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Category 报告

Theme1 治理
Theme2 科技创新与劳动力市场
Publishing date
(UTC) 2023/03/09
Source Brookings Institution
Source CN 美国布鲁金斯学会
David Autor-Ford Professor in the MIT Department of Economics, Anna
Salomons-Professor at Utrecht University’s School of Economics in the
Author name Netherlands, etc.
大卫·奥托(David Autor,美国麻省理工学院经济学福特教授)、安娜·
Author CN 萨洛蒙斯(Anna Salomons,荷兰乌得勒支大学经济学院教授)等
Patenting with the stars: Where are technology leaders leading the labor
Title market?
Title CN 超级明星企业的专利:引领劳动力市场的技术领导者在哪里?
工业化国家所谓的超级明星企业在工业化国家的发展已经引起了
学者和决策者的注意。这类企业在经济活动中的份额越来越大,并且
企业集中度在过去 100 年中持续上升。
大企业的创新在知识层面拥有非同寻常的新颖性和影响力,且在
技术层面不同于与其他企业做出的创新截然不同。随着时间的推移,
大企业的创新有助于将推动了广泛技术领域中有关的技术长期转化为
专利制度的长期转变。为此,作者研究了顶级企业创新对劳动力市场
的影响,重点关注顶级企业对所有劳动者和职业技能群体进行能力增
强和自动化的潜力。
报告表明,近几十年来,因为创新技术中心的不断变化,相对于
其他企业,顶级企业在劳动力能力增强方面发挥着越来越大的作用 ,
这主要是由于其创新的技术定位发生了变化: 。顶级企业在信息和通
信技术方面获得了越来越多且压倒性的专利,而这些创新对所有职业
技能群体的能力增强效果并不均衡。顶级企业在劳动者能力增强的创
新方面愈发面向从事高薪管理、专业和技术职业的劳动力,而非从事
中低技能职业的劳动力。该结果表明,现代超级明星企业的创新产出
一流且影响巨大,导致了高技能和低技能劳动者在劳动力市场的财富
分化。
虽然针对高技能职业的劳动增进型创新使增加了劳动力创新的其
社会价值和市场价值持续增长,然而但面向中等技能劳动者能力增强
的的劳动增进型创新的市场价值(尽管但不是社会价值)却急剧下
降,因此顶级企业的创新越来越倾向于增强高技能劳动者的能力。该
模式表明,面向低等技能劳动者,尤其是中等技能职业劳动者能力提
Abstract 升的创新可能愈发供不应求。(52 页)
https://www.brookings.edu/research/patenting-with-the-stars-where-are-
URL technology-leaders-leading-the-labor-market/

Conclusions
Innovations pioneered by large firms are disproportionately intellectually novel and impactful, and
further, are technologically distinct from those developed by other firms—contributing to secular
shifts in patenting across broad technology classes over time. These stylized facts motivate our
study of the labor market implications of top firm innovation, focusing on their potential to
augment and automate labor, both overall and by occupational skill group.
大企业的创新在知识层面拥有非同寻常的新颖性和影响力,在技术层面不同于其他企业做
出的创新。大企业的创新随着时间的推移,有助于将广泛领域的技术长期转化为专利。为
此,作者研究了顶级企业创新对劳动力市场的影响,重点关注顶级企业对所有劳动者和职
业技能劳动者进行能力增强和自动化的潜力。

We document that top firms play a growing role in labor augmentation in recent decades relative
to other firms, largely because of the shifting technological locus of their innovations: top firms
have increasingly and disproportionately patented in information and communication
technologies, which appear to be relatively labor-augmenting on average. However, these
innovations do not augment all skill groups equally. Top firms’ labor-augmenting innovations have
increasingly targeted high-paid managerial, professional, and technical occupations, without
becoming differentially labor-augmenting for low- and middle-skill occupations. In combination
with their large and disproportionately impactful innovative output, these results suggest that
modern-day superstar firms contribute to the diverging labor market fortunes of high- and low-
skilled workers.
作者的记录表明,近几十年来,顶级企业在劳动力能力增强方面比其他企业发挥着越来越
大的作用,主要是因为其创新的技术中心在不断变化:顶级企业在信息和通信技术方面获
得了越来越多且压倒性的专利,而这些创新对所有职业技能群体的能力增强效果并不均衡
顶级企业对劳动者能力增强的创新愈发面向从事高薪管理、专业和技术职业的劳动力,而
非从事中低技能职业的劳动力。该结果表明,现代超级明星企业的创新产出一流且影响巨
大,导致了高技能和低技能劳动者在劳动力市场的财富分化。

We also provide suggestive evidence for why the innovations of top firms are increasingly skewed
towards augmenting high-skilled labor: while both the social and market value of labor-
augmenting innovations have risen for innovations targeting high-skill occupations, the market
value (though not social value) of labor-augmenting innovations targeting middle-skill workers
has steeply declined. This pattern suggests that innovations augmenting the work performed by
low- and particularly middle-skill occupations may be increasingly undersupplied by the market.
作者还提供了一些有启发性的证据,说明为什么顶级企业的创新越来越倾向于增强高技能
劳动者的能力:虽然针对高技能职业的创新增加了劳动力创新的社会价值和市场价值,但
面向中等技能劳动者能力增强的创新市场价值(尽管不是社会价值)急剧下降。该模式表
明,面向低等技能劳动者,尤其是中等技能职业劳动者能力提升的创新可能愈发供不应求。

The growth of so-called superstar firms in industrialized countries has attracted the attention of
scholars and policymakers. Such firms account for a rising share of economic activity, and recent
work further suggests that corporate concentration has persistently increased over the past 100
years

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