WEIGHT OF BROILERS FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATION

SUBSTITUTED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS

OF KAPOK SEED MEAL

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies gathered by the researcher will be

serves as a valuable guide in conducting this study.

Broiler

The right potential of birds must be provided the right nutrition, management and

environment. Marginally there was adequate levels of energy and nutrients. The nutrients most

commonly involved are protein, amino acid, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, vitamins and

minerals. Abdul Aziz (1998) said that to take advantages from genetic improvement of broiler,

update must be made of the nutritional levels that promote maximum protein accretion and

minimum fat deposition. The development of growth models is valuable tool to understand

nutrient deposition in poultry. The digestive lysine requirement is based on performance,

however higher dietary lysine in needed to minimize abdominal fat deposition. Feed conversion

ratio is the most commonly used parameter to determined broiler nutritional requirements.

Methionine + Cystine and Threonine requirement determine broiler by feed conversion ratio

optimize carcass parameter. The reduction of protein levels in the broilers diet does not affect

performance of breast pellet yield, but linearly increase abdominal fat deposition. Butteri (2003),

stressed that it must be made of the nutritional levels that promote maximum protein accretion
and minimum fat deposition. The development lysine requirement is based on the performance,

however higher dietary lysine in needed to minimized abdominal fat deposition. Feed conversion

ratio is the most commonly used parameter to determine broiler nutritional requirement.

Methionine + Cystine and Threonine requirement determined by feed conversion ratio optimize

carcass parameters. The reduction of protein levels in the broiler diets does not affect

performance of breast pellet yield, but linearly increases abdominal fat deposition.

Carbohydrates can constitute the largest share of poultry diet since they are abundant in

cereals and other plant product. Carbohydrates include such substance as starch and sugar, the

diet of chicken. Its serves as a source of energy for the body of fowl added. Beryl (1962) study

that the protein fats in lysine deposition in male and female broiler in the period of 1-35 days of

age calculate the amount of each nutrient deposited per kilogram of weight gain, carcass protein

deposition reached to 28 days. Brito (2006) said that similar results were obtained for digestive

lysine per kilogram of weight gain with quadratic response for both sexes. Caules, et al (1999)

explained that broiler does not need only carbohydrates, fats and protein but also essential

vitamins that enhance body and intestinal activities.

Chicken as true to all birds have the capacity for eating and has a quality of feed in

relation to weight Chapman (1946). This is possible because of rapid at which the metabolism

takes place in all fowls. It is also the reason why the body temperature of birds is higher than

human. Duncan (2002) reported that the positive effect of vitamins and minerals levels in birds

reproductive performance is more important than high protein levels. Geraert et.al., (2005) said

that the amino acid requirement for broiler has been historically determined in dose response

with the concentration of the amino acid that produces maximum weight gain chosen as the

requirement. However recommended dietary amino acid levels may vary according to
performance and carcass parameters. Gillispie (1997) emphasizes that when fowls fed in ad

libitum, they tend to eat enough to meet their energy requirements. Chicken has low energy

requirement. Therefore, the race amount in poultry ration must be adjusted in relation to energy

requirements. High ration usually in higher efficiency in converting feed into meat and eggs.

Leeson (1995) stated that broiler production is currently oriented for parts marketing and no

longer to whole carcass, which led to the development of birds with higher lean tissue yield and

lower fat content. Carcass fat content is one of the main carcass concerns on the health problems

that generated rejection of fat carcass. In addition, genetic lean tissue accretion and fat deposition

are influenced by nutrition feeding program, age, sex and environmental condition. According to

Macleod (1997) the catabolism of carbohydrates and amino acid has a high energy cost for bird.

High protein diets may have lower energy content and this would explain the decreased fat

deposition in the carcass of the broiler, further studies are needed on the ideal protein

requirements. Lysine requirement for lower abdominal fat is higher than for other parameters,

other factors needed, such as the ratio between essential and non-essential carbohydrates and

amino acids that can be critical in low protein diets for broiler.

Pond (1995) stated that broiler are young chickens that are grown 5-8 weeks of age, at

which time they are marketed for human consumption as whole birds, halves part or further

processed product. The distinguishing characteristic of modern broiler are their rapid growth,

deposition of a large proportion of breast and leg muscle and their relative inactivity as compared

to chicks of higher breeds or hybrids that are used for egg production.

Neshin and Caed (1997) emphasizes that chicks grow rapidly after doubling their weight

as many as five successive times in terms of the first six weeks. As they grow they need

supplementary heat which becomes less with the result that floor space of the brooder houses
move economic efficiency. It is also considered that same practice slightly to become critical

than the boxer space. Furthermore the option for greatest those even square inches of brooder

space under for each and 0.5 square foot of the total brooder house.

Pfizer (1976) as cited by torredo that chick feeds are mixture of various ingredient

including vitamins and mineral supplemented. Broiler should be fed with ad libitum to ensure

and to avoid retarded growth of flocks. Furthermore, he indicated that controlled feeding should

not be employed to avoid retarded growth of flocks. He stated that broiler fed in morning and

afternoon had good result in their performance. He further said that feeds are mixture of various

ingredients including vitamins and minerals supplement additives. He should be blended in such

quantities so as to supply the broiler with all the required nutrients.

Kapok
Kapok (Ceiba pentandra(L) Gaertn) is native to India, Indonesia and the USA and is

mostly cultivated in South-East Asia. It is a large deciduous tree, best known for the fibre

produced by its fruit. It is usually reaches at about 30-40 m but some varieties such as caribae

can reach 70 m (Ecocrop,2011; Ecoport,2011). Kapok has a broad straight trunk and almost

horizontally spreading branches. Trunk and branches are supported by prickly buttresses at the

base (Ecoport, 2011; Orwa et al., 2009) the leaves are compound (5to 8 leaflets) Kapok produces

large quantities of clustered flowers, yellowish white to rese, silky and densely hairy hairy on the

outer surface. The fruit is a long (10-30cm) capsule hanging from branches and contains 120-175

rounded dark known to black seed embedded in mass of grey wolly hairs (floss).

Kapok is a fast growing tree and becomes productive within 4 to 5 years, yields increase

for about 8 years and its economical lifespan is about 60 years. A tree under optional conditions

may yield 330-400 fruits per year giving 15-18 kg fibre and about 30 kg seeds. (Ecocrop, 2011).
 A tree under optimal conditions may yield 330-400 fruits per year, giving 15-18 kg fibre

and about 30 kg seeds. A satisfactory fibre yield is about 450 kg/ha and a very good yield is

about 700 kg/ha (Louppe et al.,). In 2004, the amount of kapok seed available for use in animal

feed was about 340,000 t. The seeds came almost entirely from Indonesia and Thailand (Choct,

2005).

Description of Kapok

Kapok (Ceiba pentandra(L) Gaertn) is native to India, Indonesia and the USA and is

mostly cultivated in South-East Asia. It is a large deciduous tree, best known for the fibre

produced by its fruit. It is usually reaches at about 30-40 m but some varieties such as caribae

can reach 70 m (Ecocrop,2011; Ecoport,2011). Kapok has a broad straight trunk and almost

horizontally spreading branches. Trunk and branches are supported by prickly buttresses at the

base (Ecoport, 2011; Orwa et al., 2009) the leaves are compound (5to 8 leaflets) Kapok produces

large quantities of clustered flowers, yellowish white to rese, silky and densely hairy hairy on the

outer surface. The fruit is a long (10-30cm) capsule hanging from branches and contains 120-175

rounded dark known to black seed embedded in mass of grey wolly hairs (floss).

Kapok is a fast growing tree and becomes productive within 4 to 5 years, yields increase

for about 8 years and its economical lifespan is about 60 years. A tree under optional conditions

may yield 330-400 fruits per year giving 15-18 kg fibre and about 30 kg seeds.

Nutritive Values of Kapok

 Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed meal contained 324 g crude protein, 97 g ether extract, 289
g fibre, 94 g ash, 128 g available carbohydrates, 3-8 g calcium, 11 g phosphorus, 10.4 g
cyclopropenoid fatty acids and 15 g tannins per kg. 2. That’s what its seeds contain.

CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter discusses the activities to be done in the entire experiment. It also includes

the materials, tools and equipment to be used in the study.

Materials and Tools

The materials and tools will be prepared to facilitate easy operation during the research

period: one hundred (100) heads of day old broiler will be used in the experiments along with

one (1) piece of one-hundred-watt electrical bulb, 4 pieces of 25 watts’ electrical bulb and 15

meters of electrical wire for the lighting of cages. Improvised feeding and watering trough will

be also use in the study.

Tools such as hammer, tape measure, hand saw, bolo and nails will be used in the

construction of the shed houses and cages. The following materials will be utilized for the

construction of shed houses and cages, bamboo pool, bamboo slats, nipa shingle and conveyor.

Experimental Design and Treatment

 A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) will be used as the statistical tools consisting

of four (4) treatments replicated four times making a total of 16 varieties. Each replication will

be composed of five (5) samples of birds, with a total of eighty heads of broiler used in the study.

Experimental lay-out of cages

A battery type of rearing cages will be used in the study with the dimension of 4.86m in

length, 1.80m in height and 0.60m wide.

Figure 1. Lay out of cage

0.60 m

B B C A D D B C
C

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

1.80m

D A D C A B A C
 1 2 4 6 7 8
3 5

0.30m
4.86m

Legend:

Treatment A- Control (Pure feeds)

Treatment B- 5 grams of Kapok Seed Meal+ substituted feeds
Treatment C- 10 grams of Kapok Seed Meal+ substituted feeds
Treatment D- 15 grams of Kapok Seed Meal + substituted feeds