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ARTS

Lesson 1: Media-Based Arts and Design in the Philippines

Elements of Art:
● Line
● Shape
● Texture
● Space
● Color
● Value
● Form

In product and industrial design, the artist by default must have both form and space in a
product design because these elements are three dimensional. It can also be presented through
the use of perspective and shading thereby making it two-dimensional.

Texture is another element, like form or space, that can be real (running a finger on a rough
surface or hold an unglazed jar), created (think of an impasto canvass), or implied (through the
use of shading).

Color is the main attribute for people who are visual learners and thinkers. In the media based-
arts and designs, color has been a dominant element since most of these arts are created with
colors.

In film and animation, the elements of sound and motion are incorporated aside from the seven
basic elements of art in expressing the artists’ perspectives, feelings, and ideas.

Photography
- It is one of the most enjoyed hobbies of every Filipino. This is evident in the millions of
photos that are posted in the different social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram.
- In this field, some gifted Filipino photographers are known because of their remarkable
shots, such as George Tapan.

Characteristics of Philippine Photography

● Interesting Foreground - It is the portion of the frame that is closest to the camera.
● Sharpness - a sharp photograph shows intent and skill.
● Interesting perspective - sometimes all photographs need to be interesting. In order to
do this. There should be a change of perspective. A shot taken from a few inches from
the ground or under the subject, something which is not usually seen can produce great
images.
● Good lighting - not under or over exposed is too obvious. A photographer knows how to
really work with light which can help create some truly stunning images.
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● Symmetry - it is the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other
or around an axis.
● Shadows - it gives depth to two-dimensional images or just interesting composition
builders.
● Contrast - is the visual ratio of different tones in an image.
● Human Interest - Candid shots stand out. It is better to see photos with the subject who
isn’t reacting to the camera but instead, living their life.
● Isolation - it is the ability to draw the viewer’s attention away from anything

Animation
- The process of creating the illusion of motion and shape change by means of the rapid
display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other.
- It can be seen in your favorite TV commercials, music, movies, or even videos. The
following are techniques and style in creating an animation:
● Traditional Animation - These involes animations drawn by hand frame by frame.
● Digital 2D Animation - Also called Vector Animation, It is creating animations in the 2
dimensional space with the help of digital technologies.
- Using Adobe Flash, animators can limit the number of drawings used, which makes
them easier to create digital animation.
● Digital 3D Animation - It is making the unreal characters to a realistic one.
- Digital 3D Animation characters are much faster to create and they are quite popular in
movie making industry.
● Stop-Motion Animation - This is done by capturing a photo of an object, then moving it
just a little bit to take another photo. Similar to Traditional Animation, but uses real
images instead of drawings to create an illusion of movement.
● Motion Graphics - Still considered as a form of animation, this is nothing alike the other
types of animation as it is not character or story-driven.
- It’s simply the art of moving graphic elements such as texts or shapes. Some examples
include animated logos, film opening titles, explainer videos, and app advertisements.

The Philippine Animation Production Process

1. Pre-Production
a. Story
b. Storyboarding
c. Editorial
d. Visual Development
e. Pre-Visualization

2. Production
a. Modelling
b. Surfacing
c. Rigging
d. Layout and Set Dressing
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e. Character Animation
f. Crowd Simulation
g. Technical Directing
h. Lighting

3. Post-Production
a. Compositing
b. Music and Sound Design
c. Color Grading

Characteristics of Philippine Animation

1. It presents current issues in the community.
2. It retells myths and native stories of the country in animation.
3. It manifests Philippine Culture and Tradition.

Print Media
● Newspapers
● Tabloids
● Magazines
● Comics

Characteristics of Philippine Print Media

1. It displays Nationalistic favor.
2. It expresses libertarian and free enterprise principles.
3. It is informative and entertaining in nature.
4. It reflects Philippine Tradition and Culture.

Digital Media
● E-Books
● Wattpad

Characteristics of Philippine Digital Media

1. It exchanges information in a wide range of digital platforms.
2. It is a mixture of entertainment, illustration, or communication purposes.
3. An accessible storage for preservation.
4. It can be easily distributed and accessed.
5. It is user-friendly.
6. It is low-cost.

Lesson 2: Filipino Based Media Works and their Artists

Photography
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Xyza Bacani - She is a multi-awarded street and documentary photographer that focuses on
labor and human rights. One notable element of her works is the use of black and white
images instead of using colored ones.

John K. Chua - John K. Chua is a popular advertising and commercial photographer who had
been working with international brands. He was recognized by Canon Philippines in leading and
initiating their Bachang Advocacy for the rebuilding of rice terraces in Batad, Ifugao.
- Mr. Chua also advocated special children and animal rights through his
photography as a platform.

George Tapan - He is an award-winning travel photographer who won two Pacific Asia Tourism
Association (PATA) Gold Awards, ASEAN Tourism Association Award, and the 2011 National
Geographic Photo Contest as the second placer.

Manny Librodo - His images appeared on different publications worldwide like Asian Graphic
and UNICEF Calendar.
- Whose focus is vision rather than technique, is also recognized as one of the top 10
world famous portrait photographers and an international photography conference
speaker.
- Also specializes in travel and people, glamour, and fashion photography.

Film and Animation

Kidlat Tahimik - Kidlat Tahimik, a National Artist for Film, is being praised worldwide for his
works that are critic of neocolonial exploitation and state oppression or known as “Third
Cinema”.
- Kidlat Tahimik’s works develop in the quest of independence and self-recognition of our
own culture and history that are free from the influence of the west.
- He advocates indigenous cultures and create artworks to raise awareness about
environment issues.
- He is also dubbed as the “Father of the Philippine Independent Cinema”.

Marilou Diaz Abaya - A feminist director, she was also a critic of President Ferdinand Marcos
during Martial Law due to the oppressive social situation.
- Her social realist films are centered on the lives of the poor, women, and children.
- She won numerous awards in Metro Manila Film Festival, Urian Award, FAMAS,
International Federation of Film Critics’ Awards, and Network of Pan Cinema Awards.
Brilliante Mendoza - An Internationally awarded film director. His works are centered on
“Neorealism”, a docudrama style that showcases the pressing social issues of the country.
From advertising, he crossed to film directing.
- “Kinatay” a film that talks about a criminology student who later became involved in a
syndicate, has made Brilliantes win the Best Director Award during the 62nd Cannes
Films Festival.
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Laurice Guillen - Was an actress who eventually became a film director. Her notable work
is “Salome” in 1981 where she won the Best director award for the Gawad Urian.
- The same film was also shown at the Toronto International Film Festival. She won the
Best Screenplay for her “Tanging Yaman” in 2002 of the same award-giving body.
- She won the 9th Gawad Tanglaw Awards’ Best Director and Presidential Jury Award for
“Sayo Lamang” in 2011.

Comic Books and Animation

Antonio Velasquez - Known as The “Father of Tagalog Comics” and founding father of
Philippine comic industry. One of his notable works is the creation of “Kenkoy” that was
published in the Tagalog-Language Liwayway Magazine and designed labels for Philippine
Products Advertisements.

Mars Ravelo - Known as the “King of Komiks”. Ravelo’s works had been adopted to films and
captivated Filipinos for generations like Darna, Dyesebel, Captain Barbell, and Lastikman.

Larry Alcala - Is an editorial cartoonist, illustrator, and a National Artist for Visual Arts. His
works depict Filipino lives in a witty manner. And a pioneer in animated cartoons and TV
commercials in the country.
- His style presents the everyday life of Filipinos with humor and critical issues of
the time, arousing reflection and rational judgement. One of his famous works is the
Slice of Life that received the Best Humor Award in 1988. His Kalabog En Basya was
the longest running cartoon series in the country.

Apolonio “Pol” Medina Jr.

- He is best known for creating “Pugad Baboy”, one of the longest running comic strips
in the country.
- Public figures, politicians, and even celebrities are often the subject of his
caricatures and ironic commentary but with subtle reference to the personalities
involved.

Product and Industrial Design

Kenneth Cobonpue
- A native of Cebu, his innovative designs usually combine natural materials through
homemade productions processes.
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- He uses bamboo, rattan, and abaca materials in his creations which are native to the
Philippines.
- His works do not only venture on design but promotes Philippines as a rich source of
inspiration and place where possibilities are limitless.

Monique Lhuiller
- A Cebuana Fashion designer and became known for her wedding gowns.
- Her couture was worn by Hollywood stars and other well-known celebrities.
- She was a member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2003.

Rajo Laurel
- Co-founded the House of Laurel (a fashion boutique) together with her sister, Vennise-
Laurel Hermano.
- He introduced Filipino fashion through his avant-garde collection in international galas
and exhibits.
- He also used his resources to create income opportunities to impoverished women by
making handbags, accessories, and clothing made from discarded fabric from his own
shop.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Street and Hip-hop

Street Dance - Regarded as the forefather of hip-hop dancing.

- Informal and Improvised dance style
- Formally known as a Vernacular Dance because participants are able to dance in any
available space.
- A variety of funk and hip-hop dance styles.
- Greatly influenced by Afro-American vernacular dance and other urban culture.
- Commonly associated with ZUMBA, a dance fitness program developed in the 1990’s by
Alberto “Berto” Perez.
- Partying is not a part of hip-hop culture.
- Originated in New York.
-

Street and Hip-hop benefits

● Improves your stamina.
● Your joints will be more flexible.
● Boosts mental confidence.
● You will develop concentration and spatial awareness.

Breaking/B-Boying
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- Also called breakdancing, is a style of street dance and the first hip-hop dance style that
was created in the South Bronx New York City among Black and Puerto Rican youths
during the early 1970s.
● Power moves - Comprised of full body spins and rotations that give the illusion of defying
the gravity.
● Freezes - Stylish poses done with your hands.
● Top rock - Footwork-oriented steps performed while standing up.
● Downrock - Footwork performed with both hands and feet on the floor.

Locking/Campbell Locking
- Created by Don Campbellock Campbell in 1969 in Los Angeles, California. It was
popularized by his crew, The Lockers.
- In locking, the dancers hold their positions called the LOCK, longer. The lock which is
similar to freeze or sudden change, is the primary move used in locking

Popping
- Was popularized by Samuel Boogaloo Sam Solomon and his crew Boogaloo consists of
loose movements using the hips and legs. It gives the illusion that the performer has no
bones.
- It is characterized by its robotic elements contracting or jerking the muscles of the body
which is called pop or a hit.

Tutting
- It is an upper-body dance that uses arms, hands (fingers can also be used), and wrists
in a creative way to make geometric shapes forming a right angle. The style was
originally practiced by young funk dancers.
- It is derived from the positions people have drawin during the Ancient Egyptians.

Shuffling
- It is characterized by fast heel and toe twisting, stepping, running man variations,
stomping with the beat, foot swiveling from side to side, and having feet that appear to
be gliding on and off the ground.
- Also called Melbourne Shuffle or Rocking, a rave and club dance that originated in the
1980’s in Melbourne, Australia.

Krumping
- It is characterized as being a free dance where the movements are more abrupt and
strong. It is also an expressive, exaggerated, and highly energetic dance.
- The youth who started this style view it as a way for them to release anger, aggression,
and frustration positively, in a non-violent way.
- Originated in the African-American community in Central Los Angeles, California.

Waacking
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- It is an African American form of street dance originating in the 1970s disco era of the
underground LGBT club scenes in Los Angeles and New York City and received its
name from the English, meaning: “waving arms”.

C.A.T.

Military Leadership

Basic Elements of Leadership

● It is the art of inducing others to cooperate toward achieving a common goal.

● Exercised over the subordinates in such a way to obtain their obedience,
confidence, respect, and loyalty at all times.

Character
● To be a leader, a person must be of good moral characters such as honesty, good
manners, industry, self control, and bravery.
Intelligence
● .Intelligence is the ability to grasp knowledge easily. It includes native ability and good
common sense and judgment. An intelligent person is necessary in the Armed Forces
because there are many things which a soldier learns.
Alertness
● Alertness must be mental and physical.

Qualities of a Leader

General
● Many individuals have risen as leaders of their fellowmen on account of their inborn
characteristics and those which they develop as they grow older.
● Some of their traits have been acquired by them in service. These traits make leaders
win the confidence, respect, and cooperation of others: they are destined to lead others.
Experience
● With sufficient training, a young officer or an enlisted man during his military service will
gain experience that will be valuable in his career.
● Participation in combat and in other phases of military duties will develop his spirit of
confidence in being able to lead soldiers.

Principles of Leadership
1. Know your job.
2. Know yourself and seek self improvement.
3. Know your men and look after their welfare.
4. Keep your men informed.
5. Set an example
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6. Be sure that orders are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
7. Train your men and work as a team.
8. Make sound and timely decisions.
9. Develop responsibility among subordinates.
10. Employ your command in accordance with its capabilities
11. Assume responsibility for your actions

Objectives of a Leader

● To have an organization which will loyally and willingly accomplish any

reasonable task and will act in the absence of order.

Discipline
- A state of order and peace existing in a command.

Morale
- The mental and emotional state of an individual.

Espirit de corps
- The mental and emotional state of a unit.

Efficiency
- The ability to successfully accomplish an assigned task in the shortest period of time,
with the minimum expenditure of effort and means.

Military Drills and Ceremonies

Command
- Oral order by a leader or a commander.
Drill Command
- Order issued orally in the field by a leader, commander, or anyone assigned to give the
command.

Drills
- Consists of certain movements by which the squad, platoon, or company is moved in an
orderly manner from one formation to another or from one place to another.
Ceremonies
- Are formations and movements in which a large number of troops execute movements in
uniform and which precision upon command just in drill.

Drill commands have two parts, namely:

Preparatory Command (Unang Paghanda)
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- States the movement or formation to be carried out and mentally prepares the individual
for its execution.
- Ex: In the command “Forward, March” (Pasulong, KAD), the preparatory command is
“Forward” (Pasulong)

Command of Execution (Utos Panupad)

- Tells when the movement is to be carried out.

Military Drill Terms

1. Element - Part of a unit.
2. Formation - The arrangement of the elements in a prescribed manner.
3. Line - A formation in which the elements are side by side with each other.
4. Rank - A single line of individuals or vehicles placed side by side facing to one direction.
5. Column - A formation where the elements are placed one behind the other.
6. File - A single Column of individuals.
7. Flank - The right or left side of an individual, unit, or formation.
8. Interval - The space between elements in the line.
9. Distance - The space between elements in the column.
10. Depth - The distance from the front to the rear of the formation, including the front or
rear elements.
11. Base - An element in which movement is regulated.
12. Center - Middle of a formation.
13. Front - The forward space occupied by an element or formation.
14. Alignment - The arrangement of individuals or troops on a straight line formation.
15. Guide - An individual ahead or at the right of a formation designated to control the
direction and rate of march.
16. Piece - Firearm used by an individual.
17. Pace - A step of 28 inches, the length of a full step in quick time.
18. Step - Normal pace in marching. Distance measured heel to heel between the feet of a
marching individual. A side step is measured at 12 inches; half and backward step is
measured at 15 inches.
19. Quick Time - The normal cadence in marching 120 steps per minute.
20. Double Time - A faster cadence in marching 180 steps per minute.

HEALTH

Significance of Global Health Initiatives

Global fund
● Accelerating the end of AIDS, TB, and malaria as epidemics.
● Financing mechanism rather than an implementing agency.
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Positive Impact:
● 18.9 million people received antiretroviral therapy for HIV.
● 719,000 HIV-positive mothers received medicine to keep them alive and prevent
transmitting HIV to their babies.
● 5.3 million people were tested and treated for TB.
● 131 million mosquito nets distributed to protect families from malaria.
Issues:
● The evolution of the epidemic
● Stigma and discrimination that discouraged people from seeking treatment.

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI)

● Innovation for Uptake, Scale, and Equity in Immunization (INFUSE)
- It seeks to bridge the gap between vaccine delivery innovators and implementing
countries.

Positive Impact:
● Since 2016, GAVI has immunized nearly 200 million children and are ahead of reaching
300 million children by 2020.
● Over 3.1 million girls in Africa have been immunized against human papillomavirus
(HPV), which is the main cause of cervical cancer.
● Nearly 78 million children were immunized since 2000 with rotavirus vaccinea gainst the
leading cause of severe diarrhea.
● Since its inception in 2000, Gavi-supported immunization program in Africa have helped
avert 7.5 million deaths.
● Over 250 million children were immunized with pentavalent vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus,
pertussis, Hep B and Hib) since 2000.

Issues:
● Lack of incentive to develop vaccines for neglected diseases that affect low and middle-
income countries.
● Urbanization and rapid growth of population in urban settings.
● Lack of immunization infrastructure, health care workforce.

World Health Organization (WHO)

● Alliance for Healthy Cities
- International network aiming to protect and enhance the health of city dwellers through
legislations and insurances.

Positive Impact:
● Taiwan was able to develop a well-organized framework and model to encourage strong
leadership in local governments and to promote participation and engagement in their
communities.
● The first Healthy Cities Programs were
● launched in developed countries (i.e. Canada, USA, Australia, many European nations).
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Issues:
● Lack of program permanence and other outcomes-related issues.
● Developing countries lack the resources to develop good guidance to lead the project.
● Arise of Global Health Problems due to fast changing globalization and urbanization in
both well developed as well as developing countries.

● WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

- It is the first treaty negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization that
seeks to control Tobacco Consumption.

Positive Impact:
● Nearly 22 million future premature smoking-attributable deaths were averted because of
strong implementation of demand-reduction measures adopted by countries between
2007 and 2014.
● In Kenya since 2013, there has been a 20% increase in Tobacco tax revenues due to
new regulations. Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of currently smoking students
who wanted to stop smoking increased.
● The budget for health in the Philippines has been increased, particularly for universal
health care after raising tax imposed to cigarettes.

Issues:
● Limited administrative and techincal capacity, inadequate financial resources, and
pervasive interference by the tobacco industry contributed to insufficient and uneven
implementation between countries and regions.
● Poor intersectoral coordination together with low public and government awareness of
tobacco control as a development issue that has implications far beyond health is a
major impediment.

● WHO’s Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol

- A resolution on public health problems caused by harmful use of alcohol approved by
World Health Assembly year 2005 (WHA 58: 26); thus, recognizing that alcohol has a
worldwide impact and that strategies exist to reduce such an impact.

Positive Impact:
● The United States saw a 16% median decline in motor vehicle crashes.
● The Russian Federation implemented alcohol control measures in 2003. By 2016,
recorded consumption of alcohol had fallen by 40%. Over the same period all-cause
mortality dropped by 39% in men and 36% in women, with the sharpest decline in
causes of death linked to alcohol consumption.
● Brazil reduced the opening hours of bars from 24 hours a day to closure at 11pm was
associated with a 44% drop in homicides.
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● In 2019, the WHO European region is the only region that has a significant reduction on
alcohol per capita consumption which surpassed a 10% relative reduction in comparison
with 2010.

Issues:
● Most countries, particularly low and middle-income countries, have not implemented a
set of alcohol policies.
● Poor progress since the endorsement of the “Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful
Use of Alcohol” by the World Health Assembly.
● Many countries are failing to implement the best buys, with low and middle-income
countries more likely to have weaker policies.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

- It is the United Nations Development Network. It advocates for change and connects
countries to knowledge, experience, and resources to help people build a better life for
themselves.

● UNDP Strategic Plan

- It is anchored on the 2030 agenda for the Sustainable Development and committed to
the principles of universality, equality, and leaving no one behind.
- It helps countries in achieving structural development by eradicating poverty in all its
forms and dimensions.

Positive Impact:
- Global poverty has fallen from 35 percent in 1990 to under 10 percent in 2016, reducing
the number of poor people in the world by over 1 billion.
- Malaysia’s commitment to women’s rights and gender equality has developed over time
in both the domestic and international arenas. The country effectively responded to
human development challenges and reduced inequalities with the help of UNDP.
- Panama achieved high-income status in 2018, leading to a decline in core regular
resources from UNDP.

Issues:
- While the world has seen tremendous health progress in recent years, millions of people
still don’t have access to the health technologies they need to survive and thrive.
- Diseases affecting the world’s poorest people failed to attract the attention and funding
needed to develop new health technologies.
- Even when treatments are developed, they are often not available or delivered at the
country level, remaining out of reach for the people who need the most.

United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

- It is a United Nations’ agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental
aid to children worldwide. It is among the most widespread and recognizable social
welfare organizations in the world, with presence in 192 countries and territories.
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● Digital Health Initiative
- It is an initiative to strengthen health systems by designing and deploying digitally
enabled solutions.

Positive Impact:
● Around the world, 85.8 million mothers, community health workers, vaccinators, and
health facility staff in 18 countries have benefited from digital health platforms and the
communities they connect to the health system.
● UNICEF has harnessed the power of ICT to support countries to ensure that every child
survives and thrives.
● In October 2018, more than 37 million Pakistan children received measles vaccination
during a 12-day supplementary immunization campaign, using real-time monitoring
powered by RapidPro, according to government reports.

Issues:
● Lack of strong, innovative systems that can give governments the information and tools
they need to respond quickly to disease outbreaks and deliver on emergency health
needs.
● Digital health portfolio from birth registration to vaccine management and disease
tracking.
● Innovation for development – exploring new ways of delivering programs to reach the
hardest-to-reach children and those most in need

● .Strengthening Health Systems

- It is an inclusive health system for children to survive and thrive and become a resilient
individual.

Positive Impact:
● Since 1990, through the UNICEF Health Systems Strengthening Approach remarkable
gains have been made in improving outcomes for children and women. The number of
children dying before the age of five years has almost halved and similar progress has
been made in maternal mortality.
● Stunting (chronic undernutrition) among children below age five decreased from 40
percent in 1990 to 25 percent in 2013. However, stunting continues to affect an
estimated 161 million children globally.
● On a yearly basis, 6 million pregnant women receive vaccines that prevent nine
diseases.
● In Afghanistan, nearly 1.2 million children under one year receive life-saving vaccines.

Issues:
● The health-related sustainable development goals (SDGs) require integrated action on
system-wide challenges. To address gaps in health service delivery, there is a need of
evidence on which government agencies, research institutions, donors and civil society
can act.
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● There is plenty of evidence for the effectiveness of standard interventions to prevent
maternal and child deaths, but countries vary widely in the degree to which these
interventions have been implemented.