Science 8: Unit on Matter

Density – a comparison of mass (how much matter something has) and volume (how
much space something takes up)

- how “compact” something is

- the amount of matter for a certain volume of some

substance Density = Mass/Volume (mass ÷ volume)

Units are g/cm³ or g/mL

- density is a constant property of matter

- each pure substance has its own specific density, it doesn’t matter how much
of the substance you have
- density of pure water is 1.0g/mL
- an object sinks or floats in water depending on its density

Density > 1.0 Sink

Density < 1.0 Float

- Density of liquids: liquids form layers depending on their densities

 The liquid with the lowest density will float on top

Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space

- made up of constantly moving particles with kinetic energy
- the speed of the particle movement changes with temperature
- as temperature↑ speed of the particles ↑ (adding heat energy)

Phases of matter
1. Solid – matter that has definite shape and definite volume
- examples:
-

2. Liquid – matter that has no definite shape, but has a definite volume
- examples:

3. Gas – matter that has no definite shape and no definite volume

- examples:
-
Particle Model of Matter – matter is made up of moving particles

Solid Liquid Gas

- particles are - particles are - particles are
tightly packed loosely packed very far apart

- low energy - medium energy - high energy

- strong bond - bond stays connected - bond easily broken

but stretches
Phase change:
adding heat energy will increase the motion of particles in a substance
(heating)
losing heat energy will decrease the motion of particles in a substance
(cooling)
every substance changes state at temperatures that are unique to that
substance

Melting – change of state from a solid to a liquid

Freezing – change of state from a liquid to a solid

Vaporization – change of state from a liquid to a gas

Boiling – vaporization throughout the liquid
Evaporation – vaporization from only the surface of a liquid

Condensation – change of state from a gas to a liquid on the surface of an

object (dew, clouds, steam, mist)

Sublimation – surface particles of a solid change directly to a gas (dry ice)

THE 'HEAT CURVE' FOR WATER

Properties of Matter
Physical – a property that can be observed without changing the substance into something
else
Examples: Phase of matter Ability to dissolve
Color, odor, taste Density
Hardness/texture Flexibility
Conductivity

Chemical – a property that can only be observed by changing a pure substance into
something else
Examples: Flammability
Reactivity

Physical Change – when matter experiences a change in size, shape or phase

- changing the form or appearance of a substance but not the particles that
make up the substance
- examples:

Chemical Change – a change in matter that produces a new substance

- some evidence of chemical change is the production of heat or light, or
the appearance of gas bubbles
- examples:

Temperature: a measure of how fast the particles of matter are moving (kinetic

energy) Thermal Energy: the total energy of all the particles of matter

Heat: the energy that is transferred between objects because of a difference in

temperature
- High temperature → Low temperature

Thermal Expansion: as temperature increases the particles gain energy and move faster
and farther away from each other
-examples:

Energy and Chemical reactions:

 Exothermic – energy is released and temperature increases
o Heat given off
o Examples: burning

 Endothermic – energy is absorbed and temperature decreases

o Examples: photosynthesis

Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass) and Energy: matter and energy cannot be created
or destroyed, they can only change form
Atomic Structure

Atomic Theory – all matter is made up of atoms

The atom is the smallest piece of matter that still has all the properties of
that substance

Particle Charge Location Mass (AMU)

Electron Negative Cloud 0

Proton Positive Nucleus 1
Neutron No charge Nucleus 1

AMU = Atomic Mass Unit = 1.66 x 10 -24 grams

The atomic nucleus has a positive charge with tightly packed protons
and neutrons held together by a very strong bond

Element
Matter made of only one kind of atom
Cannot be broken down into any other substance by physical or chemical
means
Represented by a chemical symbol
o Gold – Au
o Oxygen – O
o Carbon – C
o Sodium – Na

Compound
A substance made up of two or more elements that are chemically
combined (bond) in a specific ratio
Represented by a chemical formula with subscripts
o Carbon Dioxide – CO2 1 carbon: 2 oxygen
o Carbon Monoxide – CO 1 carbon: 1 oxygen

Molecule
A particle of matter made up of two or more atoms held together by
a sharing of electrons

Mixture
Made up of two or more substances – elements, compounds, or both – that
are physically combined
Each substance keeps its characteristics
Each substance can be separated out by magnetism, filtering, vaporization
or distillation
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom of a certain element
The number of electrons in an atom of a certain element
# of protons = # of electrons
# of positive charges = # of negative charges

Atomic Mass
The total mass of the atom
The total number of protons plus neutrons in an atom of a certain element
Each proton and each neutron have a mass of 1 AMU
# of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number
Periodic Table
Groups: vertical columns form families
o # 1-18
o Similar arrangement of electrons

Periods: horizontal rows

o # 1-7

Shell Diagram – see atom packet for diagram

Valence electrons
The electrons that are farthest away from the nucleus
They have the highest energy
Can be from 1 – 8 in number
The movement of valence electrons forms bonds between atoms by either
sharing the electrons or transferring them

Changing the number of neutrons and electrons

1. Cannot change the # of protons

Atomic # = # of protons
If you change the number of protons, you have a different atom

2. Adding or subtracting neutrons

Changes the total mass of the atom
Isotope – an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons

3. Adding or subtracting electrons

Gives atoms a charge – positive or negative
Ion – a charged atom
o Positive ion – has lost one or more electrons
o Negative ion – has gained one or more electrons
Metals – have common physical properties
Hardness
Shininess/luster
Malleability – ability to be shaped
Ductile – can be pulled into wire
Conductivity – ability to transmit heat and electricity
Magnetism

…..and chemical properties

Reactivity – tendency to give up (lose) electrons and chemically combine
with other atoms

Non-metals – generally have physical properties opposite of metals

…….and chemical properties

Reactivity – tend to take up (gain) electrons or are non-reactive (Group #18)