-'fi]
nt.. \iJ I t7 ~. Sjfj ?

- lpuemg Ia nhiing vAn d€ tra lm b~ng

ban ho~c bfutg mi~ng. nii~ng;

Luy~n tip
ChQn ~~, @] ~ di€n vao chfi trfing:
1. ~9flltf!Btl frlj~, ~:ms~ 0

2. PJ!JP!h J'rlJ 1f.J\itP~, 7'5Jff~ ~~ ?

3. ~-i'r'rlJ»]j(xiT, ~ /1'1 o

60
lJ~_2]_ ,~!..~.a~~~-=--Z'=.!...~~~_)--~~~~~/~~~~>.r·=-!.:!'.~'!o.~~~- .1 .

*-* <-:k-*) [Pho tir, danh trrJ

- Danh tir: Da s6, ilt;zi ila s6. Bi~u tb.i s6 hrQ'Ilg vuqt qua Y2 t6ng s6.
~1f1 Jjl fm !f .1. *--f }(_ 90 J6 0

;f\1f1.tr.Jit~·l ~~~J~ 7.-k.fo

Ph6 tir: Khoang hem phan nt}a, ila sa, ilt;zi tla s6. Dg doan tinh tr~ng nao d6 c6
xac suAt xay ra r~t cao.
1~;k.lf-~%7tt 7 0

3!.*--f.l ~ ~~~;$·7 -;k-f 7 0

:k~ (j(~) [Ph6 tlr] . .

- Da s&, ilt;Ji tla s6. Bi~u th! s6 luQ'Ilg vugt qua Y2 t6ng sA.
~~~'f,ir-J.tJii-t-i!A=k~ <=k$-) i#-]tli7 o

~~J!.~**~~(;k~)~o/~!f±o
~~~J,iJL;f\;k~ (;k~) :$Jio
~"* (Ph6 tir]
(1) Qua bim, han mpt nita, tla.s&, tlt;zi tla s6. Bi~u thi s6luQ11g vuqt qua Y2 .t6ng sA.
* ~JJ ,t, a}] rp -*i#-~ $-.f ~7r JtAo ·
~a~-f.l $-.f;t mG~a~o
(2) Thong thuang. Bi~u thi dg doan di~u gi d6 rAt nhi~u kha n~ng xay ra, dung v&i
xac su~t kha cao.
ftJ-*-, ~$-.ft§J~~o
1~ $- .f ;(£ -t :::_ §,-!- pt iJj_ o
1

61
 :k~ (]\:~)
:*~ c-:k~)
[Ph6 ru]
~*
[Ph6 ru, danh tlr] [Pho tu]
- f)Su bieu thi nghia ila s6, ilr;Ii ila s6.
~ 1i1 1!)1 ~ -f I :k. .:f. .,t -:k- .i. o
I ::k.~
- D\I doan tinh tr?ng nao - Khong c6 y nghia nay. - D\1' doan tinh tr?ng nao
do co xac suAt xay ra rAt r krm 1, ~1..1Jl do co xac suAt xay ra rAt
cao. :k.~~~*- To (S) cao.
r *- rm r , ~ .1An :k. r *- r.m 1 , ~ 1..1n ~
-f~~*- To .:f.~~* 7 0

- Tir trai nghia la I J' -f - Tir trai nghia la jt -t

Luy~n t~p

ChQn :k#-... :*W... ~* di€n vao ch5 tr6ng:

1. iwtJJ~·rl·-*-2, ffJ\ ~ 7 *~-TP:t$lo
2. ~)(:~l¥Jjj~~{~A ~~JJJJi~~o
3~ JJ~!I!JWt~1mllJi 1:~J&1f 0

/
4. ~}JQ~-~~~T ~p~1f:$£o
5. ~Jl:~"j§jA ~l~j.ij~~o
6. _t,m] B~1fJ . ~1J07~¥C:ft~o
7. ~1fJJ3:![~~~ ~a£;fQB"Jo
8. ftB1fJ ~1-\$*0
9. ~1fJ~~~j9cJWt~-*lt~7, ~~1'Jio
10 . JjiJA~ff~Xf~1fJ _ _~~1!~&:k~nlnJo 0

[ ···- •.• "1'....... -.,-Trr:#L;!i:~ d~g~_!.::;~~-~~rr.i! __._,.____.,r-r··_j

:kM [Tinh ru, ph6 ru]
Tinh tir: Dr;Ii khai, khHi quat. Bi~u tbi y d~i khai, khong tu<mg t~n, khong chi ti€t
lim, khong chinh xac lim. C6 th~ lam djnh ngfr, tr?ng ngfr, it khi lam vi ngu.
Phia tnrac-.khong duqc c6 ph6 ttr trinh d9 nhu ~fl... *... ~f: ~ v.v...
~-o~~l!lt14-*ff.J*-«'tf/JLo
0

~~~**~7, ~~~~*-~~~0
Ph6 ru: khoang, khoimg chimg, ch&c, ch&c h&n. Bi~u thi con s6, tinh hlnh, tr~ng
thai ho~c khoang thOi gian u&c chirng, khong chlnh xac lim.
~::k.«Jt~ iJ Ao

62
 ~If Jf- ~ %- :k..1±-T ~ £ $Jli:f-1t o
*-
rp o/ ~~ ~ JL .ih «, --t }\./~ _w_ 0

~;J iil.JJ~~~ :k.~:Yt.it 4R1t o

:k~ [Ph6 ttr]
Khocmg, khoang ·~himg, ~h&c khoimg. BiSu thi con s5 u&c chirng, ho~c nh~m
chirng k.hoang thOi gian d6. Cifu.g c6 th€ dlj dmin m9t sv vi~c, tinh hu6ng nao d6.
Thubng Utm tr~ng ngfr, khong dung tru&c tinh tir.
J~tf. *- ~~ -t li, 0

~*-~~_E. -t # 0

~*-~~~~~r o
~ ~ a_t T , 1t :k ~~ /G *- T o

*~ [Tfnh tir, ph6 tir]

- E>~u biSu th.j nghia ch&c, khoang, khocmg chimg.
:k£'-J [Ph6 tir]

~ :k.~~ I *.«..::.. -t- # ~

- Nh§n ~nh dg doan _tinh hinh, tinh ~ NbAP :am@ 41!_49~11 c;on s~, tll.Cri gi~n.
tr~ng. li*~ $ ~ :k~~ :1[ -=.:-t /~Jf -j: 0.
;t J:-k-, ii~A*-.if.~£liJ4~o
- Khi la tfnh tir, bi€u thi nghia "khai qucl:t, - Khong c6 y nghia nay.
chung chung, dr;d khai''. :t- ~ifi ~ ~ 111 :k ~~ J~-?r- ~g· J &fr ~£
:t- ~ifl #;-~1ll :k.«~-dt~?1 J ~~£ tt-J Itt I}L 0 (S)
fi-J 'tf I)L o

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n :k~ .. )(£'-] di~n ~ao cb6 trfmg:

1. ~p)Tq:r~ fi 300 ~~~0
2. ~ IE!!~~ft&I¥J o .

3. ~ 6 ~**~1!.J\o
4. ~1fJ0RJM1fflY -sAo
5. JJ~a-1!\t mtfi~T o
6. JJ~1'~~ fr+~o
7. )Z:{)({Xfil:~ ~*0
8. }j~JLIJJ~-1'- ;\~ I¥Jj(~IJ4ftB;g~o
9. P}~L f!.f\ t!M 8<J 0

10. 114~1£, 1tR =+~1i;{5o

63
1.... " ..w~~L~-~~1!-~J~.?!-~~~~~~-=J!!!.~ ~sh.L=r-t~.!'-~~?... _j
ffi [Lien tir, ph6 tir]
Lien tir: Nhung. Bieu thi chuyen tiSp, chuyen sang m$t y khac so v6i phan cau
trucrc, y d6 thu<mg la d6i l~p, nAi tiSp bfi sung cho y ci:la phan cau tru6c.
!!.~~ J. ~~tl-M-, 1!!~it~, JiJfv.A 5!~ o
~~rp~ J, 1!!-:ia:~#*-J:.i*-o
Ph6 tir: Chi. Bieu thi chi trong ph~m vi gi6i h~n d6. Thuang dung trong van
vi st.
~1$ A*-
!A., -t JW.. -*'"#~~ o
i!.~~~~~~ff~~,~~a~~~Jo
-ffi.~ [Li~n tir]
(1) Nhung, nhungma... Cach dung va y.nghia gi6ng ~- Phia sau thuemg c6 .jp, ~ ..
if., 173 f~, ph~n cau tru6c c6 the c6 ho~c khong c6 cac m J. f~, ~of... lil ~.
~~T~k, ~k~~~~~~~~o
~+A~*~' ~~*'~~~~~$~o
{2) Ma. Dimg de kSt nAi hai tir ho~c C\)1ll tir. Tuong ~uong vm ifQ.
*
itt%~kJJ~ $._r.;ff·tt1!!-}l·tk: ff.J !f. &1 0

k ~~{t1±. 7i1t.~}l -*~ff.J ~ff; 0

iiJ~ [Lien tir]

(1) Nhung. Cach dung va y nghia gifing {E!.Jt..
Lf-~}jt~tlk, "iifk~~~;t~lto
1~J;t~Pt~l J,, "iif }l$tit_}ff~~*-~
~~~~~J,7, ~k~~~~-~0
(2} Do Ia, citing Ia. Khi d6 1if Jt la cl)ll1 tir.
~~ iif~~ 111 })1 tr.J .ft>tt ~ !
~i:t [Lien tir, ph6 tir]
Lien tir:
(1) Nhung, nhung rna. Cach dimg va y nghia gi6ng {E!.Jt.\ C6 the dUn.g tru6c
ho~c dirng sau chu ngfr.
~ fr.J ~:x.. if~ -*. {;F l(i , ~it -iJtAi ~tl iiL ~·J .0
(2) Chi Ia, ch&ng qua chi Ia. Thuemg c6 ifi1 e.,... ~ 1 phia sau.
~~~~~~k~#~, ~~*g~~~~~~~o
Ph6 tir: Chi. Bieu thi khong vuQ1 qua gi6i h~n nao d6, doi khi cfing mangy
khinh bi, coi thuemg.
1~~ .J:.-1;;-~~-t i\.:IL~ 0

~~~~~~*~T~~, ~~~1~~0
~~~~+*•~~M,#fof~~~~J~o

64
 1.§. ill~ PI~ /Gtt
[Lien tir, ph61ir] [Lien tir] [Lien ru] [Lien tu, ph6 tu]
- D€u bi8u thi S\f chuy~n tiSp, dich hl nhung, nhung rna.
- C6 nghia "chi". - K.hong c6 ngh'ia "chi", "chi la". - C6 nghia "chi", ''chi
i@.~ittr-J~ 1!1-il/"iif}t~1tff-J~#.-!f-El/t la", "ch~ng qua chi
#.Jt- a ~~0 ~·o (S) 1a',.
~ ~~ 1t ~ %4.W '
;; ~ it ~t 1n %1*
;t7 JL~-f;o
- Phia sau 1£ - Phia sau 1£Jt, - C6 them ngrua - Khi la ph6 ru, mang
khong duqc ng~t d6 the ng~t quang. "dung la", "d6 la" nghia chi, bi8u thi
quang. j',;) ~ ~ ~l: ·.vt rna 1£ it " ~ it chua vuqt qua gi6i
~~ ~ ~ ~l:~lt tl:f *- 1, -f!!.}t, khong c6. h~n d6.
tB* 1' ~' ~t
t" AW$-o (S)
)9:_;1f A@J~o ~iJL~~' 1]~
"if Jt. --1'-~rp ~ f19
~~ J:.-i;-~3!
t- /\.:JL~ 0
,J,1k-=t 0

- Khong c6 each - Lien kSt hai Cl)Ill - Khong c6 each dimg nay.
dung nay. : tir nhu rm "mel'.
~ $ Y.k ~JIJ ~~
-1!!.J(5itil. tJ9 Ao
- Dung trong kh!u ngfr va van viSt. - Dung trong khftu - Dung trong khftu
ngfr. ngfr va van viSt.

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n ffi, {.§.~ .. PI~-- :lf'li di€n vao chfi trfing:

1. 1llilil~~1f)MJ1~1i-\; 1tk1~71&:ka<J~jJ 0 .

2. mt&:Efl~, . {JJ~~~~o
3. J! ·:}!i,lj:g;1J~"fJ:f:ti¥J-~o
4. i! iX 1tf!Jtxmij 1 fit, ~~, ff ~ 7( ~~tli ~1m I¥J 0
5. JJiJtl:~:f~P~~T, fit:¥*£Ef<Ja11~~0
6. jJU~~1tf!, 1m~ ~1'~-To
7. ~ :f!ilfg;1J~-T9=t a<J-1' 0

8. ~~ 7- ,R~I~11-.R~, - - -B1fJ~-~tT~o
9. ~tl:AM9=t~1:1G~tB, --~:f~Uo
to. ~-J:x.X~~J:..PJT:fla<J~, JZ:*~!Jt:i:-1"-xxl¥1 o •
65
 ~ rtr [Danh tU]
(1) Ben trong, trong t16. Bi~u thj ben trong gi&i h~, ph~m vi nao d6.
1±l!-Jtl=- ~ 1.. * ~, ,J, aJJ Jft ~ ~ o
~J)£~ !£. ~ ~, l~ RR ~ 3J Jft~IJ *o
(2) Chinh gifta. Bi6u thj vi trl angay chinh gifra.
i»§ltl_Jt{t$~t*-, ~ t Jt-J'a] J,;K.£o 1

~~*1"*-~1±.) Jh~ t 0

;jtq:t [Danh tir]_

Trang do,· m9t trong nhimg. Bi6u thj ben trong n9i b9, m9t ca nhan trong t~p th€,
ho~c ben trong ph~m_vi, gi&i h?n
~+A*AT~~' ~Jt~t~~+o
-ltL~~,-ltLT-, ~~~A*~~to

~ 9=t [Danh tir] ~q:r [Danh tir]

- "I>~u bi€u thj nghia trong d6, nhung khong thay th6 cho nhau ·
±*~~+~~~~' ~x+~~*m~~o
./

±*~~+~~' ~~~x+~~*m~~o
- C6 tha dlm.g tnr6c cum danh tir. - Vi ban than ~ da la d~i tir, tuang duang v&i
~ ± 1!1 $- .P,If *- ~ ~ ~ ' ~JJ "no, d6", nen ~9=J khong tha d(mg tnlac Cl)ffi
::1:- qEJ"rfj IX1 ;.. ..1- ~ "El
® ~ ~
~~.. Hn .,.. ~ ..!LA~ ~ :Y ti1 ~ danh tir.
~0 -f£ ± 1!1 ~ .P.Jf :k. ~ ~ 'f , .
~JJ ~t a}l If 1!1 iL
:k.~~% fl/~~o (S)
±
)!1 ~ JL Ef .P.Jf *..
;.. ..1- ~ 'El 1!..
Jl. ~71 ~
*, .
~-'f- ~JJ ~t a}] rp J!l
..!LA~~.::V ti1 ~~o

- Con· c6 nghia "chinh giua", - Khong c6 y nghla nay. Nhung c6 nghia "m9t
"ngay chinh giua". trong nhiing". ( *tf khong c6 nghia d6)
~~f.t-t-~ t/ff-**~ ~ ~ f.t-t- Jt. t ;ff -**~ jlt~f o (S)
jlt~fo.

Luy~n tip
ChQn ~ q:t, ~ q:t di~n vao chfi trfing:
1. ~1nYI~7Jitl:fjij~~q:t~3tmt, ~~--z-0
2. A~~tt~a~li$it~~f1/-J:m---- 0

66
3. pijJtij!EJB, ~~w-&~~IB"J o
4. ~tJ.?-:frf(l$0[ffi' [®llJJ!mii:~~~o
5. ;k*~>Jid?tf&$15, PJ~ili*1£- - -
6. 1iJ~1~~8"J}(=' ' __ $£~1fJ~~-B"J~~~Eruo
1. 1m~ a ,. **m~a1m5.t~m~,~o
8. 33JiJT:k~fr--T$m~j:_·, 1f-~*§rffi1rOO*o
9. 3!-'t%i5CJf1~t:* T, 1*J~, J~{Jzo
10. -iF , 1m1ftL--t J3 :fti:~i¥1 0

I.·'W. (036]_ ~J~. ~-~o-~!=--~~. ?H~~!L=. ?t~.!~.~~!t ...

11 . _,,
r·~i:.~~o~~~u .J fMj§ ,.,

JIJ~ [Ph6 tlr, fl9ng tit]

Ph6 tit:
(1) R8t cu9c, cu8i cimg. Dung trong cau trftn thu~t, bi€u thi tnii qua nhi~u thay
d6i, bi6n hoa, cu6i cung m6i thvc hi~n duqc, ti~ hu6ng d6 m&i xay ra, hftu
- . . -

hSt chi nhfrng sv vi~c duqc mong dqi. Tucrng duang v&i ~~ -t ..
it ie: 7 JL k, IOJ M ~~ lt 16~ ;}c 1 o

:li- ~!L:fpJJj) ~a9 *'~r, ,J,£ a9 ~~·J~:1f-ff# 1 o

(2) N6i cho cimg, n6i t/Jn cimg. Dung trong cau trftn th~t, bi€u thi ban chftt,
d~c di€m cua sv v~t, khong bi anh hu6ng, v6n le nhu v~y. Tuang duang v&i
-$~.
J1Jht)t.JJt~1~if-J·, -.z.jt;fJL-* 1 0

i """t*JLJ~~k ~*JL_, J:.-t.J£1£.~~ q,' r Lf-;YJLJlj )Of r-9 1'o

(3) R6t cu9c, cu6i cimg. Dung-trong cau nghi vfin,thuemg la cau hoi Iva chQn,
d€ hoi d6n. Tuang duong vqi . l.tYt.~., ....
1;tf.T}JJ::...J•J~4-~4-?
~~·J~~~~iJL?
~~J!ttJl~.£ t k$.. av ~?
D9ng nr: D€n cung. Bieu thi ngh'ia d€n cung, d6n dich._ C6 the k6t hqp v6i 1,
nhung khong the mang ~f.
~-~~~#~~, ~m~~#~~o
-!- ~ ~ 1!1-ts 'ri , .AA.l!.1'- ;i~ 1t ~~It o

67
 ~J& [Ph6 tir]
(1) R8t cu9c, cu6i cimg. GiAng each dung s6 (1) cua itl.lt. Nhk ~nh d€n phut
cu6i, phut ch6t, tinh huAng d6, S\1' vi~c d6 cling da xay ra, xuftt hi~n.
iti?: 7 JLR., ICJ M!p.i:Nf-;Jt 1 o

~!p.Jt it-li*- 1 0

(2) Noi din cimg, n6i cho cimg. GiAng each dUng sA (2) ctia i•J it. Cho du c6 tinh
hu6ng mm, cho du n6i th€ nao di nua, thi ban chAt ctia S\1' vi~c khong h€ thay
d6i.
~ ;{f ~ :_1;· ;ik: ,?i,, 1e !p.:t j£~ ~~A o
!f-:t~J.t1ti51tta9' -J.l.:Yllf-1 0

~~A!p-~~~~A, ~$~ff~A*~~o
--~~- [Ph6 tirJ
(1) R6t cupc, cu&i cimg. Giang each dung sa (3) ctia i•J£.
~fil!J-*.)t:t~~~?
1l.:t1t-!-i£~ ~-!-?
1!. ~ )t :t -ft~ ~ ~ "J\l?
.I
~ ~ :t ~~if-it?
(2) N6i din cimg, n6i cho cimg. Giang each dungs~ (2) ctia itl~.
~~:t•1~~~~~~, ~~M-~~*~~~~0
.J~-f)t:tJt.~-=j-, 1t~~~~tfo
~T [Ph6 tir]
- . Rat CUQC, cu6i cung. Giang each dung sa (1) CUa !•J~.
~111~1.-=-~'J'at, ~~-T*- 10
*~~~1~*-7, k~~-T~*-1o
~-T, 1-t~ ffi'J 1 JJ~ *'J,-it 1 o

~u~
[Ph6 ru, D()ng tir] ·
1L:l:
[Pho ru]
*~
[Pho ruJ
~-T.
[Pho ruJ
- D€u mang nghia rJt cupc, cu6i cung.
- C6 th€ dung trong cau nghi vAn d€ - Khong thB dung trong cau nghi vAn d€ hoi
hoi dan. ddn. Chi dung trong cau trAn th~t.
i!.lk ~t, $- .f~ JS:.. / 1C :t i'(t & l!IJ\..l:~~lfi.:t I ~f""i1t&.1? (S)
1?

68
 ") ,
- Khong nhan m~nh - Khong - Nlilln ~nh k€t - Khong co each dung nay.
k€t ll$1, k€t qua cufii c6 each lu?n, k€t qua cu&i
cilng. dUng nay. cling.
:;fo 1~ fr.J ;riJ !f tlJ :fp-1-t ~ ~ ~t
~*' ~~~ ft-J 'ttl•l tlJ~*-' 1~~~ ir.J
JA.~Jr- :k.o (S) 'it~ ~.n- :t *- 0

- Bi6u thl, tnli qua qua - Khong bi~u thi y trai qua qua - Bi€u thi trai qua qua
trinh dai, cu6i cung trinh da.i, cu6i cung m6i d~t trinh dai, cu6i cung m&i
m6i d~t dugc. dugc. d~t dugc.

!~ ii fffij 1¥- ~ jj ,- · ~it fffij 1¥- ~ 1J , ~ 1C ~ I !i ii fffij 1¥- -M-- fJ , 1~

~~£~ff7B~ ~~~*78~~**-f ~Ta*7B~~*
~X. ii l]<.fiiE -f; o iiE -f; o (S) 7]<.-f-iiE -f; o
- Mang nghTa r6t - Khong - Mang nghia r&t - Mang nghla r&t cu9c,
, ' ,
cu9c, cuoi cimg, can c6 each cu9c, cuoi cimg, dubi cimg, khong can
mang 1 dimg nay. cftnmang 7 mang T.
I~ ~ J.IJ Jl. fglt.. ~ 1Pl~~-:tf6f ..lt/kt~f.'J'.L~T
To '*1 0
A. (7 )o
IPJ ~ JIJ.Jitfglt. IJt o IPJ ~ !f. :t fijlf. IOJ~~-=tfijlt.;}t
(S) IJto (S) ( 7 )o
- Khong c6 each dung nay. :- Khong mang nghTa n6i
cho cung, n6i din cung,
rna mang nghTa din cimg.
- Thuemg dimg trong - Thuemg dung trong van vi€t.
kh!ungfr.

Luy~n t~p
ChQn J$jt, $U~ dien vao chfi tr6ng:
1. {tBf!J17( */F*?
!\t~)E~JJ£~~
2.
3.
4.
~~ N* S~£:/E
~~~tt, {8{tB
0

1 , 1JJt:JG/f jU{$~:f:JG EJ<J JJ~

~~JG 10 0![~l~o
* tffiJ~ o
'
s. 1fl\1Jlw J:. :f.f~~ A?
6. ~~9fP1w, --~mt~nmi9J~!I! tiJ 7 ttr 0

7. !a?~~1ttiJ{~j(Ef<J{~{ft, 1.~ ~J}JJ 0

s. ~fF~A, =fJ~~EJ<Jm, fEJ:iJt?A'*~o

' 69
 9. fYj~1$ ~/fM~N~!JG1fJ-}EQ~m?
10. ~~9rtJ1W::f.f~~' -PJTli9t~omfJLM:B"J=§:MltE19J~!!.o

[ ... ...... ·.· ........-, -··. -

[037] 1¥1 de -
!""···~··- ···--·~y· ..--·-"g ~- -
~ de -
--;p····gw-p·-~-·
:ffi! de
..-~~~"J"EE····-~·ypz·"

1¥J [Trq tlr]

(1) Cua. (Doi khi khong <fich). C6 mic each dung sau:

Danh tlr
C1.1m danh tlr
f)~i tir + 69 + trung tam ngfr (thu<mg la danh ru) ~ kat c!u chfr ff.J
D{lng tir
Tinh ru

Kat c!u nay c6 th8 lam vi ngfr, chu ngfr .

.11.11 Q9 :k. ~#A~ EJ ~ 0

~1f1li~t"#Jft9 1..~ 0
.I J-J ;£ Q9 ?l ~ ;J f '* -$if ~-t 0

Khi bi8u thi sa hfru:

ID~i ru nhan xrmg/ danh ru + 69 + trung tam ngfr I

~69~)t1tf@J*-~o
~ (69) 1l)~;t~HHo
~e, ,y, 69 ~:k.k.:ff: Jk * 0

* Neu tnuig tam ·n.gfr la d~i tic nhan xung, chi quan h~ than thu9c, chi don Vi, thi
khong cAn c6 ff.J; cac tnremg hqp con l~i cAn c6 ff.J.

D()ng tir
+ ~ ~ ngit danh ru. (Dimg nhu m{lt daflh tir)
C\lm d()ng tlr

~£~~~ ~69~ m~,~~~~~~****~~*~o

~ 3J ~Y/ff~tl~ ~!f, ;ff$~69~ ;t1ij:~3J69~ /ff 11JT~-tft9,
if. ;ff 1±.Jf~ k 69 0

* Bi8u thi m~nh ai n!y lam m9t hanh d9ng khac nhau, ho~c mdi thu mang m9t
tinh chAt khac nhau.

1 I>Qng tir/tfnh tit + 6{1 + dQng tit/ tfnh tit 1

70
 hay
I Chit ngfr + di,ing tir + chit ngfr (l~p l~i) + 6iJ I
~ 1n ~ r ~rz ~ di1 ~ ,
~1f 69 ~1f.. A~ ~ , pt 1-i :1r p-*- '* "* 0

~Jf Jf- at% J:.., FJ ~ 1f1 iJL ~it-. p~ 69 p~ -. ~j~ ~ ~j~, ~JtA-iAt.Z 7t ~~ 0

1~-J:)L~~~ ~1tt~lrfJo
lb ~ lb JJ.. ~ ~ ~ JJ.. -r r:8 Jb P!f,.
'l'J' .:f.:: 'l'J' ~'.J:, :;;s~.-!k :;;s~ R'.J, /r' IT~ 'l J' g
1 o

(2) Nhcln mr;mh.

Thuemg dung 6 cu6i cau tr~n thu~t ho~c cau nghi vAn d~ nhftn m~nh tp.em. ·
J!.14- :f ~ :1-P 1! fr(} o
1t1f11t ~ Bt1*jtj~a9?
C.o' th;.e .d'ung vo'l
' "' cau
:. . true:
' a .J.J,
~ · · · · · · t~'J

1~~{£. ~JJ ~~ aJJ "¥ill 4f- il9 o

~ 1ll it 4'- kJ:. +1L ,??, ~ k .$-*-fro 0

Hinh thuc trung di~p/ Tinh ru I Tir tuqng thanh I b6 ngfr + fr!J
1-tt fr-J A- J'a] T T It It fro 0

"i}·~-~ @]·~~ ~tt()\Ij itb {r(J 0

1-tt4~ Jt ~ 4*1-f aJJ ~ ,jc ~ 0

*** Khi nao cin dung .fro? Khi nao khong cin dung -R9?
Trudng h9P phai co fi!J:
1) D~i ru/danh ru + fr!J + danh ru chi v~t lam trung tam _ngfr
l!.?t~ fro -fJ B o
~~~ il9 :t -=r ~~~ ~n- a{;
*' ;J:-f + fr!J + tnmg tam ngfr (thuCm.g la danh m)
0

2) D~i ttr nghi vAn ifi, X;J:.f, X

ifi fro -fJ 7lk1±.l!.JL:?
IJ,_I_Jt.~ (A,l-f{fJ-~A?
Trudng h9P c6 ho(lc khor'-g can ~6 fl!J.
1) D~i tU + (fr.J) + danh ru chi ngum, xung ho, dan vi lam.trung tam ngii
~ ( lfJ) %% ?t:t- ~ifl 0

~ 1n c~ ) if!-1.i -R1f *- r ~ 11. ffi1f Fl :f o

Trudng h9P khong co fr!J
1) D~i tU chi Sl)' J!. ~ JJ~ ••• + trung tam ngfr (thuang la danh· tlr)
J!.A.At'<-1&,~ ~ ~~.{±.P~JL~iio
2) D~i tU nghi vAn 1t *' + trung Him ngfr (thuong la danh ttr)
1t (A 1,~ tEl ? at *-
~1t~:f?

71
 ~ [Trq ill, d<)ng tir, trg d<)ng tir]
Trq tir: Mang y nghia ngii phap bi~u tbi chi c6 th€, du kha nang, cho phep ...

D{>ng tir .,. ~

Tinh ru
+ m .t _ ,
+ bo ngtr (trinh dQ, ket qua)
,. •

it#-# ifj lt );t.ff T If liJb ?

~llB.ff~tl ~~ !
. ,j, .I.lm ~X ii*f.f.f~tl!
i.t*-JJJt %t.fl ~ -f 't o

* N~u d<)ng tlr mang tan ngfr, thi:

D{>ng tir d{>ng tir
+ tanngfr + + m + bA ngu (trlnh d9, ket qua)
Tinh ru tinh ru

~ tlt 1-Ji. tlt .fJ ~tl 'ti 0

~ ;ij~ -Jt ;ij~.fl*f ~ 1 0

D<)ng tir: Du(Yc, tlc;zt tluqc, c6 QU'(YC. DQC la {-f (de). Hinh thuc phu djnh la ;f.{{/-.
J.!.;k=f~, ~.f.f 1 ~-- .t 0
.M.. -r ~ lm ;j; & }1s. ;f. .ff
.I
0

m~~~-t-ff, ~;f..ff, -~~~~~~~0

Trq d{>ng tlr: Phai, nen. DQc la {{/- ( dei). Hinh thuc phil djnh la ~ }fl . . )fl ;f.~.
-r.::.. ,P., 1 ' ~.f.f@} *1 0

1~-fJ'~,P.. . JL, k.$~~-Jf 7 o

' ilk [Trq tir]

La trq tir k~t ciu thuoog dtrng ·gifra·tr~ng ngii va d<)ng tu.ho~c k~tcdu·d<)ng tir.
*** Khi nao cAn dung ~? Khi nao khong cin dung Jt?
(1) Khongctln it:
ITinh ru don am tiet +-?9ng ru I
;}b ~ "'£... Jb £. .... , £. tl~ £. '1Z
~~A ·h~ X :7 'lJL" :7 .IJ " :7 -=-J o

~~ifl'ti*!
(2) C6 ho~c khong c6 ~ d~u dugc, c6 nhiing tnroog hqp sau:

Tinh ru hai am tiet

+ (~) + D{)ng tir
Tnh ru trung diep

72
 ~~lb ~~ 'fi ( ~) 4~ ~ ~ fr-J JlJL~. o .

1t~:kf:kf (~) ~ 3J 0

sA tir
+ (J~) + E>9ng ill
hinh thuc trllng di~p cua C\lffi danh ru
' '

~-+!f-~-t-.!f <~) lG -r *-0

. ~ El § ~ i% ( ~) -i>L : " :& z. 1J, ? "
(3) B~t bu()c _phai c6 t-tl!:

'I Tnr6c tinh tir c6 ph6 ru trlnh d9 + j\!!; + E>9ng tir I

1Jb~Jb~f ~ ~~'[-~~~~#~ ft-J JJ}J Ji..o
*- ~ ~~tzifR :fll~ If. -}]a !ilk J;~ ~ .o

Thanh phln phia trtr6'c 69, ~' ff- Thanh phlin phia sau
I>inh ngfr (D~i tir, danh tir) fr-J Trung tam ngii (Danh tir)
Tr~ng.ngfr (Tinhtir)--- ~~ _______ f>_Q.ng_tir _ -- ..

Bfi ngfr k€t qua, trinh dQ.

D{)ng tir ~i
(thu(mg h\ tinh tir)

Luy~n t'p
ChQn 1¥J, :l:li!, 1~ di~n vao ch6 trfing:
1. ~JJJil~U~~ff~~~~ *YP~ o
2. 11Btel.%fa:J1JE =f-T1~~0
- 3. *fl"2JL'J", 1/J\~- ~U!b?
4. Jiff*J~xlt~~tjc Mi.R:~ 7 o
5. ~-t-~A1itiJiftB ~%{9-~lJ~o
6. if~j:_m~~mnm iilJm, *®t9.1£Eo
7.11Bltt [j] ~~!
s. at±J]Um *Hi 7 0

9. **~1£#}~,, EE!/f£*JL7f~7f -*u~ o

10. ~~ 7, UJ\ 1XfntnfPJ®~nbt u~ o

73

~·
 ".. - ~ ,. . .I
(f{J~ [Ph6 tir]
Qua th~t, th~t s11. Bi€u thj sv vi~c khach quan hoim toan phu hgp v&i thvc t~.
D(mg tnr&c d9ng ru, tfnh ru lam tr~ng ngfr.
*
l!-14- ~ {r{J .JA ~t ~ _£j 0

~ lr9 .JA i!A-f iJL ii o

l!. # Affi.. ~ lr9 .JA ft.~-%- }K fr.J o
m.~ [Ph6 tir, tfnh tir]
Ph6 tir: Qua th(lt, th~t Sl!. y ngh'ia va each dung gifing ~.$~,lam tr~ng ngfr.
J!.14-*~.JA*' ~~J!o
. ~ :M at .JA *' iJL ii 1!. 6J -i-5 o
i!.-.JA *' )( -1'-il:A ~ ~ ff.J i;!i ,t o
Tinh tir: Chinh xac, xa~ th11c, qua la. Bi6u thi y dang tin, chinh xac. C6 th6 lam
dinh ngfr, b6 ngfr, vi ngfr trong cau.
1;F iJL ff.J 'ft »L.IA *' p~ ?
~~~i!_#~fr.J, ~~~~.JA.JA*'~~o
/

Ef<J iiJD [Ph6 tir] · WfJ ~ [Ph6 ru, tinh ru]

- Khi lam ph6 ru, d~u bi€u thi ngh'ia sv vi~c hoan toan phu hqp v&i thvc t€, dich la
qua th(lt, th(lt s11.
1!. ~ 45 lr9 .lA I .lA ~ -~ 4tr o
- _NhAn ~nh sv th~t d6 la tuy~t dfii, - NhAn m~ sv th~t d6 tbn t~i khach quan,
ho~c sv vi~c d6 c6 du ch(rng ct'r, can ct'r.
*
khong cAn nghi ngcr.
1!.14- {r{J .JA ~ ~ ~ -t fr.J 0i!14-:f.JA*'~kit-t·ff.J
- La ph6 tir, chi c6 th€ dung tru&c . -: Con c6 nghia tinh tir "qua Ia, t/ich thl!c",
0

d9ng ru ho~c tinh tir d6lam tr~ng ngfr. tire lam ditih ngfr, vi ngfr trong cau~
~ ~ ~ ~~ .f1J 7 ~ .JA fi-J i;!i '~ '
:k. ~ iif v:AJ}k_,~ 7 o (S)
~ ~ !~ ~~ .flj 7 .JA ·*' fi-J i;!i '~ '
1if v:A 7ik. ~~ T o
*-*
Luy~n t~p

ChQn B<J WfJ ' WfJ ~ di~n vao chfi trAng:

1. 1tk1fJ- - --!:~ff7 0

2. ~f4~~\ , 11B.B~£$UJ:.~ 7 o
3. ~ ::f~Olli11B!JMtE1£JYJ~)Lo

74
4. 3! ~-t-{t!~rB<J±~ 0

s. J!f!~-'} Ef<J~FL~, o
6. 1fr\mEJ<J'tw~ ~?
7. ~Jf~4ttStf~, ~~1st*~MI¥JJ!Jt {~t~o
J! ~15"-o
8.
9.
10.
JZ{f *
~fuX'Jffr\
15fft~~~~~}J
#7G~g 0
0

11 [D9ngtu]
- Hidu, ·biit. C6 th8 c6 ph6 tir trinh d9 dung tru6c, cling co th8 cung cac d<)ng tir
khac t~o thanh b6 ngfr.
~~~·If' f.} 1t ~ 1~*i!_;ff-5tt ~0
~~~tt~X.i~o
!!_ *' fJ 1;t ~ •If 1 P_Ib ?
F9.J S [D9ng tir, tinh tir]
D9ng tir: Hiiu, biit. Tuong duong v6i 't:i. Thuang lam vi ngfr, b6 ngfr. Hinh
thirc trung di~p la'ABAB.
1~~~ a ~fr.J~~~o
~~~~~~a*,~A~~fr.J~~~, ~k-~~1~~
. .:(±.it1t ~ 0

i!.tEJil1~~~-~ ~ ~ 0

Tinh tir:
(1) Ro rcmg, minh br;1ch, ·di hiiu. Tuong duang v6i i-k Jt. Thu6ng lam vi ngfr,
bfi ngfr. Hinh th{rc_ triJ,11g cl:i~p la AABB.
~~ttk~ nJJ a~ fr.J 0

1~7t~~IVJ:P!~~~ ~ o·

(2) Cong khai, ro ranh ranh, khong c6 gi-la rna am, bi ~t. Thuang dfulg tru6c
d9ng tir lam tr~ng ngfr.
J.i-®- J:. ~ ~ J~ 1!; ~ AJf~ fr.J ~14- o
~a~~~~~~~, i!.k~±~~fr.Jo
(3) Hiiu biit, biit le phai, thong minh. Tuong duong v6i Jf~fl}]. Thuang lam
4inh ngfr, bA ngil.
1~Jt ~~a A, S ij{-~i!;t;ff-1~9:o

75
7M [I>()ng tir]
(1) Hidu ro,
trong long biit ro. Co th€ c6 ph6 tir trlnh d() dl:rng tru&c, lam dinh ngfr,
c6 th€ kSt hqp v6i 1 , ff.J, nhung it khi di v&i ~. Hinh thuc trimg di~p la ABAB.
~~1-~~~A, ~~~*~#-o
~ 1~~~t-ffi]L${,i!_Jtto
~t-J-~, ~~~1~~ ~j. lr.J 1 Mo
(2) Tim hiiu. Thuemg lam vi ngfr. Hinh thuc ~g di~ la ABAB.
-r ffil ~1n~-*~ g 1 M;tt~ff.J !i..ifi o

~1n ~ J:.i~A:bo ~~1M-it** o.

~~S~1MTMit~~~A~~#~+~~~~fr.JQmo
;;n:iit [D()ng tir] .
Hiiu, biit. BiSt dugc sv th~t clia cau chuy~n, hi au duqc ly le, chan tu6ng S\I vi~c.
.- .Thucm.g lam vi 1;1gfr, c6 th€ c(> tan ngfr, va mang b6 ngii'.
~~ll1t%~klf~)fJi 0 '

~~i{~f~~, ;fl,~Jtto
it#-**- ~;i~~~llfr.J 0

GiAng nhau:
- 'tf, n}] €I .. 1 M, ~ i!t d~u c6 nghia hiiu, bi€t. Nhung mire d¢ hiau khac ~au, theo
mire d9 tang dAn: ~ i!t < 'tf < ~ €I < 1 WI-
~ ~~J :t itt- ff.J 1~ ~ ~ ~ I ·tt 7 lJ.!b ?
~~it I 1Mi!.14-:fo
Khac nhau:
'tf [B()ng ru] Qj]tJ [B()ng tir, tinh tir]
- Tan ngfr clia 'tf thuemg la: ngon - Tan ngfr cila nJJ ~ c6 th€ Ia ly le, d~o ly,
ngfr, d~o ly, ley th~t; quy trinh, IB nhung khong th€Ja: _ngon ngii, Icy . th~t, quy
phep, v:y... trinh, IS phep, v. v...
'li~$ii .. tf:JJt~e"
tf**" JJij a Jt JJ." tma:f·mo
~~Ltt" 1fl!m" tf~t;J( ...... ~a~i..ii" ~ EJ~Lfto (S)
- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - C6 tb€ di v&i ii*
d€ ~o b6 ngfi' ~ ~ li*
l!JT 1 #!, ff.J it, ~- -r -r- tt it (Hiiu ra, ng9 ra).
*0 (S)
- C6 th€ n6i ;iii, ~if nhuilg
l!Jf 7 #!, l19 iiS" '$..-r
17
-t-f!IJ ~ .i:t*-o
- C6 tb€ n6i ;t~ ~, ff~ ~, M!.IJJ ~.
khong th€ n6i t!!. if.
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - ·C6 each dung cua tinh tir, tire mang nghia
1~~k.ti ,?i.. ' JJtl ~ i.R 4~ :$:' ~t "thong minh, ro rang, minh br;zch".
ilt~)_tjf*o (S) 1~~.t ~ tJ ,?i. ' }Jij ~ i,R 4~ 7.:f.' )(ti'fi~
~l~~o

76
 JM [D9ng 1ir] ~om [D9ng ru]
- Muc d9 cua 1 ~ bi€u sau han, - Muc d9 cua ~i! khong sau bing 1 foil?, c6
bi€u rfit ro. thS chi nghe qua, bi~t qua, c6 bi~t, bi~t scr sa.
~ j~Jt1tf:f:o A~ilJ!.1tf:Jo
- C6 thS tn.rc ti€p man~ b5 ngfr. - Khong thS tn.rc ti~p mang b5 ngfr, phai them
l!.14-:f~1f1~ T.M-~tJ!.o {:rj-,

J!.1tf-:J 4\1f1-*~il1~~ Jto

:'II [D9ng tit] ~0 m [Dl)ng tir]

- Khi mang y hi€u hay bi8t dugc chan ly, chan tu~g cua sg th~t, sg vi~c, thi gifra
·ti va ~ itl. dsu co th€ hoan d6i cho nhau.
it-t- ~x. ~ fr.J "~;,'&A1i I ~ito
- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - Thong qua ngoc;ti hinh ben ngoai dS bi~t duqc sg
4\1f1~~.:Jf: ~ffl Ao (S) th~t, thi chi c6 th€ dung ~it.
~ t.t ~ ~.t4~ 0 (S) A~il~~.:ff:irtl.Ao
~~. il~~_t1~o

Luy~n ifp
ChQn 'II... aJJ B. . T fi... ~Oi!tl diSn vao ch6 trfing:
1. 1!.1\ 1!1- A, ~ Jl:h mll! /F ffl fJt $ -tJt 0

2. !J\* *~' ill ~~0

3. 111\t!~~ ~&ta<J, ?Jt G'-m +?t- - - 1
0

4. :13:1'ift~!R.i:~9iPi1t1~{&- - - 0

5. flt~r~l! 1 0

6. ~--m/F , 1t~~~~&ts<J 0

7. 1!.1\ 'J"lWl¥.J~iE%fi!hn!b?
8. 1!.1\ 1~*$1 0

9. 1f.J\!l 1m 7 , 1£J\ ~ ]£ 1thi!dli73J1t~ .l~r;J l~tg /1' .* PE o

10. 13~£Ef<Jt~I)L, i't~~:fi -i'::k;Ml¥.1 o

77
 I [0401 .... ~~ .dulyii -... . tcr glla~~it
»t d.~~- . ,~ . . .~J
Xi [Gi61 tir, d{>ng tir, tinh tir, lugng tir]
Gi6itir:
(1) ... V&i, ... cimg, cimg v&i. D§.n ra d6i tugng. Tuang duang v6i *' foJ, thu(mg
lam tr~ng ngfr.
1t1f1t i\ ~~Jf..-pt~~ -iJLo
~ ;fro oJ- __k ,,ill .. , -:J:- • " ~l\1- ~l\1- 1 "
. --s~ ~~'""'.., :;e. :~.,. 'lJL ;a . 1:?J·.r~m •
vJ .... D§.n ra d6i tuQllg. Tuang duang v6i .xt-f, thuOn.g lam ti~ng ngfr.
* *
(2)
~~l!.--tiOJ ll!J£1f 1t i\·~ ~t Ji fr.J J~jJPJb?
~ ~ ~~J ~ >] fr!; ;fk;ftp ~~tl ~»ll 0

fl()ng tir:
(I) D6i xu, a6i khang.
Jt;.k. ~t ~ Jt fi !!F 1.. FA.~ tf f!l ~ .1.. fA. o
,j, *~ ~~tl-jf 0
(2) D6i di?n.
)iij" ~ i;i~ iE~ ;;t V!J ~}] 0 .

~J!*·Bt, ~Jf]7f~~~o
j (3) So sanh, diJu chinh.
~*~~fr!J~A~~, ~~~~Q~~1~~0
~~R~~T*=-o
- Tinh tir: Dung.
1t -i>t~~~R~ o
l!_Jtl:.~ ~~~~ 0
Luqng 'ru: Doi, c(lp.
Ji-lt.--~,~,~ fr!; *~0
l!.~ 4~kJJJJ ~*-~ ff.J 0

M-T [Gim ru]

VJ .... D§.n ra d6i tuQng. Thuoog lam tr~ng ngii.
~-Tl!.14-*, ~~~,.1f-~1ti\ ~~0
~-T~~~~~~~' ~~~-~~~~~~0
. -!-tf J!l*i.ij-, ~T~*-iJL, Jk.Jfi7f" \;fr!J:Jo
1

l!.Jt.~1n~-T-H1f~~ tr.J ~ ~ o
~T [Gim ttr]
VJ .... D~n ra·d6i tuqng. ThuOn.g lam tr~ng ngii'.
(1)
*
T 1'i' ~g J' _f_ 1£: /];:- ~ l!
I

~~1M*-T-~1..~~~~Iff.J:f~o
*'
~ 1Jl YA If; 1J-i>t 0

78
(2) Lam tva sach, tva bai phat bi@u, tva bai lu~n.
~~7-~«*~~~AR4»~~0
I J' ..£{f. -tit flJ J::_ if..* 1 - ~ «*~ if.."- ~JJ 10 a}] **i#-)) EJ~ 3:. -f 0

xt [Gi&i ru, d9!J-g tu, xt-T ~-=f

tinh tir, luqng ru] [Gim ruJ [Gi6i ru]
- Khi lam· gi&i tlr, d€u c6 ngh!a v€ ... win t/J nao tl6, nh~m dftn ra d6i tuqng phia sau.
~f- I~ I *-~-€ 1J~:t~JJ ~~tfr-J -;t ~, :k.tt~~ttf' n\o
- Khi mhng nghia '.'D9ng tit ... vai, - Thuang bi@u ·thj - Thu<mg chi ra ph~m
D9ng tit ... cimg". Chi c6 th@ dung thai d<) chu quan vi lien quan d~n nguOi
5(-j-, khong dung duqc 5(-j- -T" *-T. CUa S\f Vi~c. ho~c S\f Vi~C.
;t ;rp ~ ~ 1f11JL: "-*M-tf ~ M~ it·~ I~
-it1t -1!'-Jg - T *-
SJ , 4?f * 1tt --t- ~ mfro A o " ~' ~ 1f1 J(j~_;f-f -r- ~ TfJ fro 't* 15L
~fJl fr.J 0
0

- Thu<mg chi d?.t tru&c chu ngil. - B~t tru6c ho~c - Chi c6 th@ d~t tru&c
M ~1'--19J il!, *- ~.J.t;ff 1t ~ d~t sau. chu ngiJ. .chl) ngU:.
~~? .xt~i!.~fOJ *-ri!.~~~~,
~' *- ~J4:7Pf 1t *- ~ J4: ~ 1t ~ -;t
~i;Jt? ~?
*- ~ ~ -r- l!.
~~9J~, J4:7Pf 1t ~'
*- ~ * 1t
j£ ~
f-l!. ~ 19J
~ ~
~ ~ Jt? Jt ? (S)
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ dung lam tva
bai, tl;ra sach; tieu d€.
!f ~£ Mtlliit (( *
~if~ &fr SJ ~G~t:*t
h ••• ·.~ •fr.J it fl}l)) 0

Luy~n t~p

Chqn xt" xt-=f" ~-T diSn vao ch6 trdng: ·

1. ~?~})vG'Jlt. 1~-1:£-jE: $1S7!
2. 1m A1~~two
3. 1m·· ~~T~i~= ~'WiM!"
4. ~!hm*-m, It<-Tmti!~mB"l:±-®- 0

5. & ~ f#J ~ i3tt3t' :t/! -¥J. ~;}! 1~ 1ffn !l}J 8"1 0

79
 ·6_: ffit@*lJ*~' ~~A~~ff{&~-0~1-JlEf<Jo
7. ~~&!3k-* ~J¥j}JJj:Ef<J~o
8. ~}\.fflG, ~['a]~~1fl$fl~I¥J{tlJlo
9. Afl~3~' ~{fJ~,&.lJ!*JfX'f*1J='jtiJffi!o
10. t\t~T~ji «
~i¥J)({tEf<J1~7J\)) f¥JJt-o

~~ [B~i tir, ph6 tlr]

D~i tlr: Bao nhieu. Co nhfrng each dimg sau:
(1) Hoi sfiluQllg tren 10.
. it4'-~*£t"~ ~J·A?
(2)- Trang cau phil dlnh, bi6u thi sA lugng rAt ·jt.
.I. :t- ~rp fr!J })£ 5-t §. !.'1" ~ !£_ 0

(3) Trang cau khing djnh, oi6u thi sA lugng kha nhiBu.
;t:. ~
~
/.n •"- /.n ol-J.
'-.& ,~.. r-t- ,~.. 1!.~ ,
~ ,,,.
:Y './
l ..:#it ~ t:=7
/'--fll~ ~ IQ
1 o

(4) Trang c§u trAn thu~t, biSu thi con sA hAt djnh, khong ro sfilugng.
.I
'~~l!~ ?'":ttiJL~ !.'!'" 0

~~~~~~m•, ~$*Ja~~~
Ph6 tlr: it nhiJu. ThuOn.g lam tr~ng ngfr, biSu thi m9t muc d<) nhAt djnh.
-& jc.t; fr!J if; ' 1* §. ?'" ~f llJf JL 6] lf~ 0

*1~+A, ~~§.~~~~~~~~~0
JL [D~i tlr]
May.
Dimg hoi s6 luQ11g dum 10. D6ng thm c6 thS biSu thi con sA bAt dinh,
khong ro sA luQJ?.g.
1~fr!J IJ,~JL# 1?
ltik1~#<-i#-~ 1 ~-tJL?
1t1JlJL1'--!-~G it,, ~1nJL+-i-J:.*o
~ 111 *1- JL 3?:.. $t_ Jt tiJ ~ 0

~& [B~i tir, pho ruJ JL [D~i tlr]

I

- DBu dung dS hoi s5 luqng ho~c biSu thi con sA hAt dinh, khong ro sA luQ'Ilg.
- Hoi s6 luQllg, u&c tinh se Ian han 10, -Hoi s6 luQ11g u&c tfnh dum 10, dung
dung~ jt... JL, khong dung ~ jt...
1~ ~t" ~!.'!'"A? (S) 1*~t" JL o A?

80
 ~ Phia sau khong c~n c6luQ11g tir. - Phla sau c~n c6luQ11g tlr.
1~1f1 ~*~;t ~ !7. <1'-) ~!i?.
:.r 1~ 1f1 J;)£ ;t JL 1'- ~ 1.. ?
- Chi c6 th€ dung truac 1'-.... 1G, 7i. - Co thS dirng tnr&c +. -t . . 11, -t,
:k.~~11t~n~1t~ ; .. 11 A? (S) 7i . . -t7i . . 1i7i . . -t7i . . 1G······
*-~fr.J1#-~n~1tJL 11 A?
~ Khong c6 each dimg nay. - Phia tru6c c6 thS c6 d1;1i tir nghi vfin
~Jtt.:fJ1~%~k~ ~ ; .. *-? (S) ll}}~.

!!. Jtt -ts 1~% ~x. ~ JL ~,?

~ Con c6 th€ biSu thi' y~ "rat· nhiJu, qua - Con c6 the bi6u thi y "vai, may".
ty,(' f.,
l. ;
. Jltlltt.~ 1' A ~1;f. ,t JL ;z o

1~ ~ 3!.**-~t J::.it 1 ~ ~.. *-1- "l'f !

I Luy~n .t!PJ
ChQn ~& .... JL di€n vao ch5 trfmg:
1. 1/.J\1n ~.A 1~ 7 m 15?
2. 1$ff q:t~Mtf?
3. J:&J: ~;f "p;f!J.f~>J' 7(7((r:TIJ:" _ _-4'-*o
4. m+ J3 7, ~'=C ~~)Lito
s. 9=t tk T-i tJ~ 7( 1£¥MJ Jil~ JJ 8<J A ~---f- 7J o
6. ~*~*~~+ 7J-*o
7. 1$~~ !(&?
\' &7;E-::Z../.8~ii!!f"'S" b~ &?
8. :iKY.K;-1:1 .J 1'L-'< ~mn' --,----~ _..7X •
9. 1$~~ ~ey~o
10. 1$~l!~ .Jj'1$PJ~o

[ ········ ·····-· r---J~:!~!.l!i!.!.!~i,~-=1tt!!.~!!tJ~9~~-... ···r":~.~-r·-·-·._·J

ITif Ji [Lien nr]
. Ma, ma con. D€ n6i ti€p phan cau tnr&c, bi€u thi tang them m()t bu6c v€ nghla.
Thu:emg c6 cac nr .1£... ~, X.... .t. di kern, &phan cau tn.r6c th~ang k€t hqp v6i
cac tlr ~ 1EL... /G 1x... ~ .R .
1~~1. 9 !!!fr >J ~ fJ , i1Q ll.;(t FJ !!!fr ~~tl ~~~tit o
~~-~~~#~A, ilQA~;t~~Ao
~t ~ 1.9 i$ ;Jt , iiQ ll:ia;Altlf.~ aJJ o

81
 # Jl [Lien ru]
valc;zi, v6'i lc;zi. N 6i ti~p hai cvm d9ng tir v6i nhau, bi€u thi hai hanh d()ng d6 xay
ra cling h1c ho~c xay ra IAn hrqt. N goai ra, cling b6 sung them nghia ho~c bi€u
thj muc d9'1ll?nh han, thuOn.g k~t hgp v6i cac tir ~1£. .. ~1x. .. ~;:;.
k 41-- if it.Jf- ll it 1:!. 11!.-1'- Jt iX. o (hai hfmh d()ng)
1!.14-~;t<. ~{.a J9l y:kf, -Jf- ll1fr~ ~~£l1t. ~ o (ba sung nghia)

W13. [Lien tu] ff: _§_ [Lien ru]

- B6 sung them nghla ho~c bi~u thi mtrc dQ cao han, ~nh hon.
~~1. 9 41--1t9:.~ rW -*., i1Q ll I -Jf- ll~1t9: 'f J!l-*. o
- C6 th€ k~t n6i hai tinh ru don am ti~t. - Khong th€ k~t n6i hai tinh tir don
1!. $.-15 .1¥- i1Q llif 0 am ti~t, rna phai la tir hai am ti~t.
~t--:J-1~-:Jf-Jl~o (S)
- Thuemg lien k~t J?han cau, khong th€ lien k~t - K.hong c6 h~n ch~ d6.
hai d()ng tU ho~c C\}m d()ng tlr. *~~~*ll*~1t1t-Jt
*- ~ ~ 1!. j(jj llt~ 1-t1t- Jt ~~ 1t9: ! 1
] 0 (S) ~~{ij:Jlj 0

.I
I .Luy~n t'p
ChQn iiD 13... ft J3. di€n vao ch6. tr6ng:
1. ~1'M!m~*Wd> 11to
2. -~8~£-mfy:j iJE~~I¥J~I£1J¥~~X'jEt<Jo
3. {tB/f'{§.~q~ 7 ~*~~I¥J~~j!, ~£1tq~ 7~JM~~~o
4. {tB/f'{B~~i,!, ~~¥}(lfto
5. 1tk1F~ ~§3m~~o
6. {tB ~-;g~IE3cT~~~ JE.@-1£ffitJ{o
7. ~tB /f'{)(j~~ It:~ ryj 0

8. !\t11'JW~ft!LM- § 6Ifp, ~1£I 1'F~1~~U~fEPl:I¥J-*~o

9. 1tf!*Bl:&:JJM1f ~' *lt}E 7 ~ 0

1o. 1m1n ~~ ~*.m.m.l¥1 'tRzv ~ tx\ oo m17i 0

1 .... ····r···
[043] - er -
'•'".)''"•·•••''"'"'"'""'"' • •••"
PJj nang
"'"'" •.., ... .,., ... , .. , • • .,..,.,., ''·''.,'""'•''''' -····•"''""'' ·• ,,.,
I
.''o''"'''

= [Sfi m]
S6 2. Dimg trong:
( 1) s6 d~m: -... ..::. " ..=... a ...... -t..::... -t ..=. ...... ..::. -t ..::. ......
(2) s6 thu tg: ~- .. ~..::. .. ~-=- ..... .
(3) Phan s6: *,~ ..:.
(0.2) ... -=-~:t...::. (2/3)
(4) N gay thang: ..::. JJ ..::. -t . . -t..::. JJ ..::. a

82
M [s6 ruJ
S6 lugng: Hai. Dung trong:
(1) Tnr6c lugng tU ho~c tn,rc ti6p dung tru6c m9t s6 danh ru.
~ 1'-A, ~ ~-f.; , iJJ.j ~ ~ , ~ 4~-tJJ- -3-
~ ~ , ~ ~ , iJJ.j .k, ~ lf-, iJJ.j Ntl
(2) BiSu thi song phuang, doi ben.
~111 iJJ.j •tt·t~ •t3t.o
~~-*iJJ.j~$~~~*' ~~~*' ~~~*0

=[S6 ttr]
·- D€u bi8u thi nghTa sJ 2
w;i [SB ttr]

- Dwg tnr&c -t, 7], 1G; JT, p;l.j- dung :::- ho~c p;1§ d€u dugc.
. .:::..7] ~-f- ( iJJ.j 7] ~ -t ) "\ -iJJ.j JT (.::..jf)
- s6 d6m, s6 thu 11!, ph.an s6, s6 le, ngay - Kh6ng c6 each dung nay.
- •••••• ; ~ - , ~jl{j ""' ••••••
th.ang d€u dUng ..::..
.;_ "'..--,
~-r-
--·
- == ..... ·~- ' " ~----'"" ......
~. ·····-···· '··---···· ---~'~~-~-'·· :::..~:t -.;
....
-~t!J-.
~
--"'\ iJJ.j "'..::=-
-tiJJ.j ...... ;
~}J _ TBi a {S)
*l7 j1lj.' j1Ej 71- :t.- ;
'"'

..::.. JJ =-·a
- Kh6ng e6 each dling nay - Dt1ng tru&c luQ'D.g tlr, ho~e m9t s& danh tlr
.::::..14-, =-*' .::..4i1J;j, .::.._k, =-~, lam lugng ru.
.::..-t, .::..,??,4t v.v ... (S) iJJ.j_14-"\ j1lj *' iJJ.j 4jJ;lj '\ ~k, j1lj ~ '\
j1lj lf-, iJJ.j ,??, 4r v.v ...
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - BiSu tbi song phuang, doi ben. (Thu0ng
-~-t~
-3:.:: ' '\ .::..~ttt~·tt, ..::.t~ 'f* J.S la trumh ngfr, ho~c C\llll ru efi djnh b&n chfr)
(S) j1lj ±$1c_, i1li 'ft t~ ·Pt, iJJ.j t~ 'ft ~

Luy~n t~H
ChQn ·=-,
M di€n vao ch6 tr&ng:
1. -:fJG~~@] :K~i**o
2. 4-~~ }j + %o
3. ~{J\~i~~1~~ ~ 0

4. J1 7(~-J1}~~11J\o
5. l_m1£:}! ~ +1t 0

6. 1m~~ ~.EI.o
7. :fJGJ:.*~~ ~!0~fe$o
8. 1¥ll!r, :f!t~tt r:J:r IE M~ o
9. :fJtfffi: J T~]Go
10. rm*11J\~:f~ ey 0

83 .
 . ~i!i [Tinh tir]
- Phat triin. Chi S\1' vi~c, S\1' v~t phat trien a trlnh dQ cao.
J!~J,i.rJf ~iiAtl£-~o
*-mJ.it-t-£~a9 ~ ~0
I J\ ~:i it~ A.~ Jlt~it' ~ ~ fijj .!f!- o
:lt.Jfl [D{lng tlr]
(1) Phat triin. Chi sv vi~c pMt trien, thay dbi ru nho d~n 16n, tir don gian thanb
phirc ~p, nr th!p d€n cao.
~-r*J.it-t-£Jl 'f ml ~0
~Jl#~tt~, Jt~~~Y~~~Z-o
(2) Ma r9ng ve quy mo, tb chtrc.
~~~~~~~~~~~T~ml~~o
oc*~*~~Jl~~~,A.~*~~o

Jj:Jt. [Tinh tir] J):Ji [D{lng tlr]

j
- Deu biSu thi ngbia phat tridn. Nhrmg do tlr lo~i khac nhau, nen khong thay th~ cho
nhalt
- Khong thS mang tan ngfr. Nhung c6 thS -. C6 thS mang tan ngfr. Nhrmg khong
c6 cac ph6 tU trlnh dQ ~il, ~f ~ v.v ... dirng th~ d~ cac ph6 tlr trinh dQ ~il' ~f~
tnr6c. v. v ... dtcng tnr6c.
~tl£~, ~~1!1 ~0 ~tl£Jl, ~Jll!l ~0 (S)
.£~..L.~, £~ft1f 0 (S) ~~J_~, ~Jlftlfc,
- NhAn ~nh StJ hoan thi~n, nang len mire - Nhdn ~nh qua trinh phat tri~n ru
· thdp d~n cao, ru don gian d~n phuc t~p.
cao-hon sau khi phat hisn.

~~Jo
!~ ii JL ~}] tf.J 4ft~' ~ {r!J )Jiij JVL~~ ~ ~.t ~ jlJ
!}- o.-
*·tt ~ ~Jl jlJ l!.~

Luy~n ti-p
ChQn itJi, ~~ dian vao chfi trfing:
1: A.fJ i*Vh~'M~5.l001¥Jtit~Z..---o
2. ~1n-A~iliJL1¥~ flJFJt:1::~JJJ~YI 0

3. ~1'-:l:tl!rR B<J~im~F1it o

4. ~fJ:u[§lJ mi*~3JJtJtt8<JfJt~1i*~1tJ!I!~~~o
5. -A~~~---tF~mG?:Efif~J:fl ~mo
6. ~ ~£Vf, 1tJt~ ~Yf-~o

84
7. Elt?t1tka<r$~11! , 1.EI~iP~:l;f7 ~'i*o
8. fX1fJ0i§Jit~mJ~t$ 0

9. ;&~~l.m1~1ti¥J:m~W:~z~o
10. !JZ,~mre ~£Vf=~1£~-11l.o

Jjjfff [P;h6 tU]

Ngu(Jc lt;zi, trai lt;zi. ·chl y cua phan cau sau tnli nguqc v&i phan cau tru&c, ho~c

tinh hudng tn1i vbi le thuemg, vuQt khoi dv tinh ..

~~1~~~~~1, ~~~~~~~~0
Trong cau, thuemg c6 nhfrng tir ::f:1X.::f:-. ::f:1X.~9:. . . ::f:~;f: .. ~1!!.~9:. v.v ... di kern.
Neu nhu chu ngfr cua hai phan cau khac nhau, .& ifJ dugc d~t sau chu ngfr cua
phan cau sau.
~~~1, ~~~~~~W~,~~~*~1~o
rm ~-fa ~f1;f, ,&,.JiQ-!t *- ·1 o
~}X [Tinh tir]
Ngu(Jc lt;zi, trai lt;zi, trai nguqc nhau. Chi bai sv vi~c ddi l~p nhau, tnii nghich
nhau. ThuCm.g lam vi ngfr, khi lam dinh ngfr phai c6 fr.J. Ngoai ra, ~~.&.· c6 th~
dtmg d()c l~p ho~c them nhfmg tir ~t.g..,t~... ~t~:kt... iE. :kt... ~]lj :kt phia tru&c.
~1f11~ ffJ-iJL~ j£-Jif*Q.&.o
~1L .$- .tJJ ~ Ji. ir-J 7i M~-!- o
~~~~~~~~' ~~~~' ~~~~~0
~~1.a ~i!-~, :~.&.JtkPji' kl$l~*o

.& i1ff [Ph6 tir] ·-·

*~ .& [Tinh tir]
- K.hi bi€u thi nghla ngu(Jc lt;zi, tnli v&i k€t qua, ho~c ngoai dg ki€n, v.v... c6 th€ thay
th€ cho nhau.
~~if ~1. 8 ~f.¥tit~' Ji. t1il I *~.&.it ~1~ iimJJ o
-La ph6 tlr, khong lam vi ngfr va dinh -La tinh tir, c6 th~ lam vi ngfr va djnh ngfr.
ngfr. ~~k tl:: 1. ~r<. ~ ~ 7t *~ ..&.. ff,J t: J\!, 0

~Jlk. m1 ~r<.~st ~.&. ~ a9 ~

~0 (S)
- Nh~n m~nh tnii v&i le thuemg tinh. - NhAn ~nh sv dai l~p, dai nghjch l~i.

85
 - Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ d(rng d(>c l~p gifra hai phan cau,
JG~1tt1t ~ *' 1t~ jJ 1' ;;tt phia s.au c6 tb€ each quang b~ng ddu ph~y.
;{f n\ :r}] {(.; *JL~' .&. iiQ ' 1t ~ ~ jJ ' JG-i'B-'ftt1t ~ *'
1t~ fJ 1' :ft~
:f.t1t Z.1t~~;t o (S) A .W ff.J ~ ~, ~ .&. , 1t /G ~ fJ , -n.t
1t~1t/G~;t 0
- K.hong c6 each dimg nay. - Khi .n6i bai S\f vi~c, S\f V~t. dfii l~p, mau
~ >J ;fo ~ ,t /G 15l /G ~ ~ , .&. thuftn nhau, mang tinh triat ly, bi~n chtmg,
iiQ, 't 1f1lt.X*m #J.-ift] {(.; o (S) thuOn.g dung *~ Ji., khong dung Ji. r7i1.
~ >j {P{t,t/G15l~;t ~ 1 *Q.&.,
't 1lllt X *m tiJ.-iftJ ff.J o

Luy~n--t,p

ChQn &ITff... *H & diSn vao ch6 trAng:

1. J!~ilf!}C, ~9fP/f'~~ift:tt, - -, ffffl7 /LT.ii.l~lPtfBJ*Jm~o
2. ~I¥J~J~L~\H~1fui¥J~~--
3. 1fui¥J*~0~-~' {tB- -*f~-!J!o
4. ~tB~-mkf~f, ~----i,jl J!iJ:~~'=\:o
.I

5. ~~J, ~~~EI£5¥07, r-JE9~*0

6. T *~l¥1tw(JGN~_t*-~1¥J , 'i~t~m7tfi1&jt1co
7. J! -1'~M1tBt£ ~Btl*, ~ >1 ~~J! ~t ~ o rru:tlf
s. f~ 7 ~~~, 1tB/f'1)Z19:1f!JJf~, £1Ju~n~33 o
9. 1fu1fJ /f' {)( ~1f 1W :itt' )§if! 7 0

10. 1fu::f1J' ' 11B~1' Ef7J'M~ 0

L····-·-.... --··-- ...7. ·Tn······ [~~_lil_ ~-fli_!l -:::::: _1!!1 h,ui . . . - ··-··· -r - . j
~ [D(>ng ti:c]
vJ, tra vJ. Bi€u thi y nghia v~, tr& v~.
. 1~¥-f-..r±.-=- R. J6 ~ ,y, o
~~ 1-*~_ij~jJL~o
* Kat hgp v6i ti:c don am tiat, nhu 1!. ,y.. . . ~*£, neu muAn kat hgp v6i tir hai am .
tiat, thl phai dung ~ @1, nhu ~ rm ~e, ,y.. . . ~ rm tt *£.
* Khong kat hgp v6i "*.
4~AtlR~t;t~~.W-!-7 o (S)

86
§I [D<)ng ru, luQllg tir]
D9ng tlr:
( 1) TreY v€, quay v~, v~. Tir nai khac quay v€ ch6 cu, tra v€.
r~Jl, ~*li1~~1o
r i}fL€7, ~Y! til~ o
(2) Tra lai, h6i am. ·
:kt *:kt .]}}]
~ j§._ li11-t 1 0

~~~J' ~ ~ ~t£;·-i-5 0

(3) Quay lgi .

. PJf Jlj ~I!;~~ p~ 1~, ~ ~ J: liJ ii ~. *-o
~~i:J:.!f*-~~~jt 1 jto
B6 ngu: vd, lr;zi. Bi€u thi y nghia phan hbi, tra loi,.tra v€ ch6 cii.
4\ '*" liij 1 JL ~-f.; ~1~ ~ 0

LuQllg tir:
(1) Ldn. Chi s6I~n cita hanh d~ng.
~-} ii~i~f.M- JL t.W ~ 0
(2) Sv. Chi sv vi~c.
{!{.~~{:1j" J!.OO•:fo
(3) HJi. Chi chuong hbi trong tiSu thuy~t.
" 3- ~ ~'Jr. "X_ " %tt :::. U!1 0

JS [d9ng tir] @] [d9ng ttr, hrQllg tlr]

- D€u la d9ng m, d€u c6 y nghia tra v€. <

- Khong lam b5 ngfr. - C6 thS dung lam b6 ngii.

- Khong k~t hgp v6i b5 ngfr xu hu6ng *- - K~t hqp v&i bA ngfr xu huang *-1-!-.
1-!-. ~~Et ~ ~9:. ;ff U!1 ~ ~-!- J· 0
4\~EtRit~~~~-k1 ~ (S)
- Thu{mg dilng trong van vi~t. - Thucrng dung trong khfiu ngfr
'

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n JS ho~c @] dian vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. ~T-fWHaJ, *~$~/G~~o
2. 11B~@Y.l ~zmffEJ5JT:ff x~J\ :iio
3. mBBjg~:KX~ ---Jl:b~*o
4. ~~·r£3! ~*111\H~:RY~!lo
5. H11'aJ--~~!t o

6. ~~ :fb 1:~1m 1§ iJ~)~ $'tw B<J *:it~ JP1< 0

87
 1. rn -=:r ¥fXl ~ EJ<J**,
m:~:m ~ ¥~ 7 ?!f1ftt ~IE Ef<JAA* 0

s. 1m~f!t1ni.JXXJJ:ET -*tt ~0
9. ~~m ¥, ~fi~fftiE-®i$ln~?
10. JAOO~ri'~ @JJ§, ftB-1IftSJ~~~*o

.... J~.~-7] --~.O.U. ~a~~i-~n. =.-~.f.~~~~~. ·= ~~ fan~~n =-- -~t.. ~~nzi

1%M [Danh tir]
- Nha cua. Ten g<;>i chung, t6ng the v€ can nha, can hQ.
i!. Jtt J} 1i ~it it ~f~£l-jf ;t 0
i!.-
JJJ-T · [Danh tir]
* lt
lf.J & ~ Jt 80 1f--1-\ tr.J 0

- Nha, can h9. ·Chi tirng can.-h(>, .tirng nhl..

i!. & lt -r Jt 80 1f--1-\ tr.J Jt it 0

*
l!.- lf.J ::t&-1- ~ll ·tit lit ~.fjf 7 0

JJJ raJ [Danh tir]

- Phong, can phong. ,..% fa] Ia m(>t b(> ph~n, m(>t phdn cila ..%-1-.
~ft~&fRJ~.:kko
" i!.1-- ~ 1t ;;{f 100 ~if!- A& fliJ o
~ tr.J J} (li) ~ ~~ }(_ 11 0 0
li-T [Danh tir]
Can phong, phong.
1fF ft.),& -1- *- p!b ?
i! fL I~ J1. -f- ft.J 7t ~~ ~~ ~il '£Ji_ o
• ~ fr.J .£ -f- ~£lf- If o

}%~ J}JT- J}Jfaj Jj_T-

[Danh tir] [Danh tir] [Danh tir] [Danh tir]
- Deu chi h~ng ml)c ki.~n trUe, can h{), can nha, phong fie, v. v ... Nhung c6 sg khac
nhau v€ di~n tich 16n nh6, v€ t6ng the ho~c c~c b{).
- Chi nha cira - Chi din nha, - Chi can phong, gian phong - Chi din phong,
n6i chung. din hQ. (m{)t b{) ph~n, m{)t phdn cua gian phong (m{)t
..
cannha.) b{) ph~n, m9t
- Thu(mg dung trong van viet ph§n ella. din
va chi can phong trong cac nha.)
linh V\fC nhu thi€t k€, d?t ch6, - Thuang dilng
mua ban cho thue, khach s~n. trong khfiu ngfr.

88
 - Chi c6 th€ - Lugng tir c6 - Lugng tir c6 th€ la Ja] , .If--. - LuQllg tir ·dung
dung luQTig th€ Ia faJ , JiJT , 1!.1---% -t :fr \!}] 1--}} raJ , fa].
tlr ~- ~-- 'i'i, ~-- pJ§1--IIl<t, -~$Jf, -
l!. Jtt Jt ~- 1'-4S~o
.& :t~ Jt. -t- l!_Jtt Jt-t
;t tJ{1 ~ j_t 0 ~k-t-:t-tr.J
l!. plf Jt Jtkk
-='fLo
.&it~~ l!Ji;f Jt-t
~~~~ it~~~~
f/.Jo (S) ~~ft.J 0

Luy~n ti-p
ChQn J% f§] ().¥.-=f), J%-=f di€n vao ch5 tr5ng:
1. 1m~u~r--~~JT 0

2. ~1'- !Wj~~.=E~ffi] 0

3. ~~ --· ~:ff;\mo
4. .~~ . J§it1£~~!J\YilJo
5. ~%~'m~l~~~ P}Bo
6. ~~~m~1fW§~5:: 0

7. £1Jf~7~J\o
8. ~~lttmJ:£--~ 0

9. ~~--ffiJg~~~U~ftEJ{J~A- - o
10. 1ll\1fJ1f3: ~?

1... . ... ·--· ... J~~-~-1 -~~~~!!~.~~--=--~~~~~~~~~-=J~f._sl~~-- ____ '"'" J

{jJ~ [Ph6 tir, f>Qng tir]
- Ph6 tir: Hinh nhu, duang nhu. Bi8u thi khong dam chile Iiim, phfa sau c6 t4~ c6
nhfmg tir ~ F;F J:., Jt. ~ , :f ~·J:..
~~~~~#~,~-~*~~' ~~~~~~~M~o
-~m~-~' ~~*~OO~T~~f/.J~-o
~~~*-~1*~tl1!, ~~Jf.~aJJ:I-~o
- BQng ru: Gi6ng, xem xem nhau, gJn gi6ng nhauJ gJn nhu gi6ng nhau. C6 th€
them tir *m phia tru6c t~o tbanh C\l111 tir *m # 1?11 (gJn gi&ng nhau, kha gi6ng
nhau), lan1 vi ngfr. Thuemg 1:f1?11 lam dQng tir se khong mang tan ngfr, cling
khong c6 1 , ~, li, khong c6 b6 ngfr.
1!. -t-~ -=t fro ~~jil~ JL tr.J ~~ *m #1$ o -r
89
 -p;f{l [Ph6 tir, fl9ng tir]
Ph6 ru: Hinh nhu, duang nhu. BiSu thi khong dam ch~c l~m, chi h\ doan chirng,
nhung sv th~t, thvc t€ khong phai v~y, phfa sau thuong c6 nhiing tir -t-f .. -M. ..
{J?A fr-J.
~ 1ll "*l-1#.1±. ~ J L~!:!. ifJ o
1t1Jl1~~~tt~tlff, "*f1f__,t {fr JL.~-Ato
~~raJ, f!:... ~ ~ 1, "*l-1#.~ r. r.m .r o
D9ng ru: Gi8ng, hoi gi8ng, kha gi6ng. BiSu thi so sanh, dfii chiBu hai v~t ho~c.
hai ngum v6i nhau. K.hi d6 phai c6 tan ngfr phia sau :kt1#-.
:t- ~rr** ~~1.;~. tr.J ~o *,;: ;
4'-Jf- fr.J ~ J~AEl fit :ft:r, "*f-ft,fk f!:...- *-f o
f~ lJl- [Ph6 tir]
Duang nhu, hinh nhu, gi8ng nhu. BiSu thi kho.ng dam ch~c l~m, phia sau c6 th~
c6 nhiing tlr *' F;F J:... Jt. *' . "* *' J:..
1~-f.;(-f"~El!<' 1t:i 1t~tt~~ 7 0

~ ~ raJ , f!:... ~ ~ 7 , -fa;( -t ~ r=m r 7 o

~~*,~-1-~~~~~~*' ~~1t~~~*oc*~+~
~a9-+o
j

1Ji17t :tff{l f!;.( .lJl

[Ph6 tir, D9ng tir] [Ph6 nr, D9ng nr] [Ph6 tir]
- Khi lam ph6 tir, deu biSu thi nghi'a hinh nhu, duirng nhu, gi6ng nhu. Chi khong
dam doan pMc, chi la doan chirng, ang chirng.
~!~f!:...~~IM-*I~-~T~7~ \

- Phia~ . tnr6c c6 -·them chii - Khong c6 . .cach dimg..nay.

if§ t~o thanh c\UD ru .l~ ~ ~ JJJ§ # A.W ~ *m M-1t I -fa;(~ o (S)
1$ (gdn gi6ng nhau, kha ..
gi6ng nhau).
~~#A9! ~*m~1$o
t-f" -At, 1J?Alr-?. - Khong th€ them nhiing tir -
- Phia sau thu(mg c6 nhiing tir -
~~~+~~~~~~~-~*-~+ t-f, --At, {~?A{(.) phia sau.
:f~f"1.;J.a9 0 A .·~ tl lJ.r ~ ''L
1:1,:;. 2>11 .:-:T
"' ~~.L.Q,.. J·tfJ ~~-1'\!J~~

~f{~f-~+~f"1.;J.a9o (S)
- Thu(mg dung trong van - Dilng trong khAu - Thuang dung trong khAu
viBt. ngii va van vi€t. ngfr.

90
[ Luy~n t~p
Ch9n :tfl{l, 1~ 5_f di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. ~ JJ~ lrp H~ fEP , 1-tk11'J - xt ~A 1~ 1¥J o

2. llJT JE9*, ~mm 1wA~ :IF~, ~ ~j 1:, ~tB ~ ~ 'M' ;(£-1-1m 0

.3. ~/j' A~ %Uo

4. 11B1WFf=f -m~ ~; *A19:m 00 I¥J ~ J3J.I 15( o
5. ~fllii¥J;f¥-T, ·. t~J~~o
6. ·~Bili~!lfJL*1 o
7. ffu ~·/j'jj(Jlli~!f£1¥J!Jvfj(-=f o
8. ~tB~fl'J~j:§* 1t~-~19:/5t~1~8"Jo
9. 1fuifF:fW, {S ~zf§JG'o
10. fm 5¥0~±-m~:f¥~tt~o

1.... [049] ~~J¥:. ~i.~h,}i~lt~.J~ ~~ll.=J~.t!~g._::.. ::!J!:!~~ll--=-~.!J~J

· ~~'lit [Pho tir, tinh.nr]
- Ph6 tir: Vo cimg, rdt. Bi€u thj muc d9 rAt cao. C6 th~ trimg di~p thanh ~~ '$ .;!~ #
de tang them muc d<).
~ *{~~f '*" ~rp
l!.g~ ~§J~f'* ~f'*"~~
0

Tinh tir: Lr;z thud'ng, quan tr9ng, a{ic bi~t. Bieu thi khac v6i thucrng ngay, le
thucrng.
JJQ.,-f}_ ~ ~f '*" at $JJ , it %~i. ~ !
i!.JLA~~,fi., :~& I$J!ff·'f o
ft{ [Ph6 nr]
RAt. Bi€u thi trinh dQ a muc kha. cao. C6 cac .each dung sau:
(1) f>(mg tru&c d<)ng tlr; cvm d<)ng tir· ho~c tinh tir (~R + f><)ng ti'r I Tinh tu).
N €u c6 trq d<)ng tir ( ~, tJ.. ii, ~) cfing dtmg tru&c trq d9ng ru.
* .fR khong k€t hqp v&i m9t s6 tinh tir nhu.sau: Jt-iE, -ij\~, 7-j(~, } k; 4t,
Ji<. , )ifr. , ~ E7 ~ $:r. $s-fJ~ , i~ ~th ~th •·••••
* .fR + tinh tlr, dli'ng tnr&c m9t danh tir ho~c C\lffi danh tlr, phai c6 av' (trir -fR% ).
*-:t" ~rp~~_g_~x. lj' ~4) 0

mr ;m ~~~it ito
~~~!f. ~ ~ i!}J JJtl A o
1iE, Jt- -1'-~tl/ff ;fL tiL ff.J &fr 1- o
91
 ,(2) D1rng sau ~, lam b6 ngfr.
1t it.; ~X. ii-tf ~-f.fJ. 0

m [Pho ruJ
Kha, hai. Chi muc d(> tuang dfli cao.
Jt;k.:;f~-~ it.; 0

~-$~k~iJj<.o
+~ [Ph6 ru]
Vo cung. Chi muc d(> cao.
~~it ~5Ct A-111 69-ft.At-tfl-~;flj 0

~ -t- f1- Fl•tt 1~ J,t.{± 69 ·tt IJL. 0

ti [Ph~ tir]
Rdt, qrc ]o/. Bieuthi d~t muc cao, d~t den-dinh7 diem~- C6 cac ·each dimg-sau:
(1) D1rng tnr6c trQ' d(>ng ru ho~c tinh tlr (.t& + Trg d(>ng ru/ D(>ng tlr). Neu c6
trg d()ng tlr ( ~, &. -ii, t!J).
* .t& khong ket hgp v6i m()t ~A tinh ru nhu sau: .$t-..iE ... * ~, :1j<.~, ) *-; -it,
~, )~, ~ E1 , n. i.r.. tr.J , it )tb )tb , -t -TIt ;t ······
* .t& + tinh ru, dll'ng tru6c m(>t danh ru ho~c C\lfil danh tir, phai c6 tr.J.
1t~*"iif~~tm:t-**1 0

1t~ !J!a•tJco
(2) D1rng tnr6c d(>ng tir, phia sau phai c6 tan ngfr.
~~~ 1: ~~ ~~ flJ ~t ,y. -~ 0

(3) ;f&.+ T, lam b6 ngfr.

-,:-
,. r:P.'* -¥- ~
;a r:f'J ,,~, .'~ ;ij:.
~ 171' .l1r
:Jt.J ~ 1 0

l~ ~~1it ~ +?t 1&

[Ph6 tlr] [Ph6 ru]
[Ph6 tlr, tinh tir] [Ph6 tlr] [Ph6 tir]
- D€u bieu thj D;lUC d(> tuoog dfli cao va tit cao. Muc d(> d6 tang dAn theo thu tg:
-ir! < ~Y<. < -t-7!- < ~f '$ < .t&
- Dlrn.g sau - Khong the d1rng sau ~l-. - Khong the d(rng sau
~l duqc. ~'. Nhung c6 the di v&i
i!.J Lit.; 11; 1' ~0 thanh .t& 1.
~~~-f~~o "Jf ftJ i!. 6] i-&-' ~
.1.1(.~ 10
i!.JL~ ]j; ~~~.f
~o (S)

I 92
 - Khong c6 - C6 th~ ·dimg v&i - Khong c6 th~ dUng v6i _z._ .ttl!...
th~ dung v6i z ._ .tt.
:t.._ ~- JXt i- 4f '*" z
~'\ .k ~4f'*'.i~
~~0
- K.hong th~ - C6 · th€ trllng - Khong th€ trUng di~p.
trimgdi~p. di~p len thltnh ~ f

~~~'*"·.
~ 4f '*" .:ff '*"
~,·*~ f!l il ~ 0

- Khong co ~n chs nay. - f)(mg n;ucrc d()ng tlr, d()ng tt'r d6 phai mang tan
iMiM, A~il I 4F'ft-~ko ngfr.
;f\ -t?t- I t!.rf-e-~~JJ"lf.J, ;Jf*-~*
- _.t.;t ~ifi
**
0

~-it%~kl!.#.i- J~ 0

~ C6 th~ di ·v6i - Khong th€ divm -it div6i ,. C6 th~ di - .Khong th€ dfm.g sau
phudinh ~- phu dinh ~ (trir phu dinh v6i phu ~-
1;t~;f-f1tt ~f~~:kt). ~ dinh ~
~~~:kfo. 1~ ~ ;f-f 1tk ·~
llilt-ft~~~ ~f 'f:kf o (S)
jf-1u 0
~1ti
~lA~o (S)
*.:ff '*"
Luy~n t'p .
ChQn 1~ ._ ~~ W;" +Jt di~n vao chfi tr6ng:
. 1. ~Vmliili!JJ-1*/G YJ- 0 .•.

2. ~:}({tB{fJ0~£jfJ ~"&o
3. ;(£ 'tw(5L-r~11'J/G1~~~-i1i/£o
4. 1llit!-1' ~twi¥J;J\1k-To
5. Jt*fffi.Jr!fEf<J~ /f~o
6. ~X'j~tJ(~t~B{]~~~· - -~~0
7. )3: -1'i~i!1$ffl1~:f 't~~ 0

8. ~*00-B]f ~}j(j'fi,~~tJ(~JX.¥J1tJ:o
9. Uff~tlM,ijJJffi:~~EJ<J¥~.L~,, ~ ~~0
10. #)C.'l<.ff.!*~ 1 1f~}J, /.f~~:fe.1<1r !l<..o

93
I. ,_.................... ,........ , .. q • •• l~?.~J..~~ g~n~In. -.. ~~ gankua.~
a~ [Pho ru1
- f!hanh, ngay, mau chong. Bi€u thj t~n dl;lng thCri gian, ca h()i, nhanh chong himh
d9ng.
~~/\ ,?i, 1, ~~~~~1ttatt&.1 o

~ 1: 1jj 1 ' ~ 'J-!- p~ ;Jii Jjr t;=. 0

Mtlt [Pho tlr]

- Nhanh, ngay, mau chong. Bi€u thi t~n d\lllg thai gian, ca h9i, dAy nhanh t6c dQ.
* ·~ ,w.. 7 , ~ 1n~·tk: ~ 7f it£ p~ !
~·tk:~*-, 1*~J&jlJ 10

·•
Jff~ [Pho tir] Jff~tR [Pho ru]
- DSu bi~u thj t~n d\ffig thOi gian, ccr h9i d~ lam vi~c gi d·o nhanh chong. Lam tr~ng
ngfr trong cau.
- DSu dung trong cau cfiu khien, bi€u thj S\1' h6i thuc.
- Nhfin ~nh vi~c n~m bitt thai gian, - Nhfin m~nh ddy nhanh t6c dQ, nhanh
ca h9i nhanh chong lam vi~c gi d6. · chong hanh d9ng, khong keo dai thCri gian.
~~~Pt/~it-!-fk1: o ~ 1n~·tk: m~ p~, ~~~~1 0

- co the dting d€ diBn· ta nhfrng hanh - PhAn nhieu dung trong tnrbng hgp di~n ta
d<)ng chua Htm ho~c da lam nhfrng hanh d()ng chua lam
~- T i*- :ll,~ ~ fcJ 1<- 1: ~~-!- o ~·Jk:~@,, *~tt.illi 1J 7 0

I Luy~n ti-p
ChQn M~...MltR diSn vao chfi tr6ng.
1. atfEJ/flfL T __t~n(g!
2. A$jtl1fT, 7f~n~!
3. ~~A__t$, 1m M}f£*il:~o
4. ~1$:~ 7, ~~nzn~ I
5. 1$ 1T1'EI!it, rlll rllJ11B;k$JY3~~JL2~~~$o
6. ~7f~nm1m:7g1t~u4~ *0
7. ~l'"ffi 7' fe:&B~J&Jtt*o
8. 1E1'F~{$:JG, ~{fJ~-*~Ef!~o
9. :*~~ 7, ~{f] ~7f:l!JLP~!
10. ~:ffli1J\.~tfr, i!PB!

94
 . ·'"' . . . . .r~?-~L. ~.~ . 5~u~~. ?. -~.~~-~- ~~~~l?.~~~~). ~.. ~tl.?.f. ~a~-~~ai H" . . ,,. • •. .. J
~tl (~tl~tl) [Ph6 tir]
(1) Vira, vira mbi, vita v{in, vira ilu. (1) Chi S\1' vi~c wa xay ra khong lau. (2) Vua
dung luc, khong .sam khong mu()n. S\1' vi~c, s6 lugng, thai gian vira dung Iuc,
vira v~n, wa du. Phfa sau c6 ;f,t, X., c6 khi dung v&i - , t~o thanh ~']-.
~ Jil t] * o/ llil w' .
3!.14--RJJl1~
fo]f VA ~5l i~i>f.Al ~ .t. *f 0
Jillt]*f' ~ *-~ ,J, 0
:t- Vrp i#-i3R,tr.J fo -tf1r<.'J'' ~ Jil t] Pf VA PJf J1L 0

~Ji!Jt]~ ~ fl, YlZJijtJ 'J'_f. 1 o

(2) ~JIJ ~~J la hinh thfrc trimg di~p cua ~ 1], bi€u thj ~hai gian xay ra S\1' vi~c each nay
gfin han, m6i han so v&i ~ 1]. Cach. dung va y nghia gifJng nhu ~ 1], nhrrng ~Jtj M1]
khong th€ k~t hgp v&i -. ·
~Ji!Jtl Ji!JtJ 3ft tf ~, --J:JJ:t~j{f:-fl1ftfij !io
1~ Ji!Jtl Ji!Jt]- tl:f fl, ;1lz.1.Jtj ,J, _f. 1 o (S)
~U;t [Danh ru]
Vita r6i, vira mbi, vira qua. f)(mg tru&c d()ng ru, tinh tir ho~c chu ngfr d€ lam
tr~ng ngfr, c11ng c6 th€ lam dinh ngfr. Bi€u thi thai gian xay ra sg vi~c each nay
khong lau.
Jil '] :t ;ff A~~1~ o
1~ Jil tl :;f -!-P}]~ JL 1 ?
Jil tl :t 1r<.~, J~{.±.*f% 1 0

IXJU Crxltl fXJU ) [Ph6 tir] fXJU7f [Danh ru]

- B€u bi€u tbi nghia vua mbi xay ra khong !au.
JiJtl I Jill•J t Jt a~ JJ~ 1-- Aki1i? I

- La ph6 m chi c6 ~h€ dung -La danh ru, nen c6 th€ lam tqmg ngfr, con c6 th€
tru6c d()ng tir, ·tirih ·ru lam tr~ng l~m djnh ngfr nfra. ~··

ngfr. Jill'l :t a~ ifi 1~ iG 1i:. 1 plb ?·

~Jilltl (Jilltl Jilltl)
·- Chi c6 th~ dung sau chu ngfr.
1~ Jil tJ -:fPJl~JL 1?
- Khong c6 gi&i h~n
~-~ 4'- JZ -f J:_ Jil tl
JtJ a~ o
~Jilltl*-'f~~~}]
@] Jtj ~0
- D(mg tru&c ho?c sau chu ngfr d€u dugc.
1~ Jil tl :t -:}PJJ~JL 1? .
Jil tl :t 1~ -!-PJl~ JL 1 ? .
d6. - Phia tru&c M1] /[ khong th€ c6 tir chi thai gian, va
( Jil tJ Jil]tj ) phia sau ~JtJ t ciing khong th€ c6 b6 ngfr thai
lugng.
0 :t
~Jt ~ J?:.. -f __1:_ Jil tl !'J a~ o (S)
~Jill·J:t o/ ~-~}] 0 (S)

95
 - Phia sau khong th~ di v&i - Phia sau c6 th~ di v&i nhitng tir phil dinh.
nhiing tlr phil dinh. 1~ "~ ~ ~ ~ ' J~{±. )l_ ;if 1 0
1~ "~ ( "~ "~ ) ~ ~ ' J~
.{ijl ;if 1 o (S)

I Luy~n tip I
ChQn ~u (~u ~u)" ~u 7.t di€n vao chfi trBng:
1. 1$~~fJi7.f@]*, lj\£ JEP~o
2. ~~¥1~~/GA/flj\, · ~m:o
3. 1tk1e B<J$~7 0

4. 1$ ::ft£8<Ja11!~L BffiBI'.I*fjGf$7 o
5. 1m~tf~JL,_ -~~-~H~mt::f ~ 7 o

6. xt::fJE9, ~ref$ ~~B<Jtti!:W:1f·-!: 7 0

7. ~-1'~1-)C¥: ~~~r=+ Ao
8. l]!_t~ _t~1L mt1~J.9l~7w~~o
9. 1$ ~~/fl~o
10. ~tEN~ -f.¥, Jtt-=f~~1~~0

1
·-~~ ·--·· -~·a·· .,
[os21 mgen- ~ he - ..
~·~-~w~z ~y ··--z·---~~·'"'· -~--··· ~- --~·="'"·p· ~~-1·
.& ji
..
-
··~--T~--,;--~-- -----..--~···
!j yu
~~s~-·-~g---m
-·-..-··· .
g~~--~·r-H~ ~-
1

BR [Gi&i tir, lien ru]

Gi&i tir: Cung, vcYi. Bi~u thi hanh d()ng d6 doi ben cung tham gia lam ra, phat ra.
Phia sa~ thu<mg c6 nhiing ru di kern -~.. - J:Jt.. - ~. C6 the dung de so sanh
b~ng(A=B)
1]' aJl-~1f1-~-!-ll~-t ;fj. OK 1 o

~~-~-!-Pti?io
~-~~lAl.Ro ' ·
a'f R.. fr.J ~ )~~4-- R..1. ~% 0

Lien ru: Cung; vcYi. Bi~u thi mAi qJ.mn h~ giua hai nguai ho~c hai y~t la binh
dAng. Cfing c6 th~ bi~u thi mAi quan h~ ph\1 thu9c,: khong binh dAng. Thanh ·
phAn tru6c va sau c6 thS la danh ru, d~i tlr, Cl)lil danh tlr.
1*·~~ :it~ .J!l A llJb ? (Mfii quan h~ binh d~ng)
~-~1-tf 1 -'*--.f.; o (Mfii quan h~ ph\1 thUQC, ~ ph\1 thUQC #,}

96
 f;O [Gi&i ru, lien ru]
Gi6i ru: Va, v6'i, cimg. Cach dung nhu "*"·
~~1t-~1t9:i'Jio
~#,~~~A-#, ~~~*~~~0
Lien ru: Va, v6i, cimg vai. Biau thi m6i quan h~ binh d~ng. N~u li~t ke tUba d6i
tuqng trcr len thi d~t 6' tru6c d6i tuqng sau cung.
*"
~ 111 it /r'- ~ $J] J:_ 0 if' Jl] ~' ~JT iJ ;fp ~X.~ v:E/ fl i* 0

:k.;fpd," *~~li" '4'-*'~~~~k~m.xtfr-J.& 5l iaJ o

*** Chti y v~ each dftng cua ;fp:
(1) N€u lien kSt ca~ d<)ng ru ho~c tinh ttr, thi phai co them cac thanh phftn khac chu
d9ng tlr/tinh ru + ;fo + d<)ng tir/tinh tir khong th~ lam vi ngfr d9c l~p duqc.
~ )$ ~ :;fl2 Jf~ aJJ o (S)
jt ~~ YA 1}if ~ i$ ~ ~ Jf.& aJJ 7 o

(2) Khi lien k€t v6i cac tinh ttr, nhftt la tinh tlr don am ti€t dbng ngbia ho~c gftn
nghla v6i nhau, it khi dung ;fo rna chuyan sang dun& ilQ... X...
~:t ~ ff 1~ x..~tk: xJt ()
i\.$-ff{l'tk:*';f.to .Cs)
~ 1n ft. &F ~1tt i'J ~Y r1Q tk o

~ 1f1 ft. &f! ~1ij: ! 1] ~]l ~ ~ o (S)

(3) Thanh phAn ·phia tru6c va sau ;fo d~u phfli dbng b{), khong th€ phia tnr6c la
danh ttr pbia sau la d9ng tir ho~c tru6c la tir dan am ti€t, sau la cvm tlr cling
khongdugc.
I
J
~
*-. ~ :i~~tt ~ *"*' ~ .o
(S)
j (4) Khong lien k€t duqc cau ho~c phan cau.
~~~~*~*~~m~~~~o~
1 It [Lien tir]
I
I Va, cung v6'i. Y nghla va each .dung ciing .gi6ng v6i ;fo. ~hung m6i quan h~
I
giua cac tbanh phAn truac va sau co khac nhau, kbong con Ia blnh d~ng nua.
\
I
i

I Phia tru6c se quan trQng va mang tinh chu ySu bon so v6i nhfrng thanh ph~n
lien k€t sau. Va tr~t tt;r nay khong hoan dAi dugc cho nhau.
I
1. EJ *;f.¥.,, jf:{t . . ;fL4bJ1lJJJJ~~t{t{r;fl*- . . ~?.,,~$~~ 7, 1t:fJ
~~1t~~lb?
~ *~ 49i *ll:t- Vifi ~~~tl *I~~ 1.. 0
97
 ~ [Gi&i ru, lien tir]
Gi&i tir: Va. Tuong duong v&i ~~.
a'fst~l:j ~*~*~rr 1 o

%%1:j~~-k!bittr.J-i~, ~~iG{f.'~ ~o
Lien tlr: Cimg, va. Chi c6 th€ lien k~t tU ho~c Cl)lil tir. Thuemg dung trong tl;ca d€
cua sach, bai l~n ...

~~1~~1-'*- ((~~~~1l:))o
~~~~' *~*~~~~~Atr.J~~o

IE~ ~ [Gi6i ru, 1:3 [Gim :&. [Lien tir]

[Gim tir, lien tir] lien ru] ru, lien ru1
- D€u ·bi€u thj nghia va, v6i, cung.
A /~~~l~ll:j I£ B /~~~m-/fP/f.:!JpJ!.;k~llo
- Thanh ph~n tnr&c - Thanh ph~n tru6c va sau - Thanh ph~n tnr6c va sau c6
c6 m6i quan h~ binh d~ng~ m6i quan h~ ph\1 thu()c. K.hong
0

va sau c6 m6i quan

h~ vi tri cho nhau
0

ph\1 thu9c. C6 th€ hoan dfii vi tri cho th€ hoan dfii
K.hong th€ hoan dfii nhau duqc. dugc. Nhilng gi quan trQng, chu
vi tri cho nhau 1t ~ I J:i ~ - ~ -!- y~u dtcng tnr6c, con l~i khong
dugc. P~ o (binh d~ng) quan trQng bing, dtcng sau.
1~~1~4:-pe,o ~%~XPt~*-'*j! )(-it .a :lul :kR$ *" 0

. ( 1;f- phl,l thUQC va di ~I ~ ij iii 0 . (binh d~ng) :lul :lul£ )( ~;i~ -i:- o (S)
theo -ft)
-Thanh ph~n tru&c Khong - K.hong - Chi c6 th€ lien kSt danh tir
va sau t6 th€ la lien k~t dugc c6 gim ho~c C\lffi danh tir.
danh tir, d~i tir, cau ho~c h~n nay. l!..il ~ i! 1~ fr.J ia] *·a~~
Cl)lil danh tlr. phan cau. ~o
- Thu(mg dilng trong khAu ngii. - Thu(mg dung trong -van viet. Nhdt la tieu
d€, tl)'a d€ sach, bai, v. v 0 0 0

Luy~n ti-p j

Ch9n IE~" -*JJ" ».." 1:3 di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. iliM-~{I'J¥9:~ ~{1Bo
2. PJ~~I¥Jl~ 1 ruB~~ . ~{f]-}Eg*o
3. {$~ ~*-0-fm~tv~?
4. ~~~ {$~~~' *rt5~7 0

5. ~~7-~~~ -~~' 1.BB{fJ~~1T~o

98
 6. ~ ·tti£fJ§--t~;t1zJiffi 0

7. m~~~1fJX11$ 1$1t% I¥J ~Jctf5Ltffi, fJt {fJ\11'] = .. ·. .:.wL--.......,

s. 1tEJYF 51(~-- -t-Jt:~wth • ~t~ l¥1 ~ iJt 0

9. ~~~-~~m, ~~ ~~~~~~~~0
1o. oo oo z.JSJ B"J~±~ >J 1~*I1ll:k~:ff 0

., "'" J
if [Pho ruJ
Con, v&n. (1) Bi~u thi sv vi~c, hi~n ~qng dang tiSp cli€n, con keo dai. (2) Hanh
d9ng d6, sl,I vi~c d6 t{ti di@n, l~p l~i. (3) Dung de nhfin ~nh trinh d9 sau ho~c
nhy, nhfin ~nh nhi~u hay it, s6m hay mu9n.
;M~ i:; i~ -t _::.If?, 1 , ~Ja:1f_·;.fj- -fJ o (ti6p diSn, con keo dai)
~#~:k_tfll~ 1, AJa!-*ll~-~1-o (taidi@n, l~pl~i)
~+A~:k~T, -*-t~~A, *~ttm~*Ho
(nhfin m~nh nhi6u hay it)
N [Ph6 ru]
(1) Nua, zan nua.· Chi S\I vi~c, hanh d9ng l~p l~i, ho~c se l~p l~i, se xay ra, trong
m9t khoang thm gian nhfit dinh, mang tinh quy lu~t.
~ aJj 1f- fL}] -1t *- ~ ~ ~ iX.. i~ 0
~~~~~*-~~' ~~~~~~~1o
*
-fJ Jb ~ il: fl7, ~1Jl a}j _klf*P~o .
(2) Sau t/6. Bieu thi hai S\I vi~c lAn luqt xufit hi~n.
~7t*.S~1~.tr ~~?111f, 1~~-!- ~tJ4itf o
~~~~' 1t*~~' ~#~~~~0
!.·1· Y.. [Ph6 ruJ
:,,,.·.
Lr;zi. (1) Chi sv vi~c, hanh d9ng xay ralAn thu h.ai, l~p l~i lAn thu hai. (2) Cling
.,
c6 the bi€u thi hanh d{>ng d6 xay ra va l~p l~i rfit nhi~u lftn. (3):__ Ci1ng c6 the chi
'·_:_, hai hanh d{>ng lien tl,lc thay dbi cho nhau. (4) Nhi~utinh bu6ng, hanh d9ng xufit
"'

j hi~n, t6n t~i cling h.1c.

.I 1~ a'f fZ. *- ii,
4'- fZ. 5l *- 1 (l~p l~i) o

J - JZ.5l- .k, ~~~it -tf 1% ~~ R., :t ~*~a91t 0 (l~p l~i)

j {~ ~ 'r .5l4*-~.f-, ~# .5l ~ , ~ ~PJ! ~ J _37 ~)f iJ& o (hai hanh d{>ng lien
l ! we thay dAi cho nhau)
ii
1J~JZ.5tA~~~, ~J(_~Jft·ti:a~- ~, 5l5tif-$-, ,Pjf v:l-~~§t
-!-~.:&o~ ~ 1- E1 at~ (Nhi~u tinh huang xuAt hi~n, t6n t~i cimg luc)
0

99
 ~ [Ph6 tir] M [Ph6 tir] Y.. [Ph6 tir]
- Hfmh d(>ng l~p l~i - Himh d(>ng l~p l~i d6 chua - Hanh d(>ng l~p l~i d6 da
d6 chua thgc hi~n. xong, sip xay ra trong tuong xay ra, da hoan thanh. Sgl~p

Nhrmg hanh d9ng d6 lai. Khong c6 the hi~n khi l~i d6 thuemg mang tinh q uy
sexongs6m. l~t.

~a'f:K*-li, ~a'f:K*-lt, 4'-~X.

a}j :K.it~*-o *-1 0

- C6 the dung trong - Khi dung a the nghi vAn, phai c6 nhfrng thanh phftn khac
cau nghi vAn. nhu bA ngfr, trq d(>ng tir kern theo.
~m~1, .it ~~~~~x.~Jt?oo
11~~P.±._7 o
(S) 1~k~.:pf-iJL-i&P.fh?
1~.st.·~~~~?
1~~~~Jt? (S)
- Khong dilng trong - C6 the dilng trong cau cAu - Khong dilng trong cau du
cau du khien. khien. khien.
1t ~ ~ .it~ 1~nUP~ 7, ~"~~P.±. 1~ n'J "~ 1 , .5l p~ ~ P.±.
.I k? 1o J o {S)o
- Khong c6 each - Bieu thi hai hanh d(>ng ldn - BiSu thj hai hanh d(>ng IAn
dung nay. lugt xay ra. Hanh d(>ng d6 lugt xay ra. Hfmh d(>ng d6
c6 the chua xay ra ho~c phai la da xay ra ho~c da
dang xay ra, djch la "sau hoan thanh xong, cijch la
~,,

uO. "k;zi".
~ ..(±. .ffi ;f-j: 1t J:. if 1
,t , .5lAJ:. -f o
- Khong c6 each dung· nay. - C6 thB chi hai ho~c nhi~u
~.it~J:.~' .i£.~~1'F' ~~~~~o (S) tinh chAt cilng xuAt hi~n, hai
~.f't~J:.~' .f't-~~1'F' ~tl~~~ o (S) ho~c nhi€u vi~c cung xay ra
i!_;ftjf: *-3!.-tf-i£ttt o (S) cung luc.
i!_*f~*-.:pf-tf-.}fttfo {S) ~)l~J:.~, .5l~~
1'F' ~tl~~~ 0

i!.#:f jft.5l~ .5lttt 0

100
 Luy~~ t'p
ChQn 1J. ~ X di8n viw ch6 tr6ng:
1. ~~6f£1&flt7, ~:7( ~U~o
2. ;r~:tir~!J~, 1$ · ~l::-14:k~U~o
3. {tEJI'f:l(::f*J:.lJ¥!, ~:7( . ~*o
4. 1mJ!JWi1"Fxa7 ~, ::f~oma7g;d>i@.o
5. 1$)16?}}~$, . *!!t%UZiio
6. PJT.j!JJ!~~~L~,, ~ ·~ %o
1. !it ~m,. pZ{t~~?
8. ~* ~£M~ 7·0
9. ~ ~~4;;, /F~&l~, -EJt-/F}E±~o
1o. ~11'Jf~~t 71f~ ~~*~~tn~ o ·

I. . ..... ... . . .. .. [054] :ICE~ haishi- »JG:tt huozhe J

.. . .,.....,...~·~~~-··~~·---.~~--...~-~.,~.,~,~- 3.-...... . ~-~·'·'"~- "~"~···•·. ~·~·-~;~ -~~" '""' ~. . .,, ..,,~,.,-~,.7."'"'' '"'~--~--..···~.,...~~~.,·;••··~ "''"·~'·· . . ,._., .

iE~ TPho nr, Ji~nrnJ .__

Ph6 tir: Van, van con. Biau thi hanh d()ng do, tr~ng thai d6 duy tfi khong thay
dfii. Ngoai ra con biau th.i nhftn ~nh.
%-f~Jt, ~~.,{.1J~~Jf-.$1:i$~o
~1~~%~, ~~M, ~~~-~0
~.,t-!: *-JA *t,
~~~*~%1,~;{.~-~~~k~!
~ J.J iii ifJ ~ ifJ o *
- Lien tir: Hay Ia, ho~c Ia. Lien k€t hai hay nhi€u sg v~t, tinh hu6ng d€ cho chung
ta 1\l'a chQn, thuang dung trong cau nghi vAn, itk c6 th~ lien k€t tir, C\llll tir,
phan cau va cau.
Afl Afl , 9=' -f" 17t UfJ *'" ~.,{_ ?}l iJi?
1~P~~~.,{_P~~~f?
Wt;tt [Lien ru]
- Ho¢c Ia, hay Ia. Cilng gi6ng nhu itk, ~ :;t- lien k€t hai hay nhi€u tir, C\llll ru,
phan cftu va cau t~o thanh m6i quan h~ binh d~ng, hay 1\l'a chQn da bi€u thi hai
~ay nhi8u sv v~t cung tAn t~i, xuftt hi~n cAn ~hung ta lva chQn!
~ ~r jf:. a}] R. }l. ;t 16 R. -i- ~ £ ~ ~rp o
~*~+, Jl.*T+,~£~R.~~~~M*~M-o
~~*~~~-~~*~~~~~~0
*.:Kat~, ~1~1'F~~;tffi >.] i1fi*-, .tA.*-~-i;-JJtJLo
~~~~~~~' ~~~' $-~1~+~0

101
 kE~ [Ph6 tir, lien tir] EX~ [Lien tir]
- Khi la lien tir, d~u bi€u thi nghia hay Ia, ho{ic Ia.
- ThuCm.g dUn.g trong cau nghi v~n. -cw co the dung trong cau trkn thu~t.
1t p~ :ft.~)(. tr~ trJJt11f-? P~:ft.~;ftrJJt11f-~1t o
- C6 each dung cua ph6 ru, khi d6 mang
nghla "win c~n, win /a"
R.. ~ ffi {Ji iJL 4- R..~~ ~ f:F:J 0
- Khong c6 each dung mly.
It ~ ffi -trtiJL 4- R.. ~ *
~ f:f;J 0 (S)

ChQn ~~... EX~ di€n vao ch6 trdng:

1. l!J§1m ~* lO 13~ -1'M~~~"J ~ o
2. atJ:~~~-~-, PjfPJfw-*, _t__t~o

3. 1$11']~$* ~$*?
4. JJ~JL~~~:-fjili, ffl\1fJ~$* *-**~PJ~o
5. ~9fP.)(.iJtj~JJI!, ~ /G'tlo
6. ~:R~£M;\ £M~?
.I
7 . ffJ\ ~ ~ 3!71<. 4 jttJ::~?t/F~? .
8. £JtJt7c, fJt ~ 1£*
1t }~, ~~Jmjy:_~~~~t.&o
9. {m~MA ~A?
10. .1m~ ~it :ttl- 8{] M1§., 1,reE~-Afjt
-I m o

lr2~~~/f).~~-~~~~~t;:~?w-=, f~~~-~e~;uE~~~--J
Jf (:;f) ~~ -[Ph6 tir]
- Khong di dcmg gi, kh6 khan !&m m6i .... DUn.g tru&c d9ng tir h\m tr~ng ngfr, bi€u
thi sv vi~c phai trai qua nhi€u kh6 khan tr6' ng~i m6i c6 the xong dugc, phia sau
thu<mg c6 t di kern. Hinh thuc phil dinh "*1- ~ ~ J; va hlnh thuc kh~ng dinh :kf
~ J, d~u c6 each dung va y nghia nhu nh~u.
~~~~1, ~*~S~t~~~~*k~&o
~~ 1 ~ R.., *S~ t .t~!1Ji!.*-4S o
*-~~~~~~~·-1, ~m~~~~M1o
fll:/1'~~
- Khong di dang gi, r&t kh6. ~~~~~; la cl)m tir, chi S\1' vi~c phai trai qua nhi~u
kh6 khan tro ng~i m&i xong duqc, thu<mg lam vi ngu trong cau.
~~1*~+~~,~~-~~~~~*~~0
~~S~~~~~~-~~~~' ~~~~~~h~~o

102
 - B€u bi€u thi ngbia r&t kh6, kh6 khan l&m m&i lam du(fc. Nhung c6 S\1" khac bi~t v€
each dung.
Ji;.k.~iRAR~fi, ~.jt~~lb l*t~lb :&.~o C&*! T) t
itlk~iRAR~it, 4~Atl~~Jb t :&.~o C&.~ 7)
r-------~--~------~----~.---~-------------·-
- D(mg tru&c d9ng tir; lam tr~ng ngfr. Khong - C6 th€ lam vi ngfr.
lam dugc vi ngfr. *~*t~X. i%.~il;f:*-JJ o

it~X.-_f.-;ff~R% !£ i~, ~-if (~) ~

~:t~~o
.J:.¥-J.f~X. ii-if~~.J; o (S)
- Nh!n ~nh cam nh~n chu quan cua ca nhan.. -· Nb!n ~nh S\f th~t khach quan.
11 ~:k_~ii 1, A:/cf~t:~ i-1ti:£-o ~ -+ Af£ 1!1 >'r !£ $ ~~f.l
~~»Jo

Luy~rl. t~p
Ch(;>n .. P-:171'$~·, q&/G$~·-·di€nvao-ch5tr6ng: ·
1. tJ~~~ 7.r"fA~thJ1~JL T M$U)ttwo
2. ft~~~~~~mAm0- 0

3 ~ {iB 1m :itt 1 -{0 i~ 0

4~ {tBI¥J-¥~:k~' ~J:.o
s. J!1' B -=f NJt~U 7 o
6. JL~~tt~n ~q:. 0

7. ~~)lffij~4: ;t-mtH T JL-'}-¥*0

8. ~f~$tl§3 0

9. fit . 7t1~*tl1i § B~~'two

lO.{f.J\}~tfj~fllJ~ ' ~)'G~};!t.p}@J~o

[056] kgf& hfiran - ~~ tiiran _. «~ mengran

:-"T"·'·' "'"'·" ....... ~·.··. '''""'""'"!"""'"""'"'" '"""'~_,,,.,,,. .. w..,.,,~~...,,.*·~"·"·'""'"..,"·•·•~·y"'M~-. ... ,. •., ''""~"~""""·"'"=~~·"'·"'--'~'"~·,..,, •., ........,, ,,.,•..•. ., •.,.,..,... ,, ...~.,. •. "'•··. ,., .••.• ,.,.., ...
7
. ,.,T.~.,

R!J.f& [Ph6 tir]

- B6ng nhien. Chi s-g vi~c, tinh hu6ng xay ra_qua nhanh va qua d()t ng9t, tra tay
kh,ong Iqp. C6 th€ dung tru&c ho~c dung sau chu ngfr him tqtng ngfr.
-f J:.i~Atl a_t ,fa, r 4=- ,t{.. ff.t r ~ ~ ~ o

~1f1iE1iJ: i*, ;~. ~1f~ 7 0

103
 ~~ [Pho ru, tinh ru]
Ph6 ru: D9t nhien. D(mg tru6c d()ng tir, bieu thi trong thai ghtn rAt ng~n, S\f vi~c
ho~c tinh hu6ng bdt ngo da xay ra.

*~*~' ~~~~~1-**' ~~~~To

Tinh ru: D9t nhien, bdt nga. Thuemg lam dtnh ngfr, vi ngfr va bfi ngii. C6 the c6
cac ph6 tlr trinh d() nhu ~tl'. .t. d(rng tru6c n6.
~)t-1'-~t&**' ifi-tt~.t~~. Jlj 0

~14-* ~/'&{i~flo
j£!£l!.Jt~.*'t"k, ~~Jtl~fl~f!o
~~ [Pho ru]
- BBng nhien.. Chl c6 the lam tr~ng ngfr.
jt-:if-3/'&~lj-$-, 4-£ ffJ A.~~{!1J o

1t3~.i16~*-, ~gtJ::~1:-i-7 0

m?c& [Pho ruJ ~~ [Ph6 ru, tinh tir] al~ [Ph6 tir]
- DSu bieu thi nghia d9t nhien, bBng nhien. Nhung mire d() bdt ngcr d6 co S\f khac
bi~t, tang dAn theo ~ire ,~.. ~ < ~ ~ < l~~
./

*"
~ 1n JRAi iE ~ ff.J at 1~, ~f&f,t.. f!tl&t& r ~f:F:i *- 1 o
- Nhdn ~nh bftt nga - Nhftn ~nh S\f bftt ngo . a - Nhdn ~nh bftt ngo d6 ~P
d6 xay ra trong ch6c muc cao hon so vm ,t{.. f£. d€n m()t each ~nh b~o
lat, nhanh chong. nhAt, amuc cao nh!t.
-Lam tr~ng ngfr, d1rng tru6c ho~c d1rng sau chu ngfr - Lam tr~ng ngii, chi c6 the
/ · d6u duq9. dt'rng sau chu ngii.
1t~~J,t.f!~ 10 1-t.fl.f!t ~ 7 0

~f!kf,t. f&·~~ 1 0 3f:&1t~ 1 0 (S)

- Khong c6 each dimg - C6 each dung cua tinh tir, - Khong c6 each dung nay.
nay. .c6 the d(rng sau cac tir . ~l' it4'-R.~*-.Li}Jt, ~
1t 4'- R. ~
*- ~. ·.t., ;}1!, -t-~······ ~ Jlj ~ll3f& o (S)
i}Jt, ~ ~ Jlj ~fl,t.. f& o tt4'- ~~*-£1*, ~
(S) ~JlJ~fl~~o

Luy~n tfp
ChQn t@~' ~M diSn vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. it*4tmoo~, ~t~ 8<J$'two
2. tt~~*FB<J$'ti, ~~~Ufl" ~JL_ _ o
3. 1tkiJl5gijl5g' :k~~*o

104
 4. MJE:f~* 7 o

s. u;rr~~1~}~1,, !lt~~u~~~- - -
6. Jj~~~ ~7~*0
7. ~1~iJi~1'1~)~!,*1~::t 7 0

8. JEg~ 7' ffig . ~-r*o

9. ~ tE~~_t{~{i7'o
10. ~it}itB"JA~~ .·. ~7JE9*o

1................. !~~?.1___~tf;.!!~.~~~=-i!~.!!.~.~-~~~~--~--~.tf:.~~l!~~-~~~---·--·········J
~ft [Tinh tir]
V9i va, v(Ji vang. Chi- trong long Io· l~ng, no~ nao nen hanh d9ng g!p _gap.
Thuang h\m tr~ng ngfr. Phia tri.r&c khong th~ c6 cac ph6 tu trinh d9 nhu ~fk. .. .::k.-.
~ f ~ v. v.... Hinh thuc trllng di~p la ,t..t. •ti: •ti:. Chi c6 th€ dung trong diu tr§n
thu~t, khong ·du~g cho cau c~u khian.
~~iJlJ 1;t-lr.J ~ i-&-;J\-it ,t, •J'i: ~~ *- 7 . 0

l1JT j)L -k~ ~lb 1- 7 ~ ' IJ' ~i It- tJ'i: ,if@] ~ 7 o

~ ,t- ,t, ·tx= ·l'i: .t~ foJ ~ rt ,a-!- o

:;t ~ill 17~ 1;t ,t. •J'i: .f!J ~ 1J, II} 1:- r (S) o

lttt [Pho ru]

V9i vang, ngay lrJp tuc. Chi hanh d(>ng d6 xay ra rAt nhanh. D{mg tru&c d9ng ttr.
Chi c6 th€ dung trong cau tr~n thu?t, khong dung cho diu c!u kbian.
~ ,J,,.:_;z_..Jf.JIJ jjlJA., ~.i!•J'i:Jtjko .
l1JT lJL -k~ -Jc~ 1- 7 ~ :' IJ' ~i ~ •Ji: ,tf@] ~ 1 o

~~+~A~*'~.i!~M~*~&o
:t- ~ill 17~ 1t .i! ·tt: f'J ~ 11, ~ 1:- r o (s)

~ft [Tinh tir]

V9i va, v9i vimg, gdp gap. Thuemg lam tr~ng ngfr, cling c6 th~ lam b6 ngfr. Phla
tru&c duqc mang cac ph6 ru trinh d9 nhu ~f;L. :k.... ~f # v. v.. ·:\. Hinh thuc trung
di~p Ia tiJ bJ ·t-t ~t-c.
A;;t1it.k-1-f~!tl9 •J'i:, ~~ ;t!l 1 1t ~ :f o
-Ti*~tt~ ~ •J'r:ef't.tttm ~-!- 1 o

~~~~;t!f_~~~~ ~~~~-~~~~0

105
 ;Et·tt [Tinh tir] mtt [Tinh ruJ :i4·tt [Ph6 tir]
- f)Su biau thi nghia v9i vcmg, gdp gap, v9i va. Nhung do tir lo~i khac nhau, nen
each dung khac nhau.
-r J!)I{-t "ffl ~ •11= I l!•11= I ,t, •f'i: M-!- ~ ~~ J: ~.st. iti* o
- Lam tr~ng ngii. -Lam tr~ng ngii, bb ngii. - La ph6 tir, d(rng tnr&c
-ri*, ~"fft,~·l'i: - r i*' ~-lbt ~ ·l'i= .d9ng tir.
1t,ttlm~7 1tM lm ~ 7 o .f.l .!1J ~i!f .t , ~ill!
*
o -

~;t ~ ~f~ll ~ ·J'i:~*- 7 0

•J'i:, ~~i!~*~JLo
- C6 th€ tnlng di~p. - Khong th€ tn!ng di~p.
1~ ~~ ~~ •J'i: ·Jt: Pt 7,?!, )Lt&.lbt J:_ })1 7 * 0 ~ l! 3!: ~- 1i: Pt 1 ,??,
{~ lq ~ •f'i:•f'r:Pt 1,f?, JLiJi;fi-i:- J:})£1 o JLt&.;Yl~ J:J!)l 7 o (S)
.: Tinremg lam--tr~ng ·ngii·· ~ Phia tru&c c6 th€ c6 cac ~ Phia truoc khong the c6
trong cau, khi lam tr~ng ph6 tir trlnh dQ ~f<.' *- cac ph6 tir trlnh d9 ~f<.' *-
ngii' phia truoc khong th€ v. v. .... v. v.....
~*-~f-*.~·11=1' ~.*Af .t.l!•ll= 1 , *-
c6 cac ph6 tir trlnh d()
~tL. k v.v....
~J~Af.k.,~fi:1, *-
* ~ Jl.jll ::k. ~ ~ jjlJ 0 ~ Jl.Nll -k. ~ ~ jjlj o . (S)
.I

~J.tjll::k. ~~}}lj o (S)

- NhAn ~nh tam tr~ng lo - NhAn ~nh sv vi~c, - NhAn ~nh d9ng tac,
l~ng, non n6ng. Thuemg la tinh huang gAp gap, hanh d9ng g§p rut, chong
chi tam tr~ng cua nguoo. mang yau t6 khach quan vanh, xay ra lien tiap.
nhiSu han. C6 th€ dung ThuOn.g la kat qua CUa ve
cho ngum va vi~c . tru&c va cau tru&c.

Luy~ntip

ChQn ;Et ·tt, ~·tt... ?J1 ·tt dien vao chfi tr6ng:
1. ~fu -t:~1r 7 0

2. fJt 1~7 J1--}~~*7M'tl{£o

3.
4.
** 3~~Jtt*at,IJ\~~
11 -t: :tfl;W;Jt~111 ffb
~1fo
0

5. 1m~~ r~o
6. ~-T~m, 1m -t:iw:k~o
7. fJt11'J)(}J1m::f~ 1r$o
8. 1m11'J ~rPJ~~-t&~:l:tl!:lJ 0

9. ~~T{I'J~~yrp* J 1 JlttJtt~~o
10. r:J:t ~~ 7 ~.9! 1'1 0

. 106
 ... ·-· . .
\ii"??tZ"'7"M'' -~~.?-~t-~ ~-J~~.~~~
T' ,,'I'.,~
~- ~j!_ .~-a~~~ng-
. .·- .. _,. •ei .... Mtt
... . .. .. .ganmang
. '"~'· 1 ' ' .. . I . rm we

~tt [Tinh m]
V9i vii, v9i vang. BiSu thi vi gAp rut nen d9ng tac, hanh d9ng cli€n ra rAt nhanh.
-~~~~*~A, **&~~ff~~o
-PJTiJL/\.../i, 1, 'f~~~·J'i: fuJ~l:~~-ko
J!ft [Ph6 tlr]
V9i vii, v9t vang. BiSu thi d9ng tac, hanh vi di€n ra· rAt nhanh.
!t ~ 1-- ;t- A_J:_ .$- ' 1~ ~ ·Jt: il: & 0

/G ,j,l\j~ijlj jjlJA, 1~~·J'i:J!~o

Mtt [Ph6 tlr]
V9i vii, v9i vang. BiSu thi t6c d9 va sv gAp rut cua hanh vi, d9ng tac.
1~*t·li:l!~: "){t~~, ~/G7t~t-;ta9" o

PJf jlJ ~A? ' J' 5R*t•f'i: ~g tB *-0

I

.. .. ........ . 3!.'.. ·tt [Ph.o tu.]

............ _ ..... -.. Jfijt [Ph6 ru]
- BSu di€n ta hanh vi, d9ng tac di€n ra rAt nhanh va thuCm.g lam tr~ilg ngfr trong diu.
- BSu chi gi6i h~n dung trong cau tr~n thu~t va mieu ta, himh vi d9ng tac duqc bb.
nghia da xay ra ho~c dang xay ra. Khong dling trong cau c~u khi8n.
- NhAn ~nh tam ly - NhAn ~nh t6c d9 dien ra cua d9ng - NhAn ~nh d9ng
lo l~ilg, mieu ta tac. v€ ~t thCri gian, hanh vi.d9ng tac tac duqc di€n ra
tr~ng thai cua d9ng d6 xuAt hi~n ngay sau m9t hanh vi trong S\f gftp rut,
tac hanh vi. d9ng t~c nao d6' -6 phia tru&c. VQi vang.
~ ,.
~Jf i>L :klj -ilj !£_ 1 PJT i>L -ilj -ilj !£_ 1 M ' J' _£ l!·tc M: I ~ ;rp ~
.fJj ;t-
~, ,J, .£,~·J'i::Jt @] ~·r o *-' :ktl1 ~ ,tt ·)1: J1t5
!I
@1~1 0 ~*-0
if - C6 thS lam vi ngfr - Khong c6 each dung nay. ,.
:1 va b6 ngfr, dinh ngfr. k1l k:i!•f'i:/~·)1:, ~~ 1 ~+*.a (S)
k1~ k,t.•I'C'
;t, 1 *+~o
- C6 thS trung di~p. - Khong c6 each dung nay.
~ ,t, ,t. •J'i: •J'i: Jt 1-t.i!:i! •l'C •I'C I ~*t·f'i: •I'C J~ fuJ &fr {~~g ~ o (S)

107
 ( Luy~n t'p I
ChQn :§·l't, J!·l't, ~~·tt·tt . M·tt dien vao chfi trfing:
1. $J:.:k1Jf, /Fij'\J~\~Jjjlj_A~~, i]t mtxo
2. ~~U1fA*, 1m · :fEtfo
3. 1m*~~* ~J·*1~$3F®o ,
4. UJT~U1f.A~f1, Jj'* -!:7ff1~
5. roB~@J~!J%~ {~tffi.o
6. 1m~~~ :l:ti!M$., - - -L~o
7. ~M*~*' ~-t2$ T, - - - ·~Wo
8. 1fi\-T-~~*F 1¥1?
9.
10.
~J]l!,~j::Jt: tB-¥ *~,
~ftkJJ~
_c_ ru- frlJ frlJ
~*F=f, ~~Xtl:\1t~-J o
* m 0

l-.rr-w····--•--rr-·lfiiiiJ~~-1zJ! -.:::. ll!t~j.g~n-zn m --- :..--..-J

let [Lien ru]
" - Da, da vw. Dimg trong diu phtrc nhan qua, phan cau tnr6c dua ra nguyen nhan
·ho~c H do, d€ phan cau sau dua ra suy lu~n ho~c k€t qua. Phan cau sau thuCm.g
c6 cac tlr 1l, 1t., ,& , .1£, X..., 11~ ~ , ~·J di theo, d€ ~o thanh k€t cAu: dii v(ly ... thi;
da ... con; tla ... ciing ...
~~~AA~, ~A~~h~~A~o
1t~*- ~ ~ flJ !3fr, ,&i~-!-.iiR.*flP~o
'1tKt~~ 1~-i-' f.J 1t ~ 5l~ Jl~ ~~?

- N goai ra, c6 th€ k€t hgp v&i X..., ~ t{lo thanh k€t c!u c6 dinh, J!k •· · · ••X...······ I
J?k •••••• ~ ••••• ·lien k€t hai phan cau, bi€u t~ nghia vira c6 thtr nay, vira c6 thtr kia.
_I. :t- ~ifi J:. i*J(t. 1. ij] ~ ;ff ~ 0

~~~~i§-, ~~~lio
let~ [Lien ru]
- Da, dii v(iy. C~ch dimg cfing nhu f!X., dung trong phan cau ddu trong cau phuc
nhan qua. Phan cau sau cfing thuoog c6 cac ru ~' ~' ~' ·JJ~ di theo d€ t~o
thanh k€t cAu: da v(ly ... thi,.da v(ly ... con.
~~~~~~ ~~~~~*~*~~~M*o
~~1t~!'&*~ 7, JJ~~~:fl~-iXAt~ 1 o

~~~-~*~m~~, f.J~~~~*~~~?

108
 ~Jt [Lien tir] I ~l~ [Lien tu]
- D~u bi€u thi nghia tla, tla v<ly.
~a/~~~&A~, ~A~~h~MA~o
- Chi c6 th€ dung tru6c chu ngfr. - C6 th~ dung tnr&c ho~c dung sau chu
~Jlf, F1 ~1t-!-, ~t~~il1J1JA.-i- ngfr d6u dugc. N ~u hai. phan cau c6 chu
1o ngfr gi6ng nhau thi d{mg tru&c chu ngfr,
~~F) ~-1t-!-·, ~t~~il1J1JA-i- con n~u hai phan cau c6 hai chu ngfr
To (S) khac nhau, thi d(rng sau chu ngit.
Jttf!k1t~-;} J:. i*-, 1t~~-{;;PEo
1t~Zi,~~* J:. i*-, ~:rt @7-!- r 0

- C6 th€ k~t hqp vai X..-. 1t t~o thanh k~t - Khong c6 each dimg nay.
ciu c6 djnh, flk··· X..···/Jl.t···1t···lien ~Jli.~Jf.&_fl}] 5l~ii.o (S)
kSt hai phan cau, bi€u thl _ nghia
vita ... vita ... , hai sg v?t hai hi~n tuQ'llg .
cung tbn t~i xu~t hi~n.
~a lf.~ a}] 5l i-li ii. 0
- I>img trong. ~~~ ~i~t- . . - Dimg trong khAu ngil va van vi~t.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~.%... ~JtM di~n vao chfi trdng:

1. 1m ~/j'~±, X~/j'i=!f A o

2. ffr\7Crt@J~~/j'fq]~, ~1fJ:I:M-Nr'~ r'OJ§JIJAo

3. ~*MI¥1~~*~m~ 1~1~i~ifil¥1~ :x, x~tl1mffl~Jl:h
WJ if( Ef<J 1Jtl-T 0

4. ~fum~~JJ.J~, f\t1fJ~ Ih _t -*iFJ~~o

5. 1m /f~>J, ~/flJGo
6. 1tk '*
;l! ~ 1¥1 ~ ili~ ~ 8{] JJJ.J :oc ~.
7. ~~'~1fJWtlfL ~7f~f:J 0

8. ~tB · ~m~X~1~o
9. ff]\ § 6;fi:-1Jti]ft, {f]\~~ fJ~jt}jq~ff]\Ef<Jft-f"ffJ-iftX~P~?
10. ~tBJE7t~Jf7 § 61¥1/t~~, ~-/j';f$I[RI¥J-BJ:*X~-/j'~
~ l¥J'lfiD * 0

109
 1.. -. · [060J ~* ji~~-gbii -_. ** ~eilai

~* [Danh tir]
Tuang lai, sau nay. Chi khoang thm gian tuong d6i xa trong hrong lai.
~:Qlfr.J~*' i!.£;fi,Jt -~~;tto
1+
~*-¥t-it 3!. ~ ,e_, !
~ *tm i!t %f-. it 1t 1f11f- ~A. 1tt _i_ft-J o
** [Danhru]
( 1) Tuang lai, mai sau. Chi khoang thai gian rAt gftn ho~c rAt xa trong tuang lai.
~ $1-{Ji -%--it: *-*--=- -t llEl 'J, at Ji'J - ~ ~ ;f:f .t~;( o
~ 1f1 xt ~* £ 5fii ~ o
.* *
~ tm i!!: !f.- Jt 1~ 1f1-f ~A 1t9: _i_ {(.; o
(2) Turmg lai.
1~1il-~ ~:11 ~*ttr.J~*-0

~* [Danhru] [Danh tir] **

- D€u bi~u thi nghia tucrng lai, mai sau. D€u c6 th~ Utm tan ngfr va dinh ngfr, khi d6
c6 th~ hm1n dAi cho nhau.
*
.I

~~~*/~*' 1~ fr.J I~ ~t-t ~-M-~ tr.J 0

- C6 th€ lam tr~ng ngfr. - Khong the lam tr~ng ngfr.

~ *1~ ~T -'f.1t9:1t ~ J..1'f ? *-*-1~~r X1t9:1t ~ .L1'F? (S)
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Con c6 nghia "hy VQng".
JL*:flkl!l ~{(.J**o (S) JL :ttt}t 1!1 ~ ~ *-* o

~ Doog trong khAu ngfr va van vi~t. - Thuang dl1ng trong van vi~t.

-, Luy~n tfp

1.
ChQn ~*... ** di€n vao chfi trBng:
+=~J"a1~ii*ma<Ja1~tl, :k%~11m+=?t~fEPo
.

2. !It1fJ {~% *~ Jg fj< -T B<J !{[ ~l! 0

3. d>i¥JL~i!flllEEt9 · o

4. A~B"J · . JU~~1t~~~-iff, l_m;(:E~tlxliJlo

5. =*-' !\t~~l:~Jf~, 0~JJ9Gjt~1fl\7 0

6. 1£ PI ~ T.vt9~ Et9 , ~ i¥PI~ ~It€ ~ ~-4' Jt f!f.J B<J 00% o

7. {h\~B"J-g -tf!~*~~vf~\Ef<] ?
8. )~>i'~fj<$m ~79-4Sl§~%o
9. 1£/FREt9 , ~1fJ~1£~tJ?:.mOO o
10. ~1fJ@~~rli o. .

110
L. . . -= ··-· .J~~.lt~Ji!n~ -=--~-~~ll.o =-~~an . w·· ___ .... .j
11f: [B()ng tir]
(1) N6i, giimg.
11!;11!; i4-~1f11#- 1 ,--t-~t
-r -t- A ~%%~4-~
*
1!11#-*
0

(2) Gicd thich, thuyit ~inh, .diln gicti.

~ *- -fJ :itiJf JJj j: fr-J 0

(3) Thu.ang lu(mg, thoa thwjn.

1;t1£:iji.~R~ i}t-$-14-?
(4) Ban lugn, xet v€ phuang di?n.
iJf ~i ,t_ 1~ /f: ~o 1t , lJt A ~o1;t /f: ~o 1~ o
1St [B9ng tir]
(1) N6i, n6i v€.
~A .. ~-~" ':fi.
~~ 'A
1-JU I.A. "fp o
lJ.r ~.:;,- Jl:\::, ...:!- a ~~ 'l-i: '1111. ?
'[\!:.1 ..LC.--==- 1tr .7<.. 1-JU 1j:t- :1~ •

(2) Giai thich

~ Vrp -iJt, :k ~ :fl/ti 1 o

(3) Phe binh, trach m&ng.

1l)1l)it 11~JL 6] 0

~ [B()ng tir]
(1) N6i, bcm lurjn, thao lurjn.
1t i~ i~ 1t ){t 3.!.14- ~ a9 :$ i! 0

(2) Tim hidu, giao luu tinh cam.

'J'£*1§.~ 10

i}t [D()ng tir] · ~ [D()ng tir] 1~ [D()ng tir] .

- Deu biSu thi nghia n6i. Diing Uri n6i, ngon ngfr dS di€n d~t <; cua minh.
~lJt/~/~1+~~~~iJtJ«J~~~o
- NhAn m~nh m()t nguai n6i, - NhAn ~nh dung lCri :. Nh~n ~nh hai ho~c
nhieu ngum nghe. n6i d€ di€n d~t. nhiSu .nguoi dang tro
. 1t ~~ l!-1'-IOJ M ~ :k ~ 1~ a~ ;;x if it 1~ ~R i}fL chuy~n, ban lu~n v&i
iJt-lJt- 0
~tj 0 nhau.
1t 1f11j1rj MM- JL .t~
i~-i~o
 - Khong c6 each dimg nay. - Khi mufin dien d~t nQi - Khong c6 each dung
3..£1-f-iJI:-: "~1n~-~»l dung Uri n6i va ngubi nay.
~$}] 7t n\ if: 4}- o " (S) n6i, chi co th€ dung iJt .I. .i..if:~ : " ~ 111
£ j:_ if:·it :" ~ 111 ~ ~ ~~ ~ $}] 1c: n\ if-
~~ ~ $jj 1c: h\ 1f- 4}- 0 " 4}- o "o (S)
- Tan ngfr phia sau khac nhau: - Tan ngfr p4ia sau khac - Tan ngfr phia sau
iJfi*-, iJf ~, iJf*-•, i1f 1t nhau: iJL 1t 1'-6, it -i1! if, khac nhau:. ~ 1.. -1;,
if;, iJfit J!., iJf JL 1.., iJt- ~{ it it J!., it~ , it *~L.ft ~ :~ ~ , it~~ , it JJ~
., ~lAk~
j l , 1]'f'fll J~ v.v ... v.v ...

Luy~n t'p
Ch¢n iJt, -m, ~ ·di8n vao ch6 trflng:
1. :*:T-~1'1~J!, ~* !Jt~~Y!o
2. /J\I:R"*7~, ~11B~A 7-~0
3. ~ ~~:lf'1r, ffr\ti/f'PJT 0

4. *~WfiB"JiJf!. 1~1t!~iifJ o·
5. AJ!~ 7 L~ ~~' £}tEJ--7[@J*o
.I
6. a_t_t, 1&$~~A~~~~:iil. J~'o
7. ~ffJ~ Jtf!§, fL&l, J!j::c,
8. P§ff]* ~fFB"J~1tf:P~o
9. ~yrp, ffJ\~~{fJ ~1'~~~Jfl¥!o
to. ftkffJ T --~~~, S:J§~~fl.X7 o

1
. -~· ,.,_ .. , ·•··• •• r
[062]
·''·'··•·"•<~t-~"••o
~'if jinguan -. ep~ jishi-· §~ suiran
"'····••• "'-~'"''•·"·•·- ·~·•··'•·'-~~:--•·•~~') ·-·--·-e~~.~'~'•"""'"'-""''~"' •-~''"''~-"·••••• ·~·-.•·~··-•-•• '~""'"·-~•"T~~·•· ,..,,~,,
1

~if [Ph6 tir, lien nr]

- Ph6 ru: Cu vi?c. Bi~u- thi khong bj h~n ebB b6i bAt cir di8u ki~n riao, cu yen tam
lam vi~c gi d6. .,
;tr 1t ~ :f 1~~" *-~~~ 0

1~;tfi~~'fit, -~~;t[ Jffl~o

- Lien ttr: DU, m{ic du, cho dU, dJu, dJu rdng, tuy r&ng. Bi8u thj ngfr khi nhl.r<;mg bQ.
J!..'f Gl5t:fi~tl~, ~l£lt.*-tr -i:o
.:~ ..-itR r.b .l?.~}!... /!!!. -}::;- -r
J..C.. 'Pr ~ lly ~
I, .
k.J. ~ In.. ~ ~ :7fil A b .;{p
a "fJ /1' ' / iJ1JC, .. ,-vJ ,,,, .)LI'.~~;J,M.}A.~ 0

112
liP 19! [Lien m]
(1) Mi;ic du, du r&ng, ddu r&ng. Bi€u thi gia thi€tva nhugng b<}.
flp-ft~1t1f-*, mG~~.iJ~/f:{to
flp-{t1~iJL4t\-1, ~)9:~1t~*:$o
(2) Mi;ic du, du cho. Bi8u tbi gia thi~t vB m()t sv vi~c, m()t tinh hinh khong d6 dang,
khong duqc nhu y mu6n.
.flp-ft.{£-~~*0
~«~~~~' ~~~~~~~*~~0

!il~ [Lien ru]

(1) Tuy. r&ng, dtiu r&ng. Bi€u thi ngfr khi .nhuqng b(l; thua nh~n m9t sv th~t nao d6,
nhtmg IDQt S\f th~t khac l~i khong vi th~ rna hinh thanh.
:£ '"' ~ .I.:EJ. -:~:- .t. ..;..!- .. :;T Ja a -r A '1Z
~ f~~~1P.%3tx. Y>J 1a.J, ·1- ..~./l' i>. -=J o

j\f!k~~~~~~~h, ~~~~~~~~~0
(2) Tuy, tuy r&ng. Bi8u tbi ngir khi .nhuqng b(), dt'mg tru&c ·chu ngfr cila phan cau sau.
~i£~1 lm1i", ·· Ji-fik~~-;..k_·1J.IPJ·~
~~~~#~~~~~~fJk~%A~~~~o

~~ [Ph6 ru, lien ru] l1P1! [Lien tir] Ei1t [Lien ru]
- Beu la lien tir, bieu thi ngfr khi nhugng h9, co th8 dUn.g a v~ tru6c ho~c v~ sau.
- Bi€u thi thua nh~n m(lt S\f th~t nao - . Bi8u thj m()t - Bi8u thi thua nh~n m()t
do. Phia sau k:hong dung cac ~~i ru, gia thi€t. sv th~t nao d6 .. Phia sau
m my
ngfr mang y chl. flp -ft at fa] khong dung c~c d~i tu,
J!.'f at fSJ~R ~~, ~1f1-~?tj{t1 ~r<.~~, ~1n~ tlr ngfr mang y chi. my
$J]~n\ 7 if-~o ~ j{t1 $JJ 7t A J\f!1~~*-~7Jo,'
J!.f" at I'SJ ~ ~ ~~, ~1f1it7't. if-~o
~ J•
~~ ]1.1
~b~:r.:
:.r. ..i>.. ,J;C., ~
a·,.\:'. . .
n~ SL
:kt1 $}j ~ .11\ 1 if-~ o (S) 1~*0:
J\ .f!k iii~ 3¥:. ~ -JJo ,
~1·1 ~b.::r.: a ..-\-: ..::..
~~ I ::r
"A XC .r(. n~ ~

1 ~*-o (S)
- C6 th8 k~t hqp v6i cac lien tlr !if - Khong c6 each - C6 th€ k~t hqp v&i cac
.it.. 1!!.Jt. ' f~ [IQ v. v ... dung nay. lien nr ~it .. 1!!-JL .. f.~ ·
~*r rm' 1. ~~1f1-lt-*-!-o
8 Jlp-ft r r.m, [IQ v.v ...
1.a 7't. ~ 1f1 ~ !\ fik r f:F:J' 18 it.~
~-!-o (S) 1Jl-\t~.:k.o

113
 -u pho tir, bieu thi cu yen tam lam - K.hong c6 each dimg nay.
vi~c gi d6. Thuemg khong dim.g trong
hinh thuc phu dinh, ciing khong k~t
hqp v6i cac trq tlr d9ng thai 7 "' ~"'
.ii.
1~ ;tr :f ~" -iJL 1±1 *- 0

Luy~n t~p .j
Ch<;>n jg If"' liP ft"' !a~ di€n vao ch6 tr6ng.
1. J(%~~ff§t, *B~~&fl.t7 o

2. 1m~ff*, ~~iWT {tBo

3. {fJ\. *{±U(g, ~*~*P~!
~ '1 ,'irl 'E"E !R: lB S -l!:J
4. - - -:::r ~ iA lJ=~1 ~><Xtt, ·J_t:!.;:E J..H "E -J=:::O:. 83
1~'<'F.J 11:!!, JL!J, o
5. !it${.~~ Hi ---f? JL, flj+
?1-~1' iliM- o
6. tR*/J'$ 1 -I:E.~!\G1fJ- -1' ArJZo
7. {$/J'*, ~~f?{l~i?>G\Ef<Jo
8. =+1f:B"Jq_±$, ~J.Pl1£1JJ~ia~{J~~m1l!o
.I
9. {fJ\/G~&!PJf' ~J£~1e~{4$i!fi}f{fJ\o
10. J(%ff1t~~m -lJllli*o

I.
R*&
[063] ~JJj jingli -. ~if, ji~~~~~--.JIJ.i tiin~gu?_A ___...,...:".J• ._ , , .

· ~Jjj [:Qanh tir; d9ng t\r]

- Danh t\r: Trai nghi?m. Nhling di€u t~n ~t chUn.g ki€n ho~c nhfulg vi~c dich
than da tn\i qillt, vi dv nhu 1- ·~ ~JJj "' $-4r~.Jn.
1~ a~ ~Jjj ~ ~ ;Wj if!- o
- fl9ng t\r: Tr4i ~ghi?m. T~n ~t ch(mg ki~n ho~c dich than tnii qua.
~-1..~Jjj it~# 9(}1! 0

~ J!l.iE~~JJj *-Jh1fi 1\..~'?kJf-o

~Ji [Danh tu, d9ng t\r, gi6i tu]
- J?anh t\r: Qua trinh, nhung vi?c trai qua.
~M :k. ~1j'-~g J :f~ttfr.J~.i:to
it 1~ i~ i~ 3!.14- :f ~tt ~ 1¥- ilf1 ~ .i:t 0

- fl9ng tu:
( 1) Di ngang qua nai nao d6."
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1~ 1ll-i- ~JL Jh ~ Jt )A l!.J L ~ito

114
 (2) Trai qua. Phia sau c~n c6 tir chi thai gian lam tan ngit
~~~*~~A, ~~~~~~~~~To
~it-.k -R, 1~t f'J Jii-k !!1 o
ru: Qua, thong qua (sv ki~n, ho~t d9ng). C~n mang theo tan ngfr la d9ng tir,
Gi&i
danh ru.
~it -it iB- , . :k. ~ ~it..-: 7 iA. iR
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~it it 14- :f , :k. ~ 1 ~ ~jl Jt iR o

JIM [D9ng tu, gi&i ru]

D9rig tu:
(1) Di ngang quaJ di xuyen qua.
. k-$-illt ~-m :k.ilff 1 0

Wr di1 iE. -t£.1~ ~' it-$- ~ ~~ iiii 0

(2) Thong qua. Thu gi d6 dugc hinh thanh, thanh l~p, l~p nen saukbi c6 Slf nhfit
tri d6ng -y cua nhisu ngum .
.;~ 'h ...:~:f. .J.-1;- )J.. :JJ. .!~ .!..4-
~I.A..fi:j /f~'l\!!.1/~~.J..::L..o

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.t.~.~ J ~):Pl lftiX.o
Gi6i ru: Qua, t~ong qua. :b~n d€n phuang ti~n·ho~c phuang phap nao d6.
itlt~Jl~J; J fijlf.~tt IJLo
iii!~ 3J -JJo i* 7 iAiR a

~£JJj ~rt iirt

[Danh ru, d(>ng tir] [Danh ru, d9ng tir, gi&i 1:11] [B9ng 1:11, gi&i tir]
- Bsu la danh ru, d9ng tu - Khong lam danh tir.
- Khong lam gi&i - DBu 1ft d9ng tlr, gi&i tlr chi y nghia di ngang qua, qua,
tU. thong q~a vi~c, sv ki~n gi d6 .
I - Khong c6 each - Khi' la gi&i tir, bi€u thj - Khi la gi6i tir, chu ySu ·neu
dung nay. thong qua m9t qua trinh nao ra y€u t6 trung gian nhu
. d6, dftn d6n ~€t. qua d~ c~p ngum, vi~c, ·phuang · thuc'~
t~i phan cau sau. phuang phap.
~ it - ~ £ Jl}J a~ tt- il it 1-t #!: ~ , ~ :!£. m
h,~~~Jk~~o ~7-~~~o
- K.hong c6 each dung nay. - Kbi la d.9ng tir v6i nghia
~ fs9 ~~ ;t.$¥if ES ~J 1l»l :ftJ ~)Jj 7 o (S) Thong qua. Bi€u thi thu gi d6
~a~~~ ;t.$¥ilf= ES ~~J l»l :ftJ ~it 7 o (S)
1 dugc hinh th~mh, thanh l~p,
l~p nen sau khi c6 S\:r nhftt tri
dbng y cua nhiSu ngu:oi
~ ~ i~ 3::_ $-¥if= ~ ~.£ Jrl§i
:ftJi!lt 7 0
 - Khi la danh tir, chi
nhilng trai nghi~m
dich than da trai
qua.
- Khi la danh tir, chi qua - K.hong c6 each dimg nay
~~QJ!o
~ Jijf -iJL fr.J Jt. *fk
trlnh xay ra ella. m9t SlJ vi~c.
ft-J ±

i!k~-i-lfl!l
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- K.hong c6 each - va ~t thai gian ~i! chi - K.hong c6 each dimg nay.
dung nay. SlJ keo dai, vi V~Y phfa sau
cAn k~t hgp v6i tir chi thai
gian.
ttl! Jllj 1f- ir-J at Ja] ' ~
*-T ~11\ 13!.'*-~ 0

Luy~n tip
ChQn fi:}Jj... ~n... Jm.tt diSn vao ebB trAng.
1. 1: --t-Ht~a , A"?R 7 m{j(-tlt J¥. :k ~ o

2. J!*~~EJ<J~1tkt£q:t~M~EJ<J*5.t o

3. 1±9=t~\i~J!JL~Ef<J {!~*7/Fd> £-},,Ro

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6. ~&*-*~~~~JA-*Jmmru 0

7. J!J9lt)(~S~ 7 o

8. 1ffi~i1{~~9fpi¥J 0

9. j(~ · ~fJf~~tJf~o
10. JAi!iA~l!ijm~~~~ rEJ*~ o

it [Ph6 tir]
(1) Chi. {1f + C\lffi d{lng tir.
1~ 1n it ffiPi :t -ix3t,
;§ at faJ 1 o r
~&~~~~*~1, it~T~~To
(2) Luon, luc nao ciing. i1t + C\}ID d()ng tir. .
1~-*.*l}}* 7, if-.ff¥efBt Ja] o
1~ a.t J:. it~ 1k' a R. ~ 1i J*.ttb :.tla 7
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(3) DBu. ~+~IW~

~ir.J~ *J:.if"Jt. (~Jt) JJj ~ ~ 0
1~ -iJL ~it Jt.J£ it 0

116
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Luc new ciing. Bi8u thi y tinh tr?ng, S\f vi~c d6 da duy tri m9t khoang thai gian illti.
*l! ~)#.:]:~ 1t ' "- ~ :ij- f; ~~
JL ~ ~:t- )l}l±.-t ~ 0
0

~~~~*~~~' ~*~~~~~0
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( 1) Chile co, chile phai. Bieu thi u&c dmin, do{m chirng.
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l!~~~~ 1=1 -11 -t JJj :t 1 p~ 0

(2) Luon, !Uc niw ciing.

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i!+iaJfr.J mi}~~~.ff~fkJto
(3) R6t eu9c se, cu6i cung se.
tjtj :f- ~~~ , IOJ ,t[ ~~ % fQlt. l}t ~ o
~{f 11t4-~ 1' 1~~~-'f-;ft 10

~(tJ.~ [Ph6 tir]

(1) Luon, lite nao .ciing. Chi S\1' vi~c, tinh hlnh thubng phat triSn theo m{>t hu&ng
nhftt djnh, it c6 thay dbi, it c6 ngo~i 1~.
; 4J-ik7Jt1fl~,~}l @J:l"~:$ )( -£J:o
~~t A.,~)lJJ~ ~ ~~ft 0

~ ;f:k fJ9 }j ?t ,~}t.JJ~ ~ ml '\

»~ ~ 0 *-
(2) Chile eh&n se phdi, cu6i eung ciing. Cho du th~ nao di chang nfra, k~t qua se la
nhuv~y.
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JG-i~~o1Pf, ~i) ~,t}t~ ~iifl9 o

<•

~ ~J! ,~, ,~,~

[Ph6 tir] [Ph6 tir] [Ph6 tir] [Ph6 tir]

- B€u c6 bi8u thi nghia luon, lite new eiing. Khi d6, c6 th€ thay th~ cho nhau duqc.
l!JL~ifi*Jt.;,~;,~}l -rr:m o

- C6 th€ ~o thanh k~t cftu: _,

*
- Khong c6 each dung nay. Khong c6 each
itt- -iaJ fr-J mi} ~ 1:t- ,,
,&+. -tt + ~/
' i:s1...
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+ d"Qng ttr.
' dung nay.
it.~~ a}] E7 o (S) D€ nhftn ~nh ngllla "luon". l!. -t- iaJ tr.J miJ;;
l!. -t- iaJ fr-J mi} ~ ~~ ~ ~~~)t~~o/J E7 0

~f!JJ~o (S)

117
 - Thtremg dung trong khftu ngfr.j -Dung trong kh~u ngfr va van vi€t.
- Nhfrng cau dang dung 1t c6 th€ thay thS b~ng :t- Jt., ,& , ,& Jt..
1t- ;k._~l\:; 1 '
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- Nhung nhfrng cau dang dung :;t- Jt., ,& , ,&, it khong dugc thay b&ng It dugc.
~~~~)l~*~o ~~~~*~~~oOO
~~tA~~JtJJ~~~~tto ~~~tA;tJJ~~~~~tto (S)

Luy~n t~p I
Ch9n -~ Jik.. .~, .~, J! di€n vao cb6 trbng.
1. 1m ~A~~o
2. ~tB ·. 3JZDrm~wo .
3. ft~~~~A~~ ~~ft~r£~~fflo
4. 1m ~5tmw~**ffi~*Ao
s. ~4~ 1£ J!zv o

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7. ~~M- ~***m~-#~~~£Mo
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8. 1m W. xx § uJ\ § fi o
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Jt [Ph6 tir, d()ng tir]

Ph6 tir: Lr;zi, lr;zi c6 thi. Bi€u thi S\I vi~c khong ngcr t&i, tnii v6i le thucrng.
1t.Ji- k f;, :t,~. 1 ;ij}iJl~o
*-
5i ~' flj 1tl!, ~ ~ ~ J:_ !¥ 0
D()ng tir: Tocm b9, xong, hocm thcmh.
1n
4\ ~ 7t A ;fl ~a~ :f= ~ o
:f:~;fl~, 1;t~ ~ ~~ ~ it~t-Jf-%?
)&~ [Ph6 tir]
- Lr;zi, lr;zi c6 thl Bi€u thi S\I vi~c khong ngcr t&i, trai v&i le thucrng.
4\~ 1J~%i]f1tl!,' -ft:tt&Jt 1 0
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118
 m~ [Ph6 ttrJ
Lc;ti, lgi c6 thl Bi~u th!.sv vi~c khong nga t&i, trai v&i le thuang .
. 1~Jk~?M~-k.~a~Uii~if.to
1~ Jk ~ 4l:j :1\ i! ~1~ fi-J ;fL ~ ~!} 1 o

/F*4 [Ph6 ruJ

Khong nga, kh6ng h~ nghz tai.
~~t*rm~, ~.*fr ~rf:J*- r o

·~~~~*~~fi-J~~' ~*$~*~Jo

·~ ~~ m~ /G~4
[Ph6 ru, d9ng tU] [Ph6 rir] [Ph6 til] [Ph6 rir]
- D~u la ph6 ru, chi s1i vi~c xay ra m9t each b~t nga, tra.i v6i le thuerng ho~c tnli v&i
suy nghi cua ngueri n6i.
- f)~u khong dung ph6 tir chi mire d9 aphia tnr&c.
- Con c6 th€ la d9ng - Khong c6 each. dimg nay.
tir chi sv vi~c da
xong, hoan thanh ..
~1i1~~n\~.
~a~:f=~o
- Khong d(mg trucrc chu ngfr. - Doi khi c6 - Luon dung tru&~ chu
r JJ~ ~ *- fm ' ~/ ~ f!k 1* ~t l1Jf th€ dt'mg tru&c ngu.
lil
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- Dung -nhi~u trong - Dung : nhi€u - Dling nhi€u ·- Dung nhiSu trong khftu
van vi~t. trong khftu ngfr trong van vi~t. ngfr va van vi~t.
va van viet.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn :l; .. :l;~ .. ,@~ .. /G~l!- di~n vao ch6 ~r6ng.

1. J: lf :7( L=t:~t- M-B<J , r- q: r- m! 1 ::k m 0

2. ~~!h~!h § 6-~ A*~O 79=t ~ o

3. 1m-;J!--t~.EJ.~~,*~I¥JA, ~~8'1~ s1m ~7 0

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s. :JJG~rl!~U1m 1~ 7- s ?t 0
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(1) Nghe n6i, theo, theo nhu. BiSu thi theo nhu Uri nguOi khac n6i, theo nhu ngubn
tin dugc biet.
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-iX. ra .
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PJf"Ui [DQng tlr]

(1) Nghe· va n6i. BiSu thi nang 1\rc nghe va n6i.
~~~1~-fff.J~*' ~~~~~~~h~~~o
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(2) Nghe n6i, theo, theo nhu. Bieu tbj y nghia nghe n6i, theo nhu Uri ngum khac n6i,
theo nhu tin.ri.ghe dugc. Phai.tach ra thanb "Jf ...... -iX. khi cftn d~n ra nguOi .n6i,
ngufin g8c CUa tin tlrc duqc nghe.
~£~~~' ~~~~~~~~~~Wo
'9fiJL~~+ A ~ ~ tm 1!17 o ·
I

!m* [DQng tir] . I

- DSu biSu thj nghia nghe n6i, nh~m &n ra ngubn tin duqc nghe n6i d~n.
~~a~~~~~~-~~+A~~~~1o
i! ~ iJi1t1tt tr.J TlE1 JJ I*-, '9fiJL I ait~tl~i! o
-£~~~' ~1f-~~~~~~£~Wo
'9f£~~~' ~1f-~~~~~r£~Wo

120
 - C6 th~ dftn .ra ngufin tin da xem ho~c da - Khong c6 each dung nay.
dQc dugc. JrJf ((A J;\ El ~It)) fl9 ~~~&it, 2012
4/k ((A!:\ El {It)) tr-J ~~ ~&iJL, 2012 -fJ=- jt iii if%~*~ it- :tk ~1t o (S)
-+ *
jt iii %-*t-?±. 1!1 fu ~ 7¥-1t
- Khong c6 each dilng nay.
0

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~;JiiJL~Jf-:Yl 1m f!l1 o (S) ten ngum lam chu ngfr.
~14-*, .~::t~rrJf-*~:tlit 1 o (s) ~ ~'Jfit~-f:fl '@1 ~ To
1!.14- :f=, ~:t- ~;p -f:YL 11JfiJL T 0

Luy~n tip
ChQn iJiSi~, ll}Ti~ dian vao ch6 trbng:
1. tRJ§Efzv~, miufL+fLo
2. ;J,$~1~~~)( iE ~ff~Eg.Xlo
3. 0* ff! B<Jwr~~&J§S 0

4. ~1f]- ~gffJ(pg7, mt~l:*~~~~fBo

5. ~~~tJlifJT7f 7 ---t-Fill OK ff 0·

6. _(XXJJ:._,. IXXJJ:.@~ffi?ff~~MffiUo
7. ~1ft~ U&-~-Jj{J.:g-¥iJt-~ . ft~ /fttJI&~ffftBB<J f:t!JJ~ 0

8. __1:.1'JJ EJ<Jt~f!r __ , 0~~1:FEJ<J:fU~IJ~~U IO%o

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10. ~ ftB11'JiA 1~~$0---t )j mtOJ\7 o

~------·-rr·-,·---~2ZL~.~j!;l~-~i.~---=-~~~. ~~!-··-·····--·--~..r-·"··J -
t}t~ [D()ng tir, danh tir, ph6 tir]
t - D()ng tir
(1) Quy€t iljnh. Bi~u thj nghla quy~t djnh thgc hi~n.
~**~~~~~~,~~~~~~~0
f?k f.Ji:. ~ M: );it·~ 1 , v.A J§ :Yl ~ ~ J§ ~tit o
(2) Quy€t iljnh. "A ;}t ~ B" bi~u thi Ala diau ki~n tien quy~t chu d~o cua B.
itfl iJ i}e: ~ h~Jlt 0

-*.ttiJt~~ 1t- 0
- Danh tir: Quy€t tljnh. Chi m()t ~ng van him hanh chitlb.
~~i)t~~~~~+~~R~~~1o
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121
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1~/Jt~ :±: 1!1 w~ 0

~1f1/Jt~i-#1~o
tk: G'
1 [D(}ng ru, danh ru]
D9ng tir: Quyit tam. Bi€u thi nghia h~ quy~t tam, kien tri thvc hi~n.
~~k~~·-' ~~~~~~~4k~o
~
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?R. ..k: ~~ -r Ja..
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·1-?<..'f\!:Jx.t.:.IA 1u !.:f" X.J lA.lp o

Danh tir: Quy€t tam. Bi~u thi y chi kien dinh, quy€t tam
:f: ~ -r ~ tJt ~~ ~~1i-~*'-f- j(l ~ o

~~tl~~~J!.17)-)jt,~;f~ ~# 0

{}ciE [D9ng ru, danh ru, ph6 ru] ~~L' [D9ng tir, danh tir]
- BiSu thi nghia quy€t dinh, h~ quy~t tam - ThS hi~n quy~t tam, mong muan
th\fc hi~n. thvc hi~n.
~ IJt ~ ZJf 1L -t-1-\ )]j ;t 0 ~ /Jtl~ ZJf 1L * 1~)Jj ;t 0
- C6 th€ d<)c l~p lam vi ngfr, khong c~n - Khong duqc dung d<)c l~p:
mang tan ngfr. l
~*~~~~£~ wr-1sZJt o

3!.14- :f k )tfi_ /jt ~ 1

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- C6 th€ mang T. - Khong duqc mang 7.

Luy~n t~p

Ch<;>n :?}c}E... {}c1L' diSn vao chfi trfing:

1. fit ~iF::fW*OJ\:~i}~.g.fFo
2. lj\~PJE ~-tj~$J\:~o
3. ::£~9ffJ 7'9Jj A~~~iiiJ¥!1$o
4. flt1~M~ll~fu~ .. *o~}J o
s. J!r.W ~EI3J\:*N~- - - o
6. retft 7mtm~~.7Jr~o
7. J!J!f}t~A~ ' fJt~}E~~:«fuo
8. ~~~ JWtPJ~ftJf(1~itlo
9. IE~~~tE~;JCB{J~~5Cl::Jii1J!r.w o

10. J5JTiW~il f&Ji&, ftJf(1f1PJ$W~'J"~~'iit-o

122
7f~ [D9ng tir, danh tir]
B9ng tir: Blit tl{LU.
~~t-7fM;' it :k. ~**0
~~~~~' *A%a~~-~a~o
Danh ru: Lite a6u; kh6i i!6u.
jf:W;' ~~ t' n\1~ a~_;{iX.o
Jl§f]] [Danh tu]
Danh ru: Lite a6ur thog.t a6u. Thtremg ~i chung v&i ~J§ ~ J~~.
1~~;fn F1 ~, J;t~;t ~ 5l.&.xt~?
~~;in /G f-l}j ~ ' J~~ ~ f-l}] ~ 1 0

··itifn [Danhtir]
Danh tir: Lite a6u, m6i tf6u.
~~-~~~~~~*k, ~*5l~~T~~o
~ fJJ [Danh tir]
Darih tu:· ·rruac·aay, h6ia6~ ·xua kia. Bi6u thi khoangthoi gian-trong qua khu,
gi6ng v6i v.A #T.
~~~/G~~~~~,~~~~~~o

*~~ m1*JJ •*n a*n

[D9ng tir, danh tir] [Danh tir] [Danh tir] [Danh tir]
- DSu la danh tir, dSu bi6u thi nghia lite a6u, dSu c6 th€ lam' tr~ng ngfr va dinh ngfr.
Nhung ~ ;fn (h6i i/6) thien vs· nhdn m~nh khoang thO'i gian trong qua khu, 7t-M2
(lite a6u), ~~ (lite aau) va Jl;fn (lite a6u) thien vs nhAn ~nhthai di€mm&i b~t
d~u, ngay t~i thai di6m d~u tien.
7t~/~;fn/Jlt~/~ ~' ~/G:k. f-l}] ~~~ f;,$0
- C6 th€ hlm djnh ngfr, trung - C6 th€ lam - C6 th€ iam -- - - NhAn ~nh
tam ngfr va .vi ngfr. NhAn tr~ng ngfr, djnh ngfr, mang nghla qua khu,
~nh nghia kh6i d~u, b~t djnh ngfr. nghia a6u tien thuCm.g g~p trong
d~u. ~ ,ta ~ nhdt. Vi d1;1 nhu ngfr 1i7J tfi ~ ;fJJ •
1t~ a~ at -fl*, ~itAft
3d: ~tt ~ ~ . it~ ~r ~ ~ it~ v~ truac thuO'ng
~ ~ft!, ~ *-*l1t1-i- ~l ~, J6 *-
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-R1T a~- Jf-, 111T ~ *-M; o ~o 1~ if; ~ ~ .!f-~.l.t a , 1PJ
~~j~Yl1f-M;1, J! lit ;fn ~r 11- If_ ~ ~ ;fn o
1f-il*~~B}t 1 o

123
 - BUn.g tnrcrc d(>ng ru, chi ·- Khong c6 each dtmg nay.
b~t dftu thvc hi~n d(>ng tac. ii J:. fi-J ~1! 9l ,ta~ *- ~~ 7 , it .!JC-M- o (S)
J:. .t.J... ·~ ~ ..... .. .::£. •b 7 . ..:i1l.. (S)
A
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t.I'J i"j!. _!n 11 ".XCi ~ i"j!. o J:_.t.J...
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7 , -it4c-# o ii J:. fi-J ~~ 9l ~ ~ ~ i~ 7 , it4c-M- o (S)

I Luy~n t'p I
ChQn 7f "Mf, ~W, :1:*)], ~ :fcJJ dien vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. lj\~~tl ~JE~fJt' fl!k{itJ~1it .Yl!.Ef<J$ JLo
2. ft B<J &~~~~, m*ff.Jt1f gJ Lm G' 1
0

3. ft -\Ai~1tEJ!;ff};+l, jj~fJ1{~~{fJ~}Eg~~lffo
4. ~ ~1fJB<JB-T:kE1f!x~$, tJx~JHl~:f:tl!Jt\o ·
5. 1j\.* -m~-:JJU, J§*·x~3tT±·~o
6. ~~~B<J~-*Jf~ fJil-B<J~*ifJiJrtt\Ao
1. -w.x~o -ffJ\~mtq, l.m-tE~ff.Jt~~~~~~~£lll! T 0

s. B<J~R~;E:i~J~~~d>~xt, A:%~;£~1!£~0
9. ft~1tB~1t T +$~ T, ili/F1r, 'tl'tlff.JtM-It9* To
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10. jt=a=B<J*1~~&!¥~~-t-Wfa<J:I:tl!1J ;_A~ 0

~ [D(>ng tir, trg tir]

- D(>ng tlr:
(1) Nhin, xem. Quan sat S\T v~t bbg ~t.
~mJ:.~ff.J~~, ~~~~~~~~0
%~~~Ilff.Jat1~, ~%~k;ft~r41Go
(2) Cho r&ng, xem. Bi~u thi S\( danh gia va ph4n dmin
1~ ~ G~~ro'o -·
.1~~;t~fglf-;Jt?
(3) Kham b?nh.
~~~*~~~~~~A, $~~~~~~~~o
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,J,~~ 1, p~1nr -t--:t-~~,~0

124
 Trg tlr: Thit xem. D~t sau d()ng tlr ho~c d()ng tir trung di~p, bi8u thi nghla thu
lam.
»~ ~J~ a) iE~~~~JfJ; w' 1~-!---i~-i~~?
.:~ a ~ m1l ~.k,...J.J.I.r.J..J.. 7t" Jb ~ ~..£
~~-'IX..""~ J ~ 'A ·1ox. I=I'J ~, 'I•J' P\ P\ ~ o

~ ~ [D()ng tir] ..
Nhin thdy, they~ Bi8u thi ket qtia eila d()ng tac nhin.
~*~~-+~A, ~~~~~~**A~~~o
k~~~~~M~~, ~~~~.M~~~o

~ [D()ng tlr, trq tir] ;g _m [B()ng tlr]

- Nhin, xem. Chi d()ng tae quan sat b~ng ~t. - Thdy. Ket qua eua d()ng tac nhin.
it1~~~~J-t1±.JL,~, r ~~ Jt:t- ~rp.{±»~ JL 1
](_
~ ~~* Jf- J:_;i~;l {Ji~·o
- n§ng thiim, kham b?nh, cho rdng.
o
*-~~~~' -'->tAb
,y., ·n. ;t ~
J' 13l.

- Khong e6 each dimg nay.

1
o

~4'--r mfl ;t *-
l!.:J JL1~;l ;t ~ {-f?
**r o.

!·· ..... ... .. ................. . ..

- Lam trq tir d~t sa1:1 d()ng tit. - Khong e6 each dung nay.
~~ 1f1-i~ i~~' ,&.iE-tt~}t t 0

- Phu dinh dung ~ ho~e 5~. - Phu dinh dung 5~.

a"f JZ. fi-J Jl J;jl-f. ~ )f.;t o llili~~ ~t;l Jt Jj' ..£ 0
~;1-1' ~ttuA-$Dt~7t1 0

Luy~n t'p
ChQn ;g, ;g _m di~n vao: eh6 tr6ng:
1. ftpt~ -1- xx~ll63f Eg *~ o
2. ~*~tts1ti::k~ ;j\*5f011B}(J.JJt~:t£-IE9o
3. 1fT\§ a 3f3}}P6, · ~Jt~~1fr\o
4. 1fT\ , JJ~Jtl~ Af*fi~ 7, 7 O!b?
!I 5. Pjf-JR;J\3::{:±~7, rlf-Pgl{fJ~B7.k*-*--1tBP~o
6. 1$1'~1'~ , IW~*T~~f!]r, -;E~~AiUAo
7. T &? t.J~-'t~H~~I¥Jmt~P§1fJEJ{]Jt~~yrp o
8. ~a_l~1fJ/G ft~ 7, ~1fJ-*-Fm-OK P6o
9. -t:1f:~ ~atiJ §J' ~if~S~~::ff?itjJ:io
10. ~~~l±i:JZtfl~~w~-T-t:, m:tt%.m.{g~A- - 0

125
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~~T kan ..yangzi
. ..
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kanshangqu
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#* [D9ng tir]
(1) Xem ra. NguCri n6i danb gia, phan doan dga tren tinh hinh thgc t6.
;l*-, ~1f1 )_t~tJL~~1"f 1 o·
*
tA. l!14- ~ *"-, 1t lt. -1'- ;ff -t if-~~ fr.J A o
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~Atl% A~*"-, .1! ;fLJt ;fL ft fr.J 4t J~ o
$. ~;$ *-' 1!.14- :f Jt. ~ Pf ~~ fr.J 0

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( 1) Xem ra ..Nguoi n6i danh gia, phan doan~ d\l'a tren tinh hlnh th\l'C tB.
;t~*-, ~1f1)t~iflt~~111 o.

~~*' ~##~~~b~~*~~1o
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1~Jt~*-~EZ~~, ~tlZ~ ~~0
·~;@.*-+at fr.J f.F:J Jt.~ ~1-.f- tr.J o
.I

~~-1-
Xem ra. NguCri n6i danh gia, phan doan dga tren tinh hinh thvc te.
*i!.~*'~#~+*k~~T~ff.Jo
~#-t-, ~~Al£~i~i$teo

Trang, trong cove. NguCri n6i danh gia, phan doan dga tren ve ngoai.
1~-P3-j?J.:.i J:.-!-;ff 80 # 1 0

~* [fl9ng tir]
- D€u la d9ng tir, dau biS':l thi nghia xem ra. NguCri n6i danh gia, phan doan d\l'a tren
tinh hinh thvc t8 duqc quan sat b~tig mit thuang.
~i!.~~' ~#~~~Jt~~T~fr.Jo
.ki!.~Bt, ~*.~*k~~T~tmo.
.ki!.~~' ~~*~~Jt~~T~ff.Jo
.ki!.~~' $J:.~+*Jl:.~~f~~o
- D6i vai. K€t hgp sir - K8t hgp sir - C6 thS chen - Chi dung dS danh
dl)ng v&i ;(±. ... ;.{ -*. dl)ng v6 i 1t ... ;.{ tan ngfr chi gia nhung gi duqc
BiSu thi dirng tren l~p ~ * khiin ngirm vao giua nhin thfty ben ngoai,
tru(mg cua nguoi nao cho ... ' trong co ;.{ ... {1-J ~-¥- 1-. khong dung danh gia

126
 d6. ve. ~1~~*-f nhfmg gi qua suy
-1±. ~it*, i!At IP~i!_~~
5t ~ ;.r.. -7- *T1t at k lu~n.
:f:/G:kJ-fiJf'*o 6 a~ ~g-r-, 1~ 7tR-$- 1 o 1~ -% % ~ J:. -/;;
-: Tr6ng. K~t hqp su ~~~~*-!Zit i~ARlt.$io
dvng v&i )A···:$*-. Ao ;t J: -:i:-1~ :xt )rh
hl~~Jlft6~· ro -1Rffib ~~ (S)
~

*' 1~~~~!Lk~i
•-.:...- / ' \ 0

~r.¥-1
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Luy~n t~p

ChQn ;g*" ~M*-- ~;W~, ~J:~ dienvaoch6tr6ng:

1. x~:FIB~r®JMT o
2. $twJ&~tJ~-im, ~*-f?fJr!:tt~!zo
3. 1£:k% , J3:-f-;J\:9:~::tc~~, f§lfiA 7 o

4. ~mx~i51t1§~ J!:ffi~ 1 o

5. -~fuS"J_, ~f{t*-J~~~i%~lRo
6. fAiE:Jit , J3:r.mit)GU~~w*1~$M~o
7. llJTiJ~Atfr~¥JZJ~~79 T ?~ llJT'Ii JiO~U, 1-fuxtEt'!IJ ~~1ft~~~ o
8. 1$El"J , ~Wt~nm1fl\1~·tl3~¥U1tho
9. f.A:9:AS"J~J!J:. , 1tt~~:7517W::IJ11JAo
10. ~~!LBT, 1lli~:l(.X~JJnYIT o

I, , - ismiwwidDr¥· · * w i +u·
[07.1]
m· p , ;
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! ·· ·"#.· [D<)ng tir, gi&i tir]

l
.f - D<)ng tir:
(1) T1fa.-Nguai ho~c v~t t1,ra vao nguai ho~c v~t khac.
1~ 1f11~ 1t 1.±. ;f~t _t_, iR T~P<. f.: taJ o at
~~ft T, iJu$1±.~! _1_ To
(2) Giap v&i, k~ v6i.
m
~1f1-t\~llf;;t~ a~*-tll~, ~t4~*~t-,R,.JLo
~1f1~{~#~~o
(3) Gdn, ben cr;mh. Chi vi tri.
· ~1n ~a~ %-t J6 $ J.J, ~;J "$)iif, J.+;tt~f: f* o
4S.4:l~tR1t, 1~Jti:t-!-;Yt~ ~To

127
 (4) Dva dam, nha vao.
~~~~~~~-~*-+A~~~o
.f±. ~ -t )(-#"", mr1 "# JJ}] ~0
(5) Dimg tin c(ly.
~!!.1'-A-,??,JL~~ "iif# o

Gi&i
I

ru:
J' .I.Atl "3 ~-i-1£' ~ 9)..
T~o thanh C\lffi gi&i ru,
* 1~ ~~t ·~ "e, !
dUn.g tru&c d9ng tU lam tr~g ngfr, bi€u thi
phuong ti~n, phuang phap, chfulg cu, v. v... rna d(>ng tac, hanb vi nhcr vao d6 d€
th\fc hi~n..
_g~-3 mG~~iJU~~' ~~_:oc~~~.1 o

~~A~~~T~~~~~' ~~a~1~~0
~ '[D$ng ru, gi6i tir, lien tU]
D(>ng tir
(1) Tva. Cdn mang theo tan ngfr, tan ngfr thuemg la danh nr dan am tiet. Dimg
nhiSu trong van viet.
~~~~~' ~~*~~~~~~~0
-ft'*" ~1t~~ ~~~~PJ~o
(2) Dva vao, dva ddm. Phai c6 tan ngfr.
~~w~~A, ~af±~mG~~+o
~~jt~-f--ffli{f~o
Gi&i ru: Nhavao, dva vao.
(1) Thuang d\rng tru6c danh tir ho~c ngfr danh ru t~o that;th ket cAu gi6i ru lam
·tr~ng ngu, c6 tha dirng trucrc chu ngfr.
lft it i!- ,P., ~ 1n :It~~~ r it~ o

.7t1t ~~ Itt Jt1tt ~ :kf _r_11 ~ 0

(2) Doi khi ciing ket hqp vm d(>ng tir ho~c ngfr dQng tir.
1lt1t1~-1'-A*-T, ft~1t"Jb·? ·
-nt1t1~*~-i-~r ~ft~.tt ~ ~.:/~~?
Lien ru: BAt ki, bAt lut;in. Bi€u th! cho du diSu 1d~n ra sao thi ket l~n vln khong
thay d5i. Phia sau thuemg c6 d~i tU nhan xung va tir my chi.
it 1t ;t ~it -tt ?.t ~ ~ 1 :f= ~ 0

it1tilgJ1J~JL, ~~~~~1t~~@]jft_o

128
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~

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.71.1

- f>Bu la d<?ng ttr, gim ttr co nghia la t~ra, difa dam, d11a vao, nha vao.
- Khi la d9ng tir, jt c6 nghia la dang - Khong c6 y nghia nay.
tin c9y.
- Khi c6 nghia Ia "tlfa, d¥a'' d6i - Khi c6 nghTa la "t¥a, d¥a", d6i tuQllg thvc
tuQllg thvc hi~n hanh vi, d<)ng hie c6 hi~n hanh vi, d9ng tac thuang la nguOi.
thS la ngt{Cri ho~c v?t. C6 thS dung Thuang k~t hgp v&i nhung thanh ngii' b5n
trong khfiu ngii' va van vi€t. chu, dung nhiBu trong van vi~t.
cv.
- Tan ngu c6 thS la · th~ .nhu J.J , - Chi c6 the mang m<)t s5 it danh tir C\1 th~
~ "\ 11 f v. v ... , cilng c6 th~ Ia trim lam tan ngfr, ph!n nhiBu tan ngfr la nhung
tuQllg nhu -M- fJ "\ fig fJ "\
- Ngii' khi··biSu th! d<)ng tac kha ro,
*•· danh tir trim tuQUg nhu
-. Khong .c6 cach·dling nay. '*"·"' ~~V.V •••

con c6 nghla la "gdn, kJ, giap".

- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - C6 hlnh thirc dung c6 d\nh nhu 3t 1t ~ , 1t
~ dS chAt vAn.
-!QlQ.p.g ~6 _~ach ~~g 1?:~!'· _ - La lien tir, bi~u thi cho du diBu ki~n ra sao
. tirlk€t l~n vln kh6ng thay d5L
1t~iJL1t~' 1~J£~-I=f~i~~o

Luy~n ti-p
Ch<;>n -~, 1t diBn vao c~6 trbng.
1. iTJZ1~, Hltffir~~Jt~ruruB{]J:'ESo
2. 1m §6B"J~jJ~J:J:k~o
3. 1$l¥J~±}(1t, ~~f:IG:f~UM-I1'F?
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5. 11B tEtdJJRJ:.Oj~ 7 0

6. 1fl\ 1JU n;r 1m l¥J , 1m 1¥1 ~ · · ·/F 1± 0

1. 4-~ai~ ~1:iiEA.:tm ~
s. ~fig*~ oo m~, :i: ~!l~il 0

9. 1e1r* ~~fo
10. 1$ 1t~:fil:~~?

129
 [072] it~
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liiinH1n-
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.... '"'· ··- ~·. - .......... ..I
\i ~ [D(>ng tir]
Luu ni~m. Gift lam leY ni~m.
*-*"*' Ptl1Jl-~~~J tf-$o
4'- R. ~it~*~ Jlj ~ a{J .ft% flJ-$ 0

id~ [B()ng tir, danh nr]

D(>ng ru: Tuang nha, hoai ni?m. Bi€u thi ghi nh&, hoai ni~m ddi v6i ngum nao
d6 ho~c sv vi~c nao d6, thuoog kat hgp v6i danh tir di sau t~o thanb ngfr danh tir
nhu: ~;t-~, ~-;t-,qi{., R..t--F, ~-;t-4, R..t- a, ~~ $" ~-$~···
f.) 1 ~~ ,m ~ ' A.1Jl-1j:--f ~ 1±.AA; -t- i1 JJ~ R. 3t'] ~ fj- '\ pt** -r 0

. 5l :k1±.4'-lf- tm ~t:Jtt~~ a iti~~~~x.A~~ o

Danh tir: V{lt kY ni?m, ky v~t, v{lt luu ni?m. ·.
~.'J'-~ *~1~itt flJ 1ij:..'J'-~~PEo
\J ~ [D(>ng tU] ~a~ [B(>ng ru, danh ru]
- Luu ni?m. Gift lam Icy ni~m · - K.hong c6 each dung nay.
~¥~~;fLJ:, M&f1ll-~~ 1±.¥~~;fLJ:, ~.&f1n-~~-IJ
·"f-:7 fll*
~~ ~0 R,-$-o (S)
- KhOng co each dilng nay. - Ky ni~m ho~c ghi nh& S\f ki~n nao d6,
1 flf-$ 7't A.' A.1ll ~ 5t o/1 i1.
f.) ho~c tu6ng mem ngum da mAt.
JJ~ R. -i- ~3 £_ (S) 0 7g 1 ~-$7tA, A 1ll ~ ik o/1 11 11~
JZ.-:}~3£-o
- Khong mang tan ngfr. Nen .khong th~ - K.hi lam d(>ng tir, co th€ mang tan ngfr.
tb hgp thanh cac. ngfr ·danh tir nhu: ··: i1 N en co .th~ tb hgp thanh. cac . ngfr .danh. tir
-;t-ga, fll.t-4, il.t- a, v.v.... (S) nhu: ~.t-ga, jG-$4"' It,-$ El ' v. v....

Luy~n ti-p
Ch<;>n W:}' ~, ~a~ di~n vao chfi trdng:
1. !JtJI5JI¥.~<X~1*1r$1E~ri$ ~Jt 0

2. 7517 wmlillY3 'ft rE+ JaJ1f:,

3:l:tl!A~~1r 7 ~ll$rn~ 0

3. 1£~1fJffii~-1f: BJJ~J(, ,J,M~M~*~----*~rEo

4. ftB----11-f*OO:k~E,la~at~ Mo
5. ~?X~~~I!&i117~&$JtA~~*~~JL 1f~A-tf~ilimii~
--- 0

130
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7. fr 20081f:~!JE~~1jw:JfSJ, 9=t00EP71Ei$ B:i~~o

8. tJ~5*~~JlJWtJ!~1f.J\, W--t U~o --
9. 1m~Jj_@J~1W*71m~~WJ~ 0

10. 4¥f~o~--t*~c 1m~1E~f~~~~Jl~ §a- - - 0

ilit~ [D()ng tir]

,:~(1) Luu truyJn, Chi truySn tir xa xua d€n nay, tir dai tru&c d€n nay.
it -1'-*i ~ tS ~ >.t-ft r
JL -t 1¥- o
~~~~~~~#~-++~A~##~-0
(2) TruyJn lr;zi, Zan truyJn ra.
~~ Jlt;¥iA~"fi~AR,tk:il3i.t#7t*-o
*X~~~#~±~~~~~*~~-~~~~~0
¥nt~ [£>9ng tir, tfnh tlr]
- E>9ng tir: Thin~ hanh, luu hanh, luu truyJn.
it~~~*~~~A~~~~~ff~*o
~~~~~~' ~#~%~fj-~~~~~~Rgo
Tinh tir: Thjnh hanh.
it# Rlt-*.~ TW 7J JtAR>J.tfftr.J o
J: 1 lf-iG~A-~7G%3tk)J.Lff-t
~~ [E>9ng tir] ·
* o

TruyJn ba, Zan truyJn. Truyen ba, tuyen truySn, thong bao ra cho nhi~u nguoi.
l!. +~;!S ,t#-4-f~~R ~t}t o

tt~rr €f.J Jf.R 1t 7G 1x.;t1-t~~i~ , :tt~;;ft*it 1..#A~ :,J av .1! J.t o

~Af.1t [£>9ng tlr] Vitff [D9ng tir, tinh tir] 11( iff . [E>9ng tuJ
- DSu bi~u thi nghia luu hanh, lmi truy€n. Nhung it khi thay th€ cho nhau duqc, vi
di~m nh~n cua m6i tlr khac nhau.
- Nh~n ~nh truyen ru dm - NhAn ~nh nhanh - Nhftn tm-nh truySn ba,
l nay sang doi khac. Tir doi chong thinh h~mh, luu tuyen tn.1y~n cho s6 dong.
I
) xa xu;a d8n nay. hanh dugc s6 dong lam 1~Jt~1n~t.:r- ~#
l *it 1·1·1 ~· iiJJ ~ 4'- jJ.t # theo. 43:.1-t~PiR ~-t ~ o

$ ~R ~ ~ flff ~}J A a-!J l5t it#~~Jt~Jf-

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I 131
- Tan ngii' di thea phia sau - Tan ngfr di thea phia -Tan ngfr di thea phia sau
khac nhau: f1: J'tJ "\ ~i ... -~ "\ -3Jk
sau khac nhau: "J:~:6 ltJ ..
~ ..,
khacnhau: J.f it-"\ !:f' 1-)L "\
i-6-if;-, -it~ .. ~~ .. • it .. 1& .. &1~ .. M!~ .. Jk.A .. ~!}ft .. ~1-t, ~iR, #-1-,
41~ .. .t~ v.v ... ~#J v.v ... miVJ v.v ...

Luy~n t~p
ChQn mE~"\ mr:qr "\ ~}I dien vaa chfi trAng:
1. i!--'1'1~~~-1~-1~ r*~o
2. i!#~:JrjgEJ{j~Jj~~~'=t B<Jo
3. i!-1'1ML~,~r!~tR:;Wt **0
4. i!#m~~ Hti ~A,1f EJ{j ~ iJij] 0

s. it~BtJ~--tm~1tffl~ fE;f)} 0

6. )y\Jit, ~--'I'J!&${E¥f\-~-1ttmt ·. **0

1. 1ma<J~1Lt$J2£s~ 1£.AJ~~~~rSJ 0

8. j!![ ~~~ [] ~¥-tlo

9. ~#W51 7~r!~o
10. J1Jft!fl8<JW§~, tE j:J:)(~-{jz*lfP 1t18<J~*o.

»itr [D()ng tir]

- Du Itch, Iii himh. Bieu thi nghia di den nai xa de du lich.
· ~1f1~r Jf-3!.+*-1fl-!-~ Jll-*ff- o
!!.~~ lr.J-*ff'~' *-~ lr!J-*ff- ~ $l;t l!. ~ ,J, 0

~tbf. [D()ng ru]

- Du ngot;zn, du lich.
AJ.J.. J' :ft ~-!-.f.~ *:i&t
1
0

~~--~A~~~£~~~~~~~0
~M [D()ng ru]
- Du ngot;zn, ng&m cimh.
A, R..~1n~ii-.Yt7:...ti.-/~ gJ o
~r, it, ir.J .t JJi iS- i~Atl1!. -1-¥- itlt, ~~.to

132
 J*1T [D{>ng tir] *~ [D()ng tir] VH 'JiL [D9ng tt'rJ
- D€u mang nghla di du ljch. Khong mang tan ngfr. - Bi€u thi nghia ngam
~ 1n ~r .n.l!.-t-~1fl *- ~ Jll *~ o canh, du ngot;m. Phai
~)A_1j,;Y:£~*--f-J-r-*.ft o mang tan ngfr.
*- ~ ~ lJ, v:A J6 , 1;j: :iij-
1: T ~JttJ~7J?
- Su dt,uig cliung vm - KSt hgp Slr dl,lng v&i danh - KSt hQ'p sir d\lllg v&i
danh tir d~ t~o. thanh ngfr tir d~ t~o thanh ·ngfr danh tir danh tir d€ t~o th~nh ngfr
danh tir chi v~t dl,ffig lien quan d€n nghia du lich. danh · tir lien quan dSn
dung khi di xa. Vi d\1 Vi d1,1 nhu: .~~;.} ,3) .. ~»f nghla du ngoc;tn, ng~m
nhu: ~ff1tt-. ~ff~, !- ,~,' ~~ J#l gJi' ~~~~ ~' canh. Vi d1,1 nhu: ~ Jt
.~ "IJ6" .5!- 6
~ff 111.. ~At-$-.. ~ff ~~1-§,~, ~»til£*, ~~ "Q}z ~~
~~~~ irJr ...Je...·~~,, . ," .~ ~~
,n,-~

~l. v.v ... 111 v.v .. : g v.v ...

Luy~n t,p_
ChQri '*1r..
~flj-. . Wf YJJ.. di~n vao ch6 tr6ng:
I. Jgtji~B"J ~~WfEf~~~~o
2. J!i'l\~¥*~ ~1fl
, T~d>~~~ti5"mo
3. itfrlJ, 3!* ml¥i$d>~~*?
4. JYl1:E~~1it¥Jrt1r ~~t:r, &Jt~--~x~---0
s. iw:**iaf±, n§1n---t'J'at ~fri1£ *~if 0

6. JJl1£/Gt! Elf*, Jijf~~~~~m-0

1. -t:~1rPI ~~1-f § IIJJ~E1X;~~:JJn fii~PI ~ o
8. "FJt~6~£~lgA*~ :¥::liJ!o
9. mtmm_m
OO>i 1lf : IX_7t7f~ftilf~:x~ 0

10. J!~~~-~ · T+~J{~o

· •·• ·n~·~'"'·"'">"~" ·
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' "' -" '" "~· ' mashang-
"'" ~ <H<n>«· •~•.~•· <'~· •" "' ~"Jl:~J
,,.,.,._.,., ~"'"'" •'"~" ' "'like-
" '•'"' " ~'" "' "·'ii!1Jiff'
'''''" ·' "'-'• ~•·.•.-<.>t" " ditnshi
~· · ~"·"' '" ' "'" '· '
.!hJ: [Ph6 tir]
(1) Bi~u thi S\1' vi~c s&p xay ra, thubng kSt hgp v&i :Yt .. it~, :Yilt.. Nhfrng h1c fty
phia sau thuemg c6 1. C6 th~ dung. tru&c dQng ·tir, tfrih 11!, ciing c6 th~ dung
tnicrc chu ngfr.
!!.7 J:.;Yt* -r f:F:J 1 , ~1n 't1c* p~ 1
R.!!, .l:. ;YlJK 1 o

133
 (2) Bi6u thi sv vi~c nao d6 xay ra ngay sau sv vi~c tnr&c. C6 th6 dirng tnr&c d{>ng
tit, tinh tir, pbia sau thu(mg c6 ph6 tir it.
PJfjlji!~%iR, *-~~J:.:#:Pf~*-0
~-k**-' ~~~~AR~m~~*To
JL.~J [Ph6 tir]
Bi6u thi S\f vi~c ho~c d{>ng tac xuftt hi~n nhanh, thu<mg xuftt hi~n ngay sau m{>t
thm kh~c nao d6. Thu(mg b6 nghia cho d{>ng tir, tinh tir de lam tr~ng ngfr. C6
the dung trong khftu ngfr va van vi€t.
1~ iL ill @1-i-.i~ !t 4_ iiE
~-~~~~' ~~~~*M-i-~~0
-:t *
0

il!Jl[lf't [Ph6 tir]

Dung d6 mieu ta S\1' vi~c xay ra trong qua khu, bieu thi tinh huang ho~c d{>ng tac
xay ra nhanh trong k:hoang thm gian ng~n. Vi nguyen nhan noi a truac do rna
m()t s\f thay dfii ho~c m{>t tinh huang bang nhien xuftt hi~n. C6 the b6 nghia cho
d{>ng tir, tinh ttr. Nhfing thanh ph!n dugc b6 nghia ph!n nhi€u la hai am ti~t,
tnr&c ho~c sau thanh ph!n d6 c!n phai c6 cac thanh ph!n khac. Khi lam tr~ng
ngfr c6 the dUng truoc ho~c sau chu ngfi' .
.I

~~-k~~~' *-~~~~*1~*-0
~~A~~~~**-' t~~~~-1o

.ij J: [Ph6 tir] ir~tl [Ph6 tir] ~.00 IPt [Ph6 tlr]
- B€u la ph6 tir, bi6u thi sv vi~c, tinh huang xay ra nhanh, trong m{>t thai gian ng~n.
- NhAn ~nh t~ huang - NhAn ~nh tlnh huang, - Chi dung d6 bi€u th!
ho~c hanh d()ng xay ra hanh d{>ng s~p xay ra. Thm S\1' vi~c xay ra nhanb
trong khoang. thai gian. gian _ khong ___ xac. djnh ro. trong qua kht'r.
ng~n, bien d{> thai gian Mang s&c thai g!p gap, c6 }]}j iii 111% iJf ~it
kh{l 16n, ph\1 thUQC VaO the dung trong khftu UgU Va -t-~Fi ,t, ~~~ :K.
cam giac chu quan cua. van vi at. 1~*-0
ngum n6i. ~ J 1j ~A..~£, -.f; , ~ iL
~ ~~£ -t ~ 1' ill ~iJtit-1 0

~J:-_;ft~i!-ft. 1 0

- K.hong c!n di€u ki~n - Bi€u ki~n sir d1;1ng thu(mg - Khong c!n di€u ki~n
nay. la dum S\f anh hu6ng CUa nay.
d()ng tac, m~nh l~nh, thong
bao & phia tru6c cffin dan
d{>ng tac thu hai xay ra ngay.
~Jtl it~, 1;t1n~ii..
t-l 1t#J, ~nf',~i~.at raJ o
134
- C6 th~ dung trong cau c~u khi6n. - Khong dung trong
~:f.,t*, it1* ~ J: I .ft.. ill @1 *- o cau c~u khi€n.
- C6 th~ sir d\lng d9c l~p. - Khong c6 each dung nay.
A: •tk: ,?i. , .$-~7fT!
B::kf' .!lj J:.! .!lj J:. ! j
Luy~n t~p .I
ChQn 1b J:.... ir.~tl... ~Jiat di€n vao ch6 trbng.
1. i-W1~ffH~~~T JL, 1m Wt@l*o
2. irrPJ~11'J 'J!~il*o
3, !\t1fJ mt~*~T o
4. tt1n~~.vt~EI"J1lii5 mt1~~u T~~~
5. ¥\$ 1¥Tr*o
6. .R ~;g .m~.A . . fJ<-=f J:$, 1m mt-t1~~1m1n 0

7. ::F: mtlt.T o

s. ~~u-ru-m1r .A, ~1fJB<J)j!pzv ~t:R T ~*0

9. PJf~U/F~~i,J\, ~~*l~ ~j(JJ!f~*o
10. 1m· ~ +~ B"J.A T, ~If~;J\~-r~~o

~~ [Danh tir]
(1) Bu6n ban, giao djch mua ban. Quy mo ttrong d6i nho, mua ban nho. Sir d\lfig
luQllg tir ~ '
~~%.Jt. 1tt~*--tf-J 0
~~~~-1!1 ~ tr-J i!-,t:f, ~ ~r.~ ~it/G 1it~1t.** tr-J 0

(2) Cua hcmg. Sir dl;lng luQ'llg tir ~

~1±-.:ffi~~ 7t r·~rz% ~ ~4h*~ 0

!£.~ [Danh tir]

- Kinh doanh, tinh hinh kinh doanh, mua bim lam an. Sir dl;lng lugng tU ~
~ ~P~$, !£_ f; j-_ ;ff *-1j_ o
l!.~i_&.~tf-J~f;"*f~*-1, ~*-~%~!£*-~_ffiPlo.
~ ~· [Danh tir]
Thuang mr;li, mrJu djch. Ho~t d9ng thuang m~i, ~u djch, trao dbi hang h6a.
Quy. mo l6n bon so v6i ~
1!1
*. 1. I;.
1!1 fJ -;y JJ ~* ~ f,F ~ ~ tr-J JJ PJ'c.J 0

w
o/ 1!1 mf.r _iE 1±. *- ,J.5tt 5'r ~ rr .ih 0

"135
 * Chi ho~t d{>ng thuang ~i, kinh doanh c6 quy mo 16n, mang tftm ca cong ty,
t~p doan ho~c m{>t qu6c gia. Vi d\1 nhu: ~7r 'I~, 'I~ J1i}l_ft, 1! IJ !tit,
~ 1.7 1:k:ff '\ 'I ~ tf '~ '\ .)t:Jj in 1! IJ '\ ~ 1f. fl ~ ~il. ~Jt '\ ~ llL fl.IJ .
~ii} [D{>ng tir, Danh tir]
- D{>ng fir: Giao djch, mua ban, trao a6i.
~1Jll£i~iE.}\.J(R,, ~1f1Jt;ff~~o
;~K rrJt.JJ "" rr k~~iktr.J 0

-
J!;k J( I; !tit~ J:. ;_t tr.J {fl.11!1t
l! JJ, j(~j~ lf_- it .Jlt ~f; J( I; 0
*
Danh tu: Cu9c giao djch, cu9c trao a6i. Sir dl}llg lugng tir if,
0

~~· ~~ W:ikZT 5(~

[Danh tir] [Danh ru] lDanh tir] [D{>ng ru, Danh ru]
- D€u la danh tir, d€u chi ho~t d{>ng mua ban - Chi ho~t d()ng thuong ~i.
lam an. ~ lf_ 1!tJlJJ )t l' 1.7 tr.J o
~k1~~* tr.J 0 ~)t~JlJ]]it!(J; tr.J 0

~it 1~!!.. f:tr.J 0

- Bieu tbi - Con chi S\f kinh doanh, c6 the - Khong - C6 th€ kat hgp vm
nghia cua kat hgp vm ~ * Jb .
va :9{ dung lugng danh tir d€ t~o ra ngfr
hang. ~~1f.R.'*1tt~* 1..-;to nr -t,. danh tir mang nghia
~~.(f.~i$:1~'W I; 1.. -;to giao dich. v~ d\1 nhu
~IJ Ji.Jf, 3t~ at raJ,
~~.~ Jt,f[,, v.v....

. Luy~n tip
ChQn ~~' ~~' ~~' jt~ di€nvaoch6tr3ng:
1. J!~ "PJ~~~~/1'~7 0

2. 1f.J\Ji<:@-ti!/1' ~ I~:n~¥3 ~ft~ *flY, ~ 75J11J\:f:l!~-1' Ill -T B<J Ao

3. ftB1£~:k~U7f 7 ~&$.* . o

4. ·~7C.mJ B, .iiE~ JlJTJ!1t~A~~~ o

s. :ltlJJI /Fti, !'t1J$JJ!ij~~* JL**m 0

6. 1m~~a---*~~r ~~·~~ito
1. !\tfM~ F93 7C~Ji~ll1f.J\ a1 faJ ~ :l:fu B o
8.. ---~~---Ef$1'~*:biJA 71!t!f. ~.EIJ.Ro
9. ~1¥i~~J{~I¥J · JJI!ff~~~U.351Z~7Go
10. {~ ifi!t~BtJJ!~inX1§o

136
~- [D9ng tir]
- Hai long. Cam thfty way, nhu y mu6n.
k ~~~tl~~~fr.J_I.1'J: ~Jio
tliifl
[D9ng tir]
(1) Thoa man, .dey au ..Bi€u thi cam thfty thoa man, cam thfty dAy du.
~ ~ .j~ -=f lft j~ ,'. jJb -kJb :ft !® Jlj ~ }1:_ 1 o

(2) Lam tho a miin. P~a sau thuOn.g k€t hgp sir dvng v6i 't >it, ~ ~, ],.$ 'Y£ v. v....
4\ ~~ ~ ~ 1t ff.J ~~f. 0

r ~fr.J*El.~Jt~ 1 rpJnff.J't ~f.o .

~-~ [D<)ng ru] mJE [D9ng tir]
- Nhftn ~nh S\1' hai long, vua y. - Nhftn ~nh S\1' thoa miin, day au.
JJQ.,tf_ fi-J ~ :;:[; ~ ~ Jlj ~tt ~I; 0 J,t..(f. ffJ .1_ if; 1-t ~ !~ ~tt ~ Jt 0
- C6 th€ mang tan ·ngfr tn.rc ti€p, - C6 th€ mang t~n ngfr nhung phai k€t hgp
ho~c dung cftu true 5tt ··· (/F.) ~ .f;. vm -r-, ho~c dUng cAu true 5tt ··· <~ ) ~ fl:_.
~ ~ ~IJ ~tt ~--~ Jt-f±_ ff-J .1_ :;{; o Thuang.k€t hqp v6i cac tan ngfr nhu }.$. 'Y£,
~ ~t JJQ., 1±. ff.J !!_ :;:[; ~ J~ ~tl ~ ~.$. . . ;t .$_, r,w~v:
{tQ .v....
i;o ~~Jt -t J,t~ ffJ !!_ i'fi 0

~ ){t JJt-f±- ft-J !!_ i'fi ~ Jlj ~tl ~ }1:_ 0

- C6 th€ lam dinh ngfr, bi€u tbi nhu y - K.hong lamdinh ngfr.
mu6n, vi dv nhu·1Wj~ij{JI{f; m~
ij{J~~ . . ~~~*'14o

Luy~n t~p

ChQn m~, ~JE diBn vao ch6 trfing:

1. --~---JE .~Ef<Jl!~, ffifi§ftP~o
2. fJG1fJ~~B{J~&=lt#~$@;~~- ::f~~pi¥Jffij3J<o
*
3. ftB$ ~ ~m ~g1~ ~u --Bt 1¥1 I f'F
4. 0 §1 ~ 71tB1li~ ~Ylm~, 1.a1mff/F- - -
0

5. ~~:F£%'=m~~---t~:k% B"J%'=~o
6. ~~:kB{J~~, mt.RffJLir~JMJ, ~~ 1~T~·~B"J®Jf~M?
7. ~JLB<J*t~J=t~~.m.1f__..il~B~1JlL JWtB~~~U1li 7o
8. ~:x11$8<J§I~1li 0

9. **-f-7Jj}Ij ili~~~~~}Jo
Tf§JWI¥JJJX*,
10. ~~B<J1¥~~~~-i~, ftm~I1fJ~7E~~u _ _ o
137
 (078] ~1c~ meiguanxi- ~ff~ meishenme- N:$JL meishir
·- ....,. . ;.. -... ":' · .............. ....... u.T ..
~ ~·· ~~-"~ ··T"" "··'r ·'"·- 'S.~,.r· .... ...
~ ··~z-t"'"'-······ ··~ . ,. ·······-rr·· . . -....,....... ~.·~--c~y ..c·· ·"·····'""-~·····"'a··- ..... ····~·

N::¥c*
1) Bi€u thi ngbia khong quan trQng, khong sao.
*~1~*~' ~~~~~~~~%Ro
~~~~~~~~~~~*''~mA~~~~~~~~
1t.o
2) Bi€u thi ngbia khong lien can. K€t hgp su dl)D.g v&i ~ va ;;fo.
i!.:f JLj~1* i.t*. ~, 1*~ Jf1 -i*'u o

3)
~J?~1tJf-*ii.t1t ~ *'
Khong sao, dimg bf)n tam. Dung dB dap tni khi dfii phuong n6i lCri xin 16i.
1 0

. A: 5Cf ~ ~ ! 1\ ~ ;)t ~i ~ B: $l 0 * ~ ! n1Jit IU J: 0

N:ft~
1) Bi€u thi nghia khong quan trQng, khong sao.
~-1~*~' ~A~~~~o .
2) Khong sao, dimg b~n tam. D1mg dB dap tni khi dfii phuong n6i lCri xin 16i ho~c
cam on.
A: ~~~!~~;)t~~~oB: ~*~o
A: -i~-i#! B: .i.tft~! 1*~$.~ 1 o

N:.JL
1) Khong co vi~c t/J lam, ranh rBi.
~1ll i.t:f JL*i,*;l tt fJ o
i.t :f JL ~ Bt1~, ~$5tk i!!J i!l JL·o
2) Khong sao, khong vi?c gi. K.hong xay ra S\1' cfi ho~c S\1' viec ngoai y mufin.
1t1ll )i::f JL, iE 1t if- 1m*- %o
3) Khong sao, dimg bt;in tam. Dung dB dap tra khi dfii phuong n6i Uri xin 16i.
. A: 5Cf;f:~! ~~:.lt~i f; o B: )l~ JL! }Jlj;_6_t,~J:o

~~* ~1t~ I ¥i$JL

- Deu dung dB dap tra khi dfii phucmg xin 16i.
A: 5Ct~~!.
B: )i.ft~ I ).t*.~ I $.t:fJLo
- BiBu thi nghra khong quan tf9ng, khong sao. - BiBu thi khong c6
-
*~7-\til*~o viec gi lam, ninh r6i.
*~ 7 -\til*~ 0 ~it :f JL ft.J 1~ at
%Jtk~.:JS 0

138
 --
- Khong c6 each dling nay. - Dung d€ dap tni khi - Kh6ng c6 each dung
d6i phuong cam on. nay.
~tAt~, 11Ft$
~To
- Bieu thi nghia khong lien can. - Bieu tbi kh6ng nghiem tr9ng.
K€t hgp sir d1;1ng vai ~~ va ;;fr:r ~l~ JL, Pt,fi.. ~~X..*f 7 0

~:f:.JL~tt1;t1n i.t* ~ o ~i1t~' pJ-L '"'

~ ~>t*f
...-' ;'f: 1 o

Luy~n t~p

ChQn ¥i:**-. ~{t-i.-. ~-JL di~n vao ch5 tr6ng:

1. A: xt ::f JE9 ! B: ! 33U fr ~ o
2. A: iMiM ! B: !o
3. 3!1tf:*N~ 1-ffi iJ: 1tk}JIJ1f 0

4. ~~i,~{tBB~ 7' **/ffflj_§l~\o

s. ~it-~ ~-1-xJ\N~M~r"Tm, ~9P~9P~o
6. 3K~$~Mmt~:f-t:ill {$JWt~U[go
7. A: ;J\3:~~7! B: ,R~~~B¥o
8. }Jij ~ 7'51 15(~ 1¥.1$) L*D {$ ' PJTi~ ffr\ ~ :D't:fi ~ 0

9. A: t~!!tff$JL~? B: , 1:1G1$~9P~o
10. ili~t:A~~ , /GM~wcJI§H~-~ro·

41} [D~i tlr, ph6 tir]

- D~i tir: M6i. Chi timg dan vi nho trong tbng the, khi nhfin ~nh net tirong dbng
thuemg di chung v&i ~~ Va ~' ho~c cling CO the nhfin m~nh S\f khac bi~t.
JW.,1±.~1n~A-=-~.a, *~.R3iAo
.Jf:A;tr4-.Ait.Jifr;i·o .
- Ph6 tir: M6i. Chi d()ng tac thvc hi~p. c6 quy l~t.
.Jf:j)j .j. iJ, 1~~lm ~JiJf-o
:f~-J-./f:Pt- 0 1 :klb-klj;fl~1~-iKo
~ [D~i 1ir, ph6 tir]
- D~i 1ir: Cdc, t&t ca. Chi cac dan vj nho khac nhau trong tbng the, nhftn ~nh S\f
khac bi~t.
~~~~**T~~~*~~~~~~o
~+fi1: **-~ Fl Jf~-t~ ?Ziftl 0

139
 - Ph6 tir: M6i. Bi€u thi mfii ca tb€, mfii don vi.
' ' JL ~
:i!.. ' .tir-
I 7J k -}:;- JJ; 5
~"'tt'""FJ ·vu , .., o

4fJ [~i m, pho tir] ~ [d~i m, ph6 ru]

- M6i. Nh!n ~nh tUng ca th€.
~A;ff~Aff.J~~o
.fJ:-1--ft 1:
- 4fJ I
**- ~ ~ ~-=t {f.J ?Z lftj
~ + LuQllg tir/ sA tir + Danh ru .
0

.fJ:- I ~1--i{L~i{~tl:f TȤA.o

-l'{goai ra, con co tb€ kat hqp ttvc tiep voi danh ru .
.fj:- I ~ .$(!-1JL if~ ili fȤ A o
- Khi la d~i tlr, ·chi CO bai danh tlr A., ~-Va -··,Khi lit-.d~i tlr, thu(mg k~t hgp Vm
cac danh ru chi thai gian nhu -+... }] . . El . . cac danh tir don g§n nghia t~o
~, .£$JJ . . ,J,at . . 7/-ii' . . ;fJii' . . l11lftlJ coth€ thanh tA hqp ru ~···~···.Vi d\1
khong mang luQllg tir. nhu-3- ~ ~ f ' ~ # .$-t-¥-' ~ m
~1Jl.Jf:-3Z_~~-/KUfJo ~~ . . ~5(.~#.
.I * fȤ 1f- ili 1. -lk 0
- Khi lam ph6 tlr, bi€u thj tfnh quy l~t CUa - Khi lam ph6 tlr, bi€u thj ngbia
hanh d9ng, chi "m6i khi, m6i Ian". C6 th6 l~p "mBi lot;zi, m6i cai''.
l~i "-**"
.fj:-J1J;J1fl, ~~1Jl~-!-$Afo

Luy~n 'ti-p
Ch9n 4JJ... .~ di~n vao chfi tr6ng:
1. l!?X:k~if*T~lE ~8"3~*0
2. }j B"J~ffl~;li!:B:J.g~~11 0

3. A~ A~itf.?:*'{fjc~o
4. ftJ! WJ'Ji!---t:lJt~:, ~H~:A~1EJ~\¥l'~o
5. ~1t1!J~$.7 ~ Jtl!~ A~~ . . /j\pZO
6. ~1fJ ~~--1'1}¥!, J~,~--1'1J~PI~To
7.: imtJEit, -s-1' Amt~---t~~_t)t~:Mlo
8. #~bl~$~~iliA7.f, JlJTiW~T~rtl1~7Go
9. 4ij:~~~1£*~ ~)2:-BJ:, 1tB~::f~f*y§ 0

lQ. ~1fJJfl{}L~3cJl,C{ffl ~-¥o

140
, 0, ' 1 " . 0, ~. ''',1'
[080] ~BB meili-
'~~~·'' ¥,.,
-~ piaoliang- PI~ haokan
'-1••0:! .. •,/ ' .. '1•''•''~ ~ .....1'\,.. ~•.l; ........... ,••-:> .....,....oR "I ','"':"'• ..... ~'''~•'''f,,.>l!: 0 ,•,~•''~ 0'1':.'•',' ."'~'','"', ..,,,l,'•'••t,• ,•,-
0
,, ,
1
•' ~~:·-'•="~'{'•

~w [Tfnh rnJ
- D?p. Hlnh dung net d~p CUa phai nfr, v~t d\)llg nfr, phong dinh, v.v....
1-t~ #.1f ~.a~ iffl·ir-J ::k. art~ o
-~ [Tinh rnJ
1) D?p . .Hinh.dung n6t dyp ·cua nam va nfr, db v~t, phong canh, v.v....
~#.#.*-1~~*~~~0
i! 14- *-JJlA-)! ~ ' _E_ if J)c ~ -t 0

2) D?p, xu&t s&c. ·co th€ lam bb ngii', hinh dung lam m{>t each xtillt s~c.
i!.lh J;t,~RfR.{~~)J~ 0

.YJ-~ [Tinh rn]

1) D?p. Hinh dung ve d~p, cai d~p.
1-t~#. *:1l~*~*~ 0

1~ ~ i! 14-*-R!t~R"*f~ o
2) Hay. Hinh dung b9 phim, kieh, v.v....
' ' ..iLR r.b ~"" ifi Ji%. ..ii-
i!,. "'I~ '"U ,y.J -7t' JQ ....., o

~ B~ [Tinh tir] 1J~ [Tinh tir] ~t~ [Tinh tir]

- B€u hinh dung ve dyp cfut phai nfr, eai d~p cua db dung ph1,1 nfr va eanh dyp.
J!.-Jt.Jctl *-1~Jl-~ iiif /iJ~/if~o
1!14-;t<.JJ!t~R-l if/il~/"*f;l o
- Khong c6 each dung nay. -Hay, hap drin (~him, kjeh,
truy~n)~
tt ~.~.
,y.J ~"*f;;i
' . •• ..;1:~
~ ,::1 0

- Khong lam bb - D?p, xu&t s&c. Khi 1~. pb ngfr, - .C6 th€ lam bb. ngii', hlnh
ngfr. bi€u thi thve hi~n m{>t each xu&t dungd?p.
s&c, ho~e il?P· it14-.;RJJ!t 1~ ~ 1~~£!<-*T
l!.:% J;h fi- A 1~ ~ iJ. ~ o ~0

Luy~n tip
ChQn ~B~"' ¥J% . . M-~ di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. JS:~JfftMB<Jait~ 0

2. JS:-*;Jvi,~${. ' ~~7M JL~:~/FJJ\o

3. a'J='7(BrffiJR~~-q~ , :I:J§~ 3 ~t 1 nit±io
141
 4. i!~lfi-TM~XIE, 1fl\~~~X , jtR:~n~o
5. ~~~)!~ , /f~Um~~/F~~~oM%~1:f~o
6. ~~1Ef$<-Ts<J/%l'EJ;fFLJI.~~~~ 71""1f o
7. J!JL~~:JltfajEf.~:t: 7o
8. ~-~1' El"J~~-T, 'tl:/G~~:ffjj~~~ A.-g.x_xo
9. ~Jf ~ -z(it 8"J 1=1 1*1f --1'{~ 8"J 1~·i3i 0

10. J!$JL~~1}f~ ' ~~~~-}E:J,>/1'71/J\o

!............_..__·---w··r··J~~~L~~~~_!~~;=..!!f_:~!.~.!f'!_~.-·-,---····-·-,· . ···J
~~ [Lien ti'r]
Trimh, khoi phai: D~t a va sau, bi~u thi tn1nh xay ra cac tinh hu6ng.khong mong
,
muon.
r :ll~~lb~!b ~ 1t' }t.f.J-j!b1!b~e IU
f:F:J ~
~~ [Lien ti'r]
! 1]
*
tl1 fl ~ r.m ~' }t.fl~t$~~ 0
0

.I
Tranh khoi, afJ phai. D~t a v€ sau, bi~u thj tranh xay ra cac tinh huang khong
,
mongmuon.
P~ 1Jli£)t 1f- ,~,JL @1 -:}Pe,, ~.. -f.l~~!b~!!.,u o

~~~ [Lien tir] ~--~.¥1 [Lien ti'r]

- DSu la lien tir, dugc d~t tnroc v€ sau, bieu thj tranb ~ay ra cac tinh huang khong
mongmu6n:
P~ 1f1 i£k. 1f- ,?!, JL lE1 -!- 11e,, Jt.ff~~Jb J!!_ 'u o
f:F:J -t- t11 r1 ~·
- Khong c6 each dtmg nay.
* r.m ~, -*" .f.f ~t ~ ~~ 0

- Dimg khi dian d~t nghia khoi phai,

~-1L~Jt)fl :bij!llr.J JEliS' JtA.J-J}- tla phai, mang nghia "ti€t ki~m":
1t1~~o. (S) ~-1L~7tm :bl:!ullr.J 1EJ1S,
:li .fl-i+1t1~ ~ 0

Luy~n tip
ChQn ~~.¥} .. ~1JJJ. diSn vao ch5 tr6ng:
1. ~ lfiJ m1JA)(-j)Jt7f ~£1--:iil ~ >1 - :itli fF, X: £3: 7'911PJtk ~~' o

2. Jlili~{)j(7, :±1 1'1iaf~1ft~r~, ~{)j(o

3. +~ ~J§fmt~:tEif:Aifi!l1~, *Bl~~Ji5NWo

142
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s. ~~-:trar~~OO~t'B1t:J, ~~~~0
6. ~Wa-11±~JLU~L :*J(*@JR§o
7. J3:~0PJ:ff~tt={I~:}Ip(EjJ%, ft~~J%o
8. J!~i](5ETmtMJt*~~fPJ, ~*~~0
9. 7Gi~"*J9J~JL~~i§-iJF%A, %]!)\jEJ~\0
10. fJ<-T*xJ\Wt~~fu~U~, ~~:*~lfliJ:Iff~a

L .. [082] ~ na- 1$~. name

........ ".. .. . ,. . ......... -"'" .... _,..,...... """'·~· ··--·"·"J.'T''-·"·"--···~~··- ......,""""", ...........
·
M·p·--·~""'""''"T~"
1
·'"T ''·'"'""--"' ,. .,t

JJJS [D~i fu, lien ru]

-D~i ru:
(1) D6, kia. Chi nguai ho~c v~t a xa, k€t hqp sir dvng v&i danh ru, luQllg m,
ho~c s6 tir. Vi dv: JJ~ -1-- A, 11~ -;k.., IJ~ -1-- .ttl!,~., .JJ~ Bt 1~~, v. v ....
»~ ~* :t~ ~£ :t- vrr tr.J JL
~ 1f1 JJ~ ~ fr!J :f:... ~)tit~ ;t
* 0

0
- . .

(2) D6, kia. Chi nguai ho~c v~t a xa~ tfl}'c ti€p lam chu ngfr, c6 th~ sir dl,lllg d9c
l~p.
JJ~k~{fJ~a) fr!J~:f*o
Lien ru: Vrjy thi, vrjy. Can cu theo sv th~t ho~c gia thi€t da n6i a v€. d~u, dftn ra
k€t qua ho~c sv phan doan trong v€ sau. T~u.ang k€t hgp sir dl,lllg v6i " Jlk f.~ "

:iu .*.1~ /G J.S f;-!- ' JJ~ til 111] 0 I -*

~~*~~~~~1~~~*~~~~0
·Jm~ ·[D~i m, lien m]
D~i U:r:
(1) Nhu vrjy, nhu thl Bi~u thi m~c dQ, tr~ng thaj, cachthuc, v.v .... ·
11~ ~ M"Pt fr!J *- ~ -tt·Jt_ ~ - /.k_ Pt 0
if; ;r: tit 11~ ~ iJL 0

(2) D~t tnr6c s6 tlr, nh!n ~nh s6 lug.ng it ho~c nhi~u.

.rJ.· :AI{ /~ -
•lYu~j'" ~
,!1 ,!1 ~
1"' 1"' 7f'-,
1-". . h M p¢" PPv ?
I~ ~ ".JY u 71::.1 •
1

Lien ru: Vrjy thi, vw. Can cu theo sv t~t ho~c gia thi€t d~f n6i a v€ dftu, dftn ra k€t
qua ho~c S\f phan doan trong v€ sau. Thucrng k€t hgp sir dl,lllg v&i ~k f~., :ko *·
:kP-* 1~/G~ f;-!-, JJ~ ~ fiJLjjlJ-!-o
~&*~o~~~
WL~, .. ._-=y-'IFJ u..-..:r.:~.::t.. 1 , ·~~~~~a~~
:n 1... ~;rf-IU~, ..... 1-x'3L uo

143
 jj~ [D~i tir, lien tir] jj~~ [fl~itir, lien tir]
- D€u la lien ru, dugc d~t truac v€ sau, bi8u tbi Can cu theo S\f th~t ho~c gia thi€t da
n6i & v€ ddu, dftn ra k€t qua ho~c S\l phan doan trong v€ sau. Thuang k€t hQ'P sir
dl)ng v6i Jl.t ~, ~-*..
$r-*.k~~F]i;T, ~~~~-jlJ!.~/.k:JtP~o
f1k~%iX.~i;!iT, 1J~~~~~1tl-!-P~-f"~OK P~o
- Khi la d~i ru, c6 the dt'mg d()c - Khong c6 each dung nay.
l~p ho~c k€t hqp vm cac tir khac
d8 chi ngum va v~t a xa, mang
nghia "i16 ". ·
~ 1f1 ~at -~~j£ 5i Jt it ii1 0
~ ~ iA i); 11~ -1'- A o

- Khong c6 each dimg nay.
- Khong c6 each dimg nay.
.I
- Khi hlm d~i ru, dirng tru6c tinh tir, d9ng tir d8
bi8u thi mire d(), tr~ng thai, each thuc.
J!.*f $ji @.,~ ~ fr., ~~Jt ~~%~Xo
- Khi la d~i ru, dirng tru&c sA ru da nhAn ~nh
sA lugng nbi€u ho~c it.

~ ~ .E. --t- A, ~ ~ PtA-i- 1 i!. ~ ~ *?

Luy~n tip
ChQn ~, }]~ ~ di~n vao chd tr6ng:
1. M1£1m~Jil.EtfJ -i'~Amt~.:E~llo
2. ~ll*1$m~, J}Jt~PBo
3. mt ~tJc(t&, ~mt~ JRJJ<{g/f'~o
4. ~J£~11J\ :gxx1m, ~jjf)t~1$JtmJtm 0

5. 1J\.:E.~ -Jx.A-~JL***~~ o
6. ¥t~ ~Jl{t!t&~tf{tJlo
7. -.¥9:t!~U, mR2i
~~1$-tl!~mo
s. ~~ia~' .{X~1rJ~)Eg"*~~*~ ~)g~~?
9. ~ -1' -Jx.~ m fl' ~ , i!E/1' }A17tAtk p~?
10. ~J£~111\:ffli=JL, ~;t}!tPBo

144
~~ [D{>ng tir, ph6 tir]
D()ng tir: Kh6 trach, c6 thi thong cam ilu()'c. BiSu tbi co thS thong cam dugc.
~Jt.~Jff-, tl:: 1tf1t~•l'J:o
it 14=- :f: -tt~~·~·tJ:1-t' 1-t-tt~ ~ 0

Ph6 tir: Thao new,· hen chi.:. BiSu tbi d()t nhien hiSu ra nguyen nhan slJ vi~c.
~*~~~#R1-t, ~*~k+~Ao
: ~ Jt -nn- * fi-J ' ~ ·tJ: 1¢ ~ iA. i}; 0

§)f~~
( 1) Kh6 trach. BiSu tbi khong nen o~n tnich ho~c qU<Ytnich.
1!.14=- :f: $~ ~ ~ *J-.11'' ·~ ~ff-1~ 0

(2) Thao nao, hen chi. BiSu tbi d()t_nhlen-hiSu ra nguyen nhan SlJ vi~c, khong cam
thfty kY 1~ nfra. Thu(mg di chung v&i lff.. *-·
~~~#~$~~+*, ~*~~~~0

xtt¥: [Dong ttr, ph6 ru] 11!:/Fq~

- D€u biSu thi d()t nhien hiSu ra nguyen nhan sv vi~c, khong cam thfty kY 1~ nfra.
Thuemg kSt hgp sir d\l.D.g v&i ~*-, mang nghla thao nao, hen chi.
~·~1*/f:%~k~-t-3ft, ~ *1*/f:Pt¥to
·tJ:~~1~~~ it R1-t, ~ *1-t)t-t-J~A.o
- Lam d{>ng tir, c6 thS mang ho~c - Kat cftu d()ng - ba nen phai kat hgp v&i
khong mang tan ngtr, nghla la kh6 tan ngfr phia sau, nghla la kh6 trach. BiSu
I

trach, c6 thi thong cam iltr()'c. BiSu thi thi khong nen min tnich ho~c qu~ tnich.
co th€ thong cam dugc. 1!.-tt·tJ:~~' 1~~it~t~tr.J o (S)
3!. -tt ~ ·tk' 1~/GJt~t ~ffJ 0 ~~ JL•tk~.f.f1~o
J!.:f: JL~•f£1~o -·

- Phia tnr6c c6 thS c6 ~ft. - Phia tru&c khong dugc c6 ~ft.

- Co th€ dung trong van viet. - K.hong dung trong van viet.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn xt~li:-. ~j%/Fq~ di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. 1tl!J!-i~4:, Dit*~tl*~~t&_j(~-~_mo
2.
3.
~ * ,
1mi!--t1fJT-¥, · ~~ ~~1}1~~f"~?
:*4:fj!1~iJl """FLft?rm, J!-i J~tj~ 0

145
 4. ~JJJLili1~ it, *3tx~ms~~n1 0

5. B'f7(EJ":J$ JLlli 1]\~, 1m.R~7G~~·<z_iio

6. ~ ~~-i jjt' JJ.R*~::E7f~rJ:m~Jt£ [] ~ 0

7. 1**1-ffi{I'J~-X'j~:£31:, *1~~-i{lo
8. ~~~~?XlfiJitf1, JZ.~J:q:tt'\iJ, ~~J1uA~*A~~ffi1Jtffi.,
~&t** 0

9. ~JT*Ir1M~:f:k7Mt1f~, 1E3C14*~!'17 ili- - o

1o. ~7(1m~*J: i~L 1**1m~~~1~ 7 m:m 0

I ...
51f£Ji [Tinh ru, d9~g tir]
Tinh ru:
(1) Gian kh&, gian nan, kh6 khan. Bi€u thi dOi s6ng kh6 khan.
;1:_ *
~tl-i--tM:", .J~ -=J- 5l J',
1
V:AJ6 ft-J El -=J-- /t~tt~lto
-r
EJ ~it ~1~ l:t 0

j
(2) Dau kh8, dau long.
-*-*~tJ-!-i!t' ~-=j--Jt~t!<.~l:to
~it.\t~~vA~, -;t~~~~o
- D(>ng tir: Kh6 qua, kh6 vur;rt qua.
1-t#:i!.*-/~Ar<.~ltft-J o
~~ [Tinh tir]
(1) Kh6 chju, kh6ng khoe. Bi€u thi ca th€ khong khoe, kh6 chju trong nguoi
:JJ.. ift fr-J at 1~ 1t -f~~tt~ ~ o
(2) Dau kh8, tlau long.
1\; .:f_~~:r~~~~A.1~9iiff 0

xlu [Tinh ru, d~ng tir] XfE~ [Tinh nr]

- D€u hl tfnh ru, d€u mang nghia tlau long, dau khl
i!.1tf: JLiJ:.:i~'\; Y~t!<.~lt I~~ o
'\;~~it I *~:fi~~~A1~iffo
- Chi deri s6ng kh6 khan, vAt va. - Bi€u tbi nghia kh6ng khoe, kh6 chju
t7JT -8- -k~ iJL ' v.A (.[ ~ ~ ft-J !£ if; ~tt trong ngum.
~ito b-*._;{f6:Jl~
7 '"' :1U'
~ -=t- -\t ;{:f ,?i, JL
~~0

146
 -La d<)ng rir, chi kh6 vu(lt qua. - Khong c6 each dung nay.
aJJJ(_*-:k-JJJJ}j_~Pt~, ~*1t'<-~
ito

j Luy~n t~p
Ch9n xlu-. xl)l: diSn vao ch6. tr6ng:
1. ~flt ~A*.o
2. ~:%1~Y.J±-T1~ ' mciJ:~J¥.~!Tflt~~~1:o
3. 1mJ~,_m~~1¥.; ., J§J~a7f<n&1fn1f:**B"J~JJ~ 0

4~,. 4o/.J1fl~*~ii3S,: *H~X)f¥~iE, B r~*~ o

s~ n}f~fu1Jl7, ~:;t~nm1m:791t~®~u . o

6. 1fr\nt:1~j('@ 7' Y.J±-T~}EJ]tf~ 0

7. :$1~
:=f*1t!RJh!l!$(pX£1 7' 0

8. ;J'*fat~>.J/Fffl:9J, ifii'.X~i~$1~ ~0
9. 1m1m=Er a1, 1~ ®~~Jt~1£5!:1il~m11Eo
10. 1£f\t~ E"JS'j{~, ~~f*-J1fJ\fflJl}Jf\to

I..T--~rr--i\"·- ..J~SS.) ~-~!-~~~~= !~.£~.~~!··u-·-··-·-·-··-··-T"'" ---l

~~ [TinhmJ
- Kh6 tranh khoi. Thuoog l~m vi ngfr, tr~ng ngfr, djnh ngfr. C6 th6 dfrng tru&c
ho~c sau d<)ng m, khi d(rng tru&c d<)ng tU phia sau thu<mg kSt hqp v&i *" %.
~~ 7J tip >J ~Jt1?~J6 0

1tt1£1PJ _:L 11 , m~ii ,& ;t ~ Jt tr-J o

/F~ [Ph6 tlr]
Khong tranh khoi. Bi6u thj do m9t nguyen nhan nao d6 rlftn dSn kSt qua khong
mfty.ly ttr6ng. f)irng tnr&c d<)ng ru.ho~c tinh tir.
1~Jt~-;kf±: ~, · ~Jt:;ff,?.,JL~ ~o
1~lf- iGJf.'J', ~}t~}J,ffi-.Jtt o

147
 Xi $B [Tinh tlr] /.f' $B [Ph6 tlr]
- D€u co thS lam tr~ng ngfr trong cau, biSu thi y kh6 ho~c khong tranh khoi di€u gi
d6.
- Kh6 tninh khoi di€u gi d6, thu<mg la - Khong tninh khoi di€u gi d6, thuemg la
kh6 tninh khoi nhfrng vi~c ho~c nhfrng S\I vi~c ho~c nhfrng tinh huang xay
nhilng tinh huang khong tat, khong ra m()t _each hiBn nhien, hqp ly.
mong muAn xay ra. ~ :t !3ft 3.. ~ }J ~5l ii, ~ }t ~ Jtt lfJf
~:t~-=-1'--JJ ~*' ~}t~ ~·tfo
Jtt lfJf ~ ·ti 0

- Phia sau c6 thB di v6i tL'r phil djnh.
Jb .;._r h •• , LJ. ~ A -r V" ~'L
'JIJ· ~ A 1->L' ~"P. )IU -'1' fCiJ 7'\ 0
- ·co thB dung trong cAu trUe .it··· fr.J • •
w~!£.~ 'itr-1-Jt~Jttr.J
- Thu<mg phia sau khong di v6i tir phil
dinh. Tuy ding c6 hinh tht'rc phil djnh nhu
"~~;tr ~~··t:R: ", "~~;tr ~~1;-it.,
nhung hi em khi dUng.
- Khong c6 each dung nay.
0

- Co thB lam vi ngfr, dinh ngfr trong - Khong co each dimg nay.
cau.

.I
jf- 4- J:. ~' *-
.1.. ;j_.jf Jt ~ }t,
tr.J ~ 0

- ThuOn.g khong bA nghia cho nhfrng - ThuOn.g khong bA nghia cho nhiing d{>ng ru,
d9ng ttr, tinh ttr dan am ti€t dUng d9c tinh ttr dimg d9c l~p, cimg khong bA nghla
~p. cho nhfrng d{>ng tlr, tinh tlr don am ti€t
I ~ -f -ir#~Jt·tij o (S) ~-f-ir#~ Jt ~ ·t~ o (S)
~-f-irit~Jt·tij o (S)

Luy~n ti-p
ChQn xl~, :f ~ diSn vao chfi trfing.
~ -n 'Ji.-* A ~ M ldl: ldl:
~~ lJ:J i=i' ~"t:Et
r.--T
1. 23:11u"t:Et '\ 0

2. ~>.Ji~~' iJl~-\ ~i!~ . B<J,o·

3. -'i' AB<J-~ /f'aBm*o
4. 0~1XJU~tl~.ft, IfF®* :ff!I:brnxlo
5. ~l!~U~![, 1m ~~Ul:k$o
6. ~R~;t~, ~±*$~)(.$, ±t$o
1. iF~A~~U:k~~~-~& , --J:E~iE~Xfq~o
s. 1m~~~~~~, *BOl)(~~~iJ\~~~ B<J o
9. M!~-~*~*f~~' 1fll:h~~o
10. {$~~ i}lftB, 1m 1.f!I:h~~~o

148
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ros6] ~jg nanwei- r~~
.... , ........ ., ....... r•-··· .......... .,......... '"" ..... "·""'""""' .. .
weinan
.................... '"'"' ' """'""'"···•. . . . . . . . . -·-......., .. ., ..,.........
.. ... ·•·•· .............. .... •....... ·. . I
~1g [D9ng tir]
(1) Lam kh6. Lam cho ngum khac cam thfty kh6 xir.
1~~llt 1~/G1?-lj~-Jt.,. jjiJ*39 ~ 1 0

~/GR~~; ~~~~, ~~k$~~~?

(2) Lich S\l' cam an nguCri khac da lam gi d6 giup minh.
~ ~ 1~ 4~ A fr!J 1t 4= 1f J: t. o
i!.:f= dJ,-fE- 1' ~*-~391~ 1 0 .

·.:(3) Nhir, nha c6. ,

~$39#, ~~k~A~~$~~1o
19~ [D()ng tir, tinh tir]
Dong ru:
(1) Lam kh6. Lam cho nguCri khac cam thfty kh6 xu.
jjlJtt -;t~ ~~ 1 0 •

1;t ~*-f1ij:_~ k 7:) Jfj: :1i1JA o

(2) Gay kh6 di. Gay kh6 dS cho ai d6.

A~9:ifti_ ~~R1t~~o
Tinh ru: Kh6 xu, kh6 khan.
~14-:fil:A*f~~o
i!.Jl§4-.:£~f'i~, ~39~ 1 0

xt75J [D9ng ru] 751 xt [D9ng tic, tinh tu]

_..
- Dau c6 nghia la lam cho nguai khac cam thfty kh6 xu.
- Ljch S\l' cam on ngum khac da lam gi d6 giup minh. - Khong c6 each dung nay
~391bi£.fg
IJ'\ ' A=l- ;{:~ I~' 0

- Nha, nhir.c6. . - Khong c6 each dung nay

Am 1!11!.---t, ~~~1~~-!
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Co thS lam tinh tir.
A~JIJ_ffl~~o (S) A~JIJ_ffl~~o

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n xt75J... Til xt diSn vao ch6 trfing.

1. JJU !\t 7, !\t191~ JL~P~iW\~itJ!
2. 1$7' ~Jflt;k~tto.

149
 3. j!{4-1$~~j}JWt1}, /f~~i}lli::f~;t\: 7 0

4. {tB/f~~W]' {fs\~~1tk~' j!::f~ 'fmn!b?

5. ~E)jl(~lJ:, rott~~~~~1J1Jmi3(~fu, ~~¥U~li_ _ o
6. ~~_t 7--'!' B"J-, 1~1fl\tl] tit±~ 0

7. {fJ\J(E~{t~ Jj{J-, A~~~~~{fs\j}o

8. ~--tAifff~f+$-4'~~' ~. 71mo
9. $~ill~~~~ 7' J( {fs\tlj!
10. 1m~-"'' AJ(PJ~, .~,J!i!&~ JJUAo

~tq · [Danh tir] \

- Danh tir: Tu&i tac. Chi tu6i tac cita con ngum. ·
4}-;t-i>LJf- ~ *- 1 ' ~ #-.tt1. .$ 1 0

i!. J' :j~ _,_ ~ J' J' ' 1:if ;it~ f # 'ti :f o
I I I

~1ft [Danh tlr]

.I - Danh tir: Tu&i, i/9 tu&i. Chi dQ tuAi cita con ngum ho~c d9ng v~t, thgc v~t, cac
hfmh tinh.
~ f1 i~ I~ -k ~ -=J- ft-J .if-ito
lfJf iJL , i!__g ~6J tr.J Jf-it ifAtz~ J, o
~.It [Danh ru]
- Danh tir: Tu&i tac, i/9 tu&i. Chi tuAi tac cua con ngum. ThuOn.g dtmg trong khdu
ngfr..
113-»3' 1~} *-~.ft. 1?
tt1t~~~' 1~3£5t!1J#tt~?
~ [LuQllg tir]
LuQllg tir: Tu6i. Dtmg sau sa tir, d~i ttr nghi vdn nhtr JL.
1~~~4'--fJL1?
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150
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- D€u chi d9 tu6i cua con nguoi
%%a~lf-~ I -fir., I ~ tt -tt/G ,J-. 1 o
-t~ I -f ~ I ~ 4( *-I J\ ~t
- Chi d9 tu6i ctia d9ng
**' *
~ i: 7t :11 ~~ 7'J 0

- Khi n6i v~ d9 tu6i. con ngucri, ~ ~ thucrng dung trong

thtJC v~t ho~c cac v~t c6 khAu ngfr. Jf-iL c6 mang nghia trang trQng han.
sv s6ng. 1* fr-J ~ tt ~ ~ 'J' 1 , ijJt~~ 1
#; *'
A~~A.~ .:f: ~
-+~ {1{; it $-7r
o
.·
1* -g.-g.~ *-if-~ 1 ?
o

- Thuang chi tu6i tac cua - .Chi tu6i tac cua ngum Urn - Chi d9 tu6i CUa tre
tre em, thanh thi 8u nien, tu6i, it dung cho d·9 tu6i con em, thanh thi8u nien,
va ngum l&n tu6i. va
nho. K8t hgp thaDh cac · ngfr va nguCri 16n tu6i. K€t
duqc dung khai bao d9 nhu J:. 1-f~·, 3t *--f~-. hgp thanh cac ngfr nhrr
tu6i trong cac bang ly -~~-+~-- Jf-R,~ *--- •. ,J, ,j, J:_ 1 ~ tt, ~ :k.~ ~.
lieh. -+~-- -+~~~-
-tit: 26 j
1;F it+-fit fL i~ -t ..

- C6 thS lam trung Him - C6 thS lam trung tam ·ngfr - Kh9ng c6 each dung
ngfr chi· d9 tu6i. Vi d\1 chi d9 tu6i cho nguCri 16n tu6i. nay.
nhu Aefo-fit-. it~~~ ·vi d\l nhu ~it-+~-- ~~9:-f
it' ~it-+it" -QJG -*--fit' ~.
IU J.t -+it' A:{E.-+it.
~.Khong c6 each dimg n~y. - Chi tlu tu8i ho~c din
tu6i. Vi du nhu ~ttl£
~itl-. 6Jj~tt.

Luy~n tip
Ch<;>n 1¥~-. ~~3... 5} ~-. ~ d1€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. j(JL'~~UA~ 7' P§{fJ1~7f~Eit:lt~te7 0

2. fJt~#~~ :f!J\ 1' ~;\ +$ . 7 0

3. ~ 00 lf!Jli i.)ij] iWi 7 i!1* 0

4. ~T~U JE/G~JE~mG~~~~~o
\ 5. ~-T-8~~ )\.{liJ 0
6. ttf:Jf. _t :I:~EJ<Jf1~3tli~ P4 u ~~ "o
7·. Pjfi,Ji, fj ~I¥J ~ 45.211Z£t:o

151
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9. A.L 7 · ~1*mf1~mtf?l±l~~*o
10. :m---re I, jE~1t~tt~P~o

~ $ [Ph6 tir, tinh tir]

Ph6 tir: Thinh thoimg, thi thoang, doi khi, doi Iuc. Bi€u th! s61An xay ra khong
nhi~u.
~ J. ·f! ~tl 'ti:' iif )!_ ~ ~ -tt t§J ~ ~ ~ 0

,j,~-=j-~~~~-tt~tliE~ 0
Tinh tir: Doi khi, thi thoang. Bi€u thi hiBm ~ xay ra, it g~p.
* ~ :t. Ia] 1-'S ~ ff.J llj' J$] Jt. ~ $t a9 0

-ffl}~ [Ph6 tir, tinh tir]

Ph~ tir: Vo tinh, bang dwzg, ngdu. nhien, b&t ch¢. Bi€u thj ngoai d\I djnh,. d9t

/
nhien, bfing dung, vo tlnh xuftt hi~n.
~~*~~,~-~~§~~~ff.J*M~o
Tinh tir: NgJu nhien, hiim co. Bi€u tb.i khong thuang g~p, khong n~m trong quy
lu~t binh thubng.
J!.;k .$- ~ ~~;Jf1~-, 7t ~it. ~t i; 11i A o

{~ ~ [Ph6 tir, tinh tir] 1~M [Ph6 tir, tinh tir]

- Lam ph6 nr, nhfin ~nh s6 IAn it. - Lam ph6 tir, nhfin ~nh tinh ng~u nhien,
i
Djch la thinh thoang, doi luc. vo tinh trimg hqp, b6~g dung ngoai d\T I
I
1t1~ ~ t§J 1El /~ ,3) ;t ~ :;t- raJ~ 0 djnh. Dich la ngJu nhien, vo tinh.
~f£#[ J:.1rlS ~J&Jtj 1 ]'Mo 1t1~- t§J 1El /~ ,3) ~!l~ raJ :f 0
I
~.{£$t J:1~-J&Jtj 1 ]'~o
- La tinh tir, nhfin ~nh s6 IAn xay ra - La tinh tir, biBu thi S\f ng~u nhien, khong
it, doi khi, thinh thoang. n~m trong quy l~t binh thubng, ngoai y I
J. f.&~it. ~.2-A, iif it.~~ a9 mu6n, d~c bi~t. Vi d\1 nhu. ~ f& tr.J J.!t fl.., 'I
l
I
zi.~t ~ Jt. ~ ff.J 0 ~f&~~·,~A~~,~f&~~,~
~ t1-J KJ.!t, tt .&A~f&, ~.:ff~f&.
i!# J~ ~/~:Atl1-'S t& ir.J o

152
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn {~11\-. {~~ di€n vao ch6 trBng:

1. ~1fJ:ttf§J:t:m ~oo 0

2. ~~ B"J~J_m, 1t1m1fJB"11ilfn:r% T -A:zt7 0

3. ~~Vi=*AA~i13.#~~ , ~EI31~$l2Sl~i)c5£B<J o

4; btlfJ&~Jt~f~{f{E~-}EEf<J tio
1

s. ~1fJ~~lttrmi:Jt-¥ T ,.. ~iii, -t!~)G~o~-1Jl1t~?

6. ~1'-=?:~.V!!~~:fj~' ~ ill~~Umh{EJ:t!fJliTJ § ~ iliJ.mo
7. ~:Jf/F~--t- ' B<JtJt~' ~~J!~1fJ*Y:W::7511/J\~14~Ef{] 0

8. ~;f01tB~*"~~:, ;:{~ Rtt](tJ<~J§.Pl:t&a1~~Uo

9. ~~* ~~Ua1, :k%~~~~U/f~o?Jf.fti o
1.0. M-=f iJlliB<J~-=f·, · ~·Yifl~f~1J¥!1E1m~~fo_

L. .-~-. ----· .--·-·. · · __J~-~~. -~. P..~-=-~ffi!~o.~~~-------..--..~----· ·-·-·· ---~-'

iB [DQng.t\r,.ph6 ttr]
- DQngtir:
(1) S9'. .
11~-1'-~J,;jt_;r::•~Jt~? ~ ~~~flb:fl~rg.~-~~ 1 o

~ l}t ·~ **~~~ 0
(2) Khong chju ilu(lc. Tan ngfr phai la dQng tir ho~c ngfr dQng tir.
'*-
1¥- iL k fr.J A.l}t •M ;t ~ o
J;t ~ 4h Ji, :ijt ·~ Z-1. 0 '
(3) Lo ldng. Phia sau phai k€~ hgp v6i dQng tit, tinh tir, ho~c mQt phan cdu~
~ il·~ 1~ ,"&1 , ?Jf ~.A-¥-~~, JL~r tt 1-&-.;Jkrji 1~ o
- Ph6 tir: E rdng, ch&c. Bieu thj S\f suy dmin, d{mg tru&c vi ngfr.
~~ff~~~~~~~' ~~~~~W~o
~-fB [Ph6 tir]
(1) Cole, ch&c. Bieu thi sg suy dm1n, phan doan.
~~~m~~~--t-A7, ~m~a~~~~~7o
(2) Ch&c, e rfmg. Bieu thi S\f suy doan, phan doan va kern theo S\I lo l~ng.
i!_~s_ti{;Ji~*' ~·Mki!S} 1 o

··~J£~t~~~' ~·~1!.-t-!l-!:-i~;f:n\ 10

153
 ·ts [D()ng tir, ph6 tir] ~·h3 [Ph6 ru]
- D~u la ph6 tir, biSu thi sv phan doan, suy doan.
J!.Jtt1t~·~ I~·~ ;tr ~ -t If 1:, 1t i=f it~ jz_ -iii $k 0

.1J .1J w 1!1 ·~ I~·~ ;tr --1-- A 1, @J 1!1 fr.J EJ -f ~·t;{t 11{& Ul 1 o

- Khi biSu thi nghia lo ling, lo ng~i thuemg - Khi biSu thi nghia lo ling thuemg
dl:mg sau chu ngfr, c6 tac d\ffig nhftn ~nh dlm.g tru6c chu ngii, nhb ~nh
chu thS CUa Slf lo ling. di~u dang lo ling.
1-t ·~ .!& Jtj ' ,Pjf v.A- :k. -!f- ii tl:: f11 o ~Ja:~i:$!.~, ~·~l!.-f--1..
-;t:i~~n\ 1 0

- Khi lam ph6 mbiSu thi nghia phan doan. - Khi lam ph6 tir biSu thi nghia phan
J~$. ·lir ;ff ~'-- ,?i. 4t 1 0 doan con nhAn ~nh S\I lo ling.
~ ·~ tl:: $ JL 1 , ~ /\ ,?i. 4t

- La d9ng tir, biSu tbi nghia lo sr;, sr;, chiu

1 ' ;t. ~ it ~i: @] *
- Khong c6 each dung nay.
?

khong t/uqc, lo l&ng.

/
Luy~n ti-p

ChQn ·tEl... ~·h3 diSn vao chfi trfing:

1. ~~~:tE:t£~~u, ~~7 0

2. ~3cJL Jl, at_t~~. ~7ftf:kTDiW:o

3. ~>.J ~riff~$1Jl, :f~ lJtm 0

4. ~~ ~ 7 , f!ij 7( ~to :f 711.1\ EJ<J 1=: Bat~ o

5. !13 ~ -T /F ~ =;s:.;t~~=p ill :tlf $JJ!* o
6. JJ.Y,:(:EJ!~a.t, ·. :ff+-~7
7. **~± 7J!~$ lfn., Ji:f7 A,l(o
8. ~#~~ ~J't, --~J'tmtmi¥o
9.. Rm~rm 7, ·~rffi7 0

10. ~JL~lli~fH~, ~!b~~~.. ~~A~l®lo

154
l' . . . . •·•···'· ·"'·"""• • ' ' " ' ,··'
[090] -001 pian- ~im pianpian
'·•····· '·••· '""-'"••'"-·• ,.. '··""•. """'""""'""'""""""'"'I""""~" •· "<'·•- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f""' . J
{; [Ph6 tir]
(1) Lt;Ji, cU, c6 y. Bi~u thi c6 y Utm tnii tinh hlnh khach quan, trai v6i yeu cAu cua
nguai khac. .
1~~-}J:.~-!;, ~1iJ-*-!-o
· 1J'J A.~ M~, 1~1ib p~ .&3~ o
(2) . Ma,)t;Ji. Bi~u thi tinh hinh thvc t~ trai nguqc v&i mong mu6n, nguy~n vQng, bi~u
thi .s\f khong h?ti long cua chu th~, chi d{rng sau chu ngfr.
~*~#-!--~~**~' ~~~+~~Tk~, ~b*!
(3) Rieng, chi. BiSu thi trong ph~m vi nao d6.
1;t:h 1t2.. iii~~~r, 1ib-*Jr1~~?.
1t ~ $ JL:t~tif v.Ai>t, ~it~ JL~ ~~iYlo
ifia{; {Ph6 tir]
\

(1) Lt;Ji cu. Bi~u thi c6 tinh lam trai yeu cftu, trai v&i tiilh hlnh khach quan. C6 th~
d~t ·a dftu cau.
* ~~/Jf 1~ fB , ~ 1ifJ~ ~ PJf o
,;. t~ 7r di1 r.m ~R k, 1A1il 1~ ~ t~:: r1 o
(2) .Ma, lt;Ji. Bi~u thi tinh hinh th\fc t~ trai ngugc v&i mong mu6n, nguy~n vQng, bi€u
* 4- r.m

thi S\1' khong hai long cua chu th€. C6 th~ dln1g tru6c ho~c sau chu ngfr.
:t-~iJliJL~- ~ soo !f-fr-J11=i:., ,J,~-tA-ti;; ~ r 2oo ~0
~£~~*~,~~~it+~~~~1o.
(3) Rieng. Bi€u thi trong ph~m vi nao d6.
k ~_!f-;fiJtJ 1' 1A1A1~J&Jtj 0

~ [Ph6 tir] {$U{,WU [Ph6 ttr]

- Khi nhftn ~nh chi trong ph~m vi nao d6, mang nghia rieng, chi. Ca hai dSu d(rng
tnr&c chu ngfr.
k ~-!f-;YiJtJ 1' 1ifJ I 1ifJ1A 1~ l!l JtJ o
- Khi nhftn ~nh c6 tinh lam trai - Khi nh&n ~nh c6 tinh lam trai v&i tinh hinh
v&i tinh hinh khach quan, yeu cftu khach quan, yeu cftu cua ngu&i khac, 1ifJ 1ih c6
cua nguOi khac, 1ih chi d(rng sau th~ dung tnr6c ho~c sau chu ngfr.
1~~-}1~-i--, ~{iJ~**o
chu ng11.·
1-t~iJ:~~, ~1jj~-i-o t~ til f:F:J ~R 116~1-tk-?rWi:F:J~
~flo
· ,;. 7r *,
 - Khi nhAn ~nh tlnh hlnh thvc t€ - Khi nhAn m~nh tinh hlnh thgc t€ tn1i nguac
,
tnii nguac v&i mong muon, nguy~n v6i mong mu6n, nguy~n VQng cila chu thS. 1ifJ
vQng cila chu th8. 1ib chi dirng
tnrcrc chu ngfr.
~ 1n ~ * -t-at
.n- 4'- r +-!-
~r R..
1iQ c6 thS dung tnt&c ho~c sau chu ngfr.
::t- ViJl-iJL .21 - J; 500 -1- fr.J _fp ;t , ,l,
1A-1A ~ .2) 7 200 -1- 0
*
~ J.l , "if {A i!. r 1~ rF:J o ::t- ViJl-iJL .21 - .Jj 500 -1- fr.J 11= ;t , -1A 1A
,J, 4: ~ .2) -7 200 -1-0

Luy~n tfp
ChQn -Wi... ~-Wi diSn vao chd trBng:
1. 1$1!FJ ~u 1w)f.:g: x.xm~ ~ mr s<r$, 1$ tE:k f)(tmmr-m 0

2. ~14fM~~7f)gi9J~, ~atf~r~m*T 0

3. 1tB/FiJ:~-!:' 1\t ~-!: 0

4. ~uAmPT~~, 75J1t~ ~~~~~Jl.M?

5. B'f7(*!1~1$-t:pZf&, f$/f'{E 0

6. /f'iJ:'fik~m, 1tB ~~ 0

~ 1. ~iJl~$, 1fJ\ ~~$, m~A.T o

8. :k*m*7, ±A~~$Uo
9. 1tB~~_tJ*mffr!f~~' ~7CJ:.Ififi*Wt~**o
10. ~IJAffli¥JEft{~~$, ~ffli¥Jfltf~twt~7 o

~~ [Ph6ttr]
Thf!c ra. BiSu th! diSu n6i ra Ia S\f th~t.
Jt.~-~~-~-~XPt~, · 1~1f1-!-P~o.
* R...£#1~ 5t :f)L1tt, Jt.~ -d!..41;!-Jc)rgp tr.J o

Thf!C ti, tren thl!q t~. Bi~u thj diSu n6i ra Ia S\1' th~t va Ia tinh hlnh dung v6i thvc
t€.

156
 ;1\~ [Phoru] ~~~J:.
- DSu biSu thi diSu n6i ra la sv th~t.
~~I ~~J:.1~.:Jt~t-~k1~ff-J J6-Jt o
iii it1fl iii' Jt.~ I ~~J:.~~~/GY~ 7 o

- Phia sau khong ng~t - Phia sau c6 thS ng~t ho~c khong ng~t clliu phiy.
clliu ph~y. ~1\FJ::., it 14-:f JL~~iiM-13c o
Jt. ~ i!.14- "f= JL ~ .*' ~ J:. 3!.14- :f JL~ ~ii f3lt- I:R: o

~ii f6?t- *= 0

- Khong· c6 each dung - D9 ~ F;t la tinh tir kSt hqp v&i J:., nen c6 thS lam dinh
nay. ngfr, biSu thi ng?Ia thvc ti, th11c tiin.
Jt. ~ fi-J ~tt i}L 5t JJ~ ~ ~ J:. fi-J 'ti I}L ~iJJ~ ~ ? ~ o
~J1-£o (S)

Luy~n t~p

ChQn }t.~.. ~~5FJ:. diSn vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. ~l?J~iE:~::ki~:l:ti!~Pft, ill~iB JG\f}<-=f o
2. 1lli11'J~Ef{Ji!J! ~~*' 7l~·~2~ ~ 0

~~~~~~~~~ ~~m~~o
3.
4.
5.
* oo ;g*1m1n ~ q&J~ ~,
~if ;fJL~
1m1n Ef1 t®:tlfH lf. me~ r'a.J
EfJ Jjj-¥ ~~ d> 1fG?
mrr 0

6. EiiM~~~_t-*~2JLlli/F~, 1m6~~j~~+T o
7. ~ ~1m&m~·~ ~, 1ma~:I:tR£il:&xtB"J 0

8. - - ' ~#~£:tt{t~:W~l~~' {$~fflt1):~~~tJ.j(ittJtio

9. **~~~l511m/f~i~yJj,~, 1lliibt1~q~m:E*Uo
10 . ~~mA~ ~m~-~~~~0

.I
~!if [Pho ruJ
Vt'ra dung, vira v(in, vira kjp. Chi S\1' vira dung vS thm gian, khong gian, s6 h.rQ'Ilg,

*
v.v ...
J!.~;tp" ·~-ltf1ij: -14-~t 0

1~-} ~~ /y~ , ·~*f' J, .l..Stt 1~ FJ-} o

ffrJS [Ph6 ru]
Vira dung, vira luc. Nhftn ~nh thai gian, diSu ki~n.
7t ~ fl-3 JJ~ JZ.·~>? ~ ~-?±.»~X o
~~~~A~~-~~' *>?~**To
157
 iE:flf [Pho ru, tinh ru]
Ph6 ru: Vua dung, vua g{ip lite. Chi S\f vira dung v6 thai gian, kbong gian, s6
lugng, v. v...
*~Z£ J[, tiJ, jE-JfffaJ 1~it:.fto
-r m
r:m *- /G ~~ -!-, .iE. M- 1±. ~ ~ ,?., -ts o

Tinh ru: Vua v{ln, vita dung.

1~*-~-"fiE:fto
~X5l.¥i~:f iE-Jffo

't~ Pf [Pho m] ·tt Pj [Pho ru] lE:tif [Pho ru, tinh mJ

- D6u Ht p~o ru, chi S\f vira dling, wa v~n v~ thOi gian, khong gian, s6 luqng, v. v...
-D6u c6 th€ lam tqmg ngfr.trong cau.
- D6u c6 th€ d{rng tru6c ho~c sau chu ngfr. ,
- NMn ~nh sv phu hgp. - Nhftn ~nh sv - NMn ~nh ca S\I phu hgp va
~ 14-..% -'t ·~-it ..=.1'- A ng~unhien.
~0
ngftu nhien.
~~~~~~
i4- ~~A~' ~ .jp•Jt
~ ,"t 7
1t** 7
*
0
~~~ ;f~ ~JL' iE -1ft

.I >?m~ 1 o
- Bieu tlij hanh vi, tinh hufJng - Bieu thi hanh vi, - Bi€u thi hanh vi, tinh hudng
xu~t hi~n ho~c xay ra dling luc tinh hufJng x~t x~t hi~n ho~c xay ra dling h1c
ho~c dung noi cfin thi~t. Cling hi~n ho~c xay ra ho~c dling noi cfin thi€t. Ciing
bieu tbj S\I v?t phu hgp VOO dung luc ho~c d{mg bi€u thi S\1' v?t phu hqp v6i
nhu cfiu cua con nguoi nai cAn thi~t nhu cfiu cua con nguoo.
~1n-=-+A, -~ taJ .w_.~ ~ iE -* -!- ~\ .% Ja) £ ;ff-=- *'*-' jf_"*f
if~ ..::..5*.Lt.o 1t, ·~~1t*- 7 o ~1n~~A.o
- C6 th€ lam tr~ng ·ngfr, b6 -Chi lam tr~ng ngii - Co the .lam. tr~ng .. ngfr, .. h6
ngfr
1t *-A'"·tt*f, ~1n iE l1i
**
~ 1n iE ~ m ngfr, vi ngfr.
:JJ...' 1t·Jtt~ 7 0. ' ····l!.jX_.fi ~ ~ ~ *- .tt ~
~tl:L~-~o 'J', ..iE.ifo
- Khong hlm tinh ru. - co the lam tinh ru.

Luy~n t'p
ChQn ·tfrtzr, ·tft t5, lE:P:J- di~n vao chfi tr6ng.
1. 1f.J\fflj~Ef<J-=FJfJt)S:!!_ 1f-*, 1fl\%$:*fflU~!
2. ~-1'~~ fi~~l:fFW~-1' Ao
3. 1tEJJ~~*~at1~~---1£*o
4. l!J'SJJ.%/F:k{g/F!J\, ----'"--
0

158
5. 1/J\*1-¥1 ~1fJPJtl~7f~f:IPzi.&o
,
6. ~D~J!.B"Jt& ~~~~* ((i)Z.~i,ij_}~))o
7. ~JE~-i;:j:~{tB, ff~j'J D :p\~J:.{tBo
8. JJd!JL~$-t:~~Jn fflT 1'1J\at o

9. r ~* om1 ~¥J a11!~L !It1n fF 56 7 J:i!f1f I¥J ~* >1 0

10. ~JtJj;\ :J!1/J\B"J± B,. ~{f]j}~~ B a§E4?Uf:i!

l= ···-·· ___j~~3! .f?:Jggi;~~~-~= .!.!.?!_~~~!'(~~..=-=~~~~~~;'"'"""''· . J

=f)j [86 tlr, ph6 tlr] :
S6 tir: Ch~tc tri?u.
!!. -t- JA rf1 ;t fJJ§ -t 7i ;'- o
Ph6 tir: Nhitt thiitJ nhdt ajnh. BiSu thi nghla din cl?n, thuerng dung trong diu c~u
khi~n; ho~c biSu thi n6i mong mu6n c~p thi~t.
1!.14-:f JL-t7i iJ 1J%iJf1~ o

jftJ:Af'<.i1t, -t7i*'J,,;:_; o
l:ili [s6 ru, ph6 firJ.
s6 tir: Tram tri?u. Tuang tg nhu 1Z.
1!.--t JA rf1 ;t -7i 7i A o
Ph6 m: Tuy?t a6iJ du th~ nao iii chang nua. Thuang dimg a thS phu dinh dS chi
sv c~m doan, ho~c nh§.n ~nh.
3!.14- :f JL7i 7i ~~~%iff 1~ o
...:u:. :k t .<£& •• • .if- ,.; h--. -,:: -,:: -r nr .J- ...:i!;...
.II -T fl. -:sr;: i£ .~.:y;; :£., /J /J /I" P.J A.~ o

-}E [Tinh tir, ph6 tir]

Tinh tlr
(1) Nhdt iltnh. BiSu thi trong m()t chirn~ mvc nh~t dinh.
1~ ff-J ~5l it- 7]<. 4 ~- ~ fr-J {lt ~ 0 •

,t±.-~ ff-J -$-14- -r, ii:f :t ~~ ..t jf o

c6 ilinh xac ajnh. BiSu thi duqc quy dinh, xac dinh.
*
(2)
:t -ij- k -r JJr ~~ ~.t ;t- ~ MJ at tSJ 0
Ph6 tir: Nhdt ajnh. Bi€u thi sg kien quyet ho~c xac dinh.
4'- JZq\-~ *.f~1~iJL~~ Jto

159
 * so sanh each dung cua ba tit khi lam ph6 tir:
- Nhdt t/jnh, nhdt thidt,
bi€u tbi _nghia khuyen
can, thu<mg dung trong
cau -c~u khien. C6 th€
dung trong cau kh~ng
dinh lftn phu dinh, di
chung v&i *' n1J' ;f:.
1;t ;f;- tl:: .1& fl '
lk.
Jjfj
- Tuy?t t/Ji, dU thd nao tli - Nhdt tljnh. Bieu th! ngfr
niia. Bi€u thi sv cAm dm1n, khi kien quy€t ho~c xac
nhAn ~nh Sl)' phil djnh. dinh.
Chi dung duqc trong cau 1~ ~ -lk ili l&fl'-
phil djnh, di chung v&i Ji•J , ~~~J''~o
~, ~.t, ~ "iif, ~ ~~- i!.~JL~tl~~' -~-
1;t ~~- ;.k_ m.1& fl' 1i
7j ~ ,j, U 0 - (S)
1
1Jt];Jfv:A~·~ o (S)

f-7i ~,J,,~ o !!.~ JL~f.l:i" ~' 1i7i

!!.~ JL~f.l:i" ~, -t n']#v:A~·~ o
7j j}tjJfy:_.(~,~ o
- -·Bieu thi · ·nfii mong -- Khong c6 each dim.g nay.
mufin cAp tbi€t. aJJ R. ~~ 1ll-!- t- J-J ~ i;:"t, 7i 7i I - nr
~ 1J FF:J -o
a}] R. ~~ 1Jl ~ t- J.t (S)
~ i_r_ "t , -t 7i n'J -r
rmo
- Bieu thi nghia khuyen - Bi€u thi nghia cAm doan - Khi chu ngfr la ~ bieu
.I
can nen chu ngfr khong nen chu ngfr khong dugc Ia thi nghia h~ quyet tam
duac la ~- ~- th\fc hi~n.

*
- Khong c6 each dim.g nay.
r~£tm4c-~, -trati~jt~+n !7i7i tr.J
{;F;fi o (S)
- C6 thS lam dinh ngfr.
*-r-~~lrll*~' tgr
IJtJa:$t;tj"-~lr-J#/fio

Luy~n ti-p
-=fli, lili, -.7£ di~n vao chfi trfing:
1.
2.
ChQn
aJJ:*±~JJ.*lf~,
~*;Jv1Ji~xl1~, fJt
** §Jtj:Jg~Jjo
~!!1}~!*$tlo .
3. :lt!!t&~U~-=f~, 1~rrt, **
-~'J"J~'o -
4. m
:tE~~ 7 n1f:~, 1mB"J~i!1=f T a<J:ittzv 0

5. 1fl~T~iJI.f¥Jj(H'JPJ Jj\J~\' jJJj-},J:ftTiJI.f~tJJJ<~tlto

6. ~ ~1-J! ~tJ, 1**1tk~.AJ9t~$G1fJ Ef<J¥X i1?f~9fll o
7. $G ~§I ~~JJn~H~HB"Jt®*Lo
8. 1$~!~~, J!JJ~*-fJ!~ffJI, ~HffiUA~
9. .:£ Jt 1:, W1fJ\ §Jij P)f {~ jJ~ !l:hi,1fi ~ o
10. JJM1£~~t~1HJ1~tl, :k* ~eyjc-0

160
I.... · [094] ~~ qinshen - ~ § qinzl I
· · ···· ··· ·······? ·· · ·"T ···· ·. ·.,. .... ·········· · · · · ··•···· · "· r ·.... · ··· · ··· ·.,. . . . . . . . . . . · · . · ............ ··..... ··· . . . . ..

~!l [Tinh tir, ph6 tir]

- Tinh tit: T¥ than, fl! minh. Bi8u thi cila chinh ban than.
i!.Jt ~ fr.J ~ ~ ~}. )Jj 0

- Ph6 tir: Tl! than, tv. Bi8u thi dftn than tham dv, trai nghi~m.
1~"*~ -!-~1:-r JL, 1~ t ~a}] '21 0

~§ [P~o tul
- Ph6 tu: Dich than,· tl! minh. Bi€u thi ttJ minh, dich than tiVc ti€p thvc hi~n.
JG-if;1t ~ :f JL~:t~$5tk *a -!-1t9:o
~~ [Tinh ru, pho tuJ ~ § [Ph6 tir]
- La ph6 tir, do c6 chfr ~ nen nhftn m~nh dftn than, - La ph6 ru, nh§n ~nh tv minh
tv than trai nghi~m trong m()t tinh hubng. trvc ti€p thtJc hi~n d()ng tac.

f/.Jo
3!.14-:f Jt~JJJJ :li_ ~ ~m J6 fiJt)(t ~ i>L '* ;t*-, $A-f*" a-i--~0

- C6 thS lam dinh ngfr, vi d\l nhu '*' :t t~JJi ~ '*' ;jJ' - Khong c6 each dung nay.
t~~~-- *~~:bo~ . *='~rt . *:t#.~.

Luy~n t'p
ChQn ~.. * *
§ di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. Jj~~i&~~XA1fJ ij:its<J o
2. J!IX, ~~~*i]J~i-- , ~)Jo~, J!W7f{jj$~~ o
3. UJT -m' Jj~~ }( ~ J5JT ~ 8{] $It-~ j!{lp ~JilT g2}JJ tt B"J 0
4. r'aJ{ffi, 1f.J\/fffl1l!~G'o
;ij~, JJt~
s. 1f.J\ ll~f re• tt B<J g£tt rtJ ~m ~til~ 0

6. J!~fFX~>J<~1fJ~ tlJ § i3t±7*1rMf8J I¥J m.1J1J o

7. 4fi{J(r**i]Jat, ~l][~ :t:Jm~o

8. 1m~raJJ s, R:ff ~JJ-¥7f~~~1~J.mfllJ~J5JT?±o
9. JJtfL~~BEt'f, ~ll~ll ~~{$:J~~m-To
10. §AAif:~, ~*mt ~~~if$8{]m~%, 1t1mB"J~~£1JolJ£sla

161
 .--~··-····~~·
(095] ~={$ quanbu -
............. ·. .. .. ·~·~~.-
JiJT"fl suoyou·-....--·-
... ·"-· ..... N,.,. ........, ............. ··- ........~" ......~. ~r 70·
-i1] yiqie
. __, . .-.·-~g- . ·r . ~ ....... ·. =~· :· ---··-~·~·· ...,.•

~W [Danh ru, tinh ru]

Danh tir: Toan b9. BiBu thj tbng thB.
~%%i]f1~ ~ ~tttt-.1 ~~ 0
Tinh tir: Toan b9.
~%%i]f1~~~J!-*m o
it1~7J~ 1 U' ~~ IOJ~~fijlfl)c 1 0

ffi;f[ [D(>ng tir, tinh tir]

D(>ng tir: Sa hiiu. BiBu thi thu(>c sa hfru ella. ai.
. .±.~~ V3 1!1 ~ ?.Jf~ tt-.1 o

Tinh tir: Tat ca, hit thay.

~~e,pJj" ~ tt-.1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~J.. -t ~4? 0
-iJ] [D~i tir, tinh tir]
Tinh tir: Tat ca, m9i.
~*1~~~, -ml0Jil!~*~f6lfl)co ·
.I

D{li tir: M9i thu, tat ca. Bieu thi IDQi thu trong mQt ph~m vi nhdt dlnb.
Jt.P1f if; -r :r.. a~ --m ~ Jt ~ ti:; ~ ~ tm o

~w ~t]J Jifff-f
[Danh tir, tinh tU] tir, tinh tir] [B~i [D(>ng tir, tinh tir]
- C6 the Iam.d}nh - C6 the lam d}nh· ngfr, · phia - C6 the lam d}nh ngfr, phia sau
ngfr, phia sau sau khong ·dung tr.J. c6 thB c6 ff.J, phia tru6c thuang
khong dimg ff.J ~ - K.hong dung cho ngum. c6 tir ngii chi ph~m vi C\1 the.
- Dimg cho - Chl dung cho nhfrng v~~ c6- - Dung cho nguoi ho~c v~t.
ngum ho~c v~t. the phan lo~i dugc nhu .J**' ?Jj";lf ( fi-J) IOJ~~fijlf-l)c
~ ~ 101 ~ fOJM, -it~•), ~!-, :f·tt v.v.... 1 o

;t~M-* 1 o JOJil!;t~M-* 1 o. --m

- Khong c6 each dung nay. - T~o th~mh tb hgp tir (1£ )fo}j"-1f"
lr.J ... ~.

*
- C6 thB lam trung tam ngfr, phia tnrcrc phai c6 tf.J.
l!.Jt ~ tt-.1 ~~
1!..2. tm -m ~it~~ @J *- tr.J o
0
- Khong c6 each dung nay.

162
 - C6 th@ Hnn - Khong c6 each dung nay.
tr:;tng ngfr, dtmg
tru&c d9ng tlr.
:t- Yrp ~ 69
11~4\~~
1~9:1G 1 0

- Khong-c6 each dung nay. - Lam d$ng m, bi€u thi s& hfru.
T:;to thanh t6 hqp m ~3 .•. lift' ;ff.
- 3::. ~ ~~ J(j3 1!1 ~ Jijf :1[ 0

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n ~-tffi, .PJT1f, --1::)] di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. ±fiD -If 1£ Et'p ~ I¥J f?i5Cl~l~:%-~ 1r li~~J1R ~ o

2. 1}.±~ ff!I9=t~ff~~jfij5fDJ:.mJ~,I¥J o
3. mF5:J~wcat, m~atJF·®~~Ya~:gy- - - 0

4. l!~:F[)JGB<Jil~~ ~=*§srt~':H,IOO%-o
s. ~~ii~R>J ~mtte~ttB<J~ ~'~*0
6. ]g~)iff!~~1£fit\}~~1[~it 0

7. 1J~~~AIE:tE$twB<J ~tt~l!FW~o
8. 1£ EJt~~J:f:t' 1J\~U1Jh1~-~~o
9. J!lrfl~&1~1tt!1fJ~!R% E"J, 6~$iW=!?*UT o
10. ±.~ll~~TM1J~%0§JB<J o

l
f""" ""'·""" i''~'\jif''"·""·"'"'"''""" ""'·'"'"""'·'" ,_.,
[096] iA19 renwei- PJ19 yiwei
.... ~.~~ ...~..~-""····~"' "'"'~-.. ·""' -- .......-.~wY.• .,_,_, ......... • .............4 ••••••• ~ ""'""·~·""·'·"·····~ ......... - r·. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . ,•. ..... "'""'
~_,., ~_,
I
iA;/9 [£>9ng tu]
Cho r&ng. Chi sv.danh gia, nh~n-xet chfnh x~c-ho~c chua dugc chung minh 1~
khong chfnh xac d6i v6i ngucri ho~c v~t nao d6.
4\ iA. ~ 1~ fi~ JJi #:- J!. ~JfR 4}- o
4\~l!. ~ il~' 1*lJt?
~;/9 [£>9ng tlr]
Cho rdng, tuirng r&ng. Chi sv danh gia, nh~n xet sai d6i v6i ngucri ho~c v~t nao
d6.
~ .1£ Jt,A ~ 1~ lt £ ~S: Jf. 0

1j' ~ 1g ~ ~rp~Pi! ~JlS_i~:t

163
 iA:h[B()ng tir]
- Cho rling, Chi Slf phan xet
nang Ivc, mang ngfr khi
nhftn~nh.
~iA.~~-~it~~!!
*~~..I..1'F 0
- Khong c6 each dimg nay.
~i£-iA.~ 1*;f:1J'--;t'
1*
ftjf v:A iii~ fm ~ ~ o (S)
- Khi du~g trong cau hi
d()ng, t~o thanh cftu trUe :it/
il:.···iA~ .·
~~ :t- ~rr ;tt ~ .1- 1n iA. ~
.it Jft Mfr.J ~ ~ifi o
~ ~ [B()ng tlr]
- Khong c6 each dimg nay.
~ J!A~ ~- ~it~~E-1£1!.~ ..I..1'F o (S)
- NhAn m~nh nhfrng phan doan sai. Phia tru6c
thu<mg k€t hgp vm .1i *-Cv6n az, ban ad~), -*-*-..
'*"'
:1£ . . ~.... );fj, phia sau thuemg k€t h<;Yp v&i Ji *-
(thira), -f!t;)l, ~f,FJ:., Jt.~, 5t~.!1j, 5t;fl-!'l.
~~~~~~1J'--;t, ~~~M~~~~o
- Khong c6 each dimg nay.
~ :t- ~ifi ;ft !f_.i.{!l ~;( ~ .it it *f fr-J :t- ~rp 0

. I Luy~n tip
ChQn R:lg, ~Jg dian vao chfi trAng:
1. {$ 11J\~il, $t{fJ7.f"/F 1tEJ~P~o
2. ~:tm11PJi)flJla<J, ~1' A 11PJ~X18"J o
3. !Jt 1fl\@~~1JU o
4. !Jt--.a 1tf?JI1[i1fl\ 1!*~~* 0

5. ~:g . $t::f{Ai~~~) pJT~Jf$J!$t~

6. I* ~grp~:gxxii-ill-*L!fo/.1, ill**#~P~rulto
7. :k*$ ~X1*'TA1~iJ9J!co
8. ~ill 1tB::f~~~, 1fJt11BA~n!h?
9. }JIJ ~ar=ij:fm~, :ktm?tB<J~Y&~i!~ifi~~~o
10. ~~ ~~-1'16,~, JiJT~j}Jt/f'{l}itr~To

164
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[097]
,,...... ~.,,, ....., , •'••• :: ... o ,
mreng- {}}~ rengran -
·-~•·• ,. ''''"'''-•• ••' · " ' 0 •> l't ... '<,•· • ' ' ! , ,.t::.a~ ..... t - 0 • .... "1'1~ lo ~>CII"t<f'l U U~
{&~ yiran -
A ,,0 ::,;'~ ....... • ~:. .• :.•..: •..
:l;E~ haishi
" ' I . : ' , ,l'.;!o.•.!-'f.t•t•''t- ,.,. .• ,,,,,fi>IV'"',l'U,,.. ... ,,,,a•. t . . l !, ••'·"· .P. 0 ,,,,., ... , •·'l .>• ·"' ~. , '·"'" ,

171 [Ph6 tir]

van. BiSu thj tr~ng thai ho~c d9ng tac khong thay d6i, ho~c <:'la thay d6i nhung
vftn tra l~i nguyen ~ng ban ddu. Thuemg dung trong van vi~t.
~iJL J fk, 1~1]}~11;~iJLlf.Jif;o
~~~.trr ..=...-t-~ifi, 1~~~~~0
. 171~ [Ph6 m]
(1) van. chi tinh hlnh vftn ti~p di€n khong thay d6i.
k1J}~T-~, ~#~~mk~~A1a
~17} tik 1±. f;-% ~..I..1t
(2) Van. BiSu thi sau khi thay d6i, gian do~n vftn trer v€ tr~ng thai ban ddu.
~~~~~' ~1J}~~~*{f.J~~..I..#o
1l(~ [Ph6 m]
Van. BiSu tbi khong thay d6i.
-=-lf-~ ~' ~*~~~ ~ ~rp ~0
~~~%±~lf.J~, ~-~k~ir.J*M~o
~~ [Ph6 m, lien m]
Ph6 m:
(1) van. BiSu tbi tr~ng thai ho~c d9ng tac khong thay d6i.
JLJf-~_t~, 1t~Ait~JJ~ ~ ~1ko
~*-~*' ~3£~$~k,J,~lr.Jo
(2) Hay la, t6t han Ia. Bi~u thj dua ra k~t qua chQn lga sau khi da ti6n hanh so
sanh, suy xet; biSu thj .S\1' khuyen riin.
~ J-, fl # 1~ 1L' p~ 1f1 ~}!_ -i- ~ J-, p~ 0

Lien tir:
( 1) Hay, ho~c. BiSu tW, S\f ll,l'a chQn, dung trong cau, hoi. .
1tjf<.~-k~~Jf<.~-f;;.?
l!.JL1t::fl:~Jl1tJJ~JL1t.1L?
(2) Hay la. Thu<mg k~t hgp v&i JG-iB-, ~-f . . ~-iB-, phia sau thuemg k€t hgp v&i
~' biSu tbi khong thay d6i trong ph~m vi d€ c?p.
JL 1~ ~ ~ifi ~Jt. !f :£., ;t~ -1~ m!fP -Jt * #f ;tL 0

165
 1JJ [Ph6 ru] {JJ~ [Ph6 tlr] {«~ [Ph6 ru] if~ [Ph6 tir]
- Dieu mang nghla "v~n", bi€u thi tinh hlnh khong thay d6i.
JL-t5t~, ~~I ~f!k I '*flk I ~~fJ~~i$~0
I J' 4= ~ I 17} t!k I

-:Khong c6 each dung mly.

*
t!k I i£)l ~ *~ 1-t ~ .P.Jfit ft-J if; 0

- Phia sau c6 th€ mang

4-Jf-~ I 11}~ I #(.~~~p'f~~:ho~t-J..o (S) danh tir ho~c d~i tU:.
4'--+ ~ }l ~ :fp 1-t t-
iJo ~t.f. o
- Khong thay d6i du c6 ng~t - Khong c6 each - Khong thay d6i du c6
quang, gian do~n. dung nay. ,ng~t quang, gian do~n.
a}J lf-~17} I ~~.fi.itJL a}J Sf- ~*f! aJJJt-~~;t~ltJL
~ SJ o {f.~JL~ >J o (S) ~ SJ o
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Mang ngbia khuyen din,
~;f:iA. iJ;Jfi, ~ I ~f!k I #<.f!k.NR1~1f1-~ sv Iva ehQn t6t nh~t. K€t
-}tr~o (S) hqp v&i .I£Jt. ···~E.
~~iA. -iJ;~, i£}l.NR
1~ 1f1-~ -}tr~ 0
- Thu(mg k€t - C6 th8 k€t hqp v6i tU: don am ti€t h~~c hai am tiet, nhung khong
hqp v&i tU: don di v&i ~ , EL, *.
am tiet nhu:1li
't,1Ji,(f.,.pj

*' 17i1t...
- Dung trong van viet. - Dimg trong van - Di'mg trong khdu ngfr.
viet, mang ngfr khi
trang trQng.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn 1Jj, 1Jj~, -f«~ :' if~ dien vao chfi tr6ng:
1. ln~:il!liUl&$l?Elxt, PT ~~m ~~m1tmf~JG'o
2. ~~iJlA~illi!ltfJ¥, 1{]\ ~ft~{tBB"Ji!~{~Pelo
3. .:£~~-*00j.~Jlt{~7fJiJ31f:, @]*}§ ~~/j\~J!o
4. P§{f] A,JC7f~€J$]-=f-Pfg, §Jtl~{tB 7 o

5. -t;; 00, 1{]\ § B{}c)EP~ o

6. ::P#J§, :Wg_A \§1~~~, il:~~1fJl~1£!JG'o

166
9. ~Ji ~EJti}W]~, ~1'-~-=f ~X~~~o
10. ~*~)§, {ih {£~)!t3ff?at1~tfJBtJ!i)(o

L... ·-· ·'· ___ -·----~- . . _. . ~~.;~L -~! ~---~e-~~-i-~ =:. ~~~ J•J.~~ ...... __ .......-.. _. . . .
P*"fi'' ' ¥,.. 'Ff I =c= flr'1 te e e
j
!"Wffl'"Si'"f,

1JJ IE [Ph6 ru]

Vdn. BiSu thi khong thay d6i.
~t~~~~ Jtril' Pf ~1f11731El Jt# JJ}J ~0
1~it 7 -=¥-~, ,J,..£1731El ~ ~ -t- 0

{:& lf3 [f>9ng tir, Ph6 tu]

f>9ng tir: Y h?t nhu cu. BiSuthi khong ~hay d6i.
!--r-!--tlt ~-f 7, .%-ta~.f!i~:*lEJ·o
Ph6 ru: Vdn. BiSu thi tinh hinh v~n gi6ng h~t nhu tqmg thai tnr6c d6.
!£ i~1ittE1Afk.5tR~it . . -f-~o
-tit- Jf- ~~ iif-1i<. 1a1.~ t.~ 9t ~ 0

1JJIS [Ph6 ru] f&IS [f>9ng tir, ph6 tir]

- E>Su Ia ph6 tir, biSu thi vfin nhu cil, khong thay d6i. ·
/'...-tit -i-7' ~17) tEl I #t tEl fl~ ~ 1l-16 o
1.. ~ ~R;tR~it, 1~1J;tEl I #<.tEl~R!f;~lto
- Thu(mg dung trong cau chuy~n tiap, biSu -it di chung v6i 1E- . . 1E-.it . . tif . . tif ft..
thi nghia nhung win, k6t hgp , sir d\lng v&i Thu(mg dung trong van vi6t.
1E-.. 1!!../t. . . tif . . tif .it. . . f.~ iFi1, thubng dung trong JI;t~-#t1El "t ±~!:lo
khftu ngfr va van vi6t.
.!& f~ ~ ;kAt:t- ~rp ¥tit; Pf 1~1731El ~
·?.tit~ '
- Khong c6 <?ach dung nay. - C6 th~ lam vi ngfr. "

~-f~Jt, 1tffil7R-1731El 0 (S) ~-f~Jt, 1~ffil*- #<.1E1 0

Luy~n t~p

ChQn 1JJ IS . . f& IS di~n vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. {fu 11£5g~~~, § /f~HN±-fu;g~!-tffuff o
2. E§.~{tBEJ{]~i)(IJ'j\~~' {B {Hi~~~ o
3. ~1B1' }£tJt' 1E t,&~{i~ f!i! 0

167
 4. ~!b!J!b 4fJ5'($U~rn-*~~o
s. AOO/G~ofUJ91~, ;fJfitt ~~~0
6. ~~1/J\@1*¥¥1~, mfll<~#i~ ' {&;~~?
7. ~tif/FM, ~m :f-*:X~o
8. ~mJIJ\~ X~~$U~~EJ{j~Jblfo
9. wJ:.l¥JJ:~ , PT::k*WB~7t~~±tk 7 o
10. *-Jli:h~_A$U7il3.-fJ1\1f:~, f£~Ji:~~{ftif'Fo

L-. --·--··--J~~?L~-~ !~iio~~a;= ~.'!.S..~_:I~~ _!;hiio-sr-T·J

lA~ [Ph6 ru]
Hai,· m9t chut. Bi€u thi muc d() khong cao, s6 h.rqng kh9ng -nhieu, thm gian
khong dai. Dimg nhiSu trong kh~u ngii'.
it1tf;!fflj ~-~ JL, ~J.f.~ J:.1lj1Jo
J!..XX.~ fli fli 1=1 I??, )L *-
0

m~ [Ph6_ru]
j Hai, m9t chut. Bi~u thi muc d() khong cao, s6 lugng kbong nhiSu, thm gian
khong dai. Dimg nhiSu trong kh~u ngii'.
if1~f,lj.fl,i}: il:, ~~it-ko
1tiJL~:ff;!J··~ J -At, ~ 17Jf~·tf o
m [Pho ru]
Hai, rn9t chut. Bi€u thi muc d() khong cao, s6 lugng khong nhiSu, thm gian
khong dai. Dung nhiS\1 trong van viet.
itfli'~ 0
1t1J11cJJt, ~ ~~~~fnB}tJL~4f-!-o

-~~~~ [Ph6ru] I - ffi~ [Ph6 tir] •' ffi [Ph6 tir]

- Deu la ph6 nr, bi~u thj muc d() khong cao, s6 lugng khong nbieu, thm gian khong
dai.
- Deu c6 th€ d1rng tru6c d()ng tir, tiilh nr d~ lam tr~ng ngii'. Sau d()ng tir, tinh ru
thuoog c6 nhiing t\r bi~u thj s6 luQ11g it, muc d9 tMp nhu. - ,/i, JL... - ~... - r, JL
-t-.... JL jj1' v.v ....
- C6 .th~ k€t hgp vm nhfrng tic don am tiSt, - PhAn nhieu kSt hgp vai nhtmg tir dcm
hai am tiet, dung nhisu trong khAu ngfr. am tiSt. Dimg nhiSu trong van viSt.
-~ir.J-*.~)lf~;lj/f~.f.tt·~ 7 -,R,JLo lltlli ~ !~ *~ fllj ;tr J:. ~ 0

168
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ dung trong nhung cfiu trUe c6
dinh nhu f~ if~ ·tA . . ~}lj no{~ ?i.
- it c6 hinh thuc - I>Su c6 th€ sir dl)ng trong cfiu true cau ~jj I ~jj ~ + ~
nay. +Tinh tir/ I>9ng tir, thu0ng k~t hgp v6i nhfrng tir nhu ~i. ~ . . fR
~f . . d,,.::_;,

Luy~n ti-p ·1
Ch9n ~~;;f~, ~~~ . . 1~ diSn vao ch6 tr6ng.
1. twit ~~~0
2. l.YG?±~~'tw 3f~J~!l:I:Jo
3. IE~~~! /f;J"~~,mt~t$1iu o
4. 1ta<J*
~Wfl, )(-2JL1r~?
s. 1ma<Jmtw ~f~ J~!l:l:Jo
6. jj~*illll%~1~ 3ft-!l:l:J' !l!Pf~ 0

7. 11EAtitt~11J*, ~*B"J11<* /fiJT~mt/GriZJ o

8. ~* /f!J\J~\JWC~~tio
9. ~~}C·~~~:frtt, 1~&mtPJ~lt*1 0.

10. ~JJni{'Ftli~~' fJ/G'tJ!, ff.Jt~::Bf~~o

iP.t [D9ng tlr, ph6 tlr, gi6i ttr]

D9ng m: Gi6ng nhu, t11a nhu. Thuirn.g dung trong cau so sanh vi von trong van
chuang. .
it ·tr.,1~ ,j<..f ~' *-~Jf # iiL 0

Ph6 ru: Hinh nhu, duirng nhu. Bi€u-rtb.i khong xac djnh, gi6ng nhtr #141; . . -Jtf1t.
~~l!.~ ~~' 1~7t_~tA*-o ·· .
~1t1-¥-~1~ f*mi~, ~~~vJJFJL.W.:ltooo ....
* C6 th€ ~o thailh cdu true 1V. ... .:If. ... , chlnh gifra c6 th€ chem vao cac danh ttr,
d9ng m va.· tinh m dan am tiBt, bi€u tbi vira -giflng l~i vira khong giflng. Vi dv
nhu ~t( ·ti .:1~ ·ti... 1~ ~A~ it v. v....
Gi6i tir: Han. I>~t sau cac tinh ttr d~ tang muc dQ so·sanh len. -,
a-r- .Ktf-1~- R..o .
it [Danh tlr, d9ng tlr, ph6 tlr]
Danh m: Chi hinh anh ho~c tugn.g dieu kh&c nguOi. Vi dv ~-ft., 00-ft . . ·~1l . .
:ijf.fl.

169
 B9ng tlr:
(1) Gi8ng nhu, gi8ng. GiAng h~t nhu due ho~c g~n gi6ng nhu. C6 th~ dung
trong cAu trUe .fl ... -¥f-l--At.
1~-3-*-~~1#.~~0
~+A~~~~~?~~-~~-#?
(2) Nhu. Dung khi c~n dua ra m9t vi d1,1 di€n hlnh.
1#.1~~#f!k:t"~ X..*~-t~A, .Jt.{±Atl~.Y 1 o

Ph6 tir: Hinh nhu, dudng nhu. Bi~u thi khong xac dinh, gi6ng nhu 1t1$ . . *1'-.
C6 th€ dung trong cAu true ~l. ... -*-fl1~fr!J.
k1#.~rk.f.fu, l£~1±.~~~~ 11 Eo
~111-it.{±.~JL ~it {J-~ ~ o

1j;J. [B9ng tir, ph6 nr, gi6itu] 1t [Danh tlr, d9ng tir, ph6 iir]
- f)Su la d(>ng ru, bi~u thi g~n gi6ng. Dimg theo nghia so sanh.
~*~.fJ-1#. I 1~~1~o
~1Jl1plj *-~-i-~El*~1t I 1~ o
- Khong c6 each dling nay. - Khi bi€u thi gi6ng h~t ho~c g~n gifing,
.I
i!J Y ff.J A 1~ 1t :bl:bl o (S) nhung khong. co y~u tA so sanh.
i!J Y ~ A1#.1t:kfl:blo
- Khong d€ sau ph6 tir roue d9 nhu - Bugc d€ sau ph6 tir roue d(> nhu ~tl . . ~f ~ . .
~tl . . ~f~ . . .:k.. v.v .... .:k.. v.v ....
:bl.#-1~*~-i-*-1~ 7
- Khong c6 each dung nay.
0 (S) :bl.#-1~ *~"'" 1#. 7 * 0

- Dilng d€ dua ra vi dv, mang nghia Nhu,

1~i!.~t~tt,JLie~f~Y ~0 (S) diin hinh nhu, vi d1:1 nhu.
-~#'Ji'JLie;Jf~Y ~0
- Dilng chung v&i -~ ... ~- - Dung chung v6i -*-f . . -At . . ~ . . 1~U!J.
- Thuemg dung trong van vi~t. .. Thuemg dung trong khiu ngii.

Luy~n ti-p
ChQn 1j;J.... ~ diSn vao ch8 tr6ng:
1. A,:JC~ij{J~_ta'Jf~, ~~~ "~ ~*"o
2. UJT J:~{tBB"JJE~~[i £~J1-i=So
3. 1-\$ ~m 7 -=B~, -~-~ij{J 0

4. ~ B"J$'twlli::fd>, ~*~tltto
5. :J]t~ ~~-~~~ j] .iJ!tl!I1'P o
6. $'tg/f 1$~&!1~11~~ ra,~o
7. i~~AM~ 7 #-:Je, 1m~~ffl 1§~~1§8"J § 7'6~~~0

170
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9. fJ\At§ X~#? m-liil.f~:i:~lto
10. ~¥&ffi1T8"J%ir if *-f-Ri)JPJf!

I""" -······ "" ... -- .... .... """ .J!~!L~~~-~~~-~=-~~ ~~~~!""""iill""""""" """ ..• ···- •...• J

~ Bfi [Tinh ru]

- Thoai mai, di chju.
JtfR)_~l ~*- #Jl~ 1 0

J.l.JL.K, P*---f 4J ~R~JL~-ij-JlJlo

ff~ [Tinh ru]
- Di chju, thanh thai.
itJLa~J~:f~AR#.i:t, -~Jt:1r4~~1t1i.~JL~--:t--%--f o
itxX.~i~~pjjl}t_ 1t Z. ~+--f1~~~, ~ ~*AR*=4t-tf.i:to

if~ri [Tinh tir] if~ [Tinh ttr]

- .. ., . -· ... ... . .... ........... ,·· ... ······. .................... .... ..... .. ;.;,· ..

- Nhfin ~nh cam giac thoai mai d€ - Nhan ~nh cam giac thoai mai de chiu cua
chiu cua ca th€, tam h6n. moi tnremg, CUQC s6ng.
it .K ~ :$j 1*- ~*-it Jlll' l!.fJT-% --r- yt ;!jt-if it.' ~k.k-~~R
~~'
h
1~~t-JZo %3tA.o -::1:-

~ 1t 1~ 1±. :f.J~ J:. A~~ AR -if J~1i.lm !l n;- ~14- J;t VA fl1r -if~~ T 0

JlJlo
- C6 th€ trimg di~p thfmh it# RltJJfL - K.hong duqc trling di~p. ·

Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~ ~ri ~ ~~ di~n vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. :WJ:WJ1*t1~flj1JJ.t*£ · , ·?JT ~ te'*m1JJ T 0

2. ~J.JJLt~)I~T *-x, ~tB~(j,l[1Jtt1~ $1 o

3. :g:g~~~}JI1tili~~7i1~11'JI¥J~fr&li1~--~)Lo
4. ~~1f~1tJ:~f 7, ;tt l[Ei"JA~~ttJ: 7 1¥.1 B -To
s. ~ 1 ~~1¥JA~~,~17t1~!fi~j::m ~t$31: 0

6 .. J!**~i~~~~3f1£~ J:.~J£1~ 0

7. ~F1'£~1.¥f*'cgfJt, /F{)(~:sj< '\ mJJ3.~f±:m~&93-~~o

s. tt\7( i'ffi t3( 8"J :K ~ i1Ajltt1~ llk 7 o
9. !J\ 5*::f.gx)\7gfi:i=n l¥J EE!~, ~;gmt~$U/f- - o

171
 10. JI'1:/F1~1ffi~1ff~/F~UI fF, 1tB/Fill~3J<I f'F~m _ _ , JE~31<
I!E~o

1...... J!~~L~~~~! ~15 !!~-!.~!~~~-=- ~~_:ur~~o ~ ~1!.~.~~~~ ___..J

!i [Lien tu]
(1) Tuy. Tuong tlJ nhu j\ f~, dung trong va ddu biSu tbi nghia nhuqng b¢. Thuang
kat hgp_ v611!!- ;t_ '\ iif ;t_ '\ f~ ih1 '\ ih1 '\ -:!p v. v....
*
3!. ·15 Ji: !\ ~' Pf Jt 1l .*3!: .jf 7 0

l!.JL~~!t!\~~' 1. 9
~&ttA1ll:t"~:kt% 7 o
(2) Du, cho du. Thuang dung trong cac C\}m tir ngfr nhu. )\ .oot~ 5R. '\ )\ Jt~1..
!i~ [Lien nr]
(1) Tuy, tuy r&ng. Bi8u tbj quan h~ nhugng bQ. Dimg trong va ddu, v~ sau thu(mg
k~t hgp v61{~?.;t '\ "iif .it.'\ f~ ih1 '\ ilQ '\ -:!p '\ 1i'l '\ 17} f..& v. v ....
!\~~~~:kt, Pf}t~ff~*~~~o
!\~~~-!-~k, 1,aJt-kJL%~k;flAfo
(2) M~c c/U, du r&ng. BiSu thj quan h~ nhuQ11g b9. Dung trong v~ sau dS bfi sung n6i
ro them cho v~ ddu, v~ ddu khong dung 1!!-;t '\ iif ;t '\ ~ ilQ '\ ilQ '\ .;!p '\ 1!1 '\ {13
?X.
,.... v.v ....
~~~fJ ~M!,, !\~A~.il~A~;ff~o
lil~ [Lien tir]: Tuang t\f nhu !a. f~, nhung chi dung trong khiu ngfr.
!\~~~~*' PfJt~ff~*~g~o
· !\iJt~~---~k, 1. 9 /t-kJL$~k;flAfo

§JIJ~ [Lien ru]

- Tuy. Tuang tg nhu !a. it, dung trong v~ ddu ·biSu thj nghia nhuQ11g b9. Thuang
k~t hgp v611.~. ;t '\ iif :It.'\ f~ ih1 '\ ih1 '\ .ip.
Jj~~1tl!,+-f 1 J'' T~ ~· *-41!/ff fJ ~fro 0
m~~~-f~~~~' ~~R-~*A~~~o

172
 1i Mr~ m.-m JJIJ~
[Lien ttr] [Lien tir] [Lien tir]. [Lien tir]
- D~u bi8u thi nghla tuy, tuy r&ng. Nhung vi tri khong gibng nhau.
- Bieu thj nghia tuy, - D€u bieu thj nghia tuy, tuy r&ng. - Bieu thi nghla tuy,
tuy r&ng. f)(mg sau D{rng tru6c ho~c dt'm:g sau chu tuy r&ng. D{mg tru6c
chu ngfr. ngfr. chu ngfr.
it1~ -r !l ;{f li, I !l iJt:ff ,f!, JL ~tl ;tit 1~ -t ;{f ,??,
it1~ f- S\ ~
JL -iftLrt , tif ;{f Bt iftl Jt, tif :t at1'* -tt~tt Jf if;
17
JLift) Jt , tif ;{f Bt 1t o

1
1 ~ 1t~R f(if; o 17
S\ f!k I !1 iJtit 1~ f- 1=f ,??, JL ~tt 11Jfif;
-ift] Jt , tif ;ff Bt 1'* ~~tt 11Jf if; o
- Chi n~m &v€ dftu. - C6 the d~t. a vS sau ho~c vS. dftu. - Chi n~m avS dftu.
~ 1f1 fJ{j SJ 'lm !\ Khi d~t avs sau, ~ f.~ va ~ 1Jt phai ~~J ;t ~ 1n Er.J SJ ~~m
~-~-f, 1.8 ~1ll dlr.ng tru&c chu ngfr. · ~--;ff-, 1.9 ~1n*m
~~!4:1l~R~~. ~1f1*~!4:1-i-1Rikk~, ~ f!k I !4:1l~P<.~~.
~ iJL ~ 1f1 {~-; SJ ltlt ~- ~f 0
- Dung trong van ·- Dilng trong kh~u - Dung trong kh~u ngfr.
viSt. ngfr va van viet

., Luy~n t~p
ChQn m_ .. £~ .. !il iR-. J3tl;§- di€n vao ch6 trfing:
1. 1m ~~~#, {EI-Btt~)f'~~o
2. - -~~B~*~hi~,~~~~~~o
3. -}E~"T-f~'Jtjf&, fj)l{.fP§{fJkE1& Mfl 0

4. ti~~$t 1:*1¥7~*' PJ~B~~:k~IS7 o

5. ~ tx ~t~11J\1fJ~f~1&~t, P~l{f] P&aft5R o

6. !if:~ B?}}~t7, {B~3ff*~1f1&~$'tw~'tto

7. - - r~~~~~~~~, m~-7~~~~0
8.· ~J\!5E- - B~21£:k~J:.Jm.Ji, {EikE~Wl-~1r---t JJ o

9. ~~:J<.w, PJM1£xw rJ tf~JM~~B<J 0

. 10. - -1tBI¥J*tt¥~*-J~f=(, PJ!:p~JZE~--t:k~~o

l.... ,,........ "..•..• ,..,. ,.•. '"''·'"·'"" [103] M sui- Mtf suizhe -· ill gen
"~?'·'"·' ·""'''"'·'<"••····"·····'""" ""········'"·"'''""'' -·~·'"""''"·" ""'·'·"" ....... ~····· .• , ..............,.~,. .. "'"' "" ..... ,_, .._,_""""''·' .., .............. -.
· I
" .•.. - .........,. ._, ..,

~ [D9ng. tir, gi6i ttr, ph6 ru, lien tir]

- D9ng tir: Di theo. C6 the di chung v&i -l.
itk~~~,f_if.rJto

173
 Gi&i ru:
(1) Theo. £>{mg sau ehu ngfr, dftn ra ehu the de hanh d9ng, thay dfii theo. C6 the
di ehung v6i :l.
~ 1-1n at;t
vrr -1-t~#J Itt ~J.t :t. 4h o
.{tJLai.JA.#~jt o
(2) Ti?n, s8n ti?n; thu~n theo.
)tf.:,t_9l1;t at+* fl 0.
1;t :tJL at~ ti-J iii -}-1ij: 11 ~0

Pb6 ru: Hl. .. la .... T~o thanh eAu true F.ii ... F.ii ... , phia sau thuOn.g la hai d9ng ru
don am. ti€t, bieu thj hai d9ng hie xay ra lien tiep.
~~~~tf.J~A, ~~fr~at~-~~0
Lie~ ru: Tuy, .mijc cho. Bi~u thi du trong truCm.g hgp nao. thi ciing d€u nhu v~y,
khong hi anh huang. Phia sau thuOn.g xuAt hl~n eae d~i tir nghi vAn nhu 1t ~ ~
;t ~' ;t ~*+·
M1;t ~ ~ ~, .&.JE~ JOJ 1 ~ :JG~tJ&o
Mi~ [Gi6i tir, ph6 tir]
.I
Gim tit: Cimg vcYi, theo. Din ra nguyen nhan va die~ ki~n din den sv xuAt hi~n
ctia m9t ket qua ho~e m9t hi~n tuqng nao d6; clin ra m9t hi~n tuqng xuAt hi~n
k~mtheo.
--~~~~~' A~~!t~*~~~~~~~o
-Jtff .£~#1&~~-{f*~~~' ~jf-j~;6k#o
Ph6 tir: Li€n, l(lp tuc~ Din ra m9t hanh d9ng, hi~n tuqng xay ra tiep sau m9t
hanh d9ng, hi~n tuQllg tru&c d6.
*
,J, .JA: iJL;j- i>L;j-, ntt ~m at;J- # 1 r *- o

1m [£>9ng tir, gi&i tir, lien tir]

D9ng ru:
(1) Theo, di theo. Chld9ngtac theo sau ..
1t7tk., ~1±-J6 oo~t- o
~-1- ~~ ']t.Jt~;j-~~~~0
(2) Theo, ga. Chi ga chAng, theo chAng.
~/jt~-_f-f~~' ~f~~~o
Gi&i tir:
(1) VcYi. D§n ra dBi tuQllg cua hanh d9ng, gi6ng ~
-tf~, ~~1;t-J;k:JLk.o
~J£~~:;:_ #-;l)f :t:-r o

174
 (2) Dftn ra d6i tuqng so sanh.
1-tJG ~Jtt.1t~ro ~;t, 1~~ lt-1--~J,Jf,g w o

Lien ru: Lien k~t danh ru va d~i ru, biSu thi quan h~ song song, gi6ng ~o.
#-~~~k~~*' ~~~~~#o

MI~ ~ · [D9ng tlr, gi6i tlr, R~ [D9ng tu,

[Gim ru, pho ruJ ph6 ru, lien ru] gi&i tu, lien ru]
- khong c6 each dung nay.
1-t iA i~ ~, 1~ fit~ 1-t
- D€u mang nghla tli theo. Co thS di chung v6i
nhung l{ft con mang nghla theo doi. Nhung sau
*,f.ii
-i-p~o (S) khong duqc k~t hgp v6i b6 ngfr kha nang.
1~JtA-ik't3t1, ~~ ~lAiR~, 1~JSt / ~~-i;;PEo
:1- ~ J: o (S) ~Jt1-i±'t;}cJ, ~~~·J:o
~ k_ 1-¥-.k 'l"* 1 , ~at~ J: o (S)
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - BiSu thi nghia thurjn theo, - Khong c6 each dung
lb r.5 ..;!};... -7.,t.• .1.- ~ '11--l:: ..it.
'1+;,~ .~ •'Nw 1T, ~X.. f.IIL;;rQ nghe theo lifi. nay.
lb r.5 ..it;_ ~J:' ~ ll<l:
1t o 1t lS -;t l!t 1t ' ~
.1.-
(S) 'IIJ' ;,·~ .~ ;<J.Jw 1T , ~X.. l.l/1.

~1to (S)
- Khi lam ph6 ru, mang - Khi lam ph6 tir, t~o· thanh - Khong c6 each dung .
nghia !i€n, l(lp tUc. D~n ra cdu true ~ ... f.ii ... di~n ta nay.
m¢t hanh d9ng, hi~n tuqng hai d9ng tac xay ra lien tlfc. !!. ~k +~JL if* J~
xay ra k~ ti€p. !!. ~k ~JL if at JE1 at + ~ 1t ~~« J:1 a~ .:t:J'J n~ o
I J, * .J~ it~ it~ , Btt 1t ~~« J:1 a~~ ~~ o (S)
~EJ ~:t# r r *0
- Khi lam ph6 tir, ~n ra - Khi lam ph6 tir, d~n ra - Khi lam ph6 tir, d~n ra
nguyen nhan va di€u ki~n. chit th€ d~ hanh d¢ng, thay d6i ttrqng cua hanh
M:l~l.~lr.; ~)l, A d6i theo. C6 th~ t~o thanh. d9ng -ho~c __ dftn. ra d6i
1n tr.J .1. ~ 7]<. -f- -tt ~ l!fJ[ cfiu true ~- .. rriJ... tuqng so sanh.
~~~0 ~~~~~-0 ~*~-~~-
~Pt~o
- Khong duqc dung chung - Khong duqc dung chung - C6 thS di v6i -.f-f/~
v6i cac tir so sanh. v6i cac tir so sanh. - 1-f. I ;fro ~~I ~~ ~ '*-I ~t
a'f *~al*-J~i~- a'f * ~ Mi!b-J!b -~ *.K v.v....
~PtiJio (S) Pti'Jio (S) ~ {J{J 'ft ;JL B!l1~ frb
~-{fo

175
 Luy~n t'-p
ChQn ~-- M!5f-. N~ dien vao chfi tr6ng:
1. ~t§tEf<Jftl*, ic/tZJJ-tl;~i4Ji~il!o
2. ~~7, ~tffii .:t~srmrru~~~!l!~t 7 0

3. ~ilifA?£J§00 ~P§{fJo
4.· ~ 5¥J~-*F~o
5. fY1~Wt~l¥f~J, ~~P§{I'Jm£: ~ t&Peio
6. ~Jjfa<JI{tlf~, §{~lli ~~0
7. J3tl~~'~ § 6tt/f'~, ~:l&~J~\0
8. ~- JL ~~~~, {${f] § 6/Hlftk:PBo
9. 1f.J\_% ~.g~, :/$b:WrFl}}fJ§mi:Mii~o
10. ~)tf&~~~ ~~~/FPJ' jj~:Jj(;J]Jt· ~0

L-n- ·nn··r•·~~~(!~bi~= !J!!~e~l;;-~;;-:~~r-"--w- ... J

*f}jlj [Tinh tir, ph6 tir]
Tinh tir: D~c bi?t. Thu0n.g1am vi ngfr, djnh ngfr, thuemg khong mang theo fr.J •
.I

4'- 7:...1~ i>L if; tm fo * ~El# J~ 0

~~-##m<tm)*~' ~~~-~~~~~*0
- Ph6 tir:
(1) EJ(lc bi?t. Mired() cao hon binh thuemg, giflng nhu "~7r .. ~f.*"· Thuoog
b6 nghia cho tinh tir d()ng tir d~ mieu ta ngum, v~t m()t each khach quan.
4'-1¥- if.) ~ V!J # JtJ 1t. 1i: 0

1t!!. ff.J ~ ~ # JtJ :kT 0

(2) EJ(lc bi?t Ia. Neu len m()t S\t vi~c nao d6 trong s6 nhimg S\t vi~c tuong t\( d€
nhAn ~nh. Khi bd nghia cho danh tir ho~c s6 lugng tir, phia sau cAn c6 :ft.,
tuang duang v6i iG Jt..
J!.*f} if.Ji}ftj:.Atl~ii, #J~ ,t ~ T ~\ i.fo
1t!!.~f~ %~k~i#J, #J~%~k;fr~J;jlo
(3) Bi~u thi lam vi~c gi do chi vi m()t ml}c dich ho~c d6i tugng nao d6. ThuOn.g
b6 nghia cho d()ng tir ho~c ngfr d()ng tir.
~*#mg~~~~~~-k~tm~~~~o
~~#J~~'*J-~ 11t~ ~~'J''~, ~~~if.) W~k"*fo

176
*fit~! [Ph6 tir]
Lam vi~c gi d6 vi rieng m9t m\lc dich nfw d6.
~#~·f.J:t-;rp~ J 1£-itJ.to
~Jt#Jt*-~1~tm 0
*f. [Ph6 tir]
Lam vi~c gi d6 v~ rieng m()t Iil\lc dich nao d6 ho~c vi coi trQng ai ho~c thu gi d6.
itlt~#~ f.] 1~1tt fi-J ~*0
~Jt#~*-~1~fr.J 0

!fij:jjlj [Tinh tir, ph6 ru] *3: ~ [Pho ru]

-·Dsu la ph6 ru, bi€u thi lam vi~c gl d6 chi vi m9t m\lc dich ho~c d6i tuqng nao d6.
Trong truemg hgp nay chi bfi·nghia cho d()ng tlr. Tan ngfr cfut nhfrng d()ng tir duqc
bb nghia thu<mg la ngfr d()ng ru ho~c cau.
- Mire d9 cao hon binh - Khong c6 each dimg nay
thuemg, gi6ng nhu "~7r . . .:J~
'$". Thuemg bb nghia cho
tinh ·tir, d()ng tir d€ mieu -tti
ngum, v~t m9t each khach
quan.
1~ tr.J if ~ 1~ # }jlj -J(f
~0
- Neu len m9t S\I vi~c nao d6 - Khong c6 each dimg nay
trong s6 nhfrng S\f vi~c tuong
n,r d€ nhfin ~nh.
~%5Ck PJT~ ff.' ··#»•J
ft. 'f ~ ~ Jf~
- C6 th€ lam tinh ru. "'" Khong c6 each dimg nay -·
- Bao g6m ca hai y ben cua - Nhftn ~nh hanh - Ngoai y nghia nhu 4;}-.t~,
~t .t~ va 4t t:. d()ng xuftt phat tlr m9t con nhftn ~nh hanh d()ng
m\lc dich rieng, vi v~y duqc xuftt phat tir y mu6n
ngfr khi c~u. trQng vao chu quan c~a nguai nao d6
' ban than hanh d()ng. d6i v6i ai d6 ho~c vi~c gi
d6.

177
 Luy~n t~p

Ch9n !f,3=~1j, !f.f±-tl! .. !f,f~ diSn vao ch6 tr6ng.

1. ~ j! t\G 791fT\ {t/{ 8<J tffi.~ 0

2. 7973z:Mffi:?§JJ~, 1m ~~~7--1'- B"JfL~o

3. Qjfi,Jl{fJ\J!*, ilt fpJ ~~~0
~~ YfP J:. i~~HrtrJJ~ 1~1~ o
4.
s. 1m-l-xx-a-
6.
*,
JL-T~J:.:*$, t\G
-1-xxil Air*
~11E~T-1'~ic*~~6
o

7. -LlJ8<J~:l ~' ~9!1,)(-ffj\~:i";go

8. 1m~--~ ~~~~~To
9. ~-l-xJ\pZ9=t~~' · ~~To
10. 1m rtJtt.--1' A§ H3_§?±1¥J~~o

l . . ""·· · ···u· 'ITT .... -.J~~~l_-~ ~e~~. :-:J~~?n.~ . ._..........________ ..._. ..J
~ [D9ng tic]
( 1) Dau, nhirc. Chi cam giac dau nhirc do chftn thuang ho~c do b~nh t~t gay ra .
.I

~Jlln.~f1t~r -i:-o
193 0 X. jf-~{:;~ 1 0

(2) Dau long, x6t, dau x6t.

~ Jfl ~ 4\ ~ ;fL4h, 4\ ~~1t1~ ti-J ~ ff o
(3) Cung, yeu thuang.
-(±_ ~~~ -8-~it.~~ ~ 1 0

~ [D9ng tic]
(1) Dau, nhirc. Chi cam giac dau nhirc do ch~n thuang ho~c do b~nh ~t gay ra.
;}T 1-#, e.,~~JJ~ ~ ~ 1 o

~~tt·t~~' ~~;}T4to
l!.JL R 4\ ti-J p* -=t ~tl ~ o

(2) Dau long. D~u dfm t9tcimg. Hay chi mire d9 sau, n~ng, vi dv nhu ~ ~.t:t!:t . . ~
?.tJlfr.:ff, ~ 1;-~Jl . . ~ikJL~f . . ~ ~~it.i~ v.v ...
--t R;t:;t- Fl it~~, ~~~ ik JL~~ o
~~R~J~~ ~~m G*-o

178
 ~ [D9ng rir] 1m [D9ng tir]
- DSu bi€u thi nghla dau tl&n.
,;::..,. ~
q\J?b [1 ~~~
'?G T' *1[Z~/~o
- Thuang la dau vs th€ xac nhiSu hon. - C6 th€. dung cho dau vS th~ xac l~n tinh
1~a~1jj o ~1~~~Jk1to thAn, tam h6n.
-Jo3 -Jv3 -i- -ttl: a~ at 1•* , ~~*i*- ~~1jj 0 ~qf[J£~~1%:0
_1_0 (S) -m -m -i--tlt ~ at 1•*, 1~ ~ ~ -1ik _1_ 0
- Mang. y nghla "cung, thuong yeu", c6 - Khong c6 each dung nay.
th€ mang tan ngfr. =f*"-Jv3*'3 :M f~~ J~}-f-J1J'* T 0 (S)
*"*"~-m ~ f~4J~}-f-J+-k To

Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~... 1m diSn vao ch6 tr6ng:

1. Jj\EPJ{*, -fJ-i}-tB1~ fito
2. 1-tBB"JfjJ D~ fgW~o
3. 1~~{§rt:iJ~A~~' il~Dm)(**{§ ~-~Ino
4. ~m 1L' :1:-tEJ~ 7 t~ft -T l¥J 00: o
5. iJG~J§t~, 8 71$-:f:mo
6. ~3~1JJX\. ~m, ~~~~s{JIDf!m 1~~-®- 0

7. ~m;t 7-~~0
8. ~~~Mf$Ea?~1~Fm, {EJ~fu:l: {$o
9. ~fui¥J/f$~~~~1tt 1L' o
10. -=B*4~~&1tffi'~U ' f\ti¥J&:~o

L..". ··-··--~Jt..~~1~~-~~!l-~[~~~-=-=~~-~~-="=!!m:~~[. . "____.___J

ralf-¥ [Tinh nr, lien tu]
- Tinh'tU: Gi6ng, tuong adng, kh6ng c6 SI:t' khac bi?t. Thuang . lam dinh ngfr, tr~mg

l' ngfr.
,,
~ JJ7§ 14-li -:r- Fl -tt- *- 0

~J£R 1t a~~~ ~tt ~ FJ -tlf- ~ o

l
'
- Lien tir: Tu_ong tlf. N6i hai phan cau ho~c hai cau, bi€u thi c6 m6i lien quan
'I
ho~c c6 tinh d6ng nhftt. Phia sau thu(mg c6 dftu ng~t.
:1:
*A~~£~~, ~#, ~~~~£~~~0
1~-! )(K iE. ~}J , Pl.flf- , ~ -tt-! )(K i:E.li o

179
 -J& [Tinh tir, trg tir]
Tinh tir:
( 1) Gi6ng nhau, tuong 17!. Bfi nghia cho s6 it tinh tir don am tiSt rnang nghia
tich C\l'C.
~11l 1p~:j Jf- iL - j t -k o
-Jell#1plj *~-f-At~ 7 0

(2) Ph6 thong, binh thuang, thuang.

~;; Jt.1---:Atlf.J :t- 9rp 0

-r +~1n-:At:$~~-t-!3fr >J o

Trg ru: Dimg sau tir ho~c ngfr de so sanb. ho~c n6i ro S\1' gi6ng nhau. ThuOn.g k€t
hgp v6i "-;ko, 1#., tJ-1#." . Doi khi c6 thS tinh luge thanh -At, nhung phia tru&c
ph~i la ngii' ho~c tir da am tiet.
161~ 1 J'~-·
(-) -~jij~~Jto
~1~~;trnLtut <-) :AtJ~~~rJJ~*--15 o
-ff [Tinh tir, trg ru]
Tinh tir: Gi&ng, tu01lg a6ng, khong c6 S\1' kbac bi~t.
-Jc!l.Jtf.1p~:j *-~-f- M ~ o
A~~ 1~ fro 1U ~tt k - Mlr.J 0
.I

Trg ru: Dlm.g sau tir ho~c ngft, biSu thi S\I so sanh, thong qua so sanh n6i ro
diem tuang dAng. Phia tru&c thuoog c6 "1l... M-1l" .
R. J:.lf.J ~ "ffl1t-¥- If-# 0

~fr.JJ!ft1t ~-# ~ 0

IEJ~ -1W: -~
[Tinh tir, lien ru] [Tinh ttr, trg tlr] [Tinh tir, trq ttr]
- D~u hl tinh tir, biSu thi Sl!.tuang dAng, khong c6 S\1' khac bi~t.
- D~u khong the nh~n bfi nghia cila ph6 tir mire d<) khi c6 nghi'a hl "gi6ng'.
-La lien tir nfii hai phan cau - U trg tir, dimg sau tir ho~c ngfr dS so sanh ho~c n6i
ho~c hai cau, biSu tbi c6 mBi ro S\1' gifing nhau. Thu{mg k€t hgp v6i "1#., t!-1#." .
lien quan ho~c c6 tinh dAng
nhftt.
- Khi bA nghia cho danh m, "" Khong co each dimg nay. - Khi bfl nghla cho
thuOn.g mang theo fi-J, nSu danh · ru, thuemg
phia tru6c danh tlr c6 sfi mang theo fr!J.
lugng tlr c6 the khong d.n tr.J. - #- tr.J -i-6' ~
Pl # lf.J -i~ I Pl *-
-i~ ' 1~ iJL lf.J ~ i,t ~ l1Jf '
&J iJL lr.J ~ lbt ~ l1Jf '
.1;t iJL ft-J ~ ;Yll1Jf ~
1~ -t.JL lr.J ~ i,t l1JT ~ -r-!- o r-ko
180
 - C6 th€ b6 nghia cho tinh tlr - Thu(mg b6 nghia cho cac - C6 th€ b6 nghia
mang y nghla tich eve hoftc tinh tir don am tiet rnang. y cho tinh tu mang y
nguqc l~i. , nghia tich eve. ngh'ia tich eve ho~c
~1f1 1~ ~1- Pl.ff ~I ~1ll1j}ij~-f--M.~ 0 ngugc l~i.
~0 1~1f11~~-r­
#~/~o
- Khong dung trong hinh - C6 th€ dung trong hinh thuc phu dinh v&i " ~.,
thuc phil dinh. 5-t " .
- C6 th€ lam dinh ngu_. - Khong lam vi ngfr, ~inh ngfr, - C6 th€ lam vi ngfr,
'· PJ#fr.J-RJJl . . I PJ~fr.J bb ngfr. dinh ngfr, bb ngfr.
~0 ~ 1ll1~ fr.J ~ !k
-#o
- K.hong c6 each dung nay. - Khi Ia tinh tir, c6 nghia la - Khong c6 each
thong thuimgr binh thuirng, dung nay.
thuirng. C6 cAu trUe cb dinh
nhu -41:*-ilL-.. -:4t.J~iJL.
- Co th€ lam lien tit rifJfhai .: K.liong c6 each dimg nay.
cau hoftc phan cau.

Luy~n t'p
ChQn fU*¥-. -~ .. -~ di~n vao ch6 trAng.
1. P~1fJW3~-TI¥J~ 1¥JI fp o

2. J! j7ij 1:t Jt!JMJ l¥J M! -T ' 0

3. ~t~~~4;:, ' [§~~{g~-i;:o

4. l!=14;&n!i_ _m: 0

5. jj~*t)(~iff]!f4{& _ _ o
6. J!pij*45~~~*'.'.
--- 0

7. 1m~m-m1~i~9='1EA . Pfo
8. *i~, ~~Ail~%~!&~*~*mi9lo
9. xtJ5JT1fl¥J~~, ~1nm xt1~o
1o. 1m1fJ1003.? B<J:&Bii:t! B<J~-£5 0

181
 I. [107] jg wei- ~ 7 weile

-J5J [ Gi 61 tlr]
(1) Cho, thay. D~n ra d6i tuqng cua hanh d{>ng.
it~~ :fiJ ~AAe!i~i ~ G fr!J -t~ o
(2) Vi. D~n ra nguyen nhan.
~ ~1i1tr!J~iil.{-~+o
,J, .£ ~ Us.. !'J m~ r7iJ ~ ~tt- tJJ 1-\1ft o
(3) Di. D~n ra mvc dich.
~~~~$~~' ~EM~*~~~$~~-0
~ ~*f~X if, ~1£ 'f mJ it 1 -=..1f- Jt o
1g7 [Gi&i tir]
- D€, vi. Dftn ra mvc dich.
~ 7 {~i1J ~ittr.J .I-11=, 'J'~*-itl1 ~~if, o
~1~~*~~~*-, ~ffi-~~~h~~o

.I
73 [Gi&i tir] 7g 7 [Gi6i tir]
- D€u dftn ra mvc dich, mang nghia vi, al
~~~ 17J1t.jYi$~4h, ~ a $1] fal it J, ;Hf ~ $~1t1Flo
~ I :h 1 ~~ i'J .g... it ft.; _:c 11= , ,j, i!C*-i'J 1 ~r, if, 0

- Dftn ra d6i tugng cua hanh - Khong c6 each dung nay.

d{>ng, nguyen nhan. *- ~.(f.:fi) 1 ~~*±Je,~ o (S)
*- ~·-{±_ 1:} 1~· tr.J 4c- ~ ~!! ·~ 0

Luy~n tip
ChQn 7g... 7g 7 di€n vao cb6 tr6ng:
1. 11J\B~ J!~*11f±i11i~J, JJ!J§~Jo
2. fJtf!Jj 8, 1t~JXf¥{tb:tB~ ~~_m §Do
3. 1-EJ!~~~~~1£d~: ft£$8<Jt&~
4. ~~~l~J<J!. . ~-T1fJ1* ~'
1 0

5. ~ff]A,J(B"JftlUT*Fo
6. ~1fJ1~~~~1ir fjtfflJ:lfff~B"J-VJ 0

7. ~Jl 0iiJB<Jf~*Jt~J JL~o

8. ~~t£~~i}~, {ffi4j}~$~1J"Itflf&o
9. 3c~T.~1it -Jl:h/j'\$f* 1 ~'Jt~o
10. MatfJ3J, ~mf97Jli~!o

182
1 [tos] JG~ c~~) wulun (bulun)- ~~ buguan .......1
JEW 't''5e't!!!'!,, «mr·e'im~~iftriim=sim b 3 'fA '· ·-· · "p:fs ...... . ,,p,mr, .!" ••• · , ; , ··=· ···, ·•· ,. · · • · t*&W'

:7GiB' C/F ~) [Lien tir]

Cho du, m(lc dit, bdt kl BiSu thi cho du di~u ki~n hay ho~m canh nhu th6 nao di
chang nfra thi k~t qua cling khong thay d6i. Phia sau 3L-z.~ ·( ~i~) · thuemg la
nhfrng tir, cvm tir ...~ mang y tuong phan nhau, thuemg k~t hgp v&i :$~, ,& .
it-ie-1;t :ko 1PJ J.}J ~JL, 1~ ;If~ ~ vjf o
k-ie-~~*~*~k~*~' ~~~*-Oo
~~~~~T~~k**' ~m~~~*~o
/F1f [Lien nr]
(1) Cho du, m(lc du, bdt kl BiSu thi du&i bftt Clr di~u ki~n gi, hoan canh nao thl k6t
qua cling khong thay d6i, each ~ling gi6ng3Li~(~i~), phia sau thuemg kSt hgp
v&i ;$~ .. ~-
~1i1~'f~1t~, :i~~~fJil~o
~'f v.AR; ~-t-f, ~1n,&1i-i%.#Jfff. o

-+A~*~~-~*~~k~*~~~, ~T£, ~*~

*;ff ~ 'U, xt_=c_1lp::6~*1f~1±,\J o
(2) M(lc k?, khong quan. Khi lam vi ngfr, se c6 ngbia nay.
~4J-:f-e-%-,f?,JL~~To ·

5'Gi~ C/G i~) [Lien ru] /G ~ [Lien ru]

- D~u biSu tbi nghia bdt kd, cho du
it~ I
it~ I
*
~T;t-t-f, ~1f11ti ~ ~;6~~fg J~-=J-1fl~ !J!~o
~T ;t_vJl~~ P\~~~, ;If~ i~ ~ ~p 0 -t
- Khi dling v6i kSt cftu 3Li~ + Tinh tir + ~)t - Khi dung kSt cftu·: ~Pi +
+ Tinh tir thi tinh tir phai la tir trai nghla t;iliau. Tinh tir + ~ + Tinh tir, thi
it~ .:JZ-"-=" 'f....j£'~,
-ct.;. .. ,, 1~:t~_g ~ JJ~ ~ :Jt
a .;})(. tinh tir gi6ng nhau.
* q_,;t;r::;t,
0

..
·~* 1-t!!,~~
~ ~ J]~~ ~' 0

- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 thS dung v6i kSt cftu: ~

it~ {<.JJJl ;f: ;t<..JJJl' ~;jf~)f~~o (S) if+ Danh ru +~+ Danh m.
~'f;RJJ~~JRJJ!t, ;f\~~
IY.._ ~M:
:/1- ;t'\ o

- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 thS lam vi ngfr

1~-!-;t:-!-~JGie-' ~if_~-;}o (S) 1~-i-/G-i-~~*' _&_iE
~-!-o
- Thucmg dung trong van vi€t. - Thu<mg dung trong khfiu ngfr.

183
 Luy~n t'p
ChQn xi~ (/G~ ), :f~ di€n vao chfi tr6ng:
1. f.itS~tt(:;E~~fm]J!p~$, ~~~0
2. ~~:fj~~~t¥~~~' f.it{f]:g~.X/Ft:~)\o
3. {fJ\4;:~~' iftJ"JtiJS~f.ito
4. {${~{t~' Mtlf:llf!{~o
s. ~ott~-tB~-*0
6. 11B~1t~A, 1tB&,~l!l~¥tWo
7. ~tB~/f'1:.fpg, :~tiL~,~3f7fJG'JG'B<J o
8. 11kE~'M, 1m~#cmo
9. 11B~~ ~~' 1tB~~q'~~1Jnitt~o
10. 1ffi*jf*, Jx1n1JJttil*ittuJttqr 0

L~ ___,_jtO~! ~i!. ~~~-=.AgJ~..!:;:n= /f'lf;up,:__]

5£~ [Lien ru]
" Bcit k~, b&t lu9n. Bieu thi du the nao di nita thi ket qua vin khong thay d6i. Miu
cau thuemg dung la:

Jt~ + {t~/-ijE/~~··••••, $/ill••••••o

:JG~ +A~~ B··· ···, $1-ti!······ o

~~~%~~~~$~, ~~~~~~~0
~~~~~~~~' ~~~~~#r~o
-5£~:fln{rij [Lien tlr] .
- Bcit k~ th~ ni10, du th~ nao di nita. Thuang c6 - , ~ di kem
~~-jp1of ~ ~*~~ t: A.fglf.;ft ik Jt 0

~if [Lien ru]

'
- Bcit lei, bdt lurJn, cho du. Phia sau ket hgp v6i d~i tU nghi vAn ho~c cAu true
chlnh phan, _ve sau thu(mg c6 ~' ~' bieu thj du the nao di nua thi k8t qua v§n
khong thay dAi. ·
~'f~:iJ., ~~:il~~~o
~'f-1-~:il~*-, 1t~jtl~-i>L- p 0

184
 7Git [Lien tir] ~~ [Lien tir]
- Sir dl).ng trong cau don, - D6u la lien tir, each dung va nghia gibng nhau.,
nghia tuong tg nhu .:JG it ;t Phai c6 hai vB, chu ngfr c6 thS d~t trucrc vB dku ho~c
~ *.f (du th€ nao ai nfra), ve sau, thuemg c6 ~' ~ di kem.
.:JGit~a1PJ c6 th€ d~t tru&c ~*l~*~~~~k~~~,~~~~
ho~c sau chu ngfr, thu(mg 1JL tr.J 1tt o
c6 ~' -tt di kem
1t~~:ku-fir ~~~~
~* / ~'f Jt. iii, ;t~~Jt ~ f!1 i-ko

iJL if.) 1t-t

0

. - Khong c6 each d~g nay. - Bi~u tbi nghia m{ic k¢, khong
1t11l ffJ ~ JL~~~, n 1J~A ito _{S)
1t1i1 if.)~ JL~~i%-:kuf.;r, ;}i 1J~tl~ iJLo (S)
mang t&i.
1t 1n if.J :f JL~ ~
~tl~ iJCo
*, ;}jlJ

Luy~n tip
Ch.9n )G~, 7Gi~!mM' :f~ di6n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. ~:SIJJX\j£if:rffi, 11BWilat$U0~ o
2. )!{j( ill~tt-t:--~0
3. 1f1t~~ ~, ·tl{~JG':if'=c*U!-fuM~o
4. ~~' ~ili~j~1ffiJt!JXo
5. !\t {B/J'~f(t{JJ~#JJo
6. ~%ili::fa~1JJT~r o
7. Jt$J$!JJ ili/F,%~:WJ$!JJ, -J£/F~1~~1¥Jo
s. at
1:1: 1r:rr fa:J '\ 1:1:1fll:l:th1r, .R ~1$ wr~ flt- 1E J.m ::e 0 .

9. ~£1¥J*'*$11B1t~:~ 0

10. !\t'a-iJF{fJ\, {$ {g::f~~~B<Jo

--~ [D9ng tir]

( 1) Thich, ua thfch. Chi c6 cam tinh v6i ngum nao d6 ho~c c6 hirng thu v&i sv vi~c
nao d6. C6 th~ lam vi ngfr, c6 th~ mang tan ngfr va bA ngfr trinh d9. C6 thS trimg
di~pthanh $}k*}k.
~~tl.I-Jtki! 14-#*J 0

1t~ 1t ~ Bt1~---~.L~i19?
 (2) Vui mirng, mung ra.
!!. ~ -1~ -t ~ ---~k ;fli_ 1 0

~~+*~~~~~' u~~~~~o
k~-~~~it!i. El' ~~~k;f&_ 10
-~ [D()ng ru]
Thich, ua thich. Chi c6 cam tinh v&i nguCri mlo d6 ho~c c6 hfulg thu v&i sv vi~c
nao d6. C6 the lam vi ngfr, co the rnang tan ngfr va b6 ngfr trinh d().
~4tJitJ-l-~ ,J,-t/J#J 0
~ Jtj ~-f-1£:-H:, .:ktl-~~ 1 0

X. ~J: X. k fr!J :f.*-~ iJ:A~ ~ o

· --~ [D()ng tl:r] . . ~ [D9ng tlr]

- D€u bi€u thi nghia ua thich, thich.
1;t-l-Jk I -a-f.: 1t ~iii -t/1?
~~tl-l-~k I -l-~,.Jf-t lf~ o
- Tan ngfr c6 tha la nhiing gi C\1 the l~n - Tan ngfr phai la danh ru ho~c cl}lll danh
·triru tuQllg dau duqc . tlr rnang y ngbia C\1 th€.
.I
1;tw~-a-~x. ?Z ~! 1;t;tt-i-~ ?Z ~! (S)
~~J.t UJT ,y, _,§tj 0 ~---~ 11JT if, _,§tj 0
1;tt-JX *PJJ~ JL, ~wJL~1;t* ~ 11
1;t--- f.:*~ JL, ~w~r%1~-!-~
JLo JLo (S)
-co the trlltig di~p - Khong thatrung di~p. _

Luy~n t~p

ChQn J: x.X... .g.~ di€n vao chfi trBng:

1. ~~1$ w@l *-1tJ:'J" fL !lo/.J, Eil~!lo/.JWJ:, 1B ~$ ~ 111\~- - o

2. "f1Jt~~~~1tJ?Ji · - Ef<J~~*ffl~o
3. ~tk -w;{~~-Mc$o
4. 11B~i' p;r~~fflB<JAo
5. »tf Jttt~*Ef<JA**' ~tJX~~1f!P.&iJIAI¥J~m o
6. ~w~~~~~~~AB<J 0

7. 1f.J\li B"J1t~~1t~?
s. ~~'J"~I$-iJgA- -
9. ~~ ~W~I~, ~~~~EJ<JAA~~~~mA~~o
10. ~11BJJ)C#1tB,P)f Ef<J~~~~f~/f'PJ~~~ o

186
 [111] ~JG' xixin- ff~ ilxi- 1j\J~' xH\oxin
~~-¥~iiitJr#le · · ···wewi .n diri; (' ·,, . tW#=iifuit R ••• ~ ., •• ·"' ·~ 'fi Pf

~ 1G' [Tinh tir]

Chu tlao, cdn thcjn.
'*
1~ ~f: M ·~ J~ P.~ Ji?Pf ~-1'-~ A o

1~1} *~r<.m·~ o
-M:*- i>t, -k1t.-f- ~t 13 1~-f-~1\; 0

ff~ [Tinh tir]

( 1) Ky luang.
1~~ fJ ~-f~~E'<.ff~, -ft-!£ ia]t~*~lf-~o
1tk~1'1:*-*1-ft~JJ~~~~-T o
· (2) Cdn thcjn, thcjn tr9ng.
1~1tt *1-tm 1l~r<. o
i7t-6R; a~ at1·~ *1-f~, 111 ;}~.6Jt~r ;;t 1 o

tj'\J~' [Tinh tir]

can thcjn, thcjn tr(Jng.
~~fli1f, 'li.'tiJ~Jt, -~ 1 J' 1 ~il%J$~o
1~ I J' 1\_; J~ jf- ~ .$- o
Jt 14- *1Jt1f 1 J' 1 ~ 5r,tJ£o

~~~' [Tinh tir] 1-f~ [Tinh tir] t]\ 1 ~' [Tinh trr]
- D~u la tinh m, mang nghla cdn thrjn, thrjn ir(Jng, c6 thS lam vi ngfr, dinh ngfr, tqmg
ngfr, b6 ngfr trong cau.
m
- Tir tnii nghia cua 1G' la ~ Tir tn!i nghia cua ff la m - Tu tn1i nghia cua I J'
$,~. Nhfrn ~nh sv: chu ~ Ct, ~ 111~. Nh§.n ~nh SlJ ~~ la : #--.lt'#J. Nh§.n
dao, cAn th~n, khong gay ra ti mi, th~n tn;mg d€n tirng ~nh lam vi~c can
sa suit. chi ti€t nh6. th~n.
· ~Jt. -1---Mi~Ao· · ]!_ ;:~ _L 11= ~1-f iw ' ~ ~1;t,f:-foJ~R'J'
~~ tB i%,. .:[r _ro,J J6 %~r<.
.f-Io
* •\.; ,. 1.A~ tl:: !_ i% o

- Khong thS trung di~p. - Co· ths trung di~p thanh - Khong thS trung di~p.
1t1tm~lf1.
1~ 1-f 1-f ilf1 ~ J~ ~r i.
1--$-o
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 thS dung d9c l~p
~~~, iJ1JJf-1!•J! (S) trong cau.
1-fM, :Ji 1] Jf-1!1 ! (S) 1 J"~, 1jlj Jt1ftj !

187
 ChQn ~ J~'.. ffm!.. 1j~ J~, di~n vao chfi trfing:
1. ~:±: ~~A:f&ito
2. ~ ~~,~~~~M~~ft~~~?
3. ~/G ~~:«<BI¥J»41 7 0

4. 1tB :l:fu~~ ~~ IIru 0

5. ~{X_ti:~L {tk~ :l:tkfF~iao

6. ~7~~~, ~--m* 0

1. ~~~~~~M~~M~£ o ____
8. llfr00ff ~:k:9t' JjtJ~j£~ 0

9. ft@~£ ~-~-~~tr~ffl~~~~~o
10. ~*~~-T1fJNL 00~~33 o

I·· · ··~-o;.--·~~-~ ,__. ··~··~~---

[112]
·· -·~·
9a.5 xianhou-
·~--Q·-·.. -- ·
fr1 .IS qianhou
··'·····-~z·-w ~···zm~~T----, -·~w~--wrr
J
~·-;

;'ala [Danh ttr, ph6 ttr]

.1 - Danh tir: Thu 4r truac sau.
~*~ft-Jl=~tl~' j}j_ i~7t-1'-~J€i 0

1*~ ~~« a .ftJJ tr.J ~Jii ~~ j:_ # 1l: £ - r o

- Ph6 tir: LJn Itt¢.

~~_(;-:}Jtlf, ~, J:_~{P~t* o
-ft~.(; 1l~ J;. it~o
. ~~;t.6*-~fPJ1~~0
~~--[Danhttr]
( 1) Tnrac sau. Thm gian + 1lfr If;, chi sg vi~c se xay ra tru6c ho~c xay ra sau
khoang thoo gian d6 vai ngay.
~ :¥:- iJ!i i1 ~ J€i lEJ ~ 0

~ if.J JJJJ ~ J!J R i1 f.r Jfi ~ttj~ 1 o

(2) T6ng CQng. Tinh ca khoang tbm giap. tir hie bit ddu dBn kBt thuc.
~~~~~~~J€r~ffl7T~A~~~~~7o
~~~~' ~~~~fflJT~~~~~o
(3) Phia tnrac va phia sau. (Chi khong gian)
~~-~~it;}i~~;t~*fi;lj J1to
~ ~:f }}}] ~ 111 ~i 1t ,(±. ~ tr.J & 1.?L ~If; 0

188
 jiG§ [Danh tir, ph6 tir] lW f§ [Danh ru]
- Khi la danh tir, d€u biSu thi nghia trubc sau v€ thOi gian
~Jc~ I f.r J€i-!- 1i -t JL1--I!I ·~ o
~JGJ€i I Jlfr J€i ~Ji~-f.~.>Li~o
- Chi ·c6 th€ chi v€ t~m gian, kh9ng th€ - Dung cho ca khong gian l~n thm gian,
n6i v€ khong gian. ~Jlfr J6 *-itlf ~ _::_;k_o
~JGJ€i *- ii 'f 1!13.-lk 0 4\ ~ ~ }1_ lifT J€i $ :}t't~Jtt 0

~~_,%-Ji_Jt,~~;tt;J:Jto (S)
- C6 th€ chi S\f vi~c' IAn lugt xay ra theo - Khong c6 each dimg nay.
~~lb :;f1=1 JJ}] }i_;itJa *- ~ IOJ 1~ ~ o(S)
ruin 1\f.
%~lb :;f1=1 JJJJ ii_7tJ€i
- K.hong c6 each dimg nay.
*~ IOJ 1·~ ~ o
- Chi khoang thm, gian u6c chirng.
~ i17tJ€i kA.111 ~~t-c~~k Jft ;tf.l)lifr Jf; ltA.1Jll}t ~t-c ~ ~ Jt jft
*& 1*] fr-J at 1~ o (S) *& lifil ft-J at 1~o

- Khong th€ trung di~p. -co the trimg di~p.

~7t7t~Ja~~ 7-%JL~~5l.t 1~ far lit J€; Jf; ~~ 1-Jff JL~ -tt 5~ Jt
Jt]~o (S) jtJ 11!!, 0

Luy~n t~p
ChQn jiG§... WT )§ di€n vao ch6 trfing:
1. ~~ ~~~~JW-*~~~##$#o
2. ~JI:l11Jtm ~-0
3. ~~~g~ff~*~~~~-~b ~~Z~o
4. ~ffJ~~~ft~}JJ~J:B"] · )I!W~:£JfJ'L~JI:b${4o
5. 1tlrtE~T- f~~~J o
6. $f~~~ -~J1M=~~J-:5tl*o
7. ~~~r:¥:V!"Ti *~1~o·
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189
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Danh ru: M{>t khoang thai gian nao d6 da qua.
vAWr, l!.Xrm7](-FQ4~%o
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Ph6 tir: Tir tru6c d~n·nay aeu nhtr-th~, khong ~6 gi thay d6i.
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(1) Thdng. Bi€u thj thu~n theo m{>t huang niw d6 khong thay d6i. Phla sau d(mg tir
.I

· thuemg c6 tir chi phuong huang.

1~ -1L~.t Wr k_;f,t JtJ 4tt1f 0

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190
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[Ph6 m]
ph6 tlr]
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khong thay dbi.
- K.hong dung trong ~au c6 sv h~.ri. - C6 th€ dung trong ca u c6 sv h~n ch~ v€ thai
ch~ v8 thai gian. gtan.
liJLSf-11tht*- I f,;J *-1i.~ l!.JLJf--1tt-~I-1L1i.~~~ ~~, o

~~ ,y, o: (S).
- _Dung nhi6u trong - Dung nhi6u trong cau kh~ng dinh.
cau phu djnh. i

- Thuemg khong b6 - C6 th€ b6 nghla cho d()ng tlr ho~c tinh tir dung d()c l~p.
ngma cho d()ng tlr, 1tt ~-*-;-~I- A~ fJ , fojf v:A .11\ ~Yt 1Y<. :kt o
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1tth\.*- ~ fJ o (S}
- Nh~n m~nh m9t tr~ng thai, hanh vi nao d6 luon - Nh~n Im,l.nh tinh lien tl,lc, khong
duqc duy ~ri tlr_tru&~_d~n n'!-y,_~~~- ?n dinh, kJ:long gian do~n, lien t\lc lam vi~c gi d6
thay d6i. . trong khoang thai gian nao d6.
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m9t hu6ng nao d6 ho~c gi6i h?n
ph~m vi.
- jL~i.Rfr k_;fl!tl 0
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ dung trong cau c6 b6
ngfr s6 hrqng; thai luqng.
rm-.1iTT-~-1to

Luy~n t~p

C?9n rP.I *... ~ rPJ... -1[... fA* di8n vao chfi tr6ng.
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0 [E)Qngnr]
(1) Cam an. Dimg da cam on long tAt, y tfit CUa:D:guOi khac.
A: iftitt! - B: ~itt.
iftitt :k ~!
(2) Cam an. Dimg dB tir chAi lich s-g.

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*
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CUa ngtrbi khac.
~~tl~itJ'1~5tf~~~JIJJo
~~'~:k~-*.;F~itJo
li81t [D~ng tir]
Cam on, cam kich .. Bay to S\I bi~t on Sl)' giup do CUa ngum khac. Ngii' khf nh~n
~nh.
~~*Jtl!,~ 1 ~-ntto
1
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- Deu la d9ng tU, bay to y bi~t .an dAi v&i S\t giup do CUa nguai khac.
- Dimg trong tnrbng - Nh~n ~nh dimg lm - Nh~n ~ sg cam kfch va bi€t
hgp khach sao, lich n6i ho~c hanh d()ng dB on tir day long dAi v&i Sl)' giup do
Sl)', ph~m vi sir d\lflg bay to y biBt an dAi CUa ngum khac~
r()ngr~i. vm Sl)' giup da CUa
ngum khac.

192
 - Chi c6 thS di v&i ph6 - C6 thS di v&i nhiSu - Thu0ng dung dS mieu ta nhfrng
tir chl muc d(> .:k, ph6 tlr chi muc d(> nhu tinh hu6ng, S\1' vi~c khach quan,
ngoai ra khong di v&i ;k, ~F<., ~f#' -t-Ji- *-
vi thS ~ khong dung d(>c l~p,
cac ph6 tlr chl muc d9 v.v ... do d6 it khi kSt hqp v&i cac ph6
khac. ~f*~*! tlr chl muc d(>.
±itiitl-1~1! 1tt~-itt! k~*Jo (S)
- Dung nhiSu ~rong khAu ngfr. - Dling nhi€u trong van vi St.
- Khong c6 each dung - C6 thS lam tan ngfr - Khong c6 each dung nay.
nay., cua ~~.
- Khong c6 each dung tiay. - C6 the lam dinh ngfr ho~c tr~ng
1{. l
ngfr.
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itiift! if.tift !
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kh6 khan ho~c h~u qua. Thuo~g k~t hgp v&i ~ flk, ~ Jjltj, ~;r-:, lam tqmg ngfr.
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193
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Nh&, nh& vao, ciing may. Bi~u ·thi y cam on ngum khac ho~c m9t nhan t6 c6 lgi
nao d6 d~ khong g~p phai nhfrng di€u khong mong mu6n ho~c nh~n dugc nhfrng
di€u nhuy.
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$-9 [Ph6 tir] ~-?J [D9ng tir]

- D€u bi~u tbi may min tn1nh dugc nhfmg di€u khong mong mu6n.
- D€u dl!ng nhiau a phan cau dftu, phan cau c6 -t ~... ~ ~ thuemg rlftn ra nguyen
nhan.
- Dimg trong mQi·tinh huang, vira bi6u thi .may min - Phftn nhiau nhdn ~nh
nh~n dugc sg giup dcr ctia ngum khac, ciing c6 ·th~ la nh~n dugc sg giup dcr
nhcr vao nhfrng nhan t6 c6 lgi nen vugt qua ho~c tranh ctia ai d6 trong luc g~p
khoi nhfrng di€u khong mong mu6n. kh6 khan.
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- Chi c6 tha lam tr~g ngfr. - C6 th~ lam vi ngfr, c6
th~ mang theo tan ngfr.

Luy~n t~p

ChQn·$~ . . $~dian vao chfi tr6ng.

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- ·nanh tir chi thm gian. Bi~u th! thai .gian mu9n hon thOi diSm hi~n t~i ho~c luc
n6i. Lam tr~ng ngfr trong diu, c6 th~ dung d9c l~p.
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Phuong vi m:
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~·1 Jl:JizJ€;~*. *~ik_~~o
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(2) K.hi phfii hqp v6i tinh ru dan am ti€t cAn phai c6 " 1 ".
tr- *i.r.. 1 .tJa :t
(3) K.hi lam tr~ng ngfr, phia tru6c c6 th~ ph5i hqp v6i .{±., ciing c6 thS khong
-ttl- 0

cAn. Nhung neu la c!u trUe" ,j, 5] +.:t.lii", va chu ngfr ciia 1 ]' 5] h!'nguai, thi
cAn phai c6 -tf.
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~* [Danh tir]
... adn nay. Chi khoang thai gian ru qua khu d€n hi~n t~i.
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,1E' [Danh tir]

Phuang vi tir:
(1) Phia sau, m{lt sau.
J.J ilfr J.J J€; 0

.fJ J€i ;If 't ~ I o

195
 (2) Sau. Bi~u thi thai gian IDUQll hon thOi di~m nao d6. C6 th~ la thm gian
trong qua khu ho~c tuong lai.
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m* [Danh ttr]
Chi thai gian sau mQt khoang thOi gian nao d6. .
~-~~~~-dQ, Jf;*~~~*~*§~o
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PJ.*
[Danhtt'r]_ [Danh tir]
PJ.j§
[Danh ttr]
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[Danh tir] [Danhtir]
]§
m*
- D€u la danh tlr chi thm gian sau m9t thm di~m h~c m9t khoang thm gian nao d6.
- Khong c6 each dtmg - C6 th~ lam tqmg - K.hong - C6 th~ lam - K.hong c6
nay. ' ngii' ho~c djnh ngii c6 each ~ng ngii each dimg
, phia sau ~fiR, ~ dtmg nay. ho~c dinh ngii nay.
R... »..Jlt phia sau " ~
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- Khong c6 each dimg nay. - Bi~u thi vi tri phla sau nai - Khong c6
nao d6 h~c ~t tv nao d6. each dimg
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. ~ -'-~' :t.Jf; ;)!_ -t-~J~
Jj<.~o ··- .

- Bi~u th! khoang thm - Thm gian bi~u thi c6 th~ la qua kh(r boac tuong - Bi~u thj
gian tir qua khu dfu lai. thm gian
bien tai. ~.AJ€i !!.*f-it 1
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tRJ€; phftn & phia
sau.
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hgp v6i s6 each dling
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a9 J€; iJJJ 7:._ '
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nhfrng Cl)lll Ur chi th(ri b(ri nhfrng C\lffi tlr
gian tuong d6i dai va chi th(ri gian tuong
khong r5 rang trong d6i dai va khong r5
qua khu va tuong lai. .rang trong tuong
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Vi, vi thl Dimg trong phan cau thu hai CUa cau pbuc, bi€u thl, k€t qua ho~c k€t
lu~ do nguyen nhan ho~c ly do 6 phan cau tru&c clftn d€n.
~~§~~~' ~~~~~~~~~~0
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Vi thi, vi v~. Dimg trong cau nguyen nhan k€t qua, neu len k€t lu?n, k€t quA,
v. v... do nguyen nhan phia tru&c dftn d€n.
Jt 1~ ~ G )i_-j.Jtrn- Jt, ~ j(Q ~ ~~·tk~o
*-
~-=-lk ~ ;r:: J: ~' ~ i1Q 9t -i-71-t ,~ 0

-~~ [Lien tir, gi&i tt'r]

Lien tir: Vi, bOi vi. Dimg trong cau phuc nhan qua, bi€u thl, nguyen nhan ho~c ly
do. ·
(I) Dung 6 phan diu tru&c, phan cau sau kat hgp vm Ji]f v.A, n€u hai phan cau
co cimg chu ngfr, ~ 7:; co the
d\rng tru&c ho~c sau chu ngfr. N€u hai phan
cau khac chu ngfr, ~ 7:; d\rng 6 tru&c chu ngfr.
/
f!1 ~ ~Jt;;; -;k. ~ 7t ~, J'J[.v.A ~ ~~il~ 9 ~~ o
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Gi6i tir: Vi. KSt hgp v6i danh tir, d~i tir ho~c ngfr danh tir, biSu thj nguyen nhan
ho~c ly do ciia hanh vi d{)ng tac. Lam tr~ng ngfr trong cau. N€u nguyen nhan
ho~c ly do dung 6 phia sau, khi Ay cAn dung k.
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Lien tir: Vi, do. Dung trong cau phuc, bieu th! nguyen nhan ho~c ly do, phla sau
thuemg ket hgp v6i Jijf vX, ~ Jlt, ~ r1Q ho~c ,j- , :/,t.
tb-=t ;..;k_)i~ J:k~' ~~~9t-i-71i,~ 0

tb T ~hi *"14- ;J'*, 1~'rt ~-i-Jr .:Lo

Gi6i tir: Vi, do. Ket hgp v6i danh tir, ~i t:lr h~c ngii danh t:lr, bi€u thi nguyen nhan
ho~c ly do ciia banh vi d{)ng tac. Vi c!u tbanh cau co mAi quan h~ nguyen nhan k€t
qua, vi v~yphfasaucoth€k€thgpv6i "-;;}-, -tt, 1!, ~ilQ, Ji]fvX, -tit".
tb i-1~,~l&J 1J 1 0
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198
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[Lien tir] [Lien tir] [Lien m, gi6i tir] [Lien m, gi&i tir]
- E>€u la lien ru, dung trong diu ph(rc bi~u thj m5i quan h~ nguyen nhan k~t qua.
- E>€u khong th~ dfulg q phan - E>€u c6 th~ dung a phan cau d!u. C6 th~ dung
cau d!u. Chi c6 th~· dling tnr&c ho~c sau chu ngfr.
tnr&c chu ngfr.
- Chi dling aphan cau sau. - co th~ dfrng a - Chi d(mg a phan cau d~u.
pharr cau dfiu ho~c N~u nguyen nhan ho~c ly do
pharr cau sau. dling .a phi a sau, khi fiy cAn
.dung Jt..
-·Chi la lien ru. - Vira .la lien nr, vira.la gi6i m.
- C6 th~ k~t hqp v6i lil-f - Kh.ong k~t hqp - C6 th~ k~t hqp v&i m~t, ffi1
v6i ffi1 Jl:t, ffilrh1 iFQ
- Khong c6 each dung nay -Co th~ k~t hqp thanh c~u true" ...... ft-J~~t'~.

Luy~n ti-p
Ch9n ~l!lt, [2SJ ITff, IE! ]g, EB -T di€n vao ch6 tr6ng:
1. it$, JlJT~*fltT o

2. lfLI.*:f.&J1ZlJ!tffi., :f~U9=tlfmc~~T o

3. "fm, {~$(EJ~~~*_t~*o
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7. ~{f]ffii~;J! {tBo
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(1) C6.
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~t l~ iȤ ~ 1]' 1!a 0
i#l if1 ~ iȤ $--Ag. 7t it* 0

(3) Bi~u tbi u6c tinh, so sanh.

~;If--=. -t% ~ .1 0

J!.Jitf;fl_=./~ X*- o

~:fl1t ~~lb?
(4) Xay ra ho~c -xuftt hi~n.
~~~1o
fA- I)L ~ 1_ 1-t 0
(5) Bi€u tbi y tUy chi.
~- *1t ~a}] f=1 ~ fr.J ,\_; ~tt o
;If ~A.J\-~ n~J.'f.M-o

fffl~ [D9ng tir] ff [D9ng tir]

- Deu la d9ng tir, ·nghia la "c6'', cilng c6 th€ chi S\1' tfin t~i.
- Tan ngfr la nhiing danh tir trim - Tan ngfr la nhihlg danh tir C\1 the ho~c triru
tliQllg, ha-i am ti€t. tuqng, don am ti€t ho~c iiliieu am ti€t.
~ Jt .,.-- -1'- ;bt) ~ ~ i~ fr.J ~~~tl%~o
Ao ~~-4~j~$o
~~t~;ff~~tt 0

- K.hong c6 each dung nay. ... Bieu thi ucrc tinh, so sanh, xay ra ho~c xuftt
hi~n.
- Phu dinh dung ;r-:. - Phu dinh dung $i.
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Bieu thi y my chi.
~-F... I -/ffat1~
- Khong di vcri ph6 tir chi muc - C6 the di v6i cac ph6 tir chi muc d9.
dQ. 1~~tl;ff ~I~ o
1~~tl;bt):fl !¥I~ o (S)

200·
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn 1ffl1f . . 1f di6n vao ch6 trfmg.

1. *~ JLET;\+Ji~1J0![±Jfuo
2. 13~*±±-fu!ftft;J,, tp $ 'M B<J±·tlff 1.K~~ o
3. 1tB~~~-1' ~ · ;fJ<.I¥JAo
4. ~B ~ J:. -~{to
5. 11B ~B<Jjj~!l:~-tS·:W ~~1fl~o
6. 11B~-1'1~ ~~I¥J~Yfp 0

7. 1m Er1 -=PJ ¥! ~ 1~1~ 1.K 3f 0

8. ~~{8 · +JT$o
9. !1:~±-t!r:lJ~fA*~~o
10. ,R~ :tE~Jft, ~1t~~~~~tso

T-:1! [Lien ru]

Th{la, ZiJn, ngay·sau i/6. D~g·d€·nbi ti€p haiphan cau, <ffin ra.sl,f.Vi~c xayra .
ti€p d6.
~~ffi~~~k~~~A~, ~~k~~~~To
~~~~~~~~' ~~~~~~~0
JtfJ?A [Lien ru] .
(1) Cho nen, vi
v(ly. Dimg a phan cau sau biau tbi k€t qua, phia tru&c thuong k€t
hqp sir dvng v&i lil-t" ho~c ~ 7g .
~ ~ ~~Jt -$-1 ,, fl.Jfi!A~~1lll&.j 1J 1 0

~**~~~~' ~J!Ak~*~~A~o
(2) Sa dl. D~t gifra chu ngfr va vi ngfr d€ bi6utbi nguyen nhan.
~ ;k_ ?.Jf ~.A :Jt 9!§:.Jt.l!J ~ 59: ;{f 1tt if*~ 0
..
r ~ [Lien nr] ?JT ~ [Lien ru] ..
- Dung trong phan cau sau, dftn ra S\f - Dung trong ·phan cau ~au, dftn ra k€t qua,
vi~c xay ra ngay sau d6. phan cau tnr&c thuemg c6 lil-t" ho~c g) h.
1~~1!~t-~kpt.¥~ J!ljjt, ~Jt. 1~~~Jf.~a}j' 11f ~ *- ;k_ ~il( ;t~ Jfi1l
-fij- ;k_ pt iJi 1~ ~ jt ~ pt -*~ I!l 0 *- :ij- ~!t 0
..

- Khong c6 each dung nay. -Dful ra nguyen nban, c6 the dung n·ong k~t
~ wJt 1~ ~ ;}t ;r:: J:.i* ir.J ~ J!J 0 cdu "Nguyen nhan ~ ... 1./fv.A ... U9~ §1 I !t¥.
(S) ' ~k.", ho~c dung gifra chu ngfr va vi ngfr.
~ w; Jt.1~?1f~;r-:~i*a9~ gJ o

201
 Luy~n t'p
ChQn .y~, JilT~ diSn vao ch6 trbng:
1. 5fj 5fjrrg 7, ~1n~!OC~f:f 7 '**B"Jl*1rittu 0

2. tdl~ll IOC1~M~~~; ~~:Jg4iJ:~"Fl*J§M!$~.>.J:cJJWo

3. 83-=t&~~um~, 1t!f1f§J 00~1JoM15tl¥1~*Lo
4. 'J" u. 5t~7Clf9P, ~J:JxxJ ~-~0
5. PJTj(*-m~~Jit~Jl:1ti~, {ffii}c}E~{P.l"*7M1ro
6. ~fufA'J"~:N: 7:t@.~.§.I¥JJ~o~, t@.:t@.~{t~, M!~~ff~ o
7. ~7gJ,Vl;ffl¥J~m~14M$ 7, J,Vl;ffi¥J~-T~:f}EQ~~o
8. ~ m~~mi¥JatfEJ~if!., ~1fJ:wt~~~ffiWn~Fo
9. ~7*-1''J\at,J\±.-ta:i2E~~u, ?Jt1nmtw~7 0

10. {ljJc~ §{"~~A ~!J&l¥J~"MJ:o

N~ [Ph6 tir]
- NhiJu zan. Bieu thi dQng tac, h~mh vi l~p di l~p l~i nhiSu ldn, c6 ngii khi nhfut
~nh. Tuong duang v6i "Ji.!., -i! 5l-i!". Doi khi c6 the dirng sau d9ng tir.
~.pt..=.it 101 ~ 11~ 14- li= ff.J ~ ffi1 0

~ii.;J-;..M-ff:, ~t~i~7~o
-N [Ph6 nr]
(1) NhiJu·JJn. Bieu thi hanh vi, dQng tac l~p di l~p l~i nhiSu ldn trong mQt khoang
thm ~an nao d6 i:J qua khu. Tuang duong voo "-ik..5l-ik..".
-~~~*~A~~,-*~~-~o
I

~~-.pt. 9t9&' lif ~ ~i::k. *1-t I\; 0

(2) ... ili ... lr;zi. Biau thi sv l~p di l~p l~i c6 ngfr khl nhAn~nh.
-jjj:1t-.i'f-~P#~-r~lj'\l\; 0
~-.;j-~~~~' ~~~~~*T*o

.fJf :=: [Ph6 tir] -N [Ph6 tir]

- DSu bieu thi dQng tac l~p di l~p l~i nhiSu IAn.
- Phdn 16n b6 nghia cho nhfmg - Phdn nhiSu b6 nghia cho nhiing d9ng c6 the m
dQng tir mang tinh chAt cila tu phat ra am tbanh nhu P?}P.f.t, Y tf, .ft..:f-, 1J1Jt.,
duy nhu ~ ).$, ,$~, ,$'t, ~~ ;t nJJ, fflt-;ft, it~, "'*'
~M, ciing c6 th~ b6
i: , it if.J, ~X. #r, -i® i:. Rdt it khi nghia cho nhiing dQng tir khac nhu 71...1.., ~§It,
b6 nghia cho J;A:J~, ~r~, 4ft1*. ~~' -U" -:k., it .:~,.r. Ph~m ~i sir d\Ulg r¢ng ~on.

202
- C6 th8 drrng sau m9t sA d9ng ru
nhtr 1'& i_, a~' ~l?!, \E1 Pt.,
J.Jt~.
- floi khi c6 th€ t~o th~mh eftu
true 1§--=- + fl9ng 1ir + - r.
- Khong e6 each dung nay.
- C6 th€ dung trong nhfrng d9ng
tcic, hanh vi xay ra trong qua khu
va ea tuong lai.
fl}J :f;._ ~ .f~ ~ v_A /6 , ~ 1:- .;J-
~~~~~~0
- Khong e6 each dung nay.
- Khong c6 each dung nay.
- Bi8u tm·hanh vi, d9ng tac l~p di l~p l~i nhi6u
l~n trong m9t khoang thOi gian nao d6 6 qua
khu.
- H~u nhu khong dung trong tuong lai, n~u nhu
hanh vi d9ng tac d6 da l~p di l~p l~i trong qua
khu va v~n se l~p di l~p l~i trong tuong lai thi
cling c6 th€ dung.
±~~~RT~$, ~~~~~~%
-.jJ}-"friA~o

Luy~n t~p

Ch9n -¥}-=:,.. ~.fl} di8n vao.eh6 tr6ng.

1. 1m 1§g~~B"J~)j(o
2. 1th rPJ ~m:~ 0

3. f£tt -t:+i¥ JJ., 1m *1t**tsr:791ft~~9rtJ 0

4. ~~IE,~ 7}(9&, {B~1fu1fJ-8 ili/FlJ<J~'o

5. ~Yfp 5;.1~M*~1J\~1~xlo
6. 1m ~7]\~J§~~n~>J ~
7. fJt ~}tt, :ijl}§7[~}E-t:9=t ~ il$o
8. £~tt 1~~, 1ml¥Jit}C::t~~:imtlo
9. ~rl!-i'fPJ~, ~-~ s;.ifm--r 0

10. ~ tl!Mffr\, 1~kE~~T o

L_____l!~_! l__:!~~~~~=-~!-~f-£:r~~1t:;:---:1!!.~.!1Y~!l.L...-.. _]
~~ [B~i ru]
(1) Thi new, ra sao. fl(mg tru&c d9ng tu d€ hoi v€ each thll,c. f}9ng tu khong dung_
.hinh thuc phil dinh.
l!.-1'-~.st.!f-:t ~ ~?
1!1!-*.:t ~ 1t9:?

203
(2) Sao lr;zi, vi sao. D{mg tnrcrc d(>ng tit ho~c tinh tit d€ hoi v€ nguyen nhan. D(>ng tir
ho~c tinh tir c6 th€ dimg hinh thuc phu dinb. Doi khi ;t ~ dugc dt'rng tru6c chu ngfr.
1~ tr.J& fal ~ ~ i!. ~ ~~?
M h b.:X:. .:~ h 'A?
i& .A 7 ..A...~ A ~~ •

(3) Thi new. Dl!ng trucrc luqng tir + danh tir d€ hoi v€ tinh chAt, tr~ng thai. LuQllg
tu da sA dung -1'-, ~, danh tir da sfi dUng A., tj; V!J, •.
J!.)t~~ (-)@J:f?
~;it~~ (-)/j'-A?
(4) Thi nao. Dimg d€ thay the m(>t each thuc, tinh chftt, tqmg thai niw d6 khong bi€t
ho~c khong c~n thiet ho~c khong ti~n n6i ra.
~*~~~7J!.*:f, ~~*~~~~%o
*
_:kn )_t ~(:k ~ fr.J ~ $}] , ~-A-~~ J! lt. ~ 9J. ~ o
( 5) Sao, cai gi. Dtrng: adfiu cau, phia sau c6 dAu ng~t, bi€u th! y.ng~c nhien.
It~? ~i~dt~1?
;t~? 1t~iA.i~~ 7?
(6) Sao v(ly, thi nao.Tnrc ti€p lam vi ngfr d€ hoi v€ tr~ng thai, tinh huAng. Cu5i cau
kSt hgp vm 1 , ~.
1~~~ 1!

~~f-f {D~i tir]

*
-i- -*1t JJ~ ~ ~ 1 ? ~ 5-t l1JT 1t 1}-~fk_Jtj 1 0

(1) Th4 nao. K€t hgp vm fi-J d€ b6 nghia cho danh ttr, hoi v€ tinh ch~t cila ngucri
ho~c S\f v~t.
;t. ~#~111'-~1~ t fi~;f.l1:.?
-~)t~~#fr.JA?
(2) Thi nao, ra sao. D{mg tnrcrc d9ng ttr, dung d8 hoi v€ each thuc.
;ftPt_,t~ ~#1ttA ft.;?
1!.**-;t ~#1ttff.J?
(3) Thi nao. Dimg d8 thay th€ mQt each thuc, tinh chftt, tr~ng thai nao d6 khong bi€t
ho~c khong cfin thi€t ho~c khong ti~n n6i ra. .
~f~~~~#~~' ;t~#~~' ~~~~~~~~To
~~~~~~*-~' *~~~+~~~0
(4) Thi nao. Dung d€ ho1 v€ tinh hlnh ho~c trung cfiu y kiSn cua ngum khac.
~1ttff.J *-~ ~*' "*fptp!b?
1* .f ~ v.A 16 ~T $-It ~ #?
( 5) Ch&ng ra lam sao. Dung trong cau phu djnh ho~c nghi vAn d8 thay thS cho m(>t
dQng tac ho~c tinh hu6ng khong n6i ra d€ ngit khi nh¥ han.
~~ >J ~!t~~ ~,ffo
~~~m~~*' ~~~*~~~~#~o

204
~;f-f [D~i ill]
Gi6ng nhu m9i each dung cua It ~ #-, dung nhi€u trong van vi St.

- D~u la d~i tu.

- D€u c6 thS dung troilg cau nghi vfin dS hoi vS each thuc, tinh ch~t, lam tr~ng ngfr
trong cau, co ~hs thay ths cho nhau.
- D€u c6 thS dung thay thS nhfrng d<)rig tac, tinh hu6ng khong n6i ra. DSu c6 thS kSt
hqp v~ :JGiB-, :iG'i", /GiB-, ;t~, ~.
- D€u c6 thS dung v61 tinh chfit cua d~i tlr my chi, hu chi.
- D~u co ths dung trong cau trAn thu~t.
- Khi Utm tr~ng ngfr co thS hoi - Khong co each dung nay
vS nguyen nhan.
1~ a'f *..~ ~ ~~)~.J:.ijft?
- Khong c6 each dung m1y - C6 ·thS dung d<)c ·1~p lam vi ngfr dS hoi tinh hinh.
~ ~ #-? 1t9;:~f j·l1Jb ?
- Phia sau kSt hqp v&i 7 chi - Phia sau kSt hqp v&i 7 chi sg vi~c da biSt,
tinh huang rri&i xuAt hi~n, 11gum n6i dung hinh thuc nay hoi Ht dS mu6n biSt
ngum n6i khong biSt d6 la vi them nhfrng thong tin mcri.
sao, nhu th€ nao nen hoi. It~ #-1? ~if.) ~*f~*,JL 1lllb?
~~r?;t~xA~-1'­
{.f-t-?
- Khi lam dinh ngfr dS hoi vS - Khi lam dinh ngfr dS - Khi ·lam dinh ngfr dS
tinh chAt, tru&c danh ill b~t hoi vS tinh ch~t, tnr&c hoi vS tinh chAt, tnr&c
bu<)c phai c6 s6 hrqng ttr. · danh ill thm1ng cAn s6 danh ill c6 the khong
i!_jJj ~Jt;t ~ @J :f? lugng ill. cAn s6lugng_ttr.
1~ Jt +;t. ~ # if.) 1~ ;it It# if.) A.?
A?
- C6 the t~o thanh /G+~ ~ de - Khong c6 each dung nay.
lam tr~ng ngfr, chi muc d9
khong qua cao.
1~ ff.J ~itd-JtA~~;t ~ :kf o
- C6 th€ dl1ng d<)c l?p adAu - Khong co each dung nay.
cau de biSu thi y ng~c nhien.
It ~ ? 1~ lE71!11 ?
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 thS lam tan ngfr de hoi v€ y mu6n, nhin nh~n.
C6 thS lam bb ngfr dS hoi tinh hinh. .
Jb ~ 1~ :t. • k /. lk
'I'J' J\!.,{-tf~'IT-t:.J{(.i& .~ ·i& A~·
"-'E1 ' ' .b -~.~ ?

205
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~~"' ~ft . . ~~~ di8n vao ch6 tr6ng.

1. i-W¥±~1Xif*DF"WJ, ~Yfli -J,Jl, 1fl\ffJmi:- -i:5lo
z. ~14$:k*~~nm:, 1f.r\ kE/G~om?
3. 7? 3ZJ~P~7?
4. 7? ~1t~J1JTI¥J~?
5. ~ff] !f}P~?
6. 3!1!f$~ !}}ht)t u~!
7. 1f.r\¥U~ 7, ~~~~ ~i)ffjtu~ !
s. 1tB~# A/G o

9. ~l~?:E~fffi~if~ia*E£!~,
10. -mT.PT1m::f~PJT, ~-I:H::f~nm· - - 0

L,_r ---·· ---.. . . . _J!32~~ ·zhiduo =-~~ zu~duo·r -rniiiiii"'Tiii"J

~$ [Ph6 tlr]
- Nhi€u nhdt Ia. Bi€u thi kha nang 16n nhftt, muc d() 16n nhftt.
~~~ .,i.~jf ~ko
1~.i.~-=- -J- ~ 0
Jl$ [Tinh tir]
- Nhi€u nhdt. BiSu thi s6 lugng lqn Dhdt.
~ 111 })1 ti-J !!fr !£_ ~ ~ 0

Ei ~1n;fm ~t, ~~*-JJllJJ.~ o

~~ [Ph6 tir] Ji§t; [Tfnh tir]

- B8u c6 nghia la nbi8u nhAt.
- La ph6 tir, chi kha nang, muc d() 16n nhdt. - La tinh tir, chi s6 lugng nhi€u nhdt.
- Thuemg lam tr~ng ngfr. '
- Thuemg lam djnh ngfr, vi ngfr, hA
~.~.~ ~1t-~~, _i.~~~~1t ~ ngfr.
G·o ~ ti-J JJJL~ ~ ~ o

Luy~n t~p

ChQn ~~, jfl ~ di€n vao ·ch6 tr6ng.

1. -ftk~:IF-~, n +*~· o

2. a:fiE~tlt~_tAu B"lffil*o
206
 3. ~~£F@J%~ ~pij{j(o
4. J\. ~~{j(o
s. ~AA! B"J ~%me~~ ffi1 0

6. 1m~1~ EJ<J 0

7. J~J~Jc- mG!mlJ=f:o
8. ~5fn1m/F1it ~00, -iF · 3i;\{}(o
9. 1m J~~, ~ iEiJl1~ . , {B ¥9: ~ ~1:i] fig-~ 8{] o
10. :JJt &~ tffi. I1Z 1m 1iJg tffi. 0

L___ ._______,-·-··-I!~~L!~-~!t.~~~~-=--~~ ~~~~.?-.~--··-·--··- .....I

-~j.> [Pb6 tir]
- it nhcit, chi it, it ra. Bi€u thi muc thfip nhfit, muc d{) t6i thi€u, s6 lugng it nhfit.
.f.~.. -\t*#;- jj1j A- ~M-* ft-J *JL~ o
~~~~~~~k~~~~' ~~~~~~*~~?
:Ill~' [Tinh tlr]
- it nhcit. Bi€u tbi s6lugng it nhfit, tfii thi€u.
~~' ~~ft-J~*~~~~~~~~A~~o
*-ff"~ff.J1~~1f1, Jit~' ~~ Ji_ T~o

~d> [Ph6 tir] 1fld> [Tinh tir]

- Deu bi€u thj sA lugng it nh!t, t6i thi€u, mang nghia it nhcit. C6 th€ dimg trong eong
thirc: "~ ~y I~ ~y + D{)ng tir +,sf, lugng" ho~c "~~.. Ill !Y" + sA lugng".
·3!.~ j:_ -:t 1t.i. ~~ I .J: ?'~it-=..~ o

.~.~. / Jl~' ·= ~~~-lko

- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 th€ lam vi ngfr, dinh ngfr.
~ it-J -tt ;fL lt :f.~?' , ~_;t1),-j-~PEo (S) . -~ft-J4t~Lkll?', ~~
·-
9),-j-~P~~·
"

- Dtrng tru&e d{)ng tir, nhung phla sau c6 th€ - K.hong c6 each dung nay.
khong mang tir ngfr ehl s6 luQ'Ilg. 1~ ~?"' ~il:. k ~ tzJ[ ·ti 1~
. 1~ ,i_ ; .. ~ilk~ PJf'ti 1~ ir.J f; ~~ o ~~;,~·0 (S)
- C6 the d(mg dAu eau, mang nghia it ra. - Khong c6 each dung nay.
.i.?'' 1t ~ PJf ltJf *- ~ tr.J Jt j)(_ 0
.,
*~ 1ik. ~ PJf PJf 1\._ ~ fr.J
Jt-iX.o (S)

207
 Luy~n t~p

ChQn ¥:.!>... lid> diSn vao chfi trAng:

1. ~4ij:{jz{$:%~Mi~J§ ~~~ilfi7.J-~~o
2. tlJT~, AD B<JIE~~~1WIXJ o
3. , ~t~~~r~~Jm.~o~£A, J1tJiJ::k*1HJ~'o
4. ~!B.r&&muifJ\~M~, {s {gtlJfiJliiftBB<J:JgAo
5. ~11'J4fJ}j ~jfj}ij{jz~, ~~0PJB<J~JEo
6. /J':J!4ij":1'3c~T~~fJj)}, ::fJG~J!o
7. $~~%Ef<JPF±t/GJ!t~'Mm, {B 4fJ~~:ff191f~o
8. J!{f[~~~ 70;#7, {8\~~jj~~S~o
9. ~;t¥: ::t figm B<J ~ ~~If)[~tt g; B<J ~IJ n~? *u
10. t£1Jt1fJ0~£, /J\~B<JI~~ , 1-fuB<J.F.J wr ~1f---=fg;:J;k;o

L---- T ' ..1 ...... ,, - - t~~:!L~f-~~~n'i~~=--}I~E~~!_i----·----r·~-r 'iilir J

~-"f [Pho nr]
Cu6i cimg, r6t cu9c. Bi~u tbi kat qua d~t dugc cuAi cung~ tinh huAng xuftt hi~n
.I
sau m()t quang thai gian dili.
~1ll~f-;}t~-!-ilttW ~Jt~}] 0
ft~*~~~~h, ~~~~~~k~To
:lfljgf [Danh nr]
Cu6i cimg, sau cung. Bi~u tbi tr€ nhftt vS ~t thm gian, cuAi cung ve m~t trinh
t1)'' th(r 1\r.
'J' .£ltt1t1±-JlJ€i -Mfo
~-~~~#~JJ.J€i, ~~+~~-0

~f. [Pho nr] l\lfr.i [Danh tu]

- La ph6 nr, chi d~t sau chu - La. danh ru ?hi thm gian, khi lam tr~ng ngir c6 th€
ngfr. , d~t tru6c ho~c sau chu ngil'.
~ *1- a
nJJ f.; 1t ~ 11~ *-
llJ€i' ~ 1~-*. /~ a) foJ ~a v.A tl1 ~ft.;~
~ ~Am~,%;ro i*to
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - C6 the lam djnh ngfr. Vi d\1 nhu • ./&; - 7\.. .....I&;
-t4F-. ._J€;- Yi... -J.J€;- ;k.... -J..~&; A.~... v. v....
- Khong c6 each dung nay. - Chi trinh t1J thm gian, dung trong kat cftu " 7t ··· ,
~ 1Jl :7t-!-Pt iJi, t.Ji If;-!- f~ .If;···, .J€; ··· "ho~c'' 1l7'G ···, f! .$ · · ·, -J.J€; ···"
~lif*, ~-r ~-i-ll~ -t .f:i ~1n;t-t-Pt11i, ;~If; -!- ~ 1if !f. ' JlJ€it
OKo (S) -!- ll~ -t _f:i OK a
208
 Luy~n t~p. I
ChQn ~-=f, ~}§ di~n vao ch5 tr6ng:
1. ~~~BJL~{i&% ~)g~~T o
2. *'l*tl m:tB~A~I¥J~~zv, :m~:ruBtt~JJXrJJ 0

3. i*~~AB~Jff~, 1m1fJ · PoMM~U§I¥J±fuo

4. , ~~~iMJiJT~~~-'tJ9l ~ ?1f11ili fl{JA, i!MiM1fr\1fJ!
5. 11B1fJ0i§J ~@7~1fJI¥J~)j(o
6. ~ ~Jli~, Jf:E tB 1¥1 iW ~A~% :itt:A ~ Jf o
7. ~~@{fl\, 3!~ -'l!x, m~Jll-~'f!J(, ~J§/Ffi¥J~~ To
8.. ~~1fJ' ~1fJ.$'GtE~-=fti9:tE~-=f _t, 1&1§13!-&, 7.]-~:FI~f
*~0
9. 3! 'l!x1tB- -~ 5E 7 ~JG\, -tjc}E ~~ fE 00 ~ o
10. $~~' ~~JA%1¥J~_mo

I
···~···r······~'
[125]
·;o,··..·~".. --,·~··.··r-a-·z~···"i--~..
:lfl)li
... ·
-r·~······"···· .~
zuijin -
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