ၶၢဝ်းတၢင်းသီႇႁူဝ်ႇ - 7

cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,
rmh-7
Ceylon Journey
yD<wh: yD<Oj,Oej, yD<cIdwf.

2100 2549 2005
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,
rhm - 7
Ceylon Journey
2005
• qkdof;yyf. cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm - 7

• tdwf,tguf,rldof; yD< 2005 ? vldef December
• tdwf,wD; wj;ukif;
• xlef;urf: ekdif;
• wmif:erf 4000 yyf.
• pmif;cldif;yyf. qof;cl:ynf,nj,OD,Id Ohmygef
• qof;eef,awj:zj,O qgrfOSif
• qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:vhm:
• pmif;cldif;ej;yyf. qof;eef,awj:zj,O qgrfOSif
• qof;rpj,aO,e
• qof;cl:ynf,nj,OD,Id Ohmygef
• qof;cl:atj:qdef,w
• cgrf,zdof:wldof, vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh: qldof:pAef:
vduf; wD;rldif:OD,Nof,
uGmrf:erf:
pof:yefqdkof;yyf.pof:oj; ]cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,}/ tefeh. yldof;

pefxkdifoj; tefpof:cwf:q[rj: e[:cmof:bmrf:Odyf:pj;yDeh. ref:yAef
cmof:wmif:ulnf:/ cmof:wmif:eh. yh,q[;yof.rmh (goal)/ ref:yAefOhm
wmif: (path) cldif;rh.cldif;rkdof: (instrument) wj,awxkdifyof.rmhulnf:/
Oifqldof.oj; OD,Nof,yAefbldif:rhmpof:qdkdif awj.sw.xdkifOD,Nof,ulnf:
auj; yAefulef:uwf.uBj.bof.? xkdifyof.rhmbof./ ulnf:uj; yldof;oj;ref:
trf,q[;qldif.Eefsv; pof:ygif,q[oj; wj,awxdkifwD;bldif:rhmpof:
eef. tefrj:xkdifwD;OdD,Nof,eh. awj.sw.yAefcmof:wmif:rguf;vuf:
ekdif;? ckdef;vhrguf;Oduf;ekdif;ulnf:ehbl,/
yof.rhmpof:sw.sw. Orf.yAeftD;Oif
yAefwj,bkuf.bgif; ykwf.xOj,Oej,? umefpAef:sv; qldof.
qmwf;wh:pof:bof./ bgef.ehsv; wif;sw,rldof;ylef.rj: Odyf:yDyhm
qof;cl:xrf,r vh;wkduf:Olef:rj:oj; Oif,cwh: awvh;rD:qef.Qgrf
pif:ulnf:? pof:wif:vmhOrf. awvh;yAefzl;auj,wif;ref:eheef.
bof./ ulnf:uj; Odyf:yDylef.rj:bof. pof:bif:yh,wif;vh; qef.qgrf
Oif,c? rmifzof,ref:awyAef tefpof:ukrf,ykdif;tdif qof;cl:xrf,r
wlefvAofulnf:aO tofykef;zgef:euf:ej eldofref:qof;? Orf.yhm
pAwf:P;wmif,qof; trf,ayj:wlif.ekdifeef.auj;yAefvh;/
rmifzof,ref:awyAef wD;erf.uwf.pof:yh,xkdifpkdof? oj;vj:
auj; aq,wej,tefc[;rD: qef.qgrfOif,cwh:eef. yh,ayj:pSif:
sw.sw.pkdof? e[:vgif;wmif:Omrffvgif; yj;eldofeh. yAefbgef.ydlifv[
auj;bj,? ykef;wj,pof:wif:vmhsw. awvh;pjP;pefvgif;wmif:ref:
ii \ cmof:wmif:OD,plof, rmh 7 yD< 2005
oj; pAwf:Oifref:yh,yAefvh;ehaO tgefuefsu;vdwf; yefpjz[:z[:
eef.bof./ wj,awxghvifNefckdef:sw. trf,yAefvh;/ pof:trf,
qmif;vyf:wjaO qkifrkdof:uefbl,e[: wD;rkdwf.vyf:wef wD;trf,
pefvSif:Oifeef.vh;/ wmif:vlduf;rD:wmif:vAof awvh;pjvSif:P;
pef? awvh;pefvSif: wj,yldif:yefpof:vh;wif:rlwf:eef.ullnf:/ ayj:
trf,vlduf;wmif:eh.sw. awrldefcj;wlofwmhbof./
ayj:eef awpAwf:pkdof? awsw,pAwf:pkdofvj,/ awvh;Okdyf,
yluf:ygif P;rD:zl;uwf.vduf;erferfeef.bof./ ayj:wSuf;uefwif:
rldof;Odyf:pj;yDylef.rj:qkdif awvh;pefoj; e[:Oif,cwh:pof:eh. rD:
qof;tefvh;qkrf;cl: xrf,rj,qIdberf? tefvh;qkrf;cl: tvif,uj,
Iauj;vldif,rj:? tefvh;cl: BA, MA wD;qef.qgrfOif,c rldif:rmef;?
rldif:xh:? rldif:OD,Nof,auj; erfrj:sw.sw./ tefvh;qkrf:cl: PhD
auj; ayj:rD:rj:OgifOmrfqof;bof./
ulnf:uj; wj,awwif; qef.qgrfvh;vDvDeef.sw. yh,yAef
vh;vl:ugef,/ bmrf:eh.pof:rD: Qof;tefvh;qkrf; MA oh.OmrfOD,
Odyf:qof;bof.aOwj. qof;tefyef lecture (vSuf.cBLdof,) zhm,tif:
udwf:vh;eef. yh,rD:erf/ eyf.bif:awyh,wArf rkdof:cgefekdif;/ qof;
tefarjpAwf: curriculum (vuf:Okwf,) P;yAefrldefyldifqef.qgrf
e[:vluf;vl: rD:vhmqof;bof.? yh,wArfedof.rkdof: cgefekdif;eif,uof,/ pof:
awvh;cwf:q[ P;arjsw.sw.bof./ awj.sw.vh;qkrf;cl:ulnf:sw.
yh,yAif:ayj:/
qof;cl:xrf,r wj.whm:ul;qof;oj; ayj:oj;qof;v[ rD:aq,w
ej,pSif:b[, eldofOj,Oej,? Qldof.qmwf;sv; umefpAef:pof:ayj:eh
qkdif P;cwf:q[qgh;uefwif;vh; qef.qgrfOif,c e[:rldif:wh: aOwD;
edkif;ehbof./ ref:qof;wkduf.rkif;rgif:oj; qof;v[awrD:aq,wej,
aO rj:pmyf,qgh;umefb[,vliftefeh.ehbl,/ bgef.Oif,c rldif:OD,Nof,?
rldif:xh:? rldif:rmef;? rldif:vmof:? rldif:crAef? rldif:oAwf.emrf:? rldif:xh,
uGmrf:erf: \ iii
omef,cof rD:qef.qgrfOif,c pif:z[ref:bof.sv; wD;e[:rldif:wh:auj;

vDvh;rD:qef.qgrfOif,cbl,/ qof;TOj, Dr. eef,wrj,vj,zdorf,O
zl;yAef txdywdqef.qgrfOif,c wD;qumh: bmrf;wkduf:Olef: qof;
cl:xrf,rOgifyguf;bof. (1996 ? 2005) oj; pAwf:Oiftrf,wif; qef.
qgrfOif,c e[:rldif:wh:vj,ehbof./ cofqof; yefpSif:sw.sw./
bmrf:eh. bgef.qof;cl:xrf,rauj; vh;yAefuSrftxdywd (pro-
rector) wD;qef.qgrfax,Ioj,w wD;wj;ukif;aOtrf,uj: yAefyj:
tj:qmIffzdOAwf, (visiting professor) wD;qef.qgrf rpj,ql:vj:
rldif:uguf,bof.sv; Omhimhwkdof.wmif: wj,awrD:qef.qgrfOif,cwh:
sw. qrfrj:wduf:wduf:bl,/ ulnf:uj; cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,eh. ref:qof;
trf,vdluf;wh,auj.vAof/ Oifwh,auj.vAof bgef.ref:awtrf,yAef
zgef:vD wj,wif:erfvh;sw.sw.eef.bof./ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,eh.
yAefcmof:wmif:pof:wif:OAif;/ yAefyj:cmof:wmif: qof;qldof:tefyh,
xkdifeef.ugef,bof./ ugyf;ydlof;bldif:tmef:pof: rldefuefeef.sv;tldof;/
bgef.eefsv; bl,wD;cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,aO P;qAof:xkdifvh;
yof.rmh cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,eef. pof:ul;auj. awvh;seoj; pof:rD:
vgif;ref;q[;? vgif;wif;Q[? aq,wej,sv; wmif:cwf:q[ tefudkif,
vSyf; yof.rhmpof:eef.bl,eh cefcefz[:z[:uefurf:vAofbl,bof./
qkrf:ygifumef yyf.cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,
zfGyAefzGf efG:zl;wSrf;vduf;pof:
Our Contributors
¹¹¹¹¹ #" ¹¹¹¹¹
1. qof;cl:xrf,rOj,rd crf:? [qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. xrf,rOj,rd crf:]/

qj,wd vhm:cj;? bmrf;pAef:vduf; eF:rldif:wh:? rldif:rmef;? rldif:OD,Nof,
sv; rldif:tdif,uvef,/ sw,tof 1996 uGj,apj:Twj: seTwj:xkdif
rldif: U.S.A? cae,wj,? uBLdof,reD,? rav:OBj:? ulof:ID:bj:qmef:
sv; rlid :f qdi,f uj,ylo,f / bof.qkr;f cl: D Phil (Doctor of Philosophy)
wD;qef.qgrf Oxford? rldif:tdif,uvef, eF:yD 2004/ yAefzl;
sw,wif; Oxford Buddha vihara, England/ yAefMif:[uSrf]
txdywd [Vice-rector] wD;qef.qgrf xrf,rWlwaxIoj,W
ul;rldif:rldif:? wj;ukif; qof;edkif;/ yAef Visiting professor wD;
qef.qgrf rpj,ql,vj:vlif:ugef:? rldif:uguf, sv; zl;cof;qkrf: urf,
rumIf [committee] Oxford Centre for Buddhist studies, Oxford,
England. bmrf:vAof yAefzl;ugef:owf.oh.aO wkduf.Okdyf,zldnfsz;
Oj,Oej,ykwf.xbl, wD;rldif:tdif,uvef,/
2. qof;cl:eef,war,xj, OSifcgif,? [qof;cl:eef,war,xj, OSicf ig ,f ]/

qj,wd oAif:uAif:wkif/ bof.qef.vlif wD;owf.Oj,Oej. rmef,wh,?
oAif:yj,udlof/ vh;qkrf; B.A (honour) sv; M.A (distinction)
wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University (BPU), Sri Lanka
rdlof;yD 1998/ bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj: wD;owf.umwf,wof,? uAif:wkif/ owf.
umef,uBD:? oAif:bgif;Nnf,/ owf.Oj,Oej.rmef,wh,? oAif:yj,udlof/
bmrf:vAof Odkyf,zldnfsz; Oj,Oej,bl, wD; London? rldif:tif:
udwf:/
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ v
3. qof;cl: Dr. rdve d f,w? [qof;cl:rdvdef,w OAof;crf:]/ qj,wd

erf.ygif;? vj;OAof;/ bof.qef.xrf,rj,qIdb qkdif;wh: 1993? vlif
ygifqkdif; 1994? M.A, Buddhist and Pali University (BPU) Sri
Lanka 1995 sv; PhD Magadha rldif:tdef,wD:bj: yD 2000
aO bmrf:vAof yAefzl;uGmef:owf. vmof:vmef.qmif.? rldif:cldef,
eSuf.xdcwf. (Connecticut) qkdif;rldif:tar,Idumef,aO zldnf
sz;Oj,Oej,ykwf.xbl, wD;eef;/
4. cl: cldof:bkdef: [aqj:wdu]? [Jotika Khur-yearn]/ qj,wd ymif

vlif? bof.xrf,rj,qIdb qkdif;wh:? vlifygifqkdif;/ M.A, Buddhist
and Pali University (BPU) 1996, Diploma in English,
Aquinas College, Colombo, Sri Lanka 1997 / ydef,zj,Oj, The
life of the Buddha I & II [zoTzj:yAefqof;] yyf.ekdif;sv;
yyf.Ogif zmh,tif:udwf: yAefzhm,wh:/ bof.qef. M Phil dI;
SOAS, University of London, eF:yD 2004 eef.aO bmrf:
vAofwkduf.Okdyf,pAef: PhD, wD; SOAS, University of London
bl, wD;rldif:tdif,uvef,/
5. qof;TOj,odOkwf.x uSof;? [qof;odOkwf.x uSof;]/ qj,wd oAif:erf.

crf:? yguf.egifqmif.? bof.qef.vlifsv; Diploma Buddhism
wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University? qef. M.A
wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rdlif:OD,Nof, yD 2004/ wSrf;tguf,yyf.
Owf.wj,wh:? xrf,rquf.u sv; tewf.wvuf.ceOkwf;?
yIdwf.w? xrf,ryw wif:pj;yyf.? ykdef:Tzj:sv; zduf.ckyj,wdrguf;?
iof;pmuf;ykwf.x zhm,wh:? ydef,tguf,yyf. tefykwf.xqof; Oif,
Ogef (What the Buddha Taught)/ yAefzl;Nrf;wif; rl,qkrf:
Oj,Oej,uD<vgef. wlif,oAif:rl,aq; rdlof;yD yO-2525 [1975]/
wif;owf.Ogefvduf; wdkifcrf: Nrf;vlnf; qof;qef,wj,oI? qof;
odaq,b sv; qof;uodxq wD;owf.eef,woef,? oAif:rl,aq;
vi Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
rldof;yDOj,Oej, 2531/ bmrf:vAof wdkuf.Okdyf,pAef:tif:udwf.aO
Okdyf,pAwf:umefydef,ydwuwf;? ydef,zj,Oj,bl, wD;rdlif:OD,Nof,/
6. qof;cl:Okxrf,r OmrfOSif? [OmrfOSif uAif:wkif] qj,wd uAif:wkif/

bof.qef. wuf.uOD,vxrf,rj,qIdb B.A (Buddhism) wD;
qef.qgrf wj;vldof,? M.A (distinction) Kelaniya, Sri Lanka?
bmrf:vAof Odkyf,pAwf:umefzdlnfsz; Oj,Oej,bl, wD;rldif:tar,Id
umef,/
7. qof;nj,eOD,Id wdyf.Okif? [OD,Idtgef,]/ qj,wd oAif:uAif:wkif/

bof.qef.wuf.uOD,vxrf,rj,qIdb B.A (Buddhism) wD;
qef.qgrf wj;vldof, rdlof;yD 1996? M.A Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
1998 / bmrf;yAefcl:Ogef eF:wlduf;vduf; rpj,uef,xj,Vkif,? trI
yl,I? oAif:wj;vdlof,/ bmrf;ydef,vduf; 1. vgif;vluf;tAwf,[Of]? 2.
vgif;vl.Okrf:wlofqFulef:? 3. vguf:vhm:tgefNof vdefcgef:/ bmrf:
vAof wdkuf.Odkuf,Oj,clef.cGj. vgif;umefpAef:rkefqof; rdlif:rmef; wj,
qef. M Phil wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya wD;rdlif:OD,Nof,aO zhm,
edkif;Orf. Odkyf,zdlnfsz; Oj,Oej,bl, wD;oAif:wj;cD;vAuf:? rldif:
wh:/
8. qof;zwf.wdb vif:OF? [qof;zwf.wdb vif:OF]/ qj,wd

uAif:wkif? sw,pAef:vduf; wD;owf.bmif:cGhm uAif:wkif/ bof.qef.
Diploma in Buddhism sv; B.A Buddhist and Pali
University (BPU), 2003 & M.A Kelaniya 2004 rldif:OD,
Nof,/ bmrf;vAof bl,Oof: wD;owf.tguf.qf'ldwf. (Oxford Buddha
vihara,) rldif:tdif,uvef,aO wdkfuf.Okdyf,vAyf;pAef: tif:udwf. wj,
Okdyf,pAwf: M Phil wD;qgef.qgrf Kelaniya bl,/
9. qof;Okwj,eef,W Zmifykdef:? [qof;vmof Zmifykdef:]/ qj,wd

erf.vef;? bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj: wD;uRif:vlif erf.vef;? Oj,O
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ vii
ej.rmef,wh, yj,uldof? bof.qef.vlif wD;wlduf;Ogefvduf;bGj,r
tdef:qAif,? Diploma in English, Aquinas College, Colombo
1999/ qof;tefye d f,Oyf:vSi:f High School English Grammar
yyf.edkif;? bmr:f vAof wkud f.pAe:f qef. B.A (Buddhist Philosophy,
Special) final year wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali
University (BPU) rldif:OD,Nof,/
10. qof;eIdef,w crf:bgwf;? [qof;eIdef,w crf:bgwf;]/ qj,wd

omef;qdif:? erf.vef;? bmrf;pAwf:cl:Ogeftif:udwf: wD;wdif,
cmef:uBKef:? wj;ukif; OD,yD/ bof. Diploma in English,
Aquinas College, Colombo, 1999, Diploma in Buddhism
wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University (BPU)? bof.
qef. B.A yD 2003 sv; M.A (distinction) yD 2004 wD;
qef.qgrf Kelaniya rldif:OD,Nof,/ bmrf:vAof wdkuf.Okdyf,pAef:tif:
udwf: wj,awpAwf:qef. M Phil wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniyia rldif:
OD,Nof,/
11. qof;xrf,rOj,rd aej,crf:vj.? [qof;xrf,rOj,rd aej,crf:vj.]/

qj,wd rldif:yAif:/ bmrf;pAef:vduf; wD;owf.rqlof:bAif, qmef:cRif:
wj;ukif;/ wSrf;tguf, yyf.ykdef:wh:rldof;ugef,? tykrf,wh: rhmekdif; rmh
Ogif/ bof.qef. B.A, wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali
University rli d f:OD,Nof,/ bmrf:vAof wkud f.Okyd f,cke
d f;pAef:qef. M.A
wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rldif:OD,Nof,/
12. qof;ynf,nj,orf,O OSifrlef:? [qof;ynf,nj,orf,O OSifrlef:]/

qj,wd omef;yj,uof, au:OD:/ bmrf;pAef:vduf; wD;owf.rpj,uef,
xj,Ilif,? trIyl,I wj;vldof,/ rmef,wh,? yj,uldof/ uRuf.ulif:awj:b
ar,wdeD,? bef,udef:? wj;ukif;/ bmrf;pAwf:cl:Ogef owf.wh: uof;
vuf: wj;ukif;/ owf.wgif,yguf.? arj,vrSif,? rdlif:rgef:/ bof. B.A yD
2003 sv; M.A yD 2004 wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rdlif: OD,Nof,/
viii Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
bmrf:vAof wdkuf.Okdyf,pAef:tif:udwf. wj,umefpAef:rldof:ej; wD;
qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University rdlif:OD,Nof,/
13. qof;eef,aWj:zj,O qgrfOSif? [qof;eef,aWj:zj,O qgrf
OSif]/ qj,wd erf.wl;/ bmrf;pAwf:cl:Ogef wD;owf.ab,sv,uBD:?
vmef:rawj,? wj;ukif;/ Nif:Ogefvduf;zhm,ynf,nj, odpmef,rkef
qof; rhm [3] wD;omef;qmrf [rldif:rl.] 1995-1998/ qgh;tofykef;
zgef: sw,pAwf:tguf,zkdefvduf; qAifcrf:vSif:? yyf.Ogeftmef,
Zdif;si;ykwf.xzj,Oj,sv; yyf.qldof:tef rkuf.qkrf:Oj,Oej,
uD<vgef. wlif,oAif:rl,aq< ykdeftguf,? tduf,wif: yyf.vduf;wh:urf;
zgif;/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.pAef:qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist
and Pali University rldif:OD,Nof,/
14. qof;eef,wrj,vj, zlif:oef:? [qof;rj,vj, zlif:oef:]/ qj,wd

rldif:yAif:? uAif:wkif/ sw,pAef:vduf; wD:owf.ej:awj rldif:yAif:?
uRif:urf,rxmef:rpj,ayj:xd uAif:wkif? wlduf;Ogefvduf;umef,uBD: oAif:
bgif;Nnf,? wlduf;Ogefvduf;rpj,aYj:xd oAif:rtl,ydef,? wldif:at,Ij,
owD,? wlduf;Ogefvduf; bGj,rj. tdef:qdif,? wj;ukif;/ tofykef;
zgef: pmyf,ej;umef owf.rpj,aYj:xd uAif:wkifrj: Nuf:yD/ bmrf:vAof
wkduf.pAef: qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali
University rldif:OD,Nof,/
15. qof;TOj,OkoI rmof:crf:? [qof;OkoI rmof:crf:]/ qj,wd vj;OAof;?

omef;rF, egifvSif:/ bof.qef.vlif rldof;yD 1984/ bmrf;yAefcl:Ogef
wD;uRif:egifrgef? vj;OAof; OD,oj,/ eif;uRif: rmof:crf: vj;OAof;
uof;oj,/ qlyf:bof.qef. Diploma sv; qef. B.A wD; qef.
qgrf Buddhist and Pali University (BPU)/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.
pAef:qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University
rldif:OD,Nof,/
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ ix
16. qof;ynf,nj,Oj,I ej.uRif:? [vgef.yhm: OD,ayj.]/ qj,wd oAif:OD,
ayj./ bmrf;pAef:vduf; wD;uRuf.ulif:awj:bj.ar,WdeD,? wj;ukif;/
bmrf;yAefcl:Ogef wD;owf.ugif:rl:crf: umifoAif:? OD,ayj./ bof.qef.
B.A (first class) wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rdlif:OD,Nof, yD 2004/
bmrf:vAof wkduf.vAyf;pAef:tif:udwf. wj,awOkdyf,xSif;umefpAef:
wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rdlfif:OD,Nof,bl,/
17. qof;aOj:zdw OSifOF? [qof;aOj:zdw OSifOF]/ qj,wd erf.

vef;/ bof.qef.vlif wD;wlduf;Ogefvduf; uBcmwf.oSif:? oAif:yj,
udlof/ bmrf;yAefcl:Ogefrj: wD;owf.wh:uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;ukif;/ bmrf:
vAof wkduf.Okdyf,pAef: B.A (Buddhist Philosophy, Special)
final year wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University
(BPU) rldif:OD,Nof,/
18. qof;eef,awj:zj,O wkdef:OSif? [qof;eef,awj:zj,O wdkef:

OSif]/ jv,di w/nr;b/crhU;< b/crlUcr> y/mr;hqnr:ligr;mv: wdr.b/cr
hU;< gGgr.gUcr:edv:yem,dinI, dv;gucr;> y/mr;hqdr:kU:sznrmv: wdr.
b/chr ;U < wdr.bidgdr; b/cl
r cU >r y/m:r lqwr dJg.r hqn:r jnr. B.A bI
lJnr:sudr: dI;jnr.jzmr Buddhist and Pali University rdlif:
OD,Nof,/
19. qof;ynf,nj,OD,Id Ohmygef? [qof;ynf,nj,OD,Id Ohmygef]/ qj,wd

ymifvlif/ bof.xrf,rj,qIdb qkdif;wh:? vlifygifqdkif;? qef. M.A
(distinction) wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rldif:OD,Nof, yD 2004/
bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj: wD;owf.OmrfOef? owf.yj,rh.? oAif:ymifvlif/
owf.aQ,bar,weD,? oAif:rRif:rB/ owf.aqj:wduj,Vkif,? oAif:yBD,/
wdluf;xrf,rOkc? oAif:wj;ukif;/ wdluf;rpj,ao,bef,zkif,wj,? oAif:
wj;vdlof,/ bmrf;yAefcl:rj: wD;owf.ydwuwf;wh: oAif:ymifvlif/ owf.
cdlof:wh:? oAif:vj;OAof;/ owf.wh: uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;ukif;/ bmrf;zknf,
x Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
ymifOgef'dif;si;ykwf.x vhmvhmwD;/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.vAyf;pAef:
tif:udwf. wj,awOkdyf,xSif;umefpAef: wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya
rdlfif:OD,Nof,bl,/
20. qof;OlIdb Ogh;Ndif:? [Omif,qef.qgrf]/ qj,wd erf.vef;?
bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj:wD; uRif:vlif erf.vef;? tgif,cBmrf:Oj, sv:ul:?
Oj,Oej.rmef,wh, yj,uldof? rBj.aq,wD, arj,vrBSif,? OD,Idrmef,wh,
zj:tmef,? Iwej,rmef, vSif:zgh.? qef.qgrf Oj,Oej,qkdif;rldif:
wj;ukif;/ ykdefsz;Oj,Oej,ykwf.xqof; wmif:vSefvdefwh:-sc,
ej;wD;ckduf.wgef: rmh [1]? ulof:umif.? aq;oAif:vof.uh,? rldif:wh:ygwf:
Mif, yD 2001-2002/ bof.qef. OjOewufuODv xrfrjqIdb
B.A. (Buddhism) wD;qef. qgrfOj,Oej,qkdif;rldif:? wj;ukif;
2000/ bmrf;wSrf;tguf, yyf.oguf: sv;qldif:/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.pAef:
M.A wD;qef.qgrf Buddhist and Pali University rdlif:OD,
Nof,/
21. qof;rpj,ynf,nj, OSiferf.zdkif;? [qof;rpj,ynfnj, OSiferf.

zdkif;]/ qj,wd rdlif:udkif/ bof.qef. 6 wD;oAif:uAif:rh,? qef.rpj,
wD;ukif:xAyf;? rdlif:xh:/ bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj: wD;Nif:pAef:qef.umif
oAif:uAif:rh,? owf.Ylef.bj.yIj,Wdwf,? Ukif:xAyf;? rdlif:xh:/ bmrf;yAef
cl:rj: wD;Nif:pAef:Zdif;si;ykwf.x? ukif:xAyf;? rdlif:xh:/ bmrf:vAof
wkduf.pAef: qef. B. A 3rd year wD;qef.qgrf Kelaniya rlid f:
OD,Nof,/
22. qof;ynfnjazju Ndif:OSfif? [qof;ynfnjazju Ndif:OSif-rldif:

Ol;]/ qj,wd rdlif:Ol;/ bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj: wD;odpmef,omef;aOj.?
rdlif:Ol;? Oj,Oeodykv umifoAif:? oAif:phm:olof:? owf.xrf;qdwf.w
yj,v? uRuf.ywgif:? uBcwf.oSif:? yj,uldof? rqlof:bAif,rfG,? wj;vldof,?
pAef:vif,uj,vlifrj: wD;qof;TOj,rdlif:ukwf; owf.av:uBKef:quf.
uBj,? wj;ukif;/ bof.qef. xrf,rqIdb qkdif;wh: [2001]? vlifygif
qdkif; [2002]? bmrf;zknf,ymifOgefZdif;si;ykwf.xrj: vhmvhmyD vhm
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ xi
vhmwD;/ bmrf;yAefcl:Ogefrj: wD;wdluf;Ogefvduf; rqlof:bAif,rfG,?
wj;vldof,/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.pAef:qef. M.A wD;qef.qgrf
Kelaniya rdlif:OD,Nof,/
23. qof;oj,bj,rdef,w vmofcdlof:? [qof;oj,bj,rdef,w vmofcldof: OD,

ayj.]/ qj,wd omef;ukif:Oj,? OD,ayj./ bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj:wD; owf.
ukif:Oj,? OD,ayj./ owf.tgif,cBmrf:Oj,? sv:ul:? owf.ngif,wlif:? wj;
ukif;/ pyf.vh;qkrf;cl: OjOeXQXrfrjqIdb vlifygifqdkif; rldof;yD
2002/ bmrf;pAwf:cl:Ogefrj: wD;owf.ngif,wlif:? wj;ukif;/ owf.ao,
vkoef,? wlef;wD:/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.pAef: M.A wD;qef.qgrf
Buddhist and Pali University rdlif:OD,Nof,/
24. qof;odqb tgif,OfG? [qof;odqbj,zdyj,v]/ qj,wd uAif:crf:?

ukefpdif:/ bof.qef. xrf,rj,qIdb qkdif;wh:? vlifygifqdkif;? bmrf;
pAef:vduf;rj: wD;owf.rlnf,awj, ymifvlif? owf.aq,bar,weD,
rRif:rBj.? owf.rqlof:bAif, wlduf;uof, wj;vldof,/ bmrf;pAwf:cl:rj:
owf.rlnf,awj,? bmrf;uGef:owf.vghcrf: omef;Ougef:? Nofymif,? rldif:
cmif/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.pAef:tif:udwf: wj,awcof; M.A wD;qef.
qgrf Kelaniya rdlif:OD,Nof,/
25. jwr;avdidrjwmrsvlcrgvR mznr:sQcr< (jwr;avdijrjwmrsv

lcrgvR mznr:sQcr gqcr:ducr)> jv,di gqcr:ducr> Ed,hqnr:ligr; dI;
wdr.”wrg/dr,< gqcr:ducr> ywr.tmr,mv,jRiy lUcrbzcrjJcr;< sv,s
nlcr,gv,R sv,men,egLv,< winywidU,El;acr,gudr.dRnigv,
ywidU,< y/mr;hqdr:kU:sznr dI;wdr.sutU:b/nr,< dv;gucr;> wdr.azcr,
kL/nr:dv,< wqcr:lKwr,> wdr.azcr,mcr,glv,< wqcr:dUnr;dI:> wdr.Cpv:
lUcrRkQcr,< wqcr:dv;kI;lqgr:> y/mr:lqwr dJgr.hqnr:jnr. M.A dI;
jnr.jzmr Buddhist and Pali University mKcr:sI,”wr,yU,>
xii Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
26. jwr;mhv,es,n< (jwr;mhv,es,n)> jv,di w/nr;lzodzcr, eg:sI:<
y/mr;hqnr:ligr; dI;wdr.w/nr;yqnr,< ngr:tmr:DRI:-tUwr:-aqgr, ej;
dznr; gmrOpQcrOpqdr(mKcr:to:)> dI;wdr.tqbr.tI.Dv:R/mr: wqcr:mKcr:gzgr,>
ywr.jnr. bRv,yUgr,”gr: (lo;hbr.jumr; dI;jwr;Fv.jo/:-jwr;gQmrmKcr:
jJcr;to:) nfr:bI 1999< kJnr;hqnr:jnr.jzmrscr,kv, jJcr;to: (mhv,jU:
lv:) 2000-2004> y/mr;bqnrav:j/RrEl; jQdr;ekv;dzbr,ngr:tmr:<
sznrFicr;Ec;budr.t nfr:”cr:hqnr:jnr.sucr wqcr:mKcr:gzgr,> bqnrkU:sznr
Ficr;Ec;budr.tEl;ligr;lo/:do: ej;dznr;gqcr:mo,< gqcr:ho/:< Em;Wcr;
sznr> y/mr;gfv,jzo;g/nr dI;wdr.azgr.jrFKdr. aicr,glnr,> y/mr:lqwr
dJgr.hqnr: Deploma for M.A dI;jnr.jzmr Kelaniya dI;mKcr:sI,
”wr,yU,>
27. jwr;mhv,ed,winr,d lQcr:tmr:< (jwr;mhv,ed,winr,d)> jv,di w/nr;

nv:j/mr mKcr:sU;> ywr.jnr.byUgr.hv; dI;wdr.tqbr.tI.tv: mKcr:gzgr,
jJcr;to:> y/mr;bqnrkU:sznr b/crsznrligr;do: k/wr:mo; jJcr;to:> y/mr:
lqwr dJgr.hqnr: B.A bInJcr; dI;jnr.jzmr Buddhist and Pali
University mKcr:sI,”wr,yU,>
28. qof;aw,odef,w OSifcrf:? [qof;aw,odef,w OSifcrf:]/ qj,wd

omef;ukif:Oj, oAif:erf.crf:/ bmrf;pAef:vduf;rj: wD;wlduf;rpj,uef,
xj,Ikif, oAif:trIylI wj;vldof,/ bof.qef.cl: qkdif;wh:? odeb
odWl? tifukwfwIeduj,bodWl vlifygifqkdif;? bmrf;tgefNof pAwf:
yyf.vduf; vSif:rkef:rfG, wj;vldof,/ bmrf:vAof wkduf.ckdef;pAef:tif:
udwf: Diploma (English) Aquinas Collage wj,cke d ;f qef. B. A
wD;qef.qgrf rldif:OD,Nof,/
;;;
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ xiii
qkrf:ygifumefyyf.
zl;ukrf:xwf:
(Chief Consultant)
qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrfrOjrd
zl;emrf:xwf:
(Chief Editor)
1. qof;TOj,OkoI rmof:crf:
2. qof;TOj,eefawjzjO qgrfOSif
3. qof;cl:odqdwfw uRif:vSif
4. qof;cl:OlIdb Ogh;Ndif:
zl;xwf: (The Editorial Board)

1. qof;TOj,odOkwfx uSof; 10. qof;TOj,odqb tgif,OfG
2. qof;cl:ynfnjODId Ohmygef 11. qof;OdIdefW ymefrfG,
3. qof;TOj,crjokx aej,Okelef: 12. qof;cl:ukrjI crf:vhm:
4. qof;TOj,eefWrjvj zlif:oef: 13. qof;cl:Oefwjxdu
5. qof;cl:eIdefw Ol.elef:OSif 14. qof;cl:ojbjrdefw
6. qof;cl:ynfnjazju Ndif:OSif 15. qof;TOj,atjaqb
7. qof;cl:xrfrOjrd aej,crf:vj. 16. qof;rpjaOe
8. qof;cl:ynfnjODId uAif:wkif 17. qof;cl:yefwo
9. qof;cl:tjwdwfqorfOjvifujI 18. qof;awodefw erf.crf:
xiv Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
cyf.vduf; (The Booklet Designers)

1. qof;cl:ynfnjODId Ohmygef
2. qof;cl:ukrjI crf:vhm:
3. qof;cl:ynfnjorfO OSifrlef:
cgrf: (The Computer Typists)

vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh: qldof:pAef:vduf;wD;OD,Nof, wif:OAif;/
zhm,xwf:wlofvduf; (The Proof-readers)
1. qof;xrfrODId erf.crf:
2. qof;yefwdw erf.crf:
3. qof;ynfnjazju erf.vef;
4. qof;eefw rldif:zlif:
5. qof;eefwdb vhgauj,
zl;qgh;xSrfykdefyyf.
1. qof;TOj,eefWorfO uRif:wh:uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;ukif;/
2. qof;TOj,OkcrdefW uRif:vghwkdifcrf:? oAif:rl,aq;/
3. yD;qhm:ekwf: rguf,ul,Ogh;vSif? oAif:wj;ukif;/
4. qof;ynfanjzjO uRif:erf.crf:? wlduf;wdwf.OAif.?
wrj,wmef:? uRh:sO,umef,? oAif:vldof,/
5. qhm:tgif,rldif: rlofwh:? wmif: 35? su; 73{74? oAif:vldof,/
6. vkif:wmif:su: wlduf;ayj.vduf; olif:oef:? wlef;wD:/
7. qof;cl:vlifqof;odqjIe owf.ydwuwf;? oAif:ymifvlif/
8. qof;cl:vlifqof;odaQb uRif:rguf,rh,? oAif:uAif:wkif/
9. qof;cl:vlifqof;aujvdb uRif:umifrldif:? oAif:vj;OAof;/
10. qof;tjavju uRif:Mif,? oAif:rl,aq;/
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ xv
vrf:e[:
1. uGmrf:erf: JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ I
2. zfGyAefzfGefG:zl;wSrf;vduf;pof: JJJJJJJJ IV
3. qkrf:ygifumefyyf. JJJJJJJJJJJJ XIII
4. vrf:efG: JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ XV
5. owf.tvkodpmIf JJJJJJJJJJJJJ 1
qof;vmof Zmifykdef:
6. oef:odOj,c vldefNuf:rlef: J J J J J J J J J 13
qof;cl:srjvlif Dr. xrf,rOj,rd crf:
7. clef.pefckdef:ykdef:wh:sw,eyf.brfykwf.xOj,Oej, 17
qof;xrf,rOj,rd aej,crf:vj.
8. vgef.uSefeif;Twj: J J J J J J J J J J J J 30
qof;cl:rdvdef,w OAof;crf:
9. ydkef:uSyf;Oj,Oej,ykwf.x rldif:OD,Nof, J J J J J 36
qof;eef,awj:zj,O wkdef:OSif
10. oef:rj:c vldefOmrfrlef: JJJJJJJJJ 47
qof;zwf.wdb vif:OfG
11. Olyf: trf,eef uGmrf: JJJJJJJJJJJ 54
qof;eef,awj:zj,O qgrfOSif
12. wmif:pefxkid fykwf.x elod fyhm:rmuf;rD: JJJJJJ 67
OmrfOSif uAif:wkif
xvi Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
13. vgif;oh.qfG JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 76
qof;ynfnjODId Ohmygef
14. xrf:xrf,rqu.fu tgefvD JJJJJJJJJ 87
qof;odOkwf.x uSof;
15. az:Meferf. Ol,ej,rd JJJJJJJJJJ 95
qof;rpjynfnj OSiferf.zkdif;
16. umefzj,oej, JJJJJJJJJJJJJ 106
qof;OkoI rmof:crf:
17. ulef:OD,auj. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 117
qof;eIdef,w crf:bgwf;
18. Oj,Oej,ykwf.xsv;vkrf;'j.rldof;vAof J J J J J 123
qof;awodefw OSifcrf:
19. zowhm OhmqfGyh,cmwf, JJJJJJJJJJJ 132
qof;cl:odqbjzdyj,v
20. qfGpefsi.vDsv;qfGpefsi.qj. JJJJJJJ 139
vgef.yhm: OD,ayj.
21. vgif;xAifuef JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 150
qof;rpj,awodef,w
22. cl:vhm: tgrf;vkuf;egif. JJJJJJJJJJJ 158
qof;rj,vj, zlif:oef:
23. ukef:rkefayj;sr; JJJJJJJJJJJJ 169
qof;oj,bj,rdef,w vmofcldof: [OD,ayj.]
24. uGmrf:tefrD:efG:qfG J J J J J J J J J J J J 176
qof;tjwdqfqjorfOjvifujI rgef:OSif [uAif:wkif]
cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005 Æ xvii
25. xrf:ckefurf Odyf:bldif; JJJJJJJJJJ 186

qof;aOjzdw OSifOfG
26. owf.ykwf.xodpjI tguf.qf'ldwf.wf J J J J J J J 202
qof;rpj,aO,e
27. qkdef,sv;wkdef, pefzgef:vh; J J J J J J J J 217
qof;cl:ynfnjazju [Ndif:OSif-rldif:Ol;]
28. ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef qof;cl:arjvlifOmrfqof; J J 232
OD,Idtgef,
29. vkuf;wh:uwf.vD yDOgifpAifpj; J J J J J J J J J 243
Omif,qef.qgrf
30. cmof:wmif: edof:QD,vSef, sv; atj:qfwaI:bldof: J 253
qof;cl:eef,war,xj, OSifcgif,
31. vduf;rgifqfGqgrf:sv;ykdef:uSyf; qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOfOe 264
zl;uAyf:Mrf qof;OD,Idtgef,? qof;ynfnjorfO OSifrlef:
32. A Shan Manuscript of Mahasatipatthana Sutta … … 279
Jotika Khur-yearn (SOAS, University of London)
33. Thai Buddhism and Environmental Issue 283

34. umefwlif.ekdifpof:urf;zgif; efG:yD 2004-2005 JJJ 288
35. acj;Nrfqlrf:tekarj:wej, J J J J J J J J J 297
xviii Æ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
ej;Oldof;yyf.
pmif;ej;Oldof;yyf. cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm-7 yD<2005 eh.
yAefpmif;owf.tvkodpjI
wD;pAwf:Omif; Oif,ujbej, yguf;xD.OD,
tefqkdof;OAifvkdof: efG:ykdef:rldif:vif:uj wD;ekdif;/
pmif;Oldof;zhm,ej; yAefpmif;xrf; wD;Ipmef:wj,cofqof;

wSrf;xrf:ydwuwf;aO
pmif;Oldof;zhm,vif Orf.yAefwD;cof; omif:owf.xrf;
tvkodpjIeef.bof;/
vgif;sv;ykdef:ref:
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(Aluvihāra)
dI;hqdr:scr,gv,ynv, tUnr;sI,
dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,
jwr;l/wr F/crbJnr:
yznrxbKwr;bqnr dI;anryumr,ymrwv; y/mr;bqnrmv: dI;Ed,

dQmr;bidgdr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb, aznrd/cr:sudr: mKwr; 1 'wrb/gr,
bIBI,jI,es lo;k/mr,d/cr:mgr:mnr;wv; bqnrdI;hqdr:s/cr;scr,gv,y
nv,bzgr;sI,mv:El; wdr.aluwih/Rrnox jJwr;lJwr:lcrwo. dI;nfr:bJnr:
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bidgdr;lUcr: nfr:pJnreb,nox pJnrbbrxl/ol/oanr Enwox mKwr;hqdr:
mnr:bQgr,bKcr;gnrwxy o wrx> bqnrmKwr;lfregv;lI yznrxmnr:bqnr nfr:b/nr
kunrwdrdgvmni apynnrxgUYr:El; dI;no; edjgr:b/nrkunr
dUnrnox wo.s/mrjubr;- mKwr;mnr:Ed,pzcr:cmr:w/nr; mKcr: ‘icr 5 lKnr
mKwr;nfr: 104 'wrb/gr,BI,jI,< mKwr;lo;b/o;mQbr: yznrx sumr:sJgr:dmI:lr 1
ywrx pzcr:dmI:lrkwrpzcr:cmr:es bqnrbv:wox g/br;aJbr: g/br;y/gr;
anr"icrk/wr:d/cr: 14 bI b/o 7 lKnrEl; mKwr;mnr: kJnr:dJgr:ebx
kJnr;hqdr:kunrkJnr:- ncr,no hqdr:bqnrbJnr:Wcr:lcrwox aznrd/cr:
es lqbr;hqnr: d/cr:hnrtJcranrlfranrnnrxgfv,>
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bJnr:Wcr:lcr
mKwr; 104 “wrb/gr,BI,jI,nnrx egv.bqnrbI;a/o; wdrdgvmni
apy anrjJwr;Wcrxwv;@k/lrlvdcrg# kJnr;bqnrkunr egv.tUnr; 20
pzcr:cmr:w/nr;mKcr:woxywrx> w/o:espzcr:cmr:ywrx'gr:bI 'wrsJgr:egv.
nJcr; anrjJwr;wv; gmrmhvRdrdg awraqnrhQcr:elv,dJgr:kunr
dUnrnoxbQdr;> wo/:esnnr. dUwrkunrwdrdgvmniapy egv.kv;
hQmrbQdr;'wrsJgr: egv.lugrxpJnrx bI;a/o;mnr:noxes sJbr,kJnr;bqnrkunr
egv.tUnr; 21 dI;cwr;jJcr; wqcr:anuRvtbuR nfr:mKcr:lcr:gvmv:>
w/o:esmnr:kJnr;bqnrkunrmv: lo;sI,lKnrb/o nfr:lKnrtUnr;
hv;nnrx mI:bU,p/mr:aznr,nfr:wqcr:eRv:hnegv.nJcr; anrjJwr;wv;
didrsnnr. tzmr,awrgf/mr:ehv: bU,p/mr:egv.nJcr;es hqdr:gUnr:
lugrxpJnrxyfr,lUcrmv: nfr:mKcr:yU,ywrx> k/wr:y/mr:noxgUYr:ncr,gwr, 'wr
sJgr:dmI:lr anrlugrxmv:dI; ainr:dI:yv:jqdr:egv. bv:dcr:sJgr:
kwres yqbr,kJnr;gunrlcr:gvmv:> 'wrmKcr:edv,h/crmKcr: bqnrsJgr:sKwr
woxyU,> w/o:nnrx b/crsJgr:h/wr;hQcr:mv:El; kunrwdrdgvmni apy
sumr:sJgr:es lo;b/o;azgr,mQbr:woxyU, dI;nfr:tKnr,dI;nJcr;>
pzcr:b/o;mQbr:WmrhQcr:woxyU,nnrx mI:jwr;munrdUnrnJcr; anr
jJwr;wv; mhv,didr.s gubigrxgl H;dgv,mnr:egv.nJc;r anrjJwr;wv;
dnsI,w awrbunr;pznr: lUlzmrdUYr:tJcrkwrwoxywrx> w/o:nnrx kunr
dmI:lrkwr dnr:pzcr:cmr:gfv, 5 egv.es "icrgfv,k/wr:d/cr: 14 bIb/o 7
lKnr 2 >
nfr:pzcr:y/mr: dmI:lrkwrpzcr:cmr:es kunrwdrdgvmni a
py lo;b/o;mQbr:WmrhQcr:woxyU,nox g/br;aJbr:g/br;y/gr; g/br;y/br,yqnr:
k/nrjfr smrxlKgr;lKgr;bqnrmv:ywrx> pU;lgrxgUnr:jUnregv; lKcr,
nmrmv:> amr,mI:kwr;nmrxd/cr:ginresaidr:El; tJcrdI;lo;ginrbv:
nKwrxgUnr:mv:lTnoywrx> pzcr:nox amr,wv; gUnr:”inr:scr,kv, lo;lU.
2
Mahavamsa p. 233.
tvkodpmIf \ 3
sumr:yfr,d/onmr> w/nr;wqcr:wdrxgmr;nmr smrxebv:amr,mI:gUnr: yU,

gUnr:swr:es bqnrdI;h/mr:bwr,woxl/ol/ogfv,ywrx>
mKwr;pzcr:bqnr g/br;aJbr:y/gr;yU,jKcrxnonox dI;anrsv,jfr
lUmrjfraidr:aI;gmr;pzcr;egv; edlo;wv;mI:woxyU,> yznrxnnr gUnr:
scr,kv,gmr;pzcr; anramr,dnr:d/odnr:h/oes gJdr:woxyU,nnrx
aznrgnresv.hvdI;sv,lUmrjfr> yznrxpU;lgrxgn U r:jUnregv; lKcr,
nmrjzdr,dUwr;mKcr:woxEl; dv,edhvyU,lo; dI;sv,lUmrjfranrwv;
nnrx amr,c/o;c/o;> pzcr:y/mr:nox scr,kjwr;kwrgmr;pzcr; anrwUnrx
hnrgo bunr;dv,sv,snv,mKwr;nv;nnrx aznrgnrb/o;gfv,yU,wox dI;
mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:es sJbr,kUnrxko;tmr:bidgdr; yv,H;'cr;H;h/o>
gmr;pzcr;egv; gJdr:woxnfr:mKcr:es sJbr,gumr:ticr:kUnrxko; tmr:bidgdr;
jwr;woxyU,ywrx> gmr;nmr lo;ginrmfrmoxmfrdzgr, dumrgUYr; gv;ncr,anr
ginrlo; nfr:tKnr,jKwr:nnrxes sJbr,s/ojfrgfv,yU,ywrx> mKwr;mI:d/cr:
ginrd/cr:yQmrxes bqnrhQcr:woxyU,d/nr,d/nr,nnrx kwrjwr;lugrxjugr:
bod/cr: ncr;es kUnr.ko;tmr:bidgdr;jwr; lo;yU,esdv. mKwr;
d/cr: ginrd/cr:yQmrxea,m/cres hQcr:aUnr;woxyU,nnrx kwrjwr;lo;
aicrlKnr:es sJbr,kUnrxko;mv:egv;mI:ywrx>
w/o:esnnrx kunrwdrdgvmni apy (88-76 'wrb/gr,bI
BI,jI,) kwr;wqcr:anuRv,tbuR kJnr:dJgr:ebxkunrdmI:lr anrjJwr;
Wcrx dmr,mI:lv,Dv,tignnr.ywr. kJnr:kJnr;hqdr:kunrmv: bqnregv.
tUnr; 27 yU,ywrx> b/nrkunrdUnrnox edlo;wv; bqnrb/nrlmr,lzcr;
kJgrxdznr:anrnJcr; dv,bJnr:'cr:sznrhqnr: scr,kjwr;kwr anr
dQgr,gnrmv: w/o:lcrl/ol/oanr dI;nfr:mKcr:lcr:gvno.noegv; amr,
pidr:>
mKwr;aznraznr mI:wox'cr:sznrhqnr:scr,kjwr; anrjJwr;lJwr:
lcres jJwr;Wcrxwv; @mhv,wih/Rr#nomv:> edv,tJcry/mr:nox scr,k
jwr;kwrdcr:sqcr; dJgrxbqnrs/osJbr,'cr:sznrhqnr: mhv,wih/Rres
bqnrgznr;bqnrmugr. bqnrnmrxnJcr;jfrlqwrgnr aznrgnrgumr:ticr: tmr:
bidgdr;jwr; yv,H;'cr;H;h/o mv:woxyU,ywrx> w/o:lcr egv,dcr;'cr:
sznrhqnr:anrnox "icrmv: 217 bI 10 lKnr 10 wnr: 3 < mKwr; 29 'wrb/gr,
bIBI,jI, 4 nnrx kunrwdrdgvmni apy mI:jfrsdr;tv,yfr, nKwrsv,
snv,EdxEdxwv;wv;es egv,dcr;wih/RrlUcr tQcr;lcrnJcr; dI;nKwr
linrgwr, hcr:'wrnv;nignr,t5 anrjJwr;Wcr.wv;@giRi#nnrxywrx>
yznrxbKwr;bqnr anrkunrapyegv,dcr;wox dI;nKwrlinrgwr, @ giRi #
nnrxEl; wih/Rrlcrnox jcr,jbr:jJwr;wv; apygiRiwih/Rrnoywrx>
mKwr;lo;b/o;mQbr:WmrhQcr: dv,eddJgr:awr h/cr;ehvkJnr:nnrx yznrxbKwr;
jwr;mhv,didrxs y/mr;mI:Eg:jU: y/mr;jzo;tQmrjwr;gwr, mv:El;
kunrjcr,awr apygiRiwih/Rr nzbr,a/br;bnrmnr:jwr;yU, ywrx>
w/o:es jwr;mhv,didrs lugrxawrw/nr;nzgr;nv:b/cr, mv:yU,
nfr:wqcr:es hbrxWcr:awrwih/Rr anrkunrlU,sunr,dUwrywrxnnrx bnrhv
anrnJcr; gKdr,kJnr;mv:> y/mr:nox yznrxbKwr;bqnrkunr egv.mzgr,mv:
pisqdr,mnr:El; jwr;mhv,didrxsnox edlQbr;mI: eav:jv,nKwr
kKwr:kunrkwrmv:> anrnox hqdr:H;dumrxdKwrx hQcr:bzcrgwr,gwr, hcr:jwr;
mhv,wih/Rrkwrmv:bv:ywrx> yznrxnnr kwrjcr,m/br,mfr jwr;mhv,didrxs
wv; @goxel,'inr:#(gulsmrsdrt)noes awrbbrbvjniygmrO bnr
d/mr,lJbr;bQdr; jwr;mhv,didrsywrx> egv.bqnrlugr;nzcrx jwr;mhv,
didrxs anrjJwr;Wcrxwv; bhlmdrsudidrswUnrxwv; lzcr;m/br,mfrkwr
nnrx amr,Cdv:noes azgr,b/gr,kdr:kf/crkJnr:> jwr;mhv,wih/Rrkwr
3
Ibid, p. 235.
4
Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon, p. 82.
5
jJwr;d/cr @gL/o:nr - Jain#kwrekv;nJcr;> mKwr;kunrsumr:sJgr:es lQnr;b/o;nnrx mnr:
hnrkunr lQnr;b/o;El; mKwr;mnr:Wcrxb/wr,wv; @a/o;lmrs/cr,sI; lQnr;b/o;ywrx#nonnrx
kunrsdihnrcinr:mQnr;es jcr,pcrwoxnfr:jfrmnr:wv; ebv:kJnr:ebxsJgr: hqdr:kunrmv:
tQcr;no eddcr;wih/Rrsfr, dI;nKwrlinrmnr:noxnoywrx> yznrxnnr w/o:ebxsJgr:kJnr:
ywrx kunrjcr,yv.lQwrbQdr; dI;yU,nignrtes hqdr:wih/Rrsfr,nKwrmnr:ncr,noywrx>
tvkodpmIf \ 5
egv; m/br,mfrmnr:jwr;kJnr:wv; jzmr:Wo:dinrgUnr: amr,jJnr;sfrnoes

awraudrekbnIygmrO dqgr:mnr:jwr;woxywrx> mnr:jwr;jfrlmr
nv,es bv:awrjwr;kwrdcr:nmr gfv,yU,swr;wo. dI;wdrxapygiRi
wih/Rr> hqdr:nnres w/o:esnnrx kwrdJnr:amr,yzmr:mKwr:kJnr: dI;
'cr:sznrhqnr:mhv,wih/RrEl; scr,kjwr;kwr dQgr,bqnrgfv,szcrjumr:
ywrx>
bKcrbqnr anrbqnrmv: dI;nfr:b/nrkunrwdrdgvmni apy
s/mr jubr;ncr,enwoxdI;nKwrnox bqnrwoxbJnr:Wcr:lcr dv,mI:mv: lzcr;
d/cr:H;scr,kjwr;kwr wUnrxdQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnr
eb,mv:ywrx>
lzcr;dQmr;bidgdr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,
gqwr,gbr:lUYr; k/wr:y/mr:El; lzcr;d/cr:anrlo;dQmr; bid
gdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,nox mI:d/cr:hnrtJcr bQgr,bKcr;gnrwox
l/ol/oanrywrx> bKcrlUcrmnr: edjQgr,hqdr:szcrdznr; - d/cr:hnr
tJcr anrgqwr,gbr: mKwr;g/br;b/nraJbr:y/gr;El; d/cr:hnrtJcr anr
gqwr,gbr:mKwr;w/o:kunr wdrdgvmni kJnr:kJnr;bqnrkunrmv:nnr.es
lqbr;hqnr:gfv,>
d/cr:hnrtJcr g/br;b/nraJbr:y/gr;
mKwr;pzcr:bqnrb/nrsJgr:b/nrsKwr b/nrpU;lgrxgUnr:jUnrlKcr,
nmr b/nraJbr:b/nry/gr;lUcrnnrx jwr;munrkwrEl; 'wrnv;j/wr:
kKwr:sicr,hlv,kwr lo;aznrgnrdJnr,dUwrdJnr,jfrwoxwv; mKwr:nv;nox mI:
kqnrdv,sv,snv,budrxtjwr;aKwr;noywrx> y/mr:nox dv,edgmrxtQmr
sv,snv, ycr:amr,mI:kunrsicr,hlv,kwr> ebv:dUYr:awrs/oc/ow/nr;
mKcr: anrsJbr,bqnryU,nnrxno bidgdr;tmr:jwr; anraznrgnr
awrsUbr:es kUnrxko;aUmra/nr,mv: b/nrsJbr,b/nrnnrxegv; edamr,
lQbr;bqnr yJnr:y/wr:k/wr:"icrlo;ywrx> nfr:k/wr:y/mr:ncr,no anr
scr,kjwr;kwr awrjfrsfr,esbKnr;nox bqnrdv,edsJbr,gumr:ticr: ekv;
scr,sznrbudrxtjwr; yv,H;“cr;H;h/onnrxywrx> yznrxnnrEl;
ncr,’iwrbidgdr;tmr:jwr; edsJbr,yJnr:y/wr:k/wr:’icr gfv,lo;mKwr:
nv;nnrx jwr;lUcrkwr jKwr:mucr;hnrk/wr:go jcr,awrd/cr:jzo;tQmr
eg,w/nr;egv.nJcr;es kznr;dumrgnrdI;wdrxaluwih/Rr< ywrx lo;
dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; dcr:adrtgtvkwr lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,
d/cr,bJnr:gmr:aznrd/cr:sudr:mv:ywrx>6
d/cr:hnrtJcr w/o:lcr
gqwr,gbr: anrlo;dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,
w/o:lcr kunrwdrdgvmniapy kJnr:kJnr;bqnrkunrnox mI:wo.d/cr:
hnrtJcrtQcr;s/mranr>
d/cr:hnrtJcr anrlo;hnrnfr:mhv,wmr,s7 nnrx l/dr;woxwv;
w/o:esscr,kjwr;kwr dQgr,bqnrgfv,szcrs/mrjumr:ywrxnnrx ncr,’iwr
scr,kjwr;kwrdcr:sqcr; edkJnr:mQnr;gnr kwr;azgr,gnrmv:noEl;
kunrwdrdgvmni apy jcr,hqdr:bnr wih/RrlUcrwoxlcrnJcr;> 8 gUYr:
gv; hqdr:s/cr;woxdI;lfrno amr,l/dr;woxdI;mnr:> lo;'.wv; scr,kjwr;
jKwr:lUcrxlQnr,tmr:jwr;kwr9 aznrgnrdQmr;lUcr: bidgdr;tmr:
jwr; dcr:adr.tgtv,kwr anrlo;awrsUbr:kUnrxko;mv: b/nrsJbr,
b/nrnnrx dI;no;noywrx>
d/cr:hnrtJcr anrlo;hnr
10
nfr:sdrtmrmscrgh nnrxjmrx Enwoxwv; scr,kjwr;kwr
6
History of Buddhism in Ceylon, pp. 81-82.
7
Mahavamsa, p. 237.
8
Ibid.
9
dI;no; mKnrncr,h/cr;kfr;wv; jwr;apygiRiwih/Rrkwregv; kwr;bv: dQmr;bidgdr;lUcr:
nfr: pJnreb,jzmr: jwr;mhv,wih/Rrkwrywrx>
10
A Manual of Buddhist Historical Traditions (Saddhamma Sangaha),pp.
67-68.
tvkodpmIf \ 7
dI;wdrxmhv,wih/Rr mzgr,l/dr;Enkunr lzcr; d/cr:bKcrbqnr

anredj/cr;mI:kqnr jU:ekv;scr,sznr anrekv;scr, sznr
j/cr;'cr;j/cr;h/onnrxes dv,eddQmr;lUcr:bidgdr; dcr:
adrtgtvkwrnnrx H;kunrhqdr:'cr:tmr:lUcrlcrnJcr; nfr:wdrxmhv,
wih/Rres jzo;tQmrbnrpJnreb, jKwr:noxwoxnoywrx> w/o:eskunrhqdr:
'cr:tmr:lUcrywrxes tQmrbnrwoxanrlUwr, gU;smr,sQnrbKcrywrxnnrx
scr,kjwr; jKwr:lUcrxlQnr, bidgdr;tmr:jwr;kwr11 mv:kznr;gnr
es kUnrxko;ncr,anrlQnr,pfr,lQnr,mnr: (dUwry/cr, - dUnrlQnr,
dIknigvynnrx kUnrxko;dIgnigvyno mKnrncr,mKwr;b/nrd/cr, scr,
gv,ynv,bzgr;nJcr:< szcr< s/mrnnrx)es dQmr;lUcr:nfr:pJnreb, gfv,
yU,ywrx> ebv:dUYr:awrdI;no; dI;anrdQmr;bidgdr;lUcr:nfr: pJnr
eb,nox bqnrnfr:wdrxmhv,wih/Rr anrkunregv.jzo;tQmrbnrnnrxgUYr:
es amr,jfr;dI;aluwhi /Rr anreg,w/nr;egv.jzo;tQmr hqdr:s/cr;>
anrl/gr,l/o:tQcr;anrnJcr;nox anrl/dr;wv; scr,gv,ynv,
tUnr;sI,nnrx bqnrmKwr;b/nr 3 'wrb/gr,bI,jI, mKwr;jwr;mhinr,d awr
sv,snv,kwr;mv:ywrx jwr;aRidrtegv.hqdr:'wrbwr; b/crkUnrxko;bid
gdr;tmr:jwr;nnrxgUYr:es b/crdQmr;bidgdr; dcr:adrtgtv
kwr lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,nox bqnrscr,kv,ynv,tUnr;hv;noywrx>
d/cr:hnrtJcr tQcr;anrnJcr;jmrx l/dr;wv; awrd/cr:jzzo;
tQmr eg,w/nr;egv.nJcr;es jwr;gdrxlQnr, bidgdr;kwrjwr; anr
bqnrs/osJbr,mhv,wih/Rr 500 dUnr mv:kznr;gnr dI;aluwih/Rrnnrx
es dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,mv:noywrx> dI;no;
kunrmI:woxyU,dcr:egv. jJcramr,awrd/cr:jzo;tQmrmnr:< yznrxscrEl;
awrd/cr:jzo;tQmr eg,w/nr;egv.nJcr;gUYr:es jwr;mhv,wih/Rrkwrlo;
dI;no;wv;wox anrdQmr;bidgdr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,nox bqnrjwr;mhv,wih/RrkwrgUYr:<

11
amr,bv:jwr;apygiRikwr>
hqdr:s/cr;dI;no;no d/cr:hnrtJcranrnox Enwox lzcr;d/cr:mI:woxyU,
l/ol/obKcrncr,dfr;noxywrx>
1. gunrlcr:gvnox goxgoxlo;k/mr,kunrd/cr,mKcr: jiKwr:amr,jfr;j/wr:
budrxnnrxmv:dJgr:< scrjKwrxwv; bqnrmKwr;kwrebxgfv,no mKwr;nnrx
bqnrdznr;lbr:sicr, dv,sv,snv,mv:EdxEdxywrx> k/wr:sJgr:
k/wr:sKwr k/wr:sugrxyucr;aUnrgwr:nnrx scr,kjwr;kwr edgoxgox
lo;b/o;y/nr wdrxmhv,wih/Rr anrbqnr'cr:hqnr:lUcrdv,sv,s
nv,mv: jqmrmKwr;jwr;mhinr,d Ed,awrsv,snv,kwr;mv:nnrx
ywrx> ebv:bqnrjKcrxnomv: lugr;hqnr:El;kU: edj/cr;lo;p/dr,
gnres g/nrhqnr:egv;ed j/cr;k/dr,gfv,ywrx>
2. g/br;aJbr:g/br;y/gr; anrlo;tUbr: mKwr;bUnrxmv:nnrx hqdr:H;
scr,k jwr;kwrwUnrxhnrmQnr; anredbqnrkqnrjU: Ficr;sJbr,
aUmrsUbr:kUnrxko;nnrxmv:ywrx> lzcr;d/cr:y/br,pJdr, anrkUnrx
ko;aUmra/nr,mv: nfr:k/wr:y/br,yqnr:k/nrjfrnnrx Enlgr:
t/nrmnr:bnrwoxywrx>
3. wnr:nJcr;ywrxwnr:nJcr; gUnr:amr,'wramr,h/cr anramr,emvwox
gv;knrsv,snv,nnrx kwr;mv:nfr:sv,snv,gmr:lzo:lzo:El;
hQcr:jfrdv,edgumr:ticr: bidgdr;tmr:jwr; yv,H;'cr;H;h/onox
edy/br,yqnr: edaUnr;yzmr:mv:ywrx>
4. g/nrdcr;'cr:sznrhqnr:mfr, hcr:apygiRiwih/Rr anry/nr'cr:
sznrhqnr:mhv,wih/Rr gfv,gmr:lzo:lzo:El; anrkunrbnrnv;lI
kwrwoxnnrx bqnrmv:lzcr;d/cr:anrnJcr;ywrx> anrnox hqdr:H;
jwr;mhv,wih/Rrkwr gfv,dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; dI;aluwih/Rr
anry/nrgognr dcr:cwr;jJcr;wqcr:kunrnnrxywrx> lKwresnox
egv.tugr,jzo;tQmrnnrx lIlo;bqnrkunrEl; smrxamr,jfr;kunr
es smrxbqnrwoxeg,w/nr; egv.nJcr;awrywrx> anrnoxbzcr,wv;
tvkodpmIf \ 9
mKwr;nnrx kunramr,bnrnv;lIjU: jwr;mhv,wih/Rrkwrno hnr

jQcr;lIyU,>
dUYr:awrekv;p/o,nKwrjKwr:noxjJcr w/o:lcrkunrwdrdgvmni a
py kJnr:kJnr;pzcr:cmr:mKcr:mv:nox d/cr:hnrtJcrgqwr,gbr:lUYr; k/wr:
y/mr:El; pU;k/mr,cwr;gmrxtQmr H;bqnrb/crdQmr;bidgdr; lUcr:nfr:
pJnreb,mv:nnrx bQgr,bKcr;gnrwoxno lo;'.hnryU,ywrx> g/nrdQmr;bid
gdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,nnrx amr,lQbr;jfr;nfr:pzcr:pzcr:
cmr:kunres lQbr;bqnrmv: mKwr;pzcr:b/nraJbr:y/br;nnrxnoegv; lo;'.
mv:ywrx>
kzdr,yzdr;
lJnr:sudr:mnr: tmr:bidgdr;jwr;nox lo;awrdQmr;lUcr:
nfr:pJnreb,mKwr;lfr< dgv,k/mr,cwr;mnr: bqnrdUwrkunrwdrdgvmni
apy‘iwr amr,nnr eg,w/nr;’iwrno gUnr:w/o:lcrnox pframr,l/dr;
lo;gmr:sJwr;> anrnox bqnryznrxpU;dQmr;bJnr:kwr mKwr;aznraznr egv.
nJcr;dcr:egv.nJcr; aznrgnrdQmr;mv: m/omv:dzcr:mv: bQgr,bQgr,bKcr;bKcr;
ywrx> bbrxbJnr: anrawraicrgnryU,gmr;nmrnox bqnrsmremvhwienv
dnI(wipcrgadrtgtv) anrbqnradrtgtv hcr:wipcrg< nigv
yscrgRh< mhvwmrs< DIbwmrsjKwr:noxywrx> dI;hqdr:mnr:Edx
dJnr:aznrgnrEnxnznr:wv; bqnraluwih/Rrywrx> anrnox w/o:es
scr,gv,ynv,tUnr;s/mr mKwr;b/nrkunraesv:g mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:
nnrx bqnrscr,gv,ynv,tUnr;sI,noegv; j/wr:kKwr:budrxanrbqnr
et,Rwv,D aznrgnrmgr:mnr; '.gnrwoxdcr:nmrywrx> 12
12
2500 Years of Buddhism, pp. 50-51.
dI;nfr:mKcr:ainr:dI;yv:El; jKwr:bqnrj/wr:mhvyvnkwrjmrx awrscr,gv,ynv,
anrhqdr:mKwr;b/nrkunr@gnidrsg#mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:nnrx bqnrscr,gv,ynv, tUnr;
sI,ywrx>
aicrawrlzcr;mgr:mnr;jKcrxncr,nnres aluwih/Rrnox jJwr;
sqcrlJwr:lcrgJgr:bJnr:woxyU,> y/mr:nox bqnrdI;gUnr:el,wo;Cpv:kwr
gUnr:el,tUcr;tqwr;kwr jqmrnzgr;mKcr:nfr:mKcr: aQwr,Wdr;tJcryU,gU;
wnr:wnr:> dI;no; mI:anrlIkwr;jfraI;scrEl; gUnr;nmrsmrxebv:
lo;aQwr,tJcrgU;wnr:wnr: ncr,dI;jKwr:jJwr;sqcrlJwr:jKwr:nnrx?
yznrxmnr:bqnr dI;anrmI:jJwr;gJgr:bJnr:mv: jqmrmKwr; 2000 bIb/obUnrx
mv:nnrxywrx> bKcrnJcr;egv; dv,edEnlgr:t/nrlo;wv; mnr:bqnr
dI;anrmI:jJwr; gJgr:bJnr:mv:edxaKwr;nonnrx b/nry/mr:noxegv; lo;
hnrkUwr:gwr,kUwr:mznr Wo:dinrWo:mJwr:anr hqdr:woxmKwr;b/nrnnrxyU,
ywrx>
mKwr;Ed,Ed,mnr: dI;anrjwr;mhv,wih/RrkwryU,swr:es
dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,nnrxwv; mI:woxcKbr,hinr
jqdr:cKbr,noesdv. y/mr:nox gJdr:woxs/mrcKbr,hinrgUYr:ywrx> cKbr,hinr
anrnJcr;nnrx mI:d/cr:y/wr: 25 tdr: d/cr:sucr 10 tdr:es
bqnrdI;jwr;kwrjumr:nJcr; dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,
mv:noywrx> dI;p/o,nKwrd/cr:kwr;nnrx dQmr;woxligr;sicr,hlv, lmr
pUdrxpUdrxwv; bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lo;k/mr,dQmr;lUcr: nfr:pJnreb, dI;
nfr:cKbr,hinrnox mKwr;b/nrkunrwdrdgvmni apy (wlgmrb)nnrx
noywrx> nfr:cKbr,hinrnox mI:woxCpv;ncr; Cpv:jugr: Cpv:nznr:jKwr:
noxes mI:h/cr;j/dr;gbr:woxjKwr:pvbv:ywrx> dI;bJnrxnKwrmnr:nnrx
mI:h/cr;mzgr,mUwr anryzmrxdv:mv: jqmrmKwr;b/nrkQnr,DI,nnrxywrx> dI;
cKbr,hinrtQcr;szcrcKbr,nnrxegv; mI:woxWo:mJw:r gwr,mznrjKwr:nnrxwoxes
bqnrdI;jwr;kwryU,swr: dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,
mv:yU,ncr,gwr,ywrx> cKbr,hinrjKwr:nox bqnranrEnlgr:t/nr gqwr,
gbr:lUYr; lzcr;dUcrxnJcrjwr;kwrmv: mKwr;b/nr 2000 bIbUnrxmv:nnrx
ywrx>
tvkodpmIf \ 11
lKwresnox mI:wox'cr:En anrWcrxwv; International Library

and Museum anrgQmrmKcr:sI,hv,nugrx mKcr:gmr,ebv:dI:yv: dmr:bnr
pznr,eD:sLnr:mnr: wnr:ti 17.2.1957 mKwr;mnr:kJnr;Wdr; b/crbzo:
@budrtjynrdi# dI;nfr:mKcr:lcr:gvnnrxnoywrx> 'cr:Ennox awr
cJnr:mKcr:jfr.dJwr: egv,s/cr;woxEl; tJcrmv:wnr:ti 1.9.1974 nnrx
egv.bqnrjzmrpzcr:mKcr: n/cr:sRimewv bJdr,puYr,bnrmv:ywrx> nfr:
'cr:Ennox Enwox‘nr,h/cr; Cpv:anrmI:F/crh/cr;gU;mqwr:mqwr: anrl/o
l/omKcr: p/gr,dznr;tJcrmv:< ‘nr,h/cr;Cpv:gwr,mznr mKcr:lcr:gv< kUwr:
gwr,kUwr:mznr d/cr,jKwrxd/cr,bKcr mKnrncr, l/br, lQwr: Wgr, kKcr; jfr.
kUwr:szojKwr:noxEl; pJnr,eb,anrawrbidgdr; adrtgtv,kwr
dQmr;woxjKwr:noxywrx> lucr:aQdrxwinr: pU;gdrxlQnr,p/o,bJnr: anr
gdrxlQnr,bv: pv,sv,gf/mr:l/dr; mzgr;'gr:mqwr:bfr.woxes sbr:lQcr:'wr
yzo; gU;bKcrbKcrbnr gUnr:jKwr:aQwr,Wdr;tJcr dI;'cr:EnnoxyU,ywrx>
ebv:dUYr:awr bJnr:Wcr:lcr s/oc/ogqwr,gbr:g/nr lo;dQmr;
bidgdr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,mv: mKwr;y/mr:nnrEl; g/nrgumr:ticr:
kUwr:gwr,mznr dI;aluwih/RrnoxnojJcr aluwih/Rrnox bqnrmv:dI;dQmr;
tmr:bidgdr; dcr:adrtgtvkwr lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,mv:es egv.
hqdr:dgv,k/mr,cwr;gmrxtQmr hqdr:s/cr;mv:nnrx bqnrwoxeg,w/nr;egv.
nJcr;no edamr,mI: lzcr;tKmrjfrscrlo;ywrx> dI;no; edlo;hnr
yznrxpU;dQmr;bJnr:kwr mI:mv:b/nrsJbr,b/nr amr,t/dr,amr,w/o:El;
aluwih/Rr dI;dQmr;bidgdr;tmr:jwr; lUcr:nfr:pJnreb,mv: jqmrmKwr;
2000 bIb/obUnrxmv:nnrx jcr,lo;k/mr,d/cr: j/wr:kKwr:budrxet,Rw/dr;
mgr:mnr;bqnrwox scr,gv,ynv,tUnr;sI,es bqnrmv:dI;jJwr;sqcr
lJwr:lcrgJgr:bJnr: H;gUnr:dcr:nmr aQwr,Wdr;kugr:kUnrxkJnr: b/nr
anryJnr;bnrmv: lznrxmznr:tmr: yv,H;'cr;H;h/onnrxyU,ywrx>
pJnraicr
1. Geiger, Wilhelm, Ph.D., Mahavamsa, Buddhist Cultural
Centre, Sri Lanka, 2003.
2. Law, Bimala Churn, A Manual of Buddhist Historical
Traditions (Saddhamma Sangaha), Asian Educational
Services, New Delhi, 1999.
3. E.W. Adikaram, Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon,
The Buddhist Cultural Centre, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka,
1994.
4. Rahula, Walpola, History of Buddhism in Ceylon, The
Buddhist Cultural Centre, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, 1993.
5. 2500 Years of Buddhism, The Publications Division,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government
of India, 1956.
wnr:wisv,k lKnr”gr:mUnr:
wnr:anrj/wr:budr. gU;mKcr:mKcr: Wmr:mJwr:gnr
jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr:
gf/mr:nmr:
gU;sv,snv, mI:wo.wnr:anrkuigr.dznr:tiI.sudrO hcr:pThcr:
mnr:> mUinrncr,wnr:gUidr,jwr;ey,su (Jesus gLI:s/srxsr) no. bqnrwnr:
kuigr.dznr:tI.sudrO nT:sv,snv,kRidr.> kwraznrgnrhigr;wv; ^wnr:k
Ridrxsm/drx&noes smr.dUgr:mQnr;lKnrdI,sQmr,bKwr, wnr:tI. 25 gU;bI>
nT:sv,snv,hinr,dU,kwregv; @wnr:dI,bv,wlI,# anrmQnr;mzgr;
lKnrnUwr,wQmr,bKwr,nnr. bqnrwnr:yT,tI.sudr:ywr.> nT:sv,snv,mU,s
limr,smr. @@wnr:gKdr,mUwr,hv,mQdr.##nnr. bqnrwnr:yicr.yT,tI.sudr:
dv, kwrncr,gwr,> nT:sv,snv,gLiwr: (Judaism) kwrjJcr wnr:bImT, anr
jJwr;wv; @@wnr:ycr,kIxbU: ##nnrx bqnrwnr:kwrdcr:mUdr: dzmrjTgnr ywr.>
bunr;dv,pU;nbr.tJwr sv,snv,budr.tlU: wnr:lTsmr. bqnr
wnr:anryicrxyT,lKwrbKnr;mUdr:lv,? bqnr @@wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:##
ywr.>
wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:
ekv;anrwv;wisv,kno. bqnrpv,sv,bv,lies bzcr,wv; lKnr'gr:
noywr.> nT:pv,sv,snr:sgRidrx(sgrxgd)Ed. kwrWcr.wv; ewsv,kno
es acr:girdr:kwrsmr. mv:Wcr.awrwv; ews/gr.noywr.> wnr:wisv,k lKnr
'gr:mUnr:no. yznr.scr mnr:bqnrwnr:anryicr.yT, dv,j/wr:budr.hwr:
nolv,? wnr:wisv,k lKnr”gr:mUnr:no. bqnrwnr:anrjwr;j/o: jwr;sI,
t/dr;gKdr,hnrnv; dI;nT:sUnrmzgr, lumr,pinI,nnr.ywr.> lKwres
nnr. wnr:wisv,klKnr'gr:mUnr:no. ycr:bqnrwnr: anrjwr;egv:dm
ddr:”.bzcr,bJcr; sjr.jv,sI,yKcr;es bqnrbudr.t gv;dI;dT;dUnr;pUwr:
(moxYzcr,) dI;budr.tgyv,nnr.gznr,> mKwr;wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:no.
ncr,gwr, budr.tZwr; awrknr,tbRinibrxb/nr,gfv,> bKwr;noEl; wnr:
anrhwr:lIdzcr:gJmr: lIwo.bqnrdI;yicr.yT,lKwrno. nT:sv,snv,budr.t
Ed. amr,mI:ywr.>
ebv:tJcrwnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:mv:jJcr nT:lUgr;no. gU;mKcr:
mKcr: ZqmrmKcr:Z/wr:budr.< mKcr:mhv,yv,n El; et,Rwv,d aznrgnrh/cr;
hQnr: b/crslzcr(b/crbzo:)wisv,kes bU,jv,mU:jv:budrxtZwr;> edv;j/wr:
budr. jKwr:anrmI:dI;mKcr:wnr:dUgr:kwregv; aznrgnrslzcr(hqdr:bzo:)
wnr:wisv,k lKnr:'gr:mUnr:gnrgfv,gU;dI;>
pKwr,tJcrmv:bI 1999< lKnrdI,sQmr,bKwr,nnr. b/crgumrlUcr U.N
lo;mgr:mnr; wnr:wisv,klKnr'gr:mUnr: H;bqnrwnr:yicr.yT,lUcr nT:
lUgr; wnr:nJcr;ywr.> ekv;dQbr:ddr: U.N no. mnr:bqnrg/nrkJbr;nv;
dv,sv,snv,budr.ted.ed.> w/o:esnnr. dI; U.N ycr:lo;pidr;
wzgr, pU;nmr:Z/wr:budr.gU;mKcr:mKcr:es slzcrwnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:
dI;wqcr:nyU:yzgr. (New York) yU,ywr.>
mKwr;bI 2004 nnr. p/o,mhv,yv,nEl; etRwv,d mv:'br.gnr
dI;mKcr:to:es aubr,aUwr:pJgr:svgnrwv; edhqdr:’iwres 'mr;gnrslzcr
wnr:wisv,klKnr'gr:mUnr: dI;nT:gunrea:sLv:noyU,> kwrZwr;lo;pzmr.
sqcr dUgr:lUcr:jTgnrwv; edslzcrwnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:gfv, dI;
mKcr:to:gU;bInoywr.> yznr.nnrEl; mKwr;wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr: nT:
bI 2005 no. Z/wr:budr. Zqmrmhv,yv,nEl; etRwv,d anrlugr.dI;sI,
sibr:mKcr:nnr. aznrgnrmv:slzcr wnr:wisv,klKnr'gr:mUnr: dI;mKcr:
gzgr,> lUcrbzcrjJcr;mKcr:to: bqnrpU;gmr.tQmrcJnr:dzcr:> dcr:mUdr:lo;ZT.
Z/o,gfv, bQdr,sibr:sI,l/nr.w/dr, (szcrl/nr.edv,lv,) noywr.>
dUwrpU;dQmr;ligr;egv; lo;hbr.nimnrdn mKwr:Zzo;g/nrdI;mKcr:
gzgr,> lo;mKwr:Zzo;h/cr;hQnr:tQmrg/nr gv;dI;Znr.Zzmrscr,k mhv,ZU:lv:
lUcr:gznr: (Mahachulalongkorn University) mzgr;szcrwUcr;> lo;Zzo;
oef:odOj,c vldefNuf:rlef: \ 15
binr,pv,sv,< Zzo;hqdr:m/okbr:b/cr< Zzo;tdr:ligr;< Zzo;didr:edv,mKcr:
nzgr;> mKwr;wnr:ti. 20. 5. 2005 nnr.Ed. lo;d/crdUwrscr,kes azgr,
k/wr,nT:tI:wI:sI (TV) kzcr.sibr:aqdr: anrbqnrp/o,acr:girdr:> mKwr;wnr:
tI. 21.5.2005 smr.lo;dqdr;tmr: dI;sn/mrlUcr nv;wdr.pgQwr; azgr,
nT:azmrlUmr: bqnrpv,sv,acr:girdr:tQcr;>
dcr;Ed,awrno.gfv, pU;dQmr;ligr;lo;bqnrgmr,mg/nr (pU;kwr;
kzmr,mdI,) dv,h/cr;hQnr:b/crslzcr wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr: gU;mKcr:mKcr:
dI;wqcr:mKcr:gzgr,wo.El; edlo;kdr:ZT mKwr:Zzo;g/nryU,gU;bI> nmr.dznr:
mnr: dv,bIno.Ed. scr,kZwr; ZKwr:dUnryT,dUnrlUcr dI;mKcr:to: lo;'.
Zgr:pU;dQmr;ligr;es lo;'.gfv, lzcr;scr,kdo:hwr:Zzmr:nnr.ywr.> dI;
Znr.Zzmrmhv,ZU:lv:egv; '.lzcr;wv;do:no. bqnrZKwr.Z/dr;hcr:ekvno
es nbr.ymrhwr:mv:ywr.> scr,kdo: anrdJgr.hqnr:yU, dI;mhv,ZU:lv:
jKwr:nnr.egv; p/o,jnr.Zzmrkwr mgr:mnr;wv; bqnrlugr;hqnr:scr,kdo:
noywr.> mKwr;gU;bzgr;Ed. bI;nzcr.to: dI;mKcr:gzgr,kwrgmr;nmr amr,'.jgr:
do:< kwrt/cr,wv;hwr: bqnrm/nr;noywr.>
dI;nT:b/crslzcrwisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:bIno. mI:pU;nmr:scr,k
mKcr:Ek,< mKcr:mUcr,gUwr:lI:yKwr:< mKcr:kmqnr< mKcr:l/wr:< mKcr:sI,'wr,< mKcr:to,
wnr,El; mKcr:m/nr; mv:kJnr;Wdr;nmrwo.> Zwr;kU:wv:lUcrZzmr anrbqnr
pU;nmr:scr,kdo:lJwr. dI;mKcr:sibr:szcr:bnr:nv:egv; eyv:kicr:mv:> nT:
mKcr:m/nr;Ed. mI:gQmr'wrbwr; scr,knv,ygjJcr;mKcr: nmr:nv;esmv:>
Zwr;Csv,sI,dgU,< Zwr;sI,lgr.knr,t (bidgdr.s/mrgzcr)< Zwr;Csv,
bnr,didv,piwmr,s anrbqnratibdi Znr.Zzmrscr,kdv;gucr;< dzgr.
dKwr,mLVwr:mLinr. pU;gumr:g/nrsv,snv,(dv;gucr;)< dzgr.dKwr,kinr,mzcr,
Yunr. Znr.Zzmret,Rwv,d(dv;gucr;)El; dzgr.dKwr,ZUwr:yinr, anr
bqnratibdi gv;dI;ZnrxZzmrdv;gucr;jKwr:no.egv; mv:kJnr;Zzmr:>
gmr;pzcr;bo,wo.ngr:Ed.Ed.
bigr.smr. mKcr:Z/wr:budr.gU;mKcr:El; Zumr:Z/wr:budr.gU;dI; wo.
ngr:nv wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:esdv. nT:mKcr:m/nr;Ed. bo,ebv:wo.
yT,gnrgv;’iwr> yznr.wv; dI;awrZTbgr: (focus) bo,hQcr:bqcr:ebv:nnr.
ywr.> mKwr;Zwr;Csv,lUcrkwrZwr; edmv:dI;gucr:tqbr;bIno.nnr. mI:dgv,
gUnr:lUcregv.nJcr;wv; ^bqnrb/crsznr:nmr. mo.ebv:tiaznr,gUYr: Zwr;kwr
eb.wo.gv;knryT,hqdr:scres gfv,bqnrd/nr,no/.&noywr.> dI;nT:mKcr:
'mr;dumrmKcr:m/nr;no. dJgr.awranr'dr:nmr.dUnr;ebv:tinnr. bqnr
dI;awrjTbgr:mnr:wo.gUYr:El; wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:no. pTbo,ebv:
hnryT,> lo;cinr:wv; edv; BBC p/o,m/nr;kwregv; ycr:amr,bzcr,ZTwv;
wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr: anr U.N El; kunrto:kwrnmr:nv;es s
lzcrdI;mKcr:gzgr,nnr. mnr:mI:pznr:lI dv,Z/wr:budr.dcr:l/ogv;’iwrno
gznr,>
dI;Ed.mnr: budr.tZwr; bqnrpU;yicr.yT,mQdr;dznr:esbKnr;
El; wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:no.egv; bqnrwnr:anryicr.yT,lKwrbKnr;
(the most important day) bunr;dv,Z/wr:budr.dcr:l/oywr.> yznr.
nnr scr,kdo:dcr:l/o lIlo;Em:binr,bQcrg/nrhqnr:hwr: ncr,’iwrZ/wr:
budr.do:dcr:l/o ebv:edwo.wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:no. ngr:ngr:nv
nvyU,ywr.>
ncr,’iwrZ/wr:budr.do: ed”.lzcr;wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:
nmrnnr. Zwr;scr,kdo: edlo;dumrgnres slzcrwnr:tzdr;mQdr;
lUcrno.Zzmr:gnr< edlo;scr,sznrbnr dI;dgv,kwrwv; wnr:wisv,k
lKnr'gr:mUnr:no. bqnrlznr.gQnr p/crh/cr;Z/wr:budrxhwr:< edlo;ehv:
Cdv:El; dQmr;ligr;tmr:azgr, H;bqnrdI;yugr.yzcr; wnr:wisvk lKnr'gr:
mUnr:gnrywr.> ebv:hqdr:nnrjJcr Z/wr:kKwr:do:hwr:egv; edZmrZ/wr:
budr. nT:lUgr;mv:digr:digr:yU,amr,h/cr.>
clef.pefckdef: ykdef:wh:sw,eyf.brf
ykwf.xOj,Oej,
Rediscovery of Tai Buddhism
qof;xrfrOjrd aejcrf:vj.
gf/mr:nmr:
mUinrncr,”.tuicrgnrnnrx do:nfr:lUgr;lumr;Fv. amr,nnr
do:jUiwr:anr yU,s/cr;swr:tcr gU;dI;gU;lQnr “wrb/gr,lfr gwr;sibr:
hv;nnrx awrgf/mr:tmr:budrxtjwr; kwr;bqnrdI;buicr;aicrywrx>
lo;”.wv; nfr:j/wr:budrxnnrx mI:woxgn(gKcr:)szcranrnoywrx>
szcranrnnrx bqnrgnet,Rwv,dEl; mhv,yv,nywrx> nfr:szcrg
nnox do:nbrxymrgnlfr? Ed,nbrxymr mUiwr;lfrmv:? bo/:wUnrxanrwv;
m/nr;awrgf/mr:tmr:budrxtjwr; mv:pUiYrEp;bnrdo:nnrxlU: jzcr,
jfr;Edxhuiwr? Ed,gfv,jUiwr:nox gv;ncr,dUlqbr;hqnr: yuinr:muiwr:tuicrlo;
nnrx edsbr:lQcr:Engfv, jzmr:ncr,lgr:t/nrbuinr: (historical
records)El; lgr:t/nrbo/:mznr:egv,s/cr; kUwr:gwr,mznr (Archaeo-
logical remains) bqnrbzdr:lfrdznr;nnrxywrx>
budrxtsv,snv, anrjuimr:kwr;mv:nfr:do: “wrbuicr:mUiwr;jwrx

gf/mr:scr,sznrbudrxtjwr;nox av,yuy/wr:yfr, jugr:ynrbqnr
dI; dcr:nmrbuicr;aicrmv: k/wr:d/cr:huicrmI:yU, szcrhqcrhv;b/gr,bImUicr:
lUiwrlUiwrywrx> wo/:esbudrxtjwr; awrnibrxb/nr,gfv,es mUiwr;pQwrmv:
nfr: (3rd century B.C) nnrx nfr:scr,k mI:mU,jumr:gnmv:woxywrx> nfr:
nnrxmI:wox gnnmrlo/esdv. bUicrlUcrgn anryfr,tI.sudr:mnr:
jmrx bqnrgnmhv,yv,nEl; gnhInyv,n (gmr;nmr “.jgr:wv;
bqnrgnet,Rwv,d) gUYr:> j/wr:budrx anrhwr:lo;hnryU, nfr:lUgr;
wnr:mUiwr;nox mUinrncr,- mUicr:Ek,< gUwr:RI:yv:< gLv,b/nr,< bU,d/nr,El;
dibQdrxkwrEd,gfv,jUiwr:nox bqnrgnmhv,yv,n> mUicr:do:< mUicr:to:< mUicr:
m/nr;< mUicr:sI,Rilcr:gv< mUicr:gmr,ebv:dI:yv:El; mUicr:l/wr:Ed,gfv,
jUiwr:nox bqnrgnhInyv,nywrx> nfr:kwrszcrgnnox bigrxsmrxd/cr:
hnrnUiwr gf/mr:scr,sznrbudrxtjwr; bQgr,bUicr;gnrwox gmr;pzcr;esdv.
bUicrlUcrlznrxgQnr anrlUwr,mnr: mUinr,ncr,gmrO< sdrxjv,sI,yUicr;<
lgrxknv,s/mrbUicr< bdigrxjsmubrxb/dr;El; mgr;gcr,bQdr,sqnr;jUiwr:
nox mUinrgnrmUdr:ywrx>1 ebv:awrjzmr:dcr: nmrwv;juicr gnet,Rwv,
dnox lo;”.wv; bqnrh/cr;p/crcwr;h/gr;gf/mr: scr,sznrbudrxtjwr;
mUiwr;jwrx (Early Buddhism) noywrx> 2
nfr:j/wr:budrxszcrgn anrwv;mv:bv;nUiwrnnrx lo;”.wv;gn
mhv,yv,nnox juimr:kwr;pQwrmv:nfr:do: gmr:”wrbuicr:sudr:bUinr; mQnr;
mUiwr;nfr:bIsv,snv, 518-554 (B.C. 24-12 A.D.) bqnrpzcr:b/nr
jwr;sUiwrjI:Fv. duigrxaubrxcmr:mUicr:midr;< pU;mv:pUiYrEp;sv,snv,
jmrx bqnrmunrjwr;dibQdrxsibr:dUnrnoywrx> 3
kU: Manich Jumsai smrxwv; anrdo:hbrxk/mr, awrsv,snv,
budrxt bqnrdI;gUiwr:lI gmr:aznrd/cr:sudr:nnrx bqnrnfr:b/nrjwr;
kunrlUcrm/wr: wUcrxdo:ao/;l/wr: (Khun Luang Mao of Ailao
Dynasty A.D. 68) noywrx> gUnr:mUicr:mnr:jwr;gmr;pzcr; mzgr;
553,711 egv. mUiwr;b/nrnnrx hbrxk/mr,buinrp/wr, EngUnr:dcr:nmrwv;
dUwrkwr bqnrpU;anrnbrxymr jzmr:gf/mr:scr,sznrbudrxtjwr;no
ywrx> 4 m/crjwr;smrx Enxnmr:wv; do:ao/;l/wr: Ed,nbrxymr
gnmhv, yv,nmv: mUiwr; (8th century A.D.) noxgUYr:noywrx> 5
1
Piyadassi: The Spectrum of Buddhism, p. 429.
2
Piyasena Dissanayake: Political Thoughts of the Buddha, p. ix.
3
U Keminda: Mongmit Yazawinthit, p. 85. (in Myanmar)
4
Manich Jumsai M.L.: Popular History of Thailand. pp.4-5.
(kU:dQmr;ligr;egv.nox amr,sbr:lQcr:scrEn lzcr;wv;kwryumr,ymrrgnetRwv,d"iwr
ykdef:wh:sw,eyf.brf ykwf.xOj,Oej, \ 19
do:gzcrxgo/,gnrdcr: gnet,Rwv,d mv:mUiwr;lfr?

ebv:awrgf/mr:suibr,gf/mr:wv;juicr dcr:bImfr,do: pudr:mI:mv:El;
dcr:sv,snv,et,Rwv,d kwr;pQwrmv:nfr:do:nnrx mQnr;pzcr:y/mr:
lqwrgnrnoywrx> y/mr:mnr:jmrx mQnr;mUiwr;nfr: bIsv,snv, (450) no
ywrx> tQcr;lo/:nuicr;jmrx lo;”.wv; mUiwr;nfr:bIsv,snv, (450) nnrx
jwr;aU;ed, jfr.lugr;jo/:mnr:jwr; jwr;kunrWcr gfv,b/cr:awrligr;
tmr:bidgdr;s/mrgzcr dmr;dI;kunrehvkmr:aesv:g mUicr:ainr:diy
mv:dI;mUicr:nzcrEs (mUicr:yunr,nnr,< amr,nnr mUicr:gnr,dv,RRidrx)
noywrx> 6 ebv:awrdcr:nmrwv;juicr kunrehvkmr:aesv:gnox bqnrpU;
pUiYrEp; gf/mr:scr,sznrbudrxt gnet,Rwv,dnoywrx> 7
amr,nnrgnmhv,yv,n< gUYr:gv; pzcr:nnrx Ek,hbrxk/mr,awrgnmhv,yv,n bqnr

dI;nbrxymrEl; t/cr,do:egv; edco/:kwryU,< lzcr;mnr:jmrx gzbr;bUiwr;bqnrgUnr: yU,
aUimr;jmr”inr:gnrnnrxywrx= d/cr:hnrtuicr pU;dQmr;ligr;)
5
Sasananda. S: History of Buddhism in Assam, p.174. Promsak
Jermsawatdi: Thai Art with Indian influences, p.31
6
nfr:bbrxmo/dzcr:mgr:mo/bIgznr:kmr: wnr:kUiwr:do:nnrx Enwox @@jwr;kunrWcrnnrx @@kunr
jo/:## noegv; Wcrxywrx> lUiwrnnrx bo/sbr:lQcr:EntQcr; anrdo:gfv,b/cr:awr ligr;
tmr:bidgdr;s/mrgzcrmv:nnrx bqnrmUicr:sIRilcr:gv (mUicr:sI,”wr,)## noywrx> nfr:ligr;
bzdr:dznr;k/wr, kU:lucr:jo/:azcr,tunr:nnrx smrxEnwoxwv; @@anrdo:b/cr:ligr;tmr:
bidgdr;mv:nnrx amr,jfr;d/cr,dI; bqnrmUicr:ainr:dI:yv:## noywrx> dUEdx hbrxk/mr,
jzmr:bo/:hnrtuicranrnoxywrx> lzcr;mnr:jmrx mUiwr;nv;jwrxbI B.C nnrx amr,lo;hnr
buinr:do: gzcrxgo/,gbr:suibr,gnr dcr:mUicr:sI,Rilcr:gv (mUicr:sI,”wr,)< lzcr;nox amr,gv:
do:gUYr:< d/cr,kUiwr: mUinrncr,m/nr;< Ek,< to:El; gmr,ebv:dI:yv: ed,gfv,jUiwr:nox
egv; gbr:go/,lUYr; lzcr;budrxtsv,snv,noxes amr,lo;hnrkwr gbr:suibr,kwr;
azgr,gnr jwrxlUiwresbI 4th century A.D.< ebv:awrg/nrbo/:m/gr;mI: pzcr:b/nr
nnrxwv;egv; dv,d/cr,mUicr: edkfr;kwr;gbr:suibr, mUicr:sI,”wr,nnrx bqnranrmI:hmrx
ea,woxywrx> gzbr;scrEl;wv;nnrno gzbr;bUiwr;kUwr:gunr,lUicr: azgr,ea,m/cr< lUiwres
nnrx “wrgUnr:kwregv; ea,m/crnnrxywrx> anrlo;hnrbuinr:do: kwr;azgr,gbr:suibr,
gnr dcr:mUicr:sI,”wr,nnrx lQbr;eded,mv: mUiwr;nfr:b/nrg/cr mUicr:m/wr:nnrxywrx>
do:hqdr:’iwres kwr;azgr,gbr:suibr,anrwv;nnrx amr,lo;”.dQgr,lQcr:esdv. ebv:
mv:dUYr:awr lgr:t/nranrjwr;kunrao/; (Wcrxjwr;j/cr:kunrao/;) bI;ao/;jwr;sUiwr
lgr:t/nrbo/:mznr:egv,s/cr; kUwr:gwr,mznr
(Archaeological rema-ins)
ebv:awrjzmr: bbrxmhv,wmr,swv;jmrx wo/:esscr,gv,ynv,
bzgr;tUnr;s/mr ywrxdUwr;gfv,lIc/mr:ywrxnnrx jwr;mzgrxglibudrxd
disrsEl; kunrehvkmr:aesv:g (235-247 B.C.) aznr”wres bzo,
pU;pUiYrEp; sv,snv,et,Rwv,d gfv,gwr;dI;gwr;mUicr:noywrx> mo/
tUnr;”gr: mUicr:eyv:n anrkunrehvkmr:aesv:g boz,pU;buinrEp;
(jwr;mhv,Rgr.kid) sv,snv,gfv,nnrx lo;”.wv;kwr;bv: lQnrlinr
mUicr:do:gmr;pzcr;noywrx> mUicr:jUiwr:nnrx bqnrsI,ebv.< yzcr”Yr;< mUicr:
no/:< w/nr;emv; (bv,liWcrx jmrbv,ngR< m/nr;Wcrxwv; bemv,)< gqwr,lUcr
s/mrdv; (Hkwelong Sanda)< l/nrxj/crx Kengcheng @ Larnt
Sarng< gqcr:mo,< sQnrEj;El; gqcr:’cr;< mUicr:dcr:sqcr;nox “mr;bzcr:
gnres Wcrxwv;eyv:nv. Yonakaloka, Yonakarattha, Yonaka
8
Lawkan, Yona noywrx> dI;anrpU;buinrEp; sv,snv,gfv,pQwr
k/nr,Fv. anrgfv,hqnr:awr d/cr:emvdI;mUicr:mznr:es suibr,gfv,hqnr: dI;mUicr:sI,”wr,

nnrxegv; “.jQcr;lQcr:lIyU,> gUYr:gv; dI;mUicr:ainr:dI:yv:jmrx do:mI:d/cr:gbr:
suibr,gnrmv: ed,mUiwr;do:duigrx”icr: nfr:mUicr:Ek,nnrxywrx> ainr:dI:yv:nox gzbr;bUiwr;
bqnr dI;gUidr,azgr, jwr;bo/:wUnrxkbrx nmresamr,gv: mUicr:egv;gf/cr;< “wrgUnr:egv;nmr<
bo/:m/gr;mI:kUwr:gunr,lUicr:egv; smrxm/gr;El; lzcr;wv;mUicr:lfregv; kfr;kwr;azgr,gbr:suibr,
mnr:anrwv;nnrx amr,mI:lzcr; t/cr,tUimr> (Ahungalle Arunatilaka & Praneeth
Abhayasundara: Golden Links “Myanmar-Sri Lanka.” p.16. bbrxsUiwrk/nr,Fv.
(amr,”.egv.dQmr;) nv;-15-7)
7
Peter Harbey: An Introduction to Buddhism (Teaching, history &
practices), p. 87.
8
Wilhelm Geiger (trans). The Mahavamsa. pp. 82-4. Thai Art with Indian
influences, pp. 10-1. Sai Kham Mong: Buddhism & Shans, p. 29. (Myanmar
Historical Research Journal. No. 7.). Narada: A Manual of Buddhism, pp.
156-7. Kanai Lal Hazra: History of TheravAda Buddhism in South-East
Asia. p. 68. Sao Kelananda: A study of Buddhism Tai or Shan state of
Myanmar, p. 117(Thesis for Ph.D.) jwr;nv,Rdwv; eyv:nv.nox bqnrdI;lQnr
linrbzdr:jqcr,Wcr,wnr:dUgr:ainr:dI:yv:< mI:dfr;wUcrxehvkmr:gRigrx< kwr;bv:aI,jibr,
nnrx kunrehvkmr: aesv:g kudr:nmrxemv,< egv,gzcr:mU:nuicr;sU, lU,

jzmr:gU;dI;< dcr:nmrmnr: mI:gfv,bQdr,muinr,sI,hqcrnoywrx> gzcr:mU:mU
tuYr (rkaXmapwD) anrmI:dI;sI,ebv. y/mr:lqwrnoxegv; lo;”.wv; kunr
ehvkmr:aesv:g bqnrdgv, egv.lU,d/nr:mnr:noywrx> 9 lUiwres
nnrx ebv:awrjzmr:buinr:wv;juicr gzcr:mU:g/dr,gU, anrdcr;yU, dI;
mUicr:do: nfr:bUcr:nnrxegv; kunrehvkmr:aesv:g bqnrpU;gmrxtQmregv,
s/cr;mnr:noywrx> 10 ebv:mv:dUYr:lgr:t/nr anrrnoxeswv;juicr
ed lo;wv;do: lo;awrgnet,Rwv,d bqnrdI;buicr;aicrmv:
dUgr:luinr: es gnmhv,yv,nywrx>
lUiwresnnrx hwr:lo;hnrtQcr; lgr:t/nrnQnr;nvmnr:
mUinrncr, kunrmUicr:yUnr: (l/nrxnv:) awrsv,snv,et,Rwv,d
(gnyUnr:) mv:pUiYrEp;mUicr:do: mUiwr;nfr:bI A.D. 832 dI;mUicr:y/cr:
lQcrnnrxywrx> anrkunrdo:l/nrxjwr; mv:aubrxcmr:mUicr:m/nr;bzdr:dfr;
El; bLV,nnrxegv; bqnrnfr:bIlqwrgnr dcr:kunrdo:l/nrxnv: awr
gnetRwv,d mv:pUiYrEp; nfr:mUicr:do:ywrx> pzcr:nnrx gzbr;bUiwr;
kunrdo:l/nrxjwr;egv; bqnrpU;nbrxymrsv,snv,budrxt (gnetR
wv,d)El; lzcr;wv; kwredamr,awrFicr;Ec;do:El; sv,snv,do:
mv:pUiYrEp;jzmr: anrwv;nnrx pfredhdr:wv;lo;>
mUiwr;pzcr:kunrdo:l/nrxnv: mv:pUiYrEp;Fic;r Ec;El; sv,s
nv,nfr:mUicr:do:nnrx dI;mUicr:y/cr:lQcr bo,mI:pU;lfr yU,s/cr;swr:tcr
woxnoywrx> gzcr:mU:anregv,dcr; nfr:mUicr:y/cr:lQcr anrjwrxsudr:es
(Egypt)< sI:RI:yv:El; gRigrx Syria & Greece> Promsak Jermsawatdi smrxwv;

yv.wv.nv.nox bqnrmUicr:gRigrx< amr,jfr;eyv:nv.> dzgr,dUiwr,eglvnnrdjmrx smrx
jzmr:gf/mr: Kanai Lal Hazra tQcr; eyv:nv.nox bqnrmUicr:do:noywrx>
9
Sai Kham Mong: Buddhism & the Shans, p. 28. abmfBuKd rkaXmapwDawmf
orkdif;/ omoem0efMuD;Xme? &efukef? pmrsufESm-5-9/
10
Jayatilleke Rohan L.: Assemblage of Pagodas of Kekku, Myanmar. (Sri Lanka
Daily News of August 24, 2005. Vol. 89. No.202. p.30.)
bUinr;nnrx bqnrgzcr:mU:mznrsUmr; (Pein Chit)<11 edvbv,d (Dawpa-
da) El; lzocuinr: (Ngwe Duang)< mUiwr;bUnrxmv:nnrx lo;”.wv; mUicr:
y/cr:lQcr awrdUwrligr;yUnr: dQmr;jfr.dv,ligr; tmr:kwr< y/mr:lqwr
jmrx amr,mI:pfremvligr;yUnr:ywrx>
wv;tQcr;pwr,nuicr; Ed,jqmrmUiwr;bo,bUgr:dcr; wqcr:yzcr”Yr;
mUiwr;nv;jwrxbI A.D. 1359 nnrx lo;”.wv; do:yUnr:yU,swr:tcrwxo
dI;wqcr:yzcr”Yr;< lgr:t/nrmnr: duigrxlo;hnrwox kUwr:gwr,mznr,lQwr
hnrxedv,y/mr:lqwr> lgr:t/nranrmnr;gQnr,nQnr;nvesbUinr;
nnrx bqnrCpv:j/mrgwr;dznr; (azgifawmfOD;bk&m;) 12 anrmI:nfr:
11
gf/mr:do:mUiwr;jwrxnnrx Wcrxjuiwr;wv;gzcr:mU:noxwv; @@gzcr:mU:mznrsUmr;## noywrx< lzcr;
mnr:jmrx dI;linranrkwr ed,gzcr:mU:y/mr:lqwrnox mUiwr;aznrd/cr:bqnrbv,mznr<
pzcr:kwrawrmznrhqdr:pgr:nnrx mI:Rsv,w/nrnv,< gzbr;bUiwr;eslo/ gUwrjuiwr;mznrho/
El; wo/:esed,gzcr:mU:mv:ywrxegv; jcr,d/cr,juiwr; gzcr:mU:wv; @@gzcr:mU:mznrsUmr;## no
ywrx< mUiwr;m/nr;ed,dQmr;buinr:nnrx kwrmv:t/mrjuiwr;gzcr:mU:dI;do:< do:smrxbinr,pv,
sv,bnrm/nr;wv; @@ ydef;csOf## noywrx< pUiwr,muiwrxy/wr:k/wr:huicrmv: do:amr,”.buinr:kwr
t/cr,wv;gf/mr:m/nr;nnrx bqnrgf/mr:do:noEl; kuinr:binr,pv,sv, awrdI;m/nr;mv:wv;
@@gzcr:mU:bicr;kqdr,## noywrx< gzcr:mU:sU,nox gzbr;hgrxsvmQdr, simr:bQcr:woxlIEl; duigrxlo;
hnrdcr;dugr:sugr:wox nfr:wdrxw/nr;bicr;kqdr, mUicr:y/cr:lQcr h/nrxedv,y/mr:lqwr< bqnr
huiwrwox buinr:do:do:amr,dQmr;!>
12
Cpv:j/mrgwr;dznr;nox m/nr;kwrdQmr;woxwv; kunrnRbdisI,dU, 1172-1201 A.D.
egv.kUcrs/cr;hqdr:es awrpcrlU,wox dI;nfr:tmr; (oef;awmift&yf) wqcr:yzcr”Yr;
mUiwr;mnr: mv:aubrxcmr:mUicr:do: k/wr:d/cr:sI,bInnrxnoywrx> gUYr:gv; ebv:hwr:mv:dUYr:
bbrxbuinr: anrlmr,lzcr;dv,m/nr;kwr mUinrncr,bbrxbuinr:m/nr; (rSefeef;&mZ0if) nnrx
amr,lo;hnrwv; nRbdisI,dU,mv:yzcrhUYr;< gzmrxgUYr:lo;hnr nfr:bbrx (tavmif;
pnfol bk&m;orkdif;ESifh OD;ay:OD;avQmufxkH; wwd,wJG) gUYr:> dI;no; kfr;wv;
amr,jfr;noywrx> lzcr;mnr:jmrx Ed,jqmrmUiwr;b/nraenv,Rtv, bo,mv:gwr:mUicr:
do:nnrx do:yUnr: ebv:awrsv,snv,et,Rwv,d (gnyUnr:) mv:pUiYrEp; dI;
mUicr:y/cr:lQcrywrx> mUinrnnrncr,gwr, dI;yzcrhUYr;nnrxegv; do:jUiwr:mv:dcr;mUicr:
egv.s/mrbInnrx ebv:bqnrj/wr: (hIny/nr:) woxyU,nnrxywrx> Cpv:j/mrgwr;dznr;nox
bqnr kunrdo:gqcr:mo, anrWcrxjuiwr;wv; jwr;kunrazcr,mcr:jicr: kUcrs/cr;lU,d/nr:mUiwr;bI
1234 A.D. nnrxywrx> gzbr;awrmoxj/mrbzdr:lqwr dQbr:bqnrgwr;dznr;eshqdr:El;
nzcrho/:yv; (tif;av;) y/mr:lqwrnoxywrx> wqcr:kwranrEd,aznr

d/cr:sudr:bUinr;nnrx bqnrwqcr:egv.s/mrbI goy/nrgnrdcr: gzcr:mU:
emvlIj/br; 13 jqdr:lgr: mI:nfr:aUicr,wqcr:yzcr”Yr;< wqcr:tUnr;szcr
jcr,lo;juiwr;wv; @@Cpv:j/mrgwr;dznr;## ywrx> anrguidr:bQdr,sU,nnrx mI:dI;Cpv:g/crx

emv, (ebv,gLVwr,-wqcr:sI,ebv.)< sUYr,s/nr,aU:ej,dI, (wqcr:sumrso/, aUicr,sI,ebv.)<
Cpv:pzcr,edv,aU: (nzcrho/:yv;-wqcr;yzcrhUYr;)< aYv,sI,hedv: (wqcr:jqnr;gU-mUicr:
m/nr;)< lozsQcr (wqcr:nmrxsnr,-mUicr:lozlUcr)< mcr:gucr: (mUicr:lUcr-aUicr,sI,ebv.)< sUYr,
emv,gLvnr: (nzcrkmr:-em,miwrx-aUicr,sI,ebv.)< gzcr:mU:mUicr:bo/ (aUicr,mUicr:yo) jUiwr:nox
ywrx> Cpv:j/mrgwr;dznr; nfr:nzcrho/:yv; y/mr:lqwrnox lo;'.wv; Cpv:lUcr:mUicr:noegv;
Wcrxywrx> lzcr;lo;WcrxCpv:lUcr:mUicr:jmrx dv,H;gUnr:w/nr;gUnr:mUicr: ebv:edlo;lU,lo;
wo;nnrx nuicr;bIlfrnuicr;bzgr; gzbr;lo;b/cr:awrnfr:ehveslUcr:mv:El; jcr,Wcrxwv;
@@Cpv:lUcr:mUicr:## noywrx> (buinrx”bed,sv,-mo/nuicr;< Wcr;g/nrpo/,bYr,Yv,juicr;do:
buinrazgr,bI 1986< buinr:Cpv:j/mrgwr;dznr;< egv.dQmr;jwr;nnrdtj-gGcr:nzcr
kmr:lUcr-em,mqwrx< nv;-123-4> aombdw OD;? azgifawmf bk&m;orkdif;? ok"r®
0wD? 1957 ckESpf? pmrsufESm-3-36/
Kanai Lal Hazra: History of Theravada Buddhism in South-East Asia. p.
67.)
13
lzcr;lo;Wcrx wqcr:egv.s/mrbInox mI:bI;nzcrxszcregv.< nuicr;egv.lfr mQcr,gnrgqbr:ginr
kznr,mUicr: egv.s/mrbIEl; jcr,Wcrxwv; @@mUicr:egv.s/mrbI## ywrx> m/nr;kwr Wcrxjzmr:do:
amr,bzcr,El; jcr,wv; @@mUicr:egv:smr,bI,##> nfr:acr:gidr:egv; gzbr;bUiwr;buicr;aicr
puinrligr;m/nr;es dQmr;woxEl; lo;hnrmUinrm/nr; dQmr;yU,ywr> lzcr;lo;d/cr,juiwr;
gzcr:mU:wv; @@emvlIj/br;## nnrxjmrx mI:gUnr:yicr:El; gUnr:jo/:szcregv.bI;nzcrx< pzcr:
gUnr:jo/:egv.bqnrbI; aubrxw/nr;mUicr:nnrx mnr:ho/.lUicr:nv,El; gUnr:w/nr; gUnr:mUicr:
amr,sv,sUiwr:jfr< amr,ebv:hgrxmnr:< pUiwr,tuicrmv:b/nrnzcrxyicr:mnr: egv.bzcrmUicr:
nnrx gzbr;bUiwr;jfrlI emvkuicrw/nr;mUicr:El; gUnr:mUicr:bqnranrhgrxmnr:n/cr:Edxywrx>
gzbr;nnr ncr,”iwrnzcrxyicr:mnr: ebv:edbqnrkunrmUicr:dv,es,nnrx gUnr:w/nr;
gUnr:mUicr:kwr jcr,dUicr,aubr,gumrgnres jfr.kvszcregv.bI;nzcrx hqdr:gzcr:mU:Ekxkqcr,gnr
ywrx> lo;'.wv; ebv:pfrEd,gzcr:mU:ywrx aznrd/cr:egv; egv.nnrxedlo;bqnrkunr
edv,av,yuebv:suudr:noywrx> mUiwr;pzcr:egv, gzcr:mU:Ek.gnrnnrx egv.bqnrbI;ao/;Edx
duigrxhvso/:hvlinr dv,mv:hqdr:m/gr,audr, dv,egv,gzcr:mU:yU,> egv.bqnrnzcrxyicr: mnr:
awrY/nr,ldr:es gfv,pnr:moxmzcrkwrmv:jgr:s/nr< ebv:ywrx awredv.s/nr hqdr:
“nr,h/cr;gzcr:mU:< wo/:esnnrx kuinr:awrej;k/wrmv:didr:es bqnr”nr,h/cr;gzcr:mU:
bqnrRmrmwdI (gf/mr:bv,li-mI:dI;bzcr,wv; bqnrwqcr:dI;anrmI: d/cr:
egLv,mUnr;sUiwr:jfr)< dI;mnr:bqnr nfr:nzcrho/:yv;y/mr:lqwr< wqcr:
tUnr;s/mrjmrx bqnrwqcr:b/crpUiwr (yef;z,f)< mI:dI;nv;d/cr:j/nr:
Cpv:mUicr:szgr, (rkd;aomuf)14 El; w/nr;pUiwr bqnrpo/,Wcr,w/nr;m/gr,
gQcr:yoy/mr:lqwr (rkd;aomuf Nrodef;wefbk&m;ESif. 0g;awmf&Gm awmif
buf-refusnf;pOf &GmaNrmufbuf)< gzcr:mU:anr av,yu’icrsudr: dI;
yzcr”Yr;nnrx bqnrgzcr:mU:emvlIj/br;< gzcr:mU:sU,nox lo;”.wv; bqnrbI;
nzcrxdo:yUnr:kwr egv,dcr;woxnoywrx> mUinrnnrncr,gwr, dI;mUicr:gqcr:
ducregv; lo;”.wv;jwr;Fv.mcr:lo/: sUcr,lugr;jo/:mnr: jwr;nmr:
nmrEl; dcr:scr,kkwrjwr; mv:gumr:w/nr;mUicr:El; pUiYrEp;sv,s
nv, mUiwr;nfr:bI A.D. 1253 noywrx> wo/:esnnrxtQcr; kunrjwr;sidr,
bnrdu A.D. 1370 mv:egv,s/cr;d/nr: wdrxFv.gQwr;< wdrx”wrkUcr,<
wdrxFv.g/crEl; wdrxjzmrdzcr: woxnfr:wqcr:gqcr:ducr< wdrxjUiwr:nox gzbr;
bUiwr;lumr:lv: hgrxsvmQdr,simr:bQcr:woxlIEl; duigrxlo;hnryU, nfr:mUicr:
gqcr:ducr hnrxedv,y/mr:lqwrywrx> mUiwr;pQwrmv:nfr:bI 15th century
A.D. nnrxegv; jwr;kU:mv: (Sao Khuma) aznr”wrnmr:nv; scr,k
kwrjwr; gmr;pzcr;es mv:pUiYrEp;sv,snv, nfr:mUicr:do:bzdr:Wcr,
ywrxgfv,aznrd/cr: egv.bqnrbI;jo/:mnr:El; gUnr:w/nr;gUnr:mUicr:kwr jcr,yugrxyzcr;

awr egv.bqnrnzcrxyicr: aubrxw/nr;mUicr:ywrx> ”nr,h/cr;gzcr:mUU: anrn/cr:nnrx hqdr:wox
nnrx wo/:mv:kuinr:awrEd,gzcr:mU:es jcr,bqnrmv:gzcr:mU: anrjuiwr;wv; @@gzcr:mU:emvlI
j/br;## nnrxywrx> kvszcregv.nox bqnrpU;anrpzcr:cmr: @@mUicr:egv.s/mrbI## aznrd/cr:
suudr:ywrx> (azgifawmf bk&m;orkdif;/ pmrsufESm-3-36/) nfr:bbrx Harvey G.E.
History of Burma, p. 24 nnrxEdx Enwoxwv; gzcr:mU:sU,nox bqnrkunraenv,Rtv,
egv.lU,d/nr:woxnoywrx> ebv:kfr;jfregv; bqnrmnr:mv:gumr:gUYr:< juiwr;gzcr:mU:sU,nox
m/nr;kwrazgr,sqcrwv; @@ebv:Riddrx= Bawrithat ## noywrx> nfr:acr:gidr:egv; lo;
hnrmUinrm/nr;ywrx> lzcr;mnr:jmrx gzbr;bUiwr;buicr;aicrbuinr:m/nr;es dQmr;nnrxywrx>
14
mUiwr;Ed,w/nr;mUicr:nnrx gUnr:nuicr;egv;lfr lo;kudr:kU:nuicr;szgr,El; jcr,Wcrxwv;
@@mUicr:szgr,## ywrx>
dI;wqcr:sQnrwI< lo;”.wv;bv:mv: dcr:ligr;yUnr: (ligr;mUicr:) jzmr:kwr

noywrx>
mUiwr;b/nrjwr;aU;ed,nnrx sv,snv,budrxt (gnet,Rwv,
d) dI;nzcrEs “icr:woxesdv. wo/:mnr:jwr;mv:nnrx lQbr;h/cr;kfr;
kuinr: pUiwr;wwr:gfv,wo.’iwr< amr,nnregv; gnmhv,yv,n”mr,cmr:mv:
nmr ‘iwramr,”.< mUiwr; 10th century A.D. nnrx lo;”.wv; kuinr:lo;awr
sv,snv,et,Rwv,d dI;mUicr:m/nr;es mUiwr:Ep;dUinr:kuinr: nfr:do:
yunr,nnr,< mv:awrsv,snv,budrxt (gnet,Rwv,d) dI;mUicr:
m/nr;es gfv,pUiYrEp;yunr,nnr,anrwv;nnrx bzcr,wv;lugrxawrdI;
do: nfr:mUicr:m/wr:es gfv,tuicrkwrnnrxywrx> 15 gzbr;scrEl; hdr:wv;
nnrno mUiwr;pzcr:b/nr A.D. 1056 nnrx m/nr;duigrxgzmrxhvlo; sv,s
15
Jayawickrama N.A. (Edited): Buddhism’s Contribution to World Culture
& Peace (Buddhism & Chinese Culture, written by Chao Puchu), p.83.
Sommai Premchit: The Lan Na Twelve-Month Tradition, p.14. ebv:awrjzmr:
bbrxsUiwrk/nr,Fv.wv;juicr nfr:jwr;sUiwrk/nr,Fv.kwr s/mregv.bI;nzcrxnnrx egv.bqnrbI;
ao/;kv jwr;kunrao/; Wcrxjwr;j/cr:kunrao/;nnrx y/mr;gfv,hqnr:ligr;dI;mUicr:mznr:<
lugrxdI;mUicr:mznr:es kuinr:suibr,gfv, hqnr:ligr;dI;mUicr:sI,'wr,< mUicr:mznr:El; mUicr:sI,
hUwr,pzcr:nnrx bqnrmUicr:anr nbrxymrgUicr:et,Rwv,dywrx> lo;'.wv; jwr;sUiwr,k/nr,
Fv.egv; gfv,hqnr:ligr; dI;mUicr:l/nrxjwr; (nzcrEs)< nzcrxbo/kwr jwr;kunrs/mrlUcr
smrxgfv,hqnr:ligr; mUicr:l/nrxnv:noywrx> lzcr;wv; mUiwr;b/nrmUicr:m/wr: jfr.duiwr:ligr;
tUwr,czgr;El; ligr;yUnr: (ligr;kuinr< ligr;mUicr:noegv;Wcrx) szcrmqwr:anrwv;nnrx
amr,mI:lzcr;t/crtUimr gzbr;bUiwr;jwr;s/mrlUcr gfv,hqnr:ligr;mUicr:l/nrxnv:mv:nnrxywrx>
ligr;yUnr:nox bqnrligr;anrl/nrxnv: jfr.pzcr:b/nrnnrxywrx> ligr;nox duigrxlo;
hnrjfr.nfr: bI;nzcrxdo: sibr:szcrbnr:nv: nfr:mUicr:Ek,< bI;nzcrxdo:yUnr: nfr:mUicr:to:
El; bI;nzcrxdo: nfr:mUicr:m/nr: (bzdr:dznr; mUicr:bqcr:ed,gfv,tuicr gqcr:ducrEl;
dv;kI;lqgr:) hnrxedv,y/mr:lqwr> mUicr:lUcrdo:l/nrxjwr; pzcr:nnrxegv; lo”wv;lzcr;
suigr:nnrx bqnranrgdrxkQnr,nv,noywrx> gzbr;nnr jwr;sUiwrk/nr,Fv.egv; jcr,
wv;mnr:gdrxkQnr, po/,jdr:g/nrsuigr:EdxEdxnnrxywrx> nfr:bYr,Yv,kwrjwr;s/mr
egv. anrlo;mv:egv.dI;egv.d/cr:nnrx lQbr;kuinr:awrmv:jfr.hcr:pfr hcr:mnr:
yU,ywrx> (bbrxsUiwrk/nr,Fv.< kzmr,mdI,bo/:bYr,Yv,juicr;do:kuicrazgr,< amr,hubIEl;
dI;ebv.azgr,< nv;-16-9>)
nv,et,Rwv,d mv:dI;dv;tunr Thaton (mUicr:mznr:) gUYr:> sv,s
nv,gUicr:yUnr: pQwrmv:dI;mUicr:y/cr:lQcrEl; yzcr”Yr; jwrxesm/nr;
ywrx> gUicr:yUnr:anrnox y/mr:lqwrhwr:duigrxlo;hnrnfr:do: mUicr:sibr:
szcrbnr:nv:< yunr,nnr, (Ek,)El; gqcr:ducrEd,gfv,tuicr nfr:do:
yUnr: (mUicr:to:)kwrywrx> do:nfr:yunr,nnr,y/mr:lqwr mzgr; 840, 000
lUiwrnnrx duigrxnbrxtuiwrsv,snv,et,Rwv,d (gUicr:yUnr:) yU,no
ywrx> 16
m/nr;awrgf/mr:tmr:budrxtjwr; mv:buinrpUiYrEp;
nfr:do:EdxEn,?
anrdcr:nmrhnrtuicrwv; kunrehvkmr:m/nr; aenv,Rtv,
El; byinrxnzcr, awrsv,snv,budrxt mv:pUiYrEp;nrf:mUicr:do:
anrwv;nnrx amr,bqnrlo;> gbr:go/,lUYr;lzcr;noxes kU: J.George
Scott egv;wv; mUiwr;b/nrmUicr:m/wr:nnrx lo;hnrscr,kyU,> scrsmrxwv;
b/nrnnrx do:duigrxbqnrgUnr:kUiwr: anramr,mI:sv,snv,< amr,nnr
scrsmrxwv; kwrbqnrgUnr:nbrxymr wo;svdUnr;moxdUnr;dzgr,yU,juicr
nfr:do:nnrx amr,guicr,lIlo;hnr munrjwr;j/wr:budrxnoywrx> 17 ebv:
awrbuinr:mUicr:midr;wv;egv; do:nbrxymrgf/mr:tmr:budrxtjwr; Ed,
jqmrmUiwr; munrjwr;dibQdrx mv:pUiYrEp;budrxtsv,snv, dI;mUicr:midr;
mUiwr; nfr:bI (24 B.C.) nnrxywrx> dI;nuicr;egv; lzcr;wv;do:hwr:
mI:sv,snv,ywrx’iwr amr,mI:anrwv;nnrx dUYr:awrdI;aenv,R
tv, mUiwr:wo;kQwr;gQwr;Cpv:dI;dv;lI anrdo:yU,swr:woxnnrxegv;
jQcr;lQcr:lIyU,> 18 smrxtQcr; do:nfr:mUicr:y/cr:lQcregv; ebv:awrgf/mr:
16
Sai Kham Mong: Buddhism & the Shans, No. 7. pp.32-6.Perter Harvey:
An introduction to Buddhism, p. 144.
17
George Scott. Sir J.: Buddhism in the Shan States (The Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society of great Britain & Ireland for 1911), pp. 917-923.
18
George Acott, J. (Compiled): Gazetteer of Upper Burma & the Shan
Sates, p. 196. kUiwr:sQnr< buinrxkUiwr:do:El; buinr:mUicr:do:< nv;-141-3>
scr,sznrbudrxtjwr; hqdr:bqnrncr,g/nr;Fo: lQcr:End/cr:kwr

Ed,jqmrmUiwr; m/nr;bo,lo;sv,snv,budrxt (gnetRwv,d) nnrx
ywrx> ebv:mv:dUYr:buinr: do:av,”mr,egv; edlo;hnrwv; jwr;sUiwr,
s/mrlUcrFv. mUicr:m/wr: awrbudrxtsv,snv, gfv,pUiYrEp;nfr:mUicr:kwr
mUiwr;nfr: (A.D. 1321)< mUicr:av,”mr, (adrxsmr,)nox lo;”.wv;do:
anrlo;bo/; yznrxsuigr:munr,gUwr: kubrxlo/:knr,nnrx gfv,dcr;wox< kunrkwr
egv.aznrd/cr:nnrxjuiwr;wv; jwr;sUiwrgv,Fv. Sukapha noywrx> 19
lUiwresnnrx kwrycr:bo/wv; @@do:anrlugrxmUicr:m/wr: mUiwr:aubrxcmr:kwr
nnrx awrligr;tmr:budrxtjwr; bv:jzmr:kwrgfv, dI;mUicr:av,”mr,##
noywrx> 20 jUiwr:wv;mv:bv;nUiwrnox bqnrlgr:t/nr do:mI:budrxtsv,s
nv,mv: jqmrjwrxnnrxywrx>
mv:tQcr;bo/:wUnrxanrwv; aenv,Rtv,El; byinrxnzcr,kwr
Ed,gfv, awrsv,snv,et,Rwv,d mv:pUiYrEp;nfr:do:nonnrx
kQnr:amr,bqnrlo;ywrx> jUicrx’iwrEl;wv;nnrno jqmrmUiwr;aenv,Rtv,
bo,lo;sv,snv,et,Rwv,d gv;dI;mUicr:mznr:nnrx sv,snv,et,
Rwv,d (gnyUnr:) ebv:mv:pQwrnfr:do: aznrd/cr:kwryU,ywrx> lzcr;
hdr:l/dr;ncr,nonnrxjmrx mI:lgr:t/nrtQcr;anrnuicr;ywrx> lgr:
t/nranrnnrx ebv:mv:lqbr;hqnr:dUYr: h/cr;p/crgzcr:mU:mUicr:do:
dcr:sqcr;nnrx amr,lo;hnrbo/:mznr:m/nr;”mr,cmr:> 21 h/cr;p/cr gzcr:
19
Sasananda: Buddhism in Assam, pp. 16.173-6. sUiwr,k/nr,Fv.< nv;-37>
20
George Scott. Sir J.: Buddhism in the Shan States, pp.920-2. budrxtsv,s
nv, anrjwr;sUiwr”mr,Fv. awrmUicr:m/wr:gfv,buinrEp; dI;av,”mr,nnrx yumr,ymrwv;
bqnrgnet,Rwv,d< hqdr:’iwres hdr:wv;nnrno gzbr;bUiwr; egv.bqnrbI;ao/;mnr:jwr;
jwr;kunrao/; Wcrxjwr;j/cr:kunrao/; y/mr;gfv,hqnr:ligr;dI;mudrxdm (mUicr:mznr:)El;
mUicr:sI,”wr,mv: mUinrncr,sbr:lQcr:En dcr:nUiwrnnrxywrx> (bbrxsUiwrk/nr,Fv.< nv;
16-9>)
21
gzcr:mU:mUicr:do:dcr:sqcr;anrwv;nnrx amr,bzcr,wv;bv:gzcr:mU: anrgzmrxkUcrs/cr;awr
y/mr:lqwr< kfr;wv;bqnrgzcr:mU: mUiwr;muinrxgznr,bUnrxmv: mUinrncr,gzcr:mU:”wrluicr:kwr Ed,gfv,
jUiwr:noxywrx>
mU:do:nnrx lo;hnrbo/:mznr: do:l/nrxnv:El; gqcr:’cr;”mr,cmr:
gUYr:> dUwry/cr,mnr: dUYr:awrh/cr;p/crgzcr:mU: w/nr;po/lUcr
(Manfeilong Pagoda) d/cr:Wcr,mUicr:lUcr (Menglong) Ej;wqcr:
gqcr:’cr;nnrx jQcr;lQcr:lIyU,> gzcr:mU:sU,nox lo;”.wv; egv,s/cr;
d/nr: mUiwr;nfr:bI (1203 A.D) nnrxnoywrx> 22
gbr:go/,lUYr;lzcr; anrwv;m/nr;awr sv,snv,et,Rwv,d
mv:buinrEp;nfr:do:noxes George Scott egv; jimrgmrxwv; @@ekv;gf/mr:
anrjfr.woxwv; m/nr;awrsv,snv,< amr,nnr awrsv,snv,et,R
wv,d mv:pUiYrEp;nfr:do:anrwv;nnrx amr,ebv:s/cr,tugr,> ebv:kfr;
wv;egv; m/nr;mv:hqdr:H;sv,snv, nfr:mUicr:do:mUdr:sfr< amr,nnr
egv;wv; m/nr;mv:buinrEp;Ficr;Ec;kwr nfr:do:noEdx eds/cr,
tugr,esbUinr;## noywrx> dcr;Ed,awrmUiwr; 16th centuty to 19th
century A.D. mv:nnrx pznr:lIanrwv; aenv,Rtv,El; byinrx
nzcr, mv:buinrEp;sv,snv, et,Rwv,d nfr:do:anrwv;nnrx mv:
yv.Ficr;do: awrdUwrligr;yUnr: dQmr;ligr;tmr: bidgdr;s/mrgzcr
bQdr;nnrxywrx> pznr:lIm/nr;minr:dUcr: (1853-78 A.D.) mv:pUiYr
Ep;sv,snv, nfr:do:tQcr; wo/:luinr:noxjmrx awrgnsutmr,mv,mv:
boz,bnrdo: anramr,dznrxmI:gnscrmv:nnrxrEl; awr @@nv.emv:
ddrxd bv.gv.wv.edv: av.Rv.hv.edv: dmrmv.dmrbudrx ddrxdv.##
nnrx mv:yv.bQdr; gf/mr:gnr,edv:do: anrwv; @@nv.mUwr:ddrxsv.
pv.gv.wv.dUwr av.Rv.hv.dUwr smr:mv:smr:budrxddrxsv.## nnrx
ywrx> 23 y/mr:lqwrnoxjmrx sutmr,mv,gUYr:amr,gv: mI:mv:tQcr;sUYr,
gLinr,gznr,ywrx>
gzcrxgo/,lUYr;buinr:budrxtsv,snv,noxes buinr:h/cr;ho/.do:
mI:tQcr;anrnuicr;> anrnnrxjmrx m/nr;kwrdQmr;En:woxwv; @@jwr;
22
Jim Good Man. The Exploration of Yunnan. p. 311.
23
Sai Kham Mong: Buddhism & the Shans, pp. 35-7. sqcrazgr,bv,lianrnox
bqnrsqcrgU;mUicr:mUicr: nfr:lUgr; (lUiwresm/nr;) awrjfr.duiwr:gnrnnrxywrx>
sUiwrh/nrFv. Thohanbha (?1527-1543) gUnr,bcr:gzcr:mU:< yv.lQwr

wdrxwv:El; hqdr:H;scr,kazgr,lUidr;azgr,y/cr## noywrx> lzcr;nox
egv; amr,bqnrlo;> jUicrx’iwrEl;hdr:wv;nnrno gzbr;bUiwr;jwr;sUiwr
h/nrFv. bqnrpU;nbrxymr budrxtsv,snv,jwr;nuicr;nnrxywrx> ebv:
bqnrlo;egv; mnr:jwr;pqwr;mUYrxbQdr; wdrxwv:gzcr:mU: anramr,jfr;bo/:
mznr:do: kUcrs/cr;woxnnrxgUYr:> mo/;mI;anrwv;nox amr,mI:pfredbUnrx
bQnrlo;El; pU;lfrpfrbUnrxbQnrmo/mI;egv; “.mo/mI;edbnrd/mr, jzmr:
ncr,d/cr:pidr:mI:nmrEl; ea,edmI:yU,> gzbr;nnr Ed,awr
jwr;sUiwrh/nrFv.gfv, “mr;lUYr;scrkkwrjwr;egv; ebv:bUnrxbQnrmo/mI;
Edx dgr:”.edlo;dQnr:kuinr:nI;ywrx> 24
ekv;kzdr,yzdr;
wv;’iwregv;lI jUiwr:wv;mv:bv;nUiwrnnrx ebv:mv:’br;bqnr dI;
gQbr;mnr:eswv;juicr do:nfr:lUgr;lumr;Fv.< amr,nnr do:anrmI:
yU,nfr:mUicr:to:< mUicr:Ek,< mUicr:ainr:dI:yv:< mUicr:m/nr;< mUicr:gmr,ebv:
dI:yv:El; mUicr:l/wr:kwrEd,gfv, “wrb/gr,lfr gwr;sibr:hv;nnrx lo;
hnrbqnrj/wr:budrx< do:nox bqnrkUiwr:anr awrgf/mr:scr,sznr budrx
tjwr; bqnrso/lQc:r End/cr: mv:k/wr:d/cr:’icr< anrwv; m/nr;awr
budrxtsv,snv,< amr,nnr awrgnetRwv,d mv:pUiYrEp; nfr:
do:nnrx amr,jfr;> budrxtsv,snv, anrjuimr:juimrxkwr;mv:nfr:do:
“wrdI:mUiwr;jwrxsudr:nnrx bqnrgnmhv,yv,n< gUYr:gv; nfr:dUcr,
wUcr:do: y/mr:lqwrnoxEd. lo;hnrgnetRwv,d bUicr:sfrwoxywrx> >
24
Boger Bischoff. Buddhism in Myanmar: A Short History. p. 42.
vgef.uSefeif;Twj:
jwr;kU:milinrd sqwr;kmr:
gf/mr:nmr:
g/br;w/nr;b/nrmKcr:mKwr;lqwrno. eRv:gv,d/cr:bqnrl/gr,l/gr,
lo/:lo/:egv;nmr< spv,wd/cr:bqnr anramr,y/mr;hnr y/mr;cinr:
egv;lo;hnrlo;cinr:< nmr.linrhinrpv Fv.pUnrEl; lUmr:egv;
lQgr;lo/;mv: gU;bIgU;lKnrgU;wnr:es hqdr:H;gUnr:hwr:amr,mI: dI;
bJcr;aicr mnr;gQnr,jrflo;> yznr.lzcr;jKwr:no.es ncr,hJwrgUnr:hwr:
ebv:edmI:d/cr:mnr;jrfnnr. lIjzmr:ncr, Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:ehv:wo.
lzcr;dzcr:mo/awrCdv:nnr.gUYr:ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;nnrEl; nT:ligr;
Wmrdzmraznr,no. ededv.do,ko;En l/o:ncr;Cdv:< pznr:lIlzcr;
lo;ncr;Cdv:< dI;anrtugr,lIyqmr; nT:dUwrgUnr:hwr:El; d/cr:”.
d/cr:hnr l/ojKwr.l/obKcrjKwr:nnr.yU,>
lKgr;hvdI;ncr;Cdv:
g/nrpv,wnv,no. l/o:hqdr:mnr:mI:sI,bKcr mKnrncr,wv; ncr;<
bo< jugr:< nznr:nonnr.ywr.> mKwr;hwr:edncr; pv,wnv,nnr.
edlo;hvdI;s/cr,tugr, anryqnr”yqnrjrf< dI;amr,mI:prfmv:yv.mv:
gwr:< dI;anrhwr:edlo; jrfnimrsmv,tinnr.ywr.> Cpv:bqnrjwr;
ehv:wo. dI;lIncr;Cdv:Ed. bqnrnrf:tKnr,< drf;dUnr;mo. amr,nnr
dI;anrbwr, dI;amr,mI:scrnoyU,> edlo;wv; dI;s/cr,tugr,no
nnr.ncr,gwr,ywr.> ncr;bnrnJcr;wnr:szcrbzgr; g/crnrfbzgr;nJcr;<
g/crkmr; mKwr;ednznr:nnr.bzgr;nJcr;dv.> bzgr;lTbzgr;nnr. kdr:
jrfH;ncr;lo; mzgr;kJcr;jUwr;mzcr:dv.> scrwv; amr,bqnrlo;gU;wnr:egv;
vgef.uSefeif;Twj: \ 31
kdr:jrfH;ncr;lo; wnr:lKnrlbr:lKnrmUnr: amr,nnr ncr;lo;

wnr: gKdr,hwr:nnr.egv; mI:pznr:lIEd.Ed.> ncr;wo/:hwr:wo;Cpv:
nnr.egv; lIdI;sudr:ywr.> anrgfv,ncr;jzmr:bKnr; dI;b/crncr;
Cdv:hv;wnr:< jqdr:wnr:< sibr:wnr:jKwr:nnr. kQnr:hvdI;wv;amr,mI:
ywr.>
lo/:ncr;mnr:jmr.
mKwr;hwr:ncr;< mKwr;hwr:y/cr;bo< mKwr;hwr:jugr:El; mKwr;hwr:
nznr:nnr. edlo;wo.sdilIlI< mKwr;ncr;nnr. ncr;kvkfo/,gudr,
yqdr,aQcr;wo.dUwrhwr:sJwr;sJwr;< lbr:dvesawrmJwr:hwr:szcrpo/,
d/cr,nKwrsnrkvhwr: p/gr,lrfp/gr,nnr.dv.> hwr:ncr;egv;yv,<
hwr:y/cr;egv;yv,< hwr:jugr:egv;yv,< hwr:nznr:yU,egv;yv, yv,eb
lUcrdUwrlJmr:kicr:< hwr:hqdr:scryU,no H;mI:jrfsdi jbr:dUwrdv,
es,> wo.sdi dI;lUmr:tUYr;jrfkwr;azgr,nnr.digr:digr:dv.> ebv:
tUYr;jrfy/wr:egv; H;”.wv;tUYr;jrfy/wr:< ebv:tUYr;jrfbzdr:egv; H;
“.wv; tUYr;jrfbzdr:< scrwv;dUwrhwr: gUnr.gUnr.kJnr;kJnr; nqdr:
nqdr:s/nr;s/nr;mv:no H;”.wv;dUwrhwr: gUnr.kJnr;nqdr:s/nr;
noes kJnr:jnrjrfhwr: mv:dI;lUmr:tUYr;jrfkwr;azgr,< scrwv; dUwr
hwr:kUmr:go/:noegv; H;”.dUwrwv; dUwrhwr:kUmr:go/:noes mo/dzcr:jzmr:
awrmzgr;s/mrgmr:< H;kJnr:jnrjrfhwr: mv:hvdI;lUmr:tUYr;jrfkwr;
azgr,< yv,ebbzo,jrfhwr:pUcr.biwr< yv,ebwUnr.drf; wUnr.nKwr> jrfgUnr:
hwr:no. mKnrwUwr:aznr,< mnr:lQnr;gfv,lQnr;kJnr: amr,yU,amr,swr:
esbzgr;< ncr,’iwrjThwr: edamr,lQnr;drf;drf;nKwrnKwrnnr. ed
lo;awrsdimdr.wo.dv,es, mKnrncr, hwr:awrjKgr;mdr.wUwr:aznr,
jbr:swrwo.nnr.dv.> awrjrfdzcr:mo/wo. dI;lUmr:tUYr; jrfkwr;azgr,
hwr:es wo.jrfhwr:nimrnimr< wo.jrfsmv,tinimrnnr.gUYr:dv.> scrwv;
hwr:ncr;huicres jqbr:dUwrjqbr:kicr:El; gUnr.nv,bUnr. dI;kT;pJnr.
dUwrpJnr.kicr:nojJcr wo.jrfsdihwr:es yugr.dUwrhwr:lzo:lzo:< pJnr.
bnrlzo:lfzo:dv.< mKwr;hwr:binr,s/o,w/o,dUwrhwr:nnr.egv; yv,ebH;
sdiludr;< mKwr;hwr:edlugr.< edy/cr;< edbo< ednznr:< ed
l/dr;< edginrjKwr:nnr.egv; awrsdi gQmrdUwrhwr:dv,es,dv.>
pznr:lIlo;ncr;Cdv:
ebv:hwr:ncr;Cdv:jJcr Y/nr,bYr,Yv,bv,RmI, hwr:edEg,
mv:El; d/cr:l/dr;d/cr:jv< d/cr:gfv,d/cr:bo< d/cr:wUnr.hwr:edlI
mv:lKwrgwr,esamr,gv: yznr.wv;hwr:mI:Cdv: nrf:dUwrEl; hqdr:scr
l/dr;scregv; amr,pidr:prf< jrflmrso;gmr,egv; amr,azgr,EnbKnr;
lo;< gUnr:dcr:lo/egv; hgr.bQcr:nbr.tJwrhwr:Ed.Ed.ywr.> pznr:
lIlo;ncr;Cdv:nnr. Cpv:bqnrjwr;ehv:wo. nrf:dI,knigvy
mhv,sdibtv,nsudr;nnr.wv;=
^ncr;Cdv:no. dv,gUnr:hwr:edlo; d/cr:pKgr,jJnr;k/wrsrf< dv,H;
bUnr.lo;lzcr;kIjrfmzcrjrf< dv,bUnr.lzdr;lo; lzcr;dugr.kk/nrjrf mo;jrf
El;jqbr:jrf< dv,edlo;Y/nr,< dv,edlo;“.sdrjvCdv: Wdr;
tJcrnibr.b/nr,jKwr:nnr. mI:sqnr;d/cr:anrlqwrno.gUYr:& no
ywr.>
ncr,huiwr edkwr;jrfbzcr,jrfCdv: lo;co/;co/;nnr. budr.tjwr;
jgr:”wryzo;mnr:bnr nrf:dUwrknr,tv,gUnr:hwr:es H;ncr;dzcr:mo/
awrCdv: jigr:”wredv,bo/dinr wUnr.dUYr:nrf:dUwrknr,tv,jwr;gwr,
jKcr.ncr,bv;drf;no.ywr.>
lgr.knv,nrf:dUwr s/mrsibr:szcrbKcr (1)egsv-kUnr”wr (2)elvmv-
kUnrnUnr: (3)nkv-nqbr. dinrnqbr.mJwr: (4)dnrdv-kqwr; (5)d
ejv-ncr (6)mmrsmr-nKwr. (7)nhvRu-aqnr (8)adrti-lubr,
(9)adrtiminrjmr-azgr:lubr, (10)wgr.gmr-mmr; (mmr;no. jbr:gnr
d/cr:dbr:El;bzdr,) (11) hdymr-“wrjrf (12)ygnmr-dbr: (13)
gielvmgmr-lzdr,(14) bihgmr-drf (15)bbrpvsmr-bzdr, (16) anr
dmr-so;lUcr (17)anrdgunmr-so;aznr, (18)audRiymr-yKwr,mrf,

(d/cr:ginrmrf,nrf:dzcr.) (19)gdRIsmr-yKwr,gwr, (po/;lUcr) (20)mdr
tlucrgmr-azgr:eav (21)bidrdmr-lI (22)esmhmr-kI;dKwr, (23)
bubrebv-nzcr (24) elvhidmr-lKdr; (25)esedv-“iwr, (26)emedv
-ko (27)adrsu-nmr.dv (28)wsv-nmr.mnr: (29)ekelv-nmr.
lo/: (30)sikvnigv-kI;mugr; (31)lsigv-nmr.jQcr (32)mudrdmr-
nmr.yqwr;bqnrjKwr: no.ywr.>
dv,ed”.lzcr; nrf:dUwrgUnr:hwr:nnr. budr.tjwr;bnrwo.
bKcrdQgr;mnr: mKnrncr,tUcrj/nr;kwr;tUcrnJcr; anrmI:b/gr,szcr”:
nnr.ywr.> gUnr:jo/:mI:d/cr:”.egv.nJcr; mv:puYr,dUYr:tUcrkwr;
nnr.es lo;hnrjKwr.pnr: nrf:tUcrmI:lo/mqwr:eswv; anrno.bqnr
kwr;ho;< anrno.bqnrkwr;nv:< anrno.bqnrtUwr,lmr< anrno.bqnr
tUwr,lQcr< anrno.bqnrmqdr.cv:< anrno. bqnrgQbr,bqnrhmr:nonnr.
ywr.> nrf:dUwrgUnr:hwr:nnr.egv; edlo;dUYr:hnrmKnrnnrncr,
gwr,< anrno.bqnrkUnr”wr< anrno.bqnrdUwrnolrfjKwr:nnr.ywr.>
tQcr;bKcrnJcr;egv; gUnr:hwr:no. yU,jzmr:t/dr;sI,bKcr mKnr
ncr,t/dr;linr< t/dr;nmr.< t/dr;Fo:El; t/dr;lUmr:jKrwr:no.
ywr.> kwrjKwr:no. mKnrncr,gUnr:j/cr;nKwr.< gUnr:jzo;g/nrj/cr;
nKwr. anrrlQnr,lzcr;po/,kvsdr: jKcr.ncr,kwrkv;wUwr: dUwrnJcr;es
awrnKwr.mnr:jQgr,Ep hqdr:bqnrgzcrlrfgzcrnnr. ncr;brf.ko/yU,dI;
d/cr:Epnnr.ywr.>
tQcr;anrnJcr;egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ anrtJmr;bQdr; dI;bv,hqwr;
lo;nJcr;wnr:< lo;szcrwnr:< lo;s/mrwnr:< bzcr:kJnr;yJgr.yJgr.< h/cr;
p/crlU.lQwres gmr,swr;m/nr.a/dr,d/dr,< nmr.nzcrdQgr,azgr,
mqnrdU,mqnrnwr; mqnrkQwr:lIhcr;lImKwr,lIj/nr;Ed.Ed.< nrf:dUwr
gUnr:no.egv; edlo;dUYr:jKcr.ncr,nnrywr.>
bKcrdQgr;mnr:tQcr;anrnJcr;jmr. mKnrdUwrdo/gUnr:egv.nJcr;
anrtJmr;bQdr;dI;bv,hqwr;nnr.es gvkwrsgr:ginr< hucr.egv; sgr:
ginr< l/cr:dv.l/cr:dzo:egv;sgr:ginr< mvegv;kUbr:ginr< sKwregv;sigr,
jnrginr< sKwrpo:egv;g/br;ginr< mvlinregv;g/br;ginr< mUcr;nznregv;
mv:jI:ginrnnr.ywr.> knr,tv,dUwrgUnr:hwr:no.egv; co/:mKnrnnr
ncr,gwr,>
bKcrdQgr;mnr:tQcr;lzcr;nJcr;jmr. gUnr:do/egv.nJcr; tJmr;
bQdr;dI;bv,hqwr;nnr. dJgr.mI:nKwr.mI:ncrmI:lKdr;El; lubr,gbr:gnr
did:r gnrwo.yU,nnr.El;scr< amr,mI:nKwr.mI:ncres gJdr:lubr,
nugr:lKdr; anraqnrnzcr,jnrdidr:gnrwo.nnr.El;scr< amr,
mI:nKwr.mI:lKdr;es gJdr:aqnrjnrlubr,lo/lo/gUYr:nnr.El;scr<
knr,tv,hv;”wrdUwrgUnr:hwr:no.egv; co/:jKcr.nnrywr.>
bKcrdQgr;mnr:tQcr; lubr,mJwr:mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,dinrmI:dI;
nJcr;< lubr,dvdinrmI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,nv;kQcr;mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,kv mI:
dI;nJcr;< lubr,aQcr; (lubr,aQwr)mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,kI;k/cr; mI:dI;nJcr;<
lubr,gzcr:lcr mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,”wrmv, mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,ekv: mI:dI;
nJcr;< lubr,g/cr: mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,kqwr; mI:dI;nJcr;< lubr,gzgr:”wr gfv,mI:
dI;nJcr;hqdr:noes kKcr;nrf:dUwrhwr: nJcr;dI;gfv,mI:nJcr;d/cr:es
p/dr,Epgnrebv:jzdr,gfv, gU;dI;gU;lQnrywr.< knr,tv,hv;”wr
dUnrdUwrgUnr:hwr:no.egv; amr,lzdr;lo; sepv:Cdv:jKcr.nnr
ncr,gwr,> gzcrlubr,dI;bv,hqwr;nnr. mKnrgzcrWok/wres ebv:bIy/wr:
k/wr:’icrmv:egv; pcr.nwr;bqnrpzcres ho/lo/gfv,bQdr;nnr.ywr.< dUwr
gUnr:hwr:no.egv; amr,lKwrlo;spv,wEl; edbqnrncr,nnryU,>
gzbr;nnr sepv:anijrj- amr,mnr;amr,gJmr:< dugrk-
y/br,y/gr;k/nrjrfEl; andrd- amr,aubr.bKcr,dUwrhwr:lo;no
nnr. hwr:edlo;dzcr:mo/ kwr;jrfbzcr,jrflUcr.lQcr: nrf:jrfhwr:lIlI
gznr, hwr:jcr,”.dUwrhwr:wv; gUnr:hwr:no. awrlgr.knv,s/mrsibr:
szcrbKcrnnr. mv:dumrgnres jcr,Wcr.wv;gUnr:egv.nJcr;noywr.>
gv;hwr:bo,emvwUnr.bzcr,jrfkwr;jrf lzcr;knr,tv,nrf:dUwrhwr: bqnrscr
yU,Ed.nonnr. gv;knrlznr.gQnrncr;Cdv: anrCpv:bqnrjwr;

hwr: kUnr.szgr;hvhnrmv:nnr. edn/nr:”.bzcr,yU,>
gUYr:gv; gUnr:hwr:mKwr;lqwrno. prfegv;kT;bUnr.lzdr; d/cr:
y/br,pJdr,k/nrjrfEl; aznrgnrszgr;hvCdv: anrmI:lznr.mI:gQnr
yU,> nrf:lumr;Fv.b/nrmKwr;lqwr sv,snv,budr.tjwr;no. edlo;wv;
mnr:mI:lznr.gQnr nQnr;nvlKwrbKnr;dcr:mUdr:ywr.> sv,snv,
budr.tjwr;no. nJcr;hudcrnJcr;mI:gv;knr lKwrbKnr;< mI:pznr:lIlKwr
bKnr;> dv,Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr: edlo;”.hnrCdv:< dv,mnr:jwr;ed
lo; sbr.bYr,YudY/nr,nnr.egv; d/mrdUwrmnr:jwr; lo;dJwr:
gmrncr;Cdv: mI:lznr.mI:gQnr anrmnr:jwr; hvhnrmv:no.ywr.>
Cdv:mnr:jwr;no. hqdr:H;gUnr:hwr: lo;lIlo;bqnr lo;gdr:lo;yqnr
El; hwr:hv:egv;tugr,lIaznrgnr dJwr:gmrCdv:mnr:jwr; anrmI:
pznr:lInKwr gUnr:hwr:nnr.Ed.Ed.nnr.yU,>
ekv;lUbr:
jzfmr:ncr,anrlo;l/dr;Enmv:no. bigr.smr.wv;mnr:amr,
dqmrtUnr;lo; dcr:mUdr:noesdv. lzcr;d/cr:jKwr:no. yznr.wv;
mnr:bqnrlznr.gQnrmnr:nnr.El; scrwv;hwr:awrlo; mzgr;gv;n/o.
egv; yumr,ymrwv; mnr:edmI:pznr:lI nKwrpU;lUligr;hwr:kwr< pU;
hgr.sUcrgqwr,gbr:lUYr; lzcr;ncr;Cdv:kwrnmrEd.Ed.noyU,> nmr.
smudr.dRv,no. mnr:yT,gf/cr;nv,d/nr,’iwrnoesdv. aRsv,
mnr:Ed. mI:lzcr;jqmr:bKcrlqwrgUYr:> Cdv:Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:egv;
edv;nnr bigr.smr.wv; mqwr:mnrr:mI:nmrnv,noesdv. lznr.
gQnrmnr:Ed. bqnrlzcr;gdr:yqnr nibr.b/nr,anrwv;nnr.gUYr:>
gzbr;nnr H;aznrgnr awrlznr.gQnranrno.es hqdr:H;lo;lzcr;
gdr:yqnr anramr,mI:anrdQgr;mnr:lo;nnr.esgmr:… >
ykdef:uSyf;
Oj,Oej,ykwf.x rldif:OD,Nof,
jwr;nnr,edv:pv,s dJnr:sQcr
gf/mr:nmr:
mKwr;hwr:lo;lU lKcr;esanranr gqwr,gbr:lUYr; lzcr;bJnr:
jKcr.ncr,nono. mnr:j/cr;emvbUgr:dJnr,bnr H;hwr:”.dUwrkJnr:
El; emvdUYr:kJnr: bJnr:lcrj/wr:kKwr:jwr;gwr,ywr.> bJnr:mnr;
gQnr, nQnr;nvlUcranrnJcr; mKnrjKcr.ncr,sv,snv,budr.t nfr:
mKcr:sI,”wr,no.egv; bqnrlgr:t/nrlUcr anrEnwv; j/wr:kKwr:sicr,h
lv,kwrno. y/mr;mI:jwr;mI:kunr< Ficr;Ec;ligr;lo/:< pv,sv, El; sv,
snv,mv: hcr:gUYr:ekvekv jqmrmKwr;mJnr.sJnr:gznr, bUnr.mv:nnr.yU,
noywr.> bJnr:sv,snv,budr.tsI,”wr,no. mnr:bqnranrlmr,lzcr;
kJgr.dznr: bunr;dv,jKwr.kKwr:w/nr;mKcr: gUnr:sI,”wr,kwrgv;’iwrnojJcr
ebv:mv:tdr:s/crdUYr: bJnr:cwr;mnr: anrsJbr,gnrmv: edv,tJcr
y/mr:lqwrno.egv; edlo;”.hnrjQcr;lQcr:lIyU,>
bJnr:sv,snv,budr.tsI,”wr,no. bKcrdQgr;mnr: mKnrjKcr.
ncr,lKnrnnr.ywr.> m/crbzgr;egv; kJnr;yfr,mfr,sucr mKnrncr,lKnrmfr,
sfrjJnr; kJnr;lo;sibr:hv;mUnr:nnr.es m/crbzgr;m/crlfrsmr. mKnr
ncr,lKnrlzcr; j/cr;mI:lzcr;kzcr;kmr jmrtJcrlKnrlbr: amr,jbr:
Wo:gwr, m/crp/wr,m/crbzgr; tJcrdI;ebv:lo;hQcr:aUnr;gfv, lo/lo/sibr:bI
egv; mI:mv:ywr.> anrno. mnr:aicrnKwrkunrmKcr:< cwr:lo/:g/nrw/nr;
ykdef:uSyf; Oj,Oej,ykwf.x rldif:OD,Nof, \ 37
g/nrmKcr:< gUnr:w/nr;gUnr:mKcr:jKwr:no.ncr,gwr,ywr.> ebv:mv:wUnr.

dUYr:jJcr mKwr;b/nrgU;bzgr;egv; edv;bqnrncr,no< b/nry/mr:lqwregv;
dJgr.bqnrncr,noyU,no edlo;hnrt/cr,jQcr;lQcr:lIwo.yU,> yznr.
nnr dv,ed”.lo;lIlIncr,nono. lIlqbr;hqnr:dUYr: bJnr:gQbr;
sv,snv,budr.t anrsJbr,d/mrl/mr:gnrmv: ed,awrmKwr; “wrb/gr,
3 BC edv,tJcry/mr:no.nnr.ywr.>
sv,snv,budr.t pQwrmv:mKcr:sI,”wr,
ebv:awrjzmr:bJnr:wv; sv,snv,budr.tjwr; pQwrmv:nfr:mKcr:
sI,”wr, mKwr;bIsv,snv, 236 nI;< 250 BC< wnr:lKnrjqdr:mUnr:
nnr.ywr.> pU;anrmv:bJnrEp; sv,snv,budr.tjwr; gmr:aznr
d/cr:sudr:bKnr; bqnrjwr;mhinr,D El; aigr,bv:lugr;sidr;mnr:
jwr;dcr:lo/ywr.< mQnr;mKwr; b/nrkunrehvkmr:eDwvnmrbiydisrs
dJgr.pzcr:cmr:wo.nnr.ywr.> wo/:es kunrehvkmr: ”br.tUbr:wo;sv jwr;
mhinr,Des lo;tzmr,cinr:tmr: sudr;jUlhdrtibedvbm dmr;dI;
mnr:jwr; dI;lzomhinr,del. anrmI:po/,azgr, wqcr:anuRv,tbuR
y/nrwqcr:bQdr,lgr:nnr.ywr. kunrehvkmr: aigr,bv:kv;w/nr;gUnr:
mKcr: mzgr;sI,mJnr, lo;bqnrmv:j/wr:kKwr: anryumr,ymrsv,snv,budr.
tyU,ywr.>
wo/:esnnr. kunrehvkmr:eDwvnmrbiydisrs pidr;b/cr:
awrjwr;mhinr,D El; lugr;sidr;mnr:jwr;jKwr:nnr. mv:yU,swr:
dI;nfr:sUnrsKwr:ehvkmr:em,kwnes gmr.tQmrbjr.ej:sI,bKcramr,
gv: lumr:lv:dUYr:tJcr gU;wnr:wnr:noywr.> tmr:anrmnr:jwr;
ehv:nnr. bqnrebdwdrtu< wimvnwdrtu< sjrjvsmryudrd< eD
wDUdsudrd< bvlbnrdidsudrd Ed,gfv,jKwr:no.ywr.> jwr;
mhinr,D El; lugr;sidr;mnr:jwr; yU,swr:dI;sUnrsKwr:ehvkmr:
nnr. 26 wnr:es bzgr;mKwr:awrwv,kJnr: dI;lzomhinr,del.nnr;
ywr.>
jwr;n/cr:scrkmidrdv El; n/cr:yicr:sI,”wr,
wo/:eslo;tzmr,cinr:tmr: gU;wnr:wnr:ncr,nnrywr. n/cr:
ehvkmr:anuRvaznr”wres n/cr:yicr:mKcr:sI,”wr,dcr:nmregv; mI:
jfrkfr;kwr;hqdr:Rh/nr:n/cr:yicr: nfr:sv,snv,budr.tnoEl; ncr,
‘iwrn/cr:yicr:kwr ebv:edbqnrRh/nr:n/cr:yicr: nfr:sv,snv,lo;
nnr. kunrehvkmr: jcr,sUcr,l/nrj/o:mnr: anrjJwr;wv; jo/:a
Ridrtnnr. H:gfv,d/cr,lwr; l/dr;Enlzcr;d/cr: dmr;dI;kunrehv
kmr:aesv:g mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:nnr.yU,ywr.> gqwr,lUYr;lzcr;no.
es kunrehvkmr:aesv:g jcr,lo;sUcr,lugr;yicr:mnr: anrjJwr;wv;
jwr;n/cr:scr,kmidr.dv, egv.bqnrRhnr:dv,n/cr:yicr:nnr. mv:
dI;mKcr:sI,”wr,yU,ywr.>
mKwr;jo/:aRidrt pQwrmv:kJnr:mKcr:sI,”wr,ywr.nnr. mnr:
jcr,yznr:anuY/dr; dmr;dI;kunrehvkmr:es bv:dcr:pU;jo/:hv;
b/gr, kwr;hqdr:Rhnr: nfr:sv,snv,yU,ywr.> nfr:n/cr:yicr:kwregv;
n/cr:ehvkmr:anuRvaznr”wres kwr;hqdr:Rh/nr:n/cr:yicr: nfr:sv,
snv,budr.tjwr;dcr:nmr> Ed,awrnnr.mv: nfr:sv,snv,budr.
t mKcr:sI,”wr,no.egv; lo;mI:mv: pigr.kuEl;pigr.kunI,yU,ywr.> k/wr:
y/mr: anrjwr;mhinr,D El; jwr;n/cr:scr,kmidr.dv,kwr lo;mv:
bJnrEp;sv,snv,budr.tjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no. mIr:mzgr;sI,sibr:
bQdr,bInoywr.> jwr;mhinr,Dno. lo;kwr;j/mr, sUnrm/gr,h/gr;kmr:gfv,
mKwr;av,yumnr:jwr;lo; 80 bInnr.es jwr;n/cr:scr,kmidr.dv,
smr. mKwr;av,yumnr:lo; 79 bInnr.yU,ywr.>
lzcr;sv,snv,budr.t”iwr;”icr: nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,
kunrehvkmr:edwvnmrbiydisrsno. lo;ncr;h/cr;ehv aubr.
mKcr:sI,”wr, sI,sibr:bInoywr.< sv,snv,budr.tjwr; lo;pQwrmv:nfr:
mKcr:sI,”wr,no.egv; mQnr;mKwr;b/nrmnr:jwr;nnr.ywr.> Ed,awr
nnr.mv: mnr:jwr;egv; egv,s/cr;lumr:lv: wdr.wv:< svlv:< gzcr:mU:<
hgr.svgumr:ticr:dUYr:tJcr nKwrsv,snv,budr.tjwr;ed.ed.> bKcr

dQgr;mnr: nfr:b/nrmnr:jwr;no. lo;hnrmI:mv: wdr.mhvwihvR< ejdi
ybBrBdwihvR< gzcr:mU:tUbvRvm El; mo.Yzcr,eBv:ti< aigr,bv:dI;mo/
dzcr: anrgqwr,gbr:lUYr;sv,snv,budr.tjKwr:no. dcr:nmrywr.>
aicrnKwr anrjwr;kunrkwr yumr,ymrnbr.tJwr nKwrsv,snv,
nnr.es j/o:El;yicr:kwr kwr;mv:h/br,g/nr nfr:sv,snv,no.egv;
a/nr,”wrb/gr,”wrhqcrmnr:yU,ywr.> jwr;kunregv; amr,gzmr.gv; s/cr;
wdr.wv:< svlv:< gzcr:mU:gUYr: ycr:gmr.tQmrbv: bjr.ej:sI,bKcrjKwr:
no.gznr,ywr.> sv,snv,budr.tegv; Ep;jzdr,tJcrgU;dI;gU;d/cr:
jqmrw/nr;nzgr;nv:b/cr,jKwr:no.ywr.>
k/wr:y/mr:nnr. sv,snv,budr.tegv; bqnranr”iwr;“icr:
bKcr:sfrmv:ed.ed.> gUnr:mKcr:egv; yqnr,Ec;aUnr;aznr,< emvhqdr:
g/nrlI< emvjzmr:sinrjzmr:tmr:< emvyugr.yzcr;sv,snv,< emv”.
jgr: dI;lIgJwr:ymr El; dI;amr,lIgJwr:ymrmv: lKwrmKwr;gznr,aznr
bUnr.nnr. ed.ed.wv;wv;ywr.> kunredwvnmrbiydidrsno. lo;
hqdr:g/nrbunr;b/cr;jKwr.kKwr:< pv,sv, El; sv,snv,dcr:nmres
lo;nznr:ep:gfv, mKwr;bI 210 BC nnr. yU,ywr.>
b/nrkunrwdrdgvmni apy
wo/:es kunrdudrtgvmni nznr:ep:gfv,ywr. nzcr.jo/:bo/
mnr:jwr; kunrsdrtvdisrs kJnr;mv:bqnrkunr mKwr;bIsv,snv, 398
nnr.es aubr.w/nr;ginrmKcr:gfv, lo;bQdr,bI> wo/:esnnr. lugr;jo/:
mnr:jwr; wdrdgvmniapy sJbr,kJnr;ginrmKcr: mKwr;bIsv,snv,
445 nnr.ywr.> mnr:jwr;kJnr;bqnrkunr dnr:lo;mzgr;hv;lKnrgUYr:
bunr,nv: anrjJwr;wv;disrs anryU,d/cr:mKcr:sI,”wr,bzdr:j/nr:
nnr. mv:dJgr:edv:mnr:jwr;> mKwr;y/mr:nnr.ncr,gwr, sJgr:d
mI:lrkwrsmr. mv:dJgr:mnr:jwr;tQcr;El; gmr:lJnr:mv: mnr:jwr;
g/nr.sJgr:es lo;bo/;azgr,h/cr;ehvmnr:jwr; gfv,sKcr,nv;sKcr,dv
bQdr; dI;bzdr:dznr;wndisrs k/wr:d/cr:sibr:sI,bInoywr.>
k/wr:y/mr:sibr:sI,bI pzcr:dmI:lrkwr pzcr:cmr:nnr. lo;wv;
bqnrk/wr:y/mr: anrsv,snv,budr.tjwr; yUbr;yzmr:gfv,ed.ed.
ywr.> bo/slKwr w/nr;mKcr:amr,gdr:yqnr g/br;aJbr:g/br;y/gr;smr.
dUgr:tJcrmv:nfr:mKcr:tQcr;El; gUnr:mKcr: El; jwr;Rh/nr:scr,kv,kwr
lo;aJbr:esdo/gfv, ebv:a/nr,”wrhqcrmnr:> wdr.wv:< svlv:< gzcr:mU:
jKwr:no. lo;tugr,yv.lQwrbQdr;dcr:nmr> anrh/cr;ho/.lKwrnnr.
bqnrlzcr;wdr.wv:< gzcr:mU: jKwr:anrmI:jJwr;mI:sqcrgmr;pzcr; lo;wzdr;
wo/:ho/gfv, yznr.amr,mI: pU;lUlzmrlumr:lv:nnr.ywr.> jwr;Rh/nr:
m/crjKwr: aznrgnrbo/;kwr;tKnr,es lo;lznr,gfv, yznr.amr,mI:d/cr:
ginrd/cr:yQmr.jKwr:nnr.egv; mI:nmred.ed.< gmr;pzcr; bo/;gfv,yU,
nT:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:jKwr:no.ywr.>
gzbr;bKwr;wv; jwr;Rh/nr:jKwr:anrmI:bYr,Yv,kwr lo;lznr,
gfv,dcr:nmrEl; tmr:bidgdr;m/crbzdr:m/crdznr; anrlo;ho/lU.bv:
gfv, jzmr:kwrjwr;egv; mI:dcr:nmr> bKcrdQgr;mnr: mKnrjKcr.ncr, mhv,
nidr.ed,s anrmI:nfr:sudr;dbidgdr;jKwr:no.ywr.> mKwr;b/nr
nnr. bidgdr;tmr:jwr; ycr:bo,lo;dQmr;wo. nfr:pJnrnfr:bbr. mKnr
ncr,y/mr:lqwrno.gznr,< gUYr:lo;aznrgnra/nr,aUmrsUbr: hcr:pfr
hcr:mnr:mv: b/nrsJbr,b/nrjKcr.nnrgUYr:> mKwr;y/mr:nnr. jwr;
Rh/nr: dUnranraUmrsUbr:lo;mUdr:egv; lo;”.wv; amr,ebv:mI:nmr
noywr.> mnr:jwr;egv; ncr,’iwredamr,lJmr:bQdr;nnr. k/mr,ginr
m/gr,mo.m/gr,dzgr, yzdr;mo.yzdr;dzgr, “wrkv,”wrmnr:jKwr:no.es sJbr,
so/jfr dv,aUmra/nr,bidgdr;tmr:jwr;mv:noywr.> pzcr:mKwr;mI:hQcr:
nnr. mnr:jwr;ncr;es kUnr.ko;< pzcr:mKwr;amr,mI:hQcr:nnr. smr.
nznr:es kUnr.ko;noywr.> ncr,‘iwrbidgdr;tmr:jwr; edamr,”cr;
amr,ho/gfv,nnr. mnr:jwr;hgr.svbfr.bv: h/nr.edv,lzcr;dugr.kk/nr
jfrjKwr:nnr. ebv:bUnr.gfv,noywr.>
wo/:es kunrwdrdgvmni kJnr:lo;pzcr:cmr:mKcr:mv:ywr.nnr.

mnr:jwr;egv,s/cr;gGcr: anrjJwr;wv;apygiRinnr.es b/cr:awr
Rh/nr: jwr;gubigvR mhvdidrs dUnranry/mr;jzo;mnr:jwr; mKwr;
y/mr:b/o;ep:nnr. mv:gf/nr:gGcr:mnr:jwr;yU,ywr.>
kqwr;gQwr;Cpv: pQwrmv:mKcr:sI,”wr,
anrgqwr,lUYr;sv,snv,budr.t mKcr:sI,”wr,es lo;hnr
t/cr,jQcr;lQcr:lI tQcr;anrnJcr;Ed. bqnrlzcr;b/cr:kqwr;gQwr;budr.t
jwr; Wdr;pQwrmv: nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,nnr.ywr.> kqwr;gQwr;budr.tjwr;
no. lo;b/cr:awrmv: dI;mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: mKwr;b/nrkunrehvkmr:sIRiem
kwn1 mKwr;bIsv,snv, 805 nnr.yU,ywr.> edv,tJcry/mr:no.egv;
gUnr:mKcr:sI,”wr,kwr nbr.tJwryumr,ymr kqwr;gQwr;budr.tjwr; ebv:mKnr
ncr,Rdnv, anramr,dQbr:ddr:mgr:mnr; gv;knrmnr:lo;nnr.
ywr.> y/mr:lqwr kqwr;gQwr;budr.tjwr;nnr. awrgJwr:lI(tv,bnv,)
wo. nfr:aubr:kmr: dI;wdr.kqwr;gQwr; nfr:wqcr:gnr,dI,nnr.yU,ywr.>
jwr;BuDrtekvs El; sv,snv,mKcr:sI,”wr,

anrlo;hnr lzcr;kJnr;yfr, nfr:bJnr:sv,snv,budr.t sI,
“wr,tQcr;anrnJcr;no. bqnrlzcr;jwr;BuDrtekvs dUnranrjJwr;
sqcryfr, nfr:bJnr:j/wr:budr.es dQmr;azgr,adrtgtvbvli nfr:bid
gdr;jwr;dcr:nmrnnr.ywr.> jwr;BuDrtekvs lo;Wdr;pQwrmKcr:
sI,”wr, mKwr;b/nrkunrmhvnvm pzcr:cmr:mKcr:anuRvtbURnnr.ywr.>
ligr;anrgqwr,gbr:sv,snv, nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr, mKwr;b/nrkunrmhvnvm
mKw;r pzcr:bIsv,snv, 896 jUwr;nnr. jJwr;sqcryfr,lJwr:lcr Wdr;tJcr
mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:< mKcr:Ek, aigr,dcr:l/ol/omKcr:gznr,ywr.> ebv:awr
1
wmr,sdI,bnI,Ed.wv; b/nrkunrgidrdisIRiemgnoes mQnr;mKwr;bIsv,snv, 835
noywr.>
mhvwmrswv;jJcr jwr;BuDrtekvsno. mKwr;mnr:jwr;lqgr. bqnrj/wr:
bU,p/mr:(bunr,nv:)< gKdr,dI;budrttgyv nfr:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:no
ywr.> gbr:g/o,lUYr;p/o,ew,D (eb,d/cr,gv,lv:)egv; mnr:jwr;lUcr.
lQnr,ed.ed.noywr.> wo/:esmnr:jwr; lo;”br.tUbr: jwr;eRwd
mhvetRywr. mnr:jwr;lo;jfr d/cr:hnrtJcr nKwrb/o:wUnr.budr.t
jwr;ed.ed.es kwr;hqdr:Rh/nr: yznr:bqnrlugr;sidr; jwr;eRw
dmhvetRyU,ywr.> sJbr,nnr.mv: mnr:jwr;lo;mv:hqnr:awr d/cr:
“.d/cr:hnr anrgqwr,lUYr;ekv;scr,sznrbudr.tjwr; dmr;dI;
jwr;eRwdmhvetRyU,ywr.> wo/:esnnr. jwr;eRwdmhvetR
bnrd/cr:hnrtJcr H;mnr:jwr; gfv,bJnrEp;sv,snv, nfr:mKcr:sI,
“wr,no.yU,ywr.>
jzmr:ncr,kU:mnr:jwr; bnrd/cr:hnrtJcrnnr. mnr:jwr;
egv; kdr:jfrWdr;pQwr mKcr:sI,”wr,es yU,swr:dI;mhvbdrtvngR
gGcr:mhvwihvRnnr.ywr.> bbr.ligr; anrmnr:jwr;dQmr;azgr,es
jJwr;sqcryfr,lJwr:lcr< gUnr:”.nmr< smr.ebv:jzdr,dUwr;gfv, gU;dI;gU;
lQnrjKwr:nnr. bqnrwisuDrtimgrg< winyadrtgtv< apitmrm
adrtgtv< DIknigvyadrtgtv< mjrjimnigvyadrtgtv<
smryudrdnigvyadrtgtv El; acrgudrdRnigvyadrt
gtvjKwr:no.ywr.> lKwresnnr. mI:tQcr;dcr:nmrgznr,>
g/nrsv,snv, anrgbr:sJbr,gnr dcr:mKcr:m/nr;

mKcr:sI,”wr, El; mKcr:m/nr; gbr:sJbr,gnr lUYr;lzcr;sv,s
nv, mKwr;bIkRidr. 1070< b/nrkunrwijybv’El; kunraenv,Rtv,
nnr. bzgr;nJcr;< mKwr;bIkRidr. 1476< b/nrkunrbUwnrengbv’El;
kunrtmr,mej,dI,nnr. tQcr;bzgr;nJcr;noywr.> mKwr;b/nrkunrwiRb
Rgrgmbv’ (1484-1508)nnr. Ed,awrbIkRidr. 1505 edv,tJcrbI
1658 nnr. pU;kf/gr;mKcr: j/wr:kKwr:ebv,dU,gI, mKcr:wnr:dUgr:kwr mv:
pzcr:cmr:mKcr:sI,”wr,yU,ywr.> b/nrebv,dU,gI,kwr mv:aubr.bKcr,pzcr:
cmr:mKcr:nnr. bqnrk/wr:y/mr: sv,snv,budr.tjwr; gwr,swr;wwr:

mzcrgfv,ed.ed.> anrno. bqnryznr.kwrawrlo/:gU;lzcr;lzcr;es mv:
dqgr:dqcrsv,snv,budr.tjwr;gUYr:amr,gv: bv:dcr:mv:bJnrEp;
sv,snv,kRidr.kwrnnr.ywr.> nfr:k/wr:y/mr:nnr. dv,edlo;hnr
Rh/nr:scr,kv,kwrjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no. bqnranry/br,ed.ed.
noywr.>
wo/:esnnr. j/wr:kKwr:ddr.kLr mKcr:wnr:dUgr:kwr smr.mv:
kf/gr;aubr.tQcr; edv,tJcrbIkRidr. 1796 AD> nfr:k/wr:y/mr:nnr.egv;
kwrawrl/o:gL/mr: l/o:aUnr;aznr,gU;bKcrbKcr Eb.ginrdqgr:dqcr nKwrpv,
sv, El; sv,snv,budr.tjwr; nT:mKcr:sI,”wr, h/wr;h/wr;hQcr:hQcr:
tQcr;ncr,gwr,ywr.> awrhQcr:kI,nqgr:dqgr:dqcr pqwr;bQdr;sv,snv,
budr.tjwr;es kdr:jfrawrsv,snv,kRidr.kwr sibr.nqgr:dqgr:gQmr
tQmrsfr,gfv,yU,ywr.>
b/nrkunrsIRiwijy Rvjsicrhv
kunrsIRiwijy Rvjsicrhv kJnr;mv:bqnrkunr mKwr;bI 1747 AD
nnr.es bqnrkunr bv:anremvnbr.ymrsv,snv,budr.tjwr;ed.
ed.> gUYr:gv; mKwr;nnr. sv,snv,budr.tjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no.
bqnranryUbr;yzmr:wo.ed.ed.> jwr;Rh/nr:kwr amr,gJdr:esjwr;
esdUnr< gUYr:gJdr:jwr;s/cr,gUYr:> jwr;s/cr,dUnrnJcr; jJwr;wv;
binrdbvdig sIRisRncrgvRno. mI:d/cr:”.yfr, lUcr.lQnr,lUYr;
ekv;scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;El; tJcrdI;kunrmKcr:kwr ebv:lo;nbr.ymr
bJcr;aicrmnr:jwr;ed.ed.wv;wv;ywr.>
gzbr;bKwr; kunrsIRiwijy Rvjsicrhv kfr;H;sv,snv,budr.t
jwr; kJnr:”iwr;”icr: nfr:mKcr:nv,El; mnr:jwr;jcr,sUcr,pU;dQnr:
szcregv. gfv,mKcr:to:es H;b/cr:awrjwr;Rh/nr:mv:noywr.> gzbr;bKwr;
nnrEl; jwr;aubvli El; jwr;aRiymuni jcr,aznr“wrjwr;R
h/nr:jumr:nJcr;es lugr.dI;mKcr:to: pQwrWdr;mKcr:sI,”wr,> kwrjwr;
jcr,mv:awrjwr;s/cr,binrdbvdig sIRisRncrgvRnnr. k/mr,bqnr
j/cr:yU,ywr.>
mKwr;y/mr:nnr kunrsIRiwijy Rvjsicrhv jcr,yugr.yzcr;
awrjwr;j/cr:binrdbvdig sIRisRncrgvRnnr. kJnr;bqnrscr,k
Rv,jv, (jwr;jzmrscr,kv,)mKcr:sI,”wr,ywr.> wo/:mnr:jwr;bqnrscr,k
Rv,jv,ywr. mnr:jwr;kdr:jfraznr”wr sJbr,bJnrEp;sv,snv,budr.
tjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,es kwr;j/mr,sUnrm/gr,h/gr;kmr:gfv, mKwr;av,
yumnr:jwr;lo; 81 bI< bIkRidr. 1778 nI;nnr.ywr.>
scr,ks/mrgKcr: nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,
jwr;binrdbvdig sIRisRncrgvRno. bqnrgKcr:sL/mr,(to:)
ywr.> gKcr:sL/mr,no. jwr;aubvlimKcr:to:nnr. mv:dcr;wo.El; jcr,
lo;jJwr;ncr,nnrywr.> mKwr;b/nrnnr. ebv:amr,jfr;jKwr.kKwr:gUnr:
t/nr;sucrjJcr amr,kwr;bqnrRh/nr: nfr:gKcr:no.lo;> gzbr;nnrEl;
tJcrmv:bIkRidr. 1799 nI;nnr. jwr;s/cr,dUnrnJcr; (amr,jfr;gUnr:
t/nr;sucr) jJwr;wv; jwr;amrbgh bidiy Yvnwimldisrsnnr.
jcr,gfv,mKcr:m/nr;< dI;wqcr:amRbU,Res mKwr:kJnr;j/cr:dI;nnr;
ywr.> mKwr;mnr:jwr; bzgr;mv:kJnr:mKcr:sI,”wr, bIkRidr. 1803 nnr.
mnr:jwr;jcr,mv:dcr;tQcr; gKcr:scr,kgKcr:nJcr; anrhigr;jJwr;wv;
gKcr:amRbU,R(mKcr:m/nr;)noywr.> tJcrmv:bIkRidr. 1863 nnr. jwr;
amrbghwdred sIRisR ncrgvRetR smr.mv:dcr;tQcr;gKcr:nJcr;
higr;jJwr;wv; gKcr:RvmYrY(mznr:)nonnr.ywr.> nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no.
dcr;Ed,y/mr:nnr.mv: gKcr:scr,kmI:mv:s/mrgKcr: h/nr.edv,tJcr
y/mr:lqwrno.ywr.>
b/nracr:gidr:aubr.mKcr:
dcr;Ed,awrbIkRidr. 1796 edv,tJcr 1948 nnr. bqnrb/nr
acr:girdr:kwr mv:pzcr:cmr:wo.mKcr:sI,”wr,ywr.> nfr:k/wr:y/mr:nnr.
sv,snv,budr.tjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no. acr:gidr:kwr awrlo/:

aUnr;aznr,es mv:dqgr:dqcrwo.yU,> gUYr:gv; yznr.jwr;Rhnr: aigr,
bv:gUnr:mKcr: jKwr:anrmI:bYr,Yv,kwr pzmr.sqcrbqcr:b/gr,gnres gQdr,
ekeh.gcr; bfr.bv:wo.El; lo;hnrh/cr;p/cr dcr:bJnr:mnr;gQnr, sv,
snv,budr.tjwr; amr,lo;dUgr:”cr;dUgr:ho/es “iwr;”icr:h/nr.edv,
tJcry/mr:lqwrno.ywr.>
b/nrlzdr;lQwr:swr:ekv
wo/:lo;lzdr;lQwr:swr:ekvmv:ywr. lUcrbzcrjJcr;kwr gU;b/nr
b/nregv; bnrhQcr:gmr.tQmr sv,snv,budr.tjwr;ed.ed.< dcr;
Ed,awrlzcr;egv,s/cr;< lumr:lv:wdr.wv:< svlv:< gzcr:mU:< binr,bid
gdr;s/mrgzcr Ed,gfv,jKwr:no.ywr.> lKwrnnr. wnr:lmr,lzcr; anr
bqnrmJwr.yfr,wnr:lUcres gqwr,gbr:lUYr;sv,snv, mKnrncr,wnr:
env,lzcr:jwr;gKdr,< bqnrCpv:< awrbRinibrxb/nr,El; lKnr”gr:mUnr:
anrgUnr:mKcr:sI,”wr,kwrwv; wnr:ew,sgr.no. lUcrbzcrjJcr;kwr bnr
hQcr:gmr.tQmres hqdr:bnrbzo:ed.ed.wv;wv; gU;bIbIywr.> wnr:lKnr
mUnr: gU;lKnrlKnregv; lUcrbzcrjJcr;kwr dQbr:ddr:wv; bqnrwnr:lJwr;
g/nrlUcrbzcrjJcr;kwrywr.>
smr.tQcr; ncr,’iwrlugr;l/nrkwr ebv:edbqnrgUnr:j/wr:
budr.gfv,mKwr:nv; b/nrsbJ r,b/nrnnr. jzmr:gGcr:munrjwr; nfr:mKcr:
sI,”wr, gU;gGcr:gGcr:egv; aznrgnrbJdr,bnr b/crsznrFicr;Ec;budr.
t gU;wnr:av:didr.yU,ywr.>
bJnr:gQbr;sv,snv,budr.t nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr, anrlo;dQmr;
Enmv:bv;nKwrno. smr.wv; amr,jfr;anrgf/cr;mnr:noesdv. yumr,
ymrwv; mnr:edmI:pznr:lI dv,jKwr:kfr;”. lzcr;bJnr:sv,snv,budr.
tjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,jKwr:nnr. gmr;pzcr;es edjzo;tQmrbnr nfr:
lzgr:bwr, anrmucr;mzcr:kfr;”.kfr;hnrnnr.pzcr;yU,> bKcrnJcr;egv; Ficr;
bKcrlUcrgUnr:hwr:no. ebv:wv;amr,hnrdI;lIkzoegv; amr,j/cr;mI:yKcr:
a/nr: kfr;bUnr.lzoesbzgr;nonnr. dI;no; yumr,ymrwv; mnr:edjzo;
aI:bnr d/cr:yKcr:a/nr:pU;lUligr;kwr anrkfr;tJcrjigr:lzonnr.
yU,noywr.>
bJnr:sv,snv,budr.tjwr; nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no. Ed,awrmKwr;
mnr:yqbr,kwr;Wdr;pQwrmv: edv,h/nr.y/mr:lqwrno. smr.wv; m/crbzgr;
lo;”br.Yv: lzcr;bKnr;mv:yv.mv:gwr: a/nr,”wrhqcrbImnr:noesdv.
egv; ycr:dJgr.mI:jJwr;mI:sqcr lJwr:jzdr,Wdr;gfv,gU;dI;gU;lQnryU,>
bqnrj/wr:budr.El;scr amr,bqnrj/wr:budr.El;scr lugr;hqnr:gU;
mKcr:mKcr:kwregv; jubr;nJcr;ywr.jubr;nJcr; ycr:dJgr.aznrgnrmv:
kJnr;hqnr:awr bKcrkU:l/o: b/o:wUnr.kbr. nfr:mKcr:kwryU, amr,t/dr,amr,
w/o:> munrjwr;mKcr:sI,”wr, jKwr:anrmI:nmr.gdr.dqmrtUnr;es gfv,
bJnrEp;sv,snv, d/cr,mKcr:nnr.egv; mI:wo.dcr:nmrywr.>
yznr.nnrEl; ekv;anrkfr;mzgr,l/dr; gmr:lJnr:sudr:Ed.
pJnrligr;“wrno. H;hwr:hv:gU;egv. emvkzobKnr;< emvdJnr,dUwr dJnr,
jfr< emvwo.ekv;yKcr:a/nr:sucrsucr< emvhqnr:awrligr;l/o: b/o:”.nmr
nmres aznrgnrhqdr:H;Ficr;tucr:< pv,sv,< sv,snv, El; jKwr.
kKwr:hwr: kJnr;yfr,kJdr:g/br;b/nr< H;gUnr:mKcr:hwr: jqwr:mI:b/o:”.b/o:
hnres H;bUnr.lzdr;lo; lzcr;kmrdUcr,hqwr. @amr,”.scr# nnr.es
gmr:no>
pJnraicr_
1. jwr;l/wr F/crbJnr:< wdr.Cpv:eg,lv,nI,y nfr:bJnr:gL
lcr:gv < k/wr:d/cr:sI,”wr, m/o-4< nv; 1-15< ea:< dv;gucr;<
2002>
2. rJxD;q&mawmf? ax&0g'omoemquftvif;jy 0Ho'DyeD?
[Hom0wD? &efukef? 1967/
3. H.K. Perera, Buddhism in Sri Lanka, a Short History,
B.P.S., Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1988.
oef:rj:c vldefOmrfrlef:
jwr;pdr.diy lcr:sT
gf/mr:nmr:
wnr:anrkuigr.dznr: bunr;dv,gUnr:Z/wr:budr.hwr:no. edlo;wv;
bqnrwnr: anrlo;cinr:Cdv: Cpv:bqnrjwr; wnr:sinrlKnrlbr:
lKnrmUnr:jKwr:nnr.noyU,> wnr:jKwr:no. bqnrwnr:anrgUnr:
Z/wr:budr.hwr:gU;dI;dI; aznrgnrgfv,wdr.kwr;gGcr: hbr.sinrtzmr,
Cdv:Ed,gfv,jKwr:nnr.ywr.> nT:gv;wnr:tmr,mswn wnr:lKnr
lbr:lKnrmUnr:jKwr:nnr. anrkJgr.dznr:esbKnr; nT:gUnr:j/wr:
budr.nnr.bqnr-
1. wnr:mv:k lKnrs/mrmUnr:<
2. wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:<
3. wnr:av,sv,lhv, lKnrbQdr,mUnr: s/mrwnr:no.ywr.>
wnr:mv:k lKnrs/mrmUnr:
wnr:mv:klKnrs/mrmUnr:no. hqdr:scrEl;wv; mnr:bqnr
wnr:anrkJgr.dznr:bKnr;wo.nojJcr yznr.wv; mnr:bqnrwnr:anr
scr,k 1,250 dUnr mv:wo;svCpv:bqnrjwr; bzgr;aznrd/cr:sudr:
nnr.ywr.> y/mr:nnr Cpv:bqnrZwr; awreav:wv,dbv,dimzgr.k
anrbqnrso/jTsv,snv,nnr.es ehv:bnrkwrjwr;gfv,ywr.>
wnr:wisv,k lKnr'gr:mUnr:
wnr:wisv,klKnr'gr:mUnr:no. bqnrwnr:anrenv,j/o: jwr;
sidr.tdr.t gKdr,hnrnv;mv: dI;nT:sUnrmzgr,lumr,BiinI,El;
wnr:anrjwr;egv:dm '.hnrCdv:sjr.jv,sI,bKcres lo;Y/nr,
sbr.bYr,Yud bqnrCpv:smr,mv,smr,budr.t dI;dT;dUnr;mo.Yzcr,
mhv,ebv:ti dI;budr.tgyv,nnr.ywr.> lKwresnnr. smr.bqnr
wnr: anregv:dmCpv:bqnrZwr; awrbRinibr.b/nr,gfv,nnr.ywr.>
wnr:av,sv,lhv, lKnrbQdr,mUnr:
wnr:av,sv,lhv,lKnrbQdr,mUnr:smr. bqnrwnr:anrCpv:
bqnrZwr; lo;awrCdv:tmr,mjgr.ges ehv:bnrZwr;bYr,Zwgr.gI,
hv;dUnr dI;mKcr:bv,Rv,nsI, bzgr;aznrd/cr:sudr: (First Sermon)
nnr.ywr.> lKwresnnr. smr.bqnrwnr:anr Cpv:Cdv:El; scr,
kv,pudr:mv: nT:sv,snv,budr.t aznrd/cr:sudr:bKnr;El; smr.
bqnrwnr:kwr;wv,kwr;sv jwr;scr,kkwrjwr;nnr.ywr.>
nT:gv;wnr:yicr;yT,kuigr.dznr: anrlo;l/dr;mv:jKwr:no.
pU;dQmr;ligr; edsJbr,edv.do,ko;En lzcr;d/cr:anrkJgr.dznr:
dv,wnr:mv:k lKnrs/mrmUnr:nnr.gznr,> nT:ligr;Wmrdzmranrno.
edsJbr,sbr:lQcr: lzcr;wnr:mv:k lKnrs/mrmUnr:no.gUYr:> wnr:nox
bqnrwnr:anryicr;yT,kJgr.dznr:lUcr nT:budr.tpv,sv, wnr:nJcr;
ywr.> mv:kanrwv;no. mnr:bqnrpv,sv,bv,li bzcr,wv;lKnrs/mr
noywr.> wnr:mv:k lKnrs/mrmUnr:no. yznr.scr mnr:smr.mv:bqnr
wnr:anryicr;yT,kJgr.dznr:lUcr dv,j/wr:budr.hwr:?
lzcr;bqnrmv: wnr:mv:klKnrs/mrmUnr:
Zzmr:ncr, nT:bbr.tmr:jwr;Enwo. w/o:esCpv:bqnrjwr;egv:
dm lo;hU.hnrCdv:tmr,msjr.jv,sI,bKcres bqnrCpv:dI;dT;dUnr;
mo.Yzcr,mhvebv:ti. lo;gwr;lKnr< scrnbr.awr mKwr;mnr:jwr;Ed,
oef:rj:c vldefOmrfrlef: \ 49
azgr,ehv:Cdv: dI;nJcr;ywr.dI;nJcr; lo;mzgr;jqdr:lKnrnnr. Cpv:

bqnrZwr;lo;lugr;sidr; jwr;aRhnr, 1,340 dUnrywr.> w/o:es
nnr. Cpv:bqnrZwr; jcr,H;scr,kkwrZwr; azgr,ehv:tmr,mEl;
pKYrEp;sv,snv,Cpv:bqnrZwr; gU;dI;gU;d/cr:es jcr,gKdr,mI:mv:
sv,snv,budr.t dI;nT:mKcr:ainr,diynnr.ywr.>
tQcr;lzcr;nJcr;egv; d/cr:yumr,ymr gUnr:mKcr:ainr,diy mKwr;
sv,snv,budr.tbo,mI:nnr. ebv:tJcrwnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:noZJcr
jumr:jKwr:bunr,nv:kwr< dgr.gdznr:kwryumr,ymrwv; bqnrwnr:sIwv.
Rv,CdI: (wnr:Cpv:hinr,dU,)> gzbr;nnr ebv:tJcrmv:wnr:lKnrs/mr
mUnr:jJcr kwraznrgnrmv:a/br,nmr. sugr;bQdr;agusUwr, (l/cr.b/br,)
dI;Em;nmr.gcr:gvnnr.noyU,> lzcr;yumr,ymr a/br,nmr.sugr;agu
sUwr, dI;Em;nmr.gcr:gvno. mI:mv:jqmrmKwr;b/nrCpv:bqnrZwr; edv,
tJcrwnr:mKwr;no.ywr.>
gzbr;nnr Rh/nr:scr,kv,kwrZwr; anrkwr;gfv,nT:sv,snv,
budr.tmKwr;Zwr.nnr. jnr.t/nr;gUnr:amr,mKnrgnr> gmr;pzcr;
mv:dI;kKwr:Zwr;kKwr:kunr< gmr;pzcr;egv; mv:dI;kKwr:bunr,nv:< kKwr:gUnr:
m/gr;mI: Ed,gfv,jKwr:nnr.yU,> mKwr;kwrZwr;bo,lo;kwr;mv: nT:sv,s
nv,budr,t g/nrl/cr.b/br,(sugr;agusUwr,)nnr. y/mr;lo;hqdr:mv:
jKcr.ncr,nnryU,> w/o:eslo;kwr;mv:yU, nT:sv,snv,Cpv:bqnr
Zwr;ywr.Ed. nv;g/nrjKwr:nnr. bzo,pv;bQdr;mUdr:mUdr:ywr.>
gUYr:gv; ebv:tJcrwnr: lKnrs/mrmUnr:mv:jJcr anrbqnrscr,kv,
sv,wg dEb:Cpv:bqnrZwr; anrlo;gfv,pKYrEp;sv,snv,El;
gf/mr:scr,sznr Cpv:bqnrZwr;gU;dI;dI;nnr. kwrZwr;lo;hnr jKwr:
bunr,nv:kwr< dgr.gdznr:kwr aznrgnrmv: sugr;sIa/br,nmr. sugr;
agusUwr, (l/cr.b/br,) dI;Em;nmr.gcr:gvEl; hqdr:bzo:mU:jv: wo;pI
hcr:pThcr:mnr:yU,>
mKwr;kwrZwr;lo;hnr jKcr.ncr,nnrnnr. scrwv;eddUUYr:yU,
l/ol/ogUYr:egv; smr.amr,s/cr:l/cr:jT< scrwv;edhqdr:Zzmr:egv;
smr.amr,s/cr,edv,> gzbr;nnr kwrjcr,hvlzcr;d/cr:mnr: esanr
anr amr,lo;pidr;mzgr,gnresywrxEl; gfv,wo;Cpv:bqnrZwr; dI;
wdr.ewluwnr, hcr:pThcr:mnr:> nT:wnr:nnr. aRiyv,scr,kv,
anr mv:wo;sv Cpv:bqnrZwr; mI:yU, 1,250 dUnr> wnr:nnrx Cpv:bqnr
Zwr; lo;awreav:wv,dbvdimzgr.k anrbqnrs/ojTsv,snv, anr
wv; @@Ew;bQdr; lzcr;hqdr:g/nramr,lI< smr.aznrgnr hqdr:s/cr;
lzcr; g/nrlI< lUwr,aznrgnr wo.jTpKgr,jJnr;k/wrsT s/mrbKcrjKwr:nox
bqnrekv;scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;kwr gU;dUnrdUnrywrx## 1 nonnr.
ehv:bnrhcr:Rh/nr:kwrjwr;> gzbr;nnr wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:no.
mgr:mnr;wv; bqnrwnr:anryicr;yT, nT:sv,snv,budr.twnr:nJcr;
Wcr.wv; jduRcr,g snr,nibv,dnoywr.> bqnrwnr:anr mI:scr,
kv,mv:jU.gnr dI;wdr.ewluwnr,es smr.mI:lzcr;l/gr,l/o:yU,sI,
anr-
1. mI:aRhnr,scr,kv, mv:wo;svCpv:bqnrjwr;yU, 1,250 dUnr<
2. scr,kv, anrkwr;mv:wo;Cpv:bqnrZwr;ZKwr:nnr. bqnreahi
pigrku aubsmrbdvgU;dUnr>
3. Rh/nr:scr,kv, jKwr:lo;kwr;mv:wo;Cpv:wnr:nnr. mv:gUYr:pT
gUYr:mnr: amr;lo;pidr;mzgr,gnrmv:>
4. wnr:nnr. bqnrwnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:>
jzmr:ncr,bJnr:sv,snv, mKcr:sI,'wr,l/dr;wo.wv; wnr:lKnr
s/mrmUnr:no.ncr,gwr, bqnrwnr:anrCpv:bqnrZwr; lo;yugr.yzcr;
awr Zwr;sv,RibudrCdv,El; Zwr;mzgr.gl/nr, kJnr;bqnrsv,wgp/o,
kfvEl;p/o,s/o.noywr.> lKwresnnr. dI;nT:pJnrligr;Ficr;tucr:
sibr:szcrlKnr mKcr:sI,'wr,kwrWcr.wv; nwmr, pUwr:yv:eD:(Nawam
1
Dhammapada No- 183-4.
Poya Day)nnr.l/dr;wo.wv; nT:wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:no.ncr,gwr,

Cpv:bqnrZwr; lo;mzgr,l/dr; dI;scr,kkwrZwr;wv; êbv:tQcr;s/mr
lKnrno Cpv:bqnrZwr;hwr: edawrnibr.b/nr,gfv,ywr.& noywr.>
boz:wo;Cpv:wnr:mv:k lKnrs/mrmUnr:
boz:wo;Cpv: wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:no. edlo;wv; mI:mv:jqmrmKwr;
b/nrCpv:nnr.yU,ywr.> w/o:esCpv:bqnrZwr; awrnibr.b/nr,gfv,
ywr.egv; edv,tJcrmv:wnr:mKwr;no. Z/wr:budr.gU;dI;< gU;w/nr;< gU;
mKcr:egv; lo;aznrgnr sJbr,hqdr:bzo:mU:jv: wo;Cpv:wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:
no.mv:yU,es,es,ywr.>
lKnrs/mrmUnr: dI;mKcr:sI,'wr,
dI;mKcr:sI,'wr,nnr. ebv:tJcrwnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:mv:jJcr
gUnr:Z/wr:budr.dI;mKcr:sI,'wr,kwr aznrgnr"crkwr;nmr.nUmr: sT,
elv:m/gr,b/wr.es gfv,lU,d/nr:tJcr dI;Rh/nr:scr,kv,kwrZwr; dI;
wdrx< ywr.egv; kwraznrgnrhbr.sinrhv;< sinrbQdr,El; tzmr,Cdv:
yU,ywr.> kwr;nmr.nUmr:no. p/o,pv,sv,sI,'wr,kwr Wcr.wv; @ gIRi
b/dr.# noywr.>
lKnrs/mrmUnr: dI;mKcr:to:
Z/wr:budr.dI;nT:mKcr:to:kwregv; wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:no. kwr
yumr,ymrnbr.sznr,wo.wv; bqnrwnr:yicr;yT,wnr;nJcr;noes Wcr.wv;
@wnr:mv:kbU,Zv,# bU,eZv,Cpv: wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:noywr.> ebv:tJcr
wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:mv:jJcr Z/wr:budr.nT:mKcr:to:kwr aznrgnrhqdr:
g/nrlI so,b/dr,lzcr:szmr:< kwr;wdr.hbr.sinr< tzmr,Cdv:< hqdr:
d/cr:lU,y/dr,nmr. EpgusUwr,yU,ywr.> ebv:tJcr'wrkmr;mv:nojJcr
kwrsmr.aznrgnr jbr:Fo:dqnr:es (mv:wqnrtqnr:) mv:lqbr;wi
h/nr,< simr,< amr,nnr gzcr:mU:< eZ,dI,s/mrWbr;esywr. wo/:nnr.
smr. aznrgnrmv:wo;sv Zwr;dUnrkU:lUcrkwryU,ywr.>
lKnrs/mrmUnr: dI;mKcr:do:
dI;mKcr:do:hwr:egv; lo;mI:b/crbzo:bU,ejv, wo;Cpv:wnr:lKnr
s/mrmUnr:mKnrbKnr;ncr,gwr,> bI;nzcr.j/wr:kKwr:do:hwr:egv; ebv:tJcr
wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:nnr. aznrgnrhqdr:d/cr:lU,kwr;yv,gu gU;”Knr:
“inr:es mKwr:lzcr:kwr;yv,guEl;kwr;szmr: dmr;dI;Zwr;Rh/nr:scr,
kv, nKwrwdr.nKwrwv:El; hqdr:bzo:judr,Fo:gzcrlUwres bU,ejv,Cpv:
bqnrZwr; Wcr.wv; @ boz:lU,lUwr # noyU,ywr.>
lKnrs/mrmUnr: dI;mKcr:m/nr;
Z/wr:budr.dI;mKcr:m/nr;kwregv; lo;aznrgnrhqdr:s/cr; bzo:
bU,ejv, wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr: mKnrjKcr.ncr,Z/wr:budr. gU;jKwr:jKwr:
yU,> ebv:tJcrwnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:nnr. kwraznrgnrhqdr:kwr;yv,gu
hcr:pThcr:mnr:es gfv,lU,d/nr: dI;Rh/nr:scr,kv,kwrjwr; dI;
wdr.dI;wv:El; aznrgnrgfv,d/cr,szmr: dI;gzcr:mU:lUcrsUYr,dgucr,
anrmI:nT:wqcr:dv;gucr;nnr.yU,ywr.> nnr.Wcrxwv; @ tmr,mEn:bzo: #
noywrx>
lJnr:sudr:Ed. gUnr:Z/wr:budr.gU;dI;dI;< guU;w/nr;w/nr;<
gU;mKcr:mKcr: aznrgnrhqdr:s/cr; dv,bU,ejv,Cpv: nT:wnr:mv:klKnr
s/mrmUnr: hcr:pThcr:mnr:wo.yU,> nT:lzcr;hqdr:lzcr;s/cr;jKwr:nnr.
dI;nJcr;El;dI;nJcr; bigr.smr.wv; mnr:mI:lzcr;bQgr,bKcr;gnraidr:
aI;noesdv.egv; Zudr:yKcr:m/oEd. bqnrlzcr;yKcr:ZU: dv,wo;sv
tJcr Cpv:bqnrZwr;nnr.lznr.lznr.ywr.>
Reference:
1. ประเพณีสิบสองเดือน ลานนาไทย มณี พยอสยงค. มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม พิมพครัง้ ที่
2. Yuvabuddhikasara Vol-33. No- 2, the Buddhapadipa
Temple, Wimbledon, London, 2005.
3. Alec Robertson, Significance of the Full Moons in
Buddhism, Buddhist Culture Centre Publication,
Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, 1998.
4. Sri Achariya Buddharakkhita, Dhammapada, Buddha
Vacana Trust, Maha Bodhi Society, Sri Lanka, 1995.
Olyf: trf,eef uGmrf:
qof;eef,awj:zj,O qgrfOSif
uGmrf:erf:
efG:ygwf:wgef;wlofulef:pof:eh. ayj:seoj;Olyf:eh. yAef
tefckduf.crf,vrf,vgif; wj,ulef:pof:sw.sw.eh vSyf;awtrf,
zdwf:/ yduf.Orf.yAefulef:tj. trf,arjvmwf;uGmrf:auj; ref:awj;
trf,vgwf;udefcof;/ Olyf:eh. yAeftefpefvDxmif,qSif;aOyldef;?
cof;umefaOyldef;? pAwf:umeferfaOyldef;ehauj; oj;vh;bof;/ yAef
yldifvlif wj,wlofqof;uof,ulnf:trf,uj: wj,yldef;wif:erfauj; yAef
tefqfG.umefvh;sw.sw.bof;/ ugyf;eh awwSrf;seuGj, Olyf:sv;
uGmrf:? ej;umefOlyf:uGmrf:? acj;Oif,Ogef tefuAof,uyf:vlnf; vgif;
Olyf:uGmrf:? zgef:vDOlyf:uGmrf:? zgef:phm.Olyf:uGmrf:sv; acj;'mif. wj,
Olyf:uGmrf: qldof:eh.bof;/
Olyf:sv;uGmrf:
Olyf:sv;uGmrf:eh. yduf.Orf.yAefzfGyAefref:aOwj. ayj:tof
Ozj,ouGmrf:wh:pof:oj;sw. yAeftefvAofuefulnf:/ rldefeif, ]]Olyf:
vDOAifomef cmefurf:vfGauj;vDxgrf,/ Olyf:bAef,uGmrf:si; ayj: sr;
puf.wgef:qfG/ Olyf:vDuGmrf:imrf: xkdifbmrf:qif,vmwf;}}eh qldof:eh.
bof;/ zl;tefrD:Olyf: trf,rD:uGmrf: tefyAefulef:tj.eef.sw.
cSef:qfGref:rAof:ekdif;aO Orf.bmyf,qfGref:vhm:ekdif;bl,/ wj,aw
zdwf: oqDurf<OD,bldif;eef. vlrfqfGwj,ref:aOwj. wj,awcmef
vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAifomef Orfrjojqjeef. Orf.trf,yAefvh;eef.
Olyf: trf,eef uGmrf: \ 55
bof;/ oj;Hdofauj;vD wD;eh;Olyf:sv;uGmrf:eh. awoh.yAeftefvAof

uefaO wSrf;seuGj,bl,bof;/
ej;umefOlyf:uGmrf:
Olyf:uGmrf:eh.auj; ulef:pof:vh;qfG.wkdof:ref:erfsw.sw./
wj,P;tj,bkulef:pof: vh;bl,Oof:vdyf:yAefwlofbl,eh. vh;ykdif;tdif
Olyf:aO udefcof;udeferf. udeftj:pmefyefbl, ul;oef:oef:eef.
bof;/ vldofeef. qof;wlefapj:Twj:cofqof;vfG? qaI:apj:vduf;cof
vfG? zl;pAwf:arjaOjuGmrf:cofvfGqldof:eh. vh;tofOlyf:uGmrf: pAwf:yAef
wlduf,ph;vguf:ej:oh.bof;/ zl;arjvmwf;uGmrf:cSrf.eh.auj; yAefOAef;
wmif:vwf: wj,ckdef;bfG,ref:tefedkif;ehbof;/ Olyf:uGmrf:eh. rD:
ykef;zgef: ej;umefwArfxlef;oh. wj,ulef:pof:wj,aO,bof;/ Olyf:
eh. pAwf:P;yldef;qlrf:(qfGvD)auj; yAefref:/ pAwf:P;ydlef; rh;cD(qfG
trf,vD)auj; yAefref:bof;/ Olef:P;tgrf,vgrf;zgrf.uefauj; yAef
ref:/ blif:sO,P;wSuf,qwf.bhm;uefauj; yAefref:bof;/ pAwf:P;
yldlef; puf.Nrfqlrf: wgef;qof;uof,auj; yAefref:bof;/ pAwf:P;yldef;
rldof,qmef;qif:qmifqof;uof,auj; yAefref:bof;/ efG:uGmrf:uyf:xkuf,
rmef;cofauj; rD:oh.oj; ]]pum;aMumif.ao? EIwfaMumifhaus}} eh
bl,bof;/
acj;Oif,Ogef tefuAof,uyf:vlnf; vgif;Olyf:uGmrf:
efG:yj,vdqof;Okwfwedyjw? rpjoufu? OkwfOkzjOdw
eef. Tzj:yAefqof;apj:oh. vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAifomef OD,bldif;-(1)
awvh;vmwf; uGmrf:vDuGmrf:imrf:ulnf:? uGmrf:trf,vDtrf,imrf:eef.
awtrf,vh;vmwf;/ (2) awvh;vmwf;uGmrf: tefuAof,uyf:xrf:
eef.ulnf:? uGmrf:teftrf,uAof,uyf:xrf:eef. awtrf,vh;vmwf;/
(3) awvh;vmwf; uGmrf:tefvDpuf.vDySif:eef.ulnf:? uGmrf:tef
trf,vDpuf.vDySif:eef. awtrf,vh;vmwf;/ (4) awvh;vmwf;
tefqkdof;qfG;ref:ulnf:? uGmrf:teftrf,qkdof;trf,qfG;eef. aw
trf,vh;vmwf;/ vgif;vmwf;uGmrf: tefwArfxlef;vlnf; tif,uj,OD,
bldif;eh. yAefvgif;vmwf;uGmrf:vDbof;/ trf,qkdof; vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:
trf,vD/ wmif:zdwf:auj; trf,rD:ehbof;/ urf:eef qof;oifUDOeh.
tofacj;uj,xj, tefxkuf,rSef;aO bgif;abj:oj;-
]]Olyf:uGmrf:tefeh. qof;uof,auj; trf,yAefwmif:rh;qfG/ yldef;
wmif,qldof:auj; trf,iSef:aO:/ xkuf,vDvh;vmwf; uGmrf:tefeef.
ulnf:/ wD;sw.ref: uGmrf:tefeef. yAefuGmrf:vDOAifomefbof;/
uGmrf:tefeh. qkdrf.cof;efG:tluf:efG:qfGaO vh;rSef;qfGNrf
qlrf:bof;/ zl;auj.tef vmwf;uGmrf:tefeh.eef. trf,yj:uGmrf:
tefcSifqj:phm.vldif:aO ulnf:vmwf;uGmrf: tefyldef;wmif,qldof: puf.
Nrfqlrf:wgef;eef.bof;/ ukdif,vDvmwf;uGmrf: tefyldef;wmif,qldof:
vDpuf.vDxkuf,rSef;qfGeef.ulnf:bof;/
wD;sw.ref: uGmrf:tefqkdof;qfG;eh. rldefuefwif:vh;qmrf,
ylnf; tIOj,wmif:udefzDbof;/ vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:qkdof;qfG;qldif.eheh.
yAefOazj:xrf,rwj,rj: qArfrldof;ul;yguf;yguf;bof;/ zl;ulef:vDcofeh.
bl,ref;oh. wD;efG:zgef:Twj:tefqkdof;qfG;eef.vfG? vgif;wmif:Twj:
tefqkdof:qfG;eef.vfGehbof;/
Tzj:yAefqof;eh. wj,Mwf;xkdif edyf.ymef,eef.sv;Oif?
wj,pAwf:P;vgif;cmefqfGOkwf:ohm:eef.sv;Oif vmwf;uGmrf:tef
trf,rD:az:eh.bof;/ efG:uGmrf:wif:OAif;eef. uGmrf:tefeh.ulnf:
yAefuGmrf:tefrSwf;wgef:bof.apj:## ehbof;/
wD;efG:tifukwfwIedujb OkwfOif,up? tefseoh. vgif;
bkuf.bgif;OD,bldif;eef.auj; cof;yj:oh. ayboQfQ vgif;awvh;
vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAifomef uGmrf:vDpuf.vDySif: awj,yIdOmwf;wif:vhm
bl,/ wj,awyAefrj: uGmrf:vDpuf.vDySif:eh. vlof,vh;so;ySwf; avj:z?
awj:O? arj:p? rj,eaO awvh;rD:rAwf.wj, (vgif;puf.ySif:)? uJkej,
(vgif;tD:vl)? rkwdwj, (vgif;Nrfqlrf:) qldof:eh.aO vmwf;awj,yId

Omwf;pof:ehbof;/
efG:ruf;uif,ySwf,bldif; wD;OD,vOduf.cj,eef. cof;yj:oh.Orf
rjojqj teftdifeldof wmif:tD:vl(uJkej,)aO vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAif
omefeef.bl,/ Orfrjojqjeh. ygif,oj;-
1. trf,vmwf;uGmrf:ySwf.vSefyldifekdif;?
2. trf,vmwf;uGmrf:cj.chmuef? uGmrf:qif:uGmrf:sO. tef
qmif;pAwf:P;ulef:Ogifauj. trf,eef ulef:efG:qkrf: ayj:
wSuf,bhm;uef? zdwf:uef? trf,zgrf.zAif,uefeef.yldif
ekdif;?
3. trf,vmwf;uGmrf:cSifvldif:? uGmrf:phm.uGmrf:ygif.uef? uGmrf:vj,
uef? uGmrf:qluf.wrfNofqfGyldef;eef.yldifekdif;?
4. trf,vmwf;uGmrf:yof,pmrf:vhm? teftrf,yefzgef:Oif?
tefulnf:pAwf:P;Okrf:cmof:Okrf:bmrf:eef.yldifekdif;
qldof:eh.bof;/
rldof;auj.ekdif; ildif.so; vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:zdwf:yldif; tefqmif;
wldof.clduf;yldef;eef. ref:wuf:awvh;vmwf; uGmrf:qkdof;qfG;? uGmrf:
xkuf,rSef;Nyldef;? uGmrf:rD:zgef:erf? uGmrf:tlef;tgef,? uGmrf:rD:wD;ygif,
aO rD:wmif:qhg;vldofuefeef.bof;/ auj.ekdif; trf,xkuf,vDvh; vj;
vD;vmwf;? ukdif,vDvmwf; rSef;cmof:rSef;bmrf:? rSef;wD;rSef;wmif:
eef.bl,bof;/ Oif,oj;auj.ekdif; trf,arjvmwf;uGmrf: cof;wmif:wkdof:
Oifeh tefvDaOyldef;eh. trf,vmwf;OifaObl,oh. bAefbAef
ehbof;/
uAof;uyf:vlnf; vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:eh. efG:tifUkwfwI yj,vd
qof;? wduedyjw? Okwf;UlxzjeDeef. seoh.oj; efG:avj:ueh.
rD:oh.ulef:(ykUfUv) Omrfyldif-
1. ulef:auj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:trf,vD thmOSofrldefcD;yldifedkif;?
2. ulef:auj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:vD thmOSofrldefrguf,yldifedkif;?
3. ulef:auj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:omef ayj:eif,erf.zkdif;eef.
yldifekdif;ehbof;/
(1) ulef:auj.rhmekdif;eh. yAefqldif.Hdofeh- efG:avj:ueh.
ulef:urf;zgif; tefrD:bl, efG:ymifygh:vmrf:eef.sv;Oif? efG:su;
umifyIdOmwf;eef.sv;Oif? efG:su;umif qmof:cldof:yD;egif.eef.
sv;Oif? efG:su;tlnf:auj.tlnf:aO;eef.sv;Oif? efG:su;umif
ckefcofeef.sv;Oif Mif.tofrj:aOoj; ]tlnf:auj. ... rj:sv;?
vmwf;tefqof;uof,N.eef.sv;} ehaO P;pAwf:zl;vmwf;se
vuf:xmefaO xmrfref:bof;/ ulef:auj.eef. ugyf;vgif;wmif:qof;
uof,sv;Oif? vgif;yldef;wmif,auj.sv;Oif? ugyf;vgif;Ol:vmyf; wmif:
udefwmif:bSrf.sv;Oif ]teftrf,N.eef. N.tldof;} ehsv;Oif?
]tefN.eef. trf,N.} ehsv;Oif? ]teftrf,pefeef. pef
tldof;}ehsv;Oif? ]tefpefeef. trf,pef} ehsv;Oif N.bl,aO
vmwf;uGmrf: trf,qkdof;trf,qfG;eef.bof;/
(2) ulef:auj.rhmOgifeh. (rldefeif, auj.rhmekdif;eif,uof,?

ulnf:ref:vmwf;oj;) ]teftrf,N.eef. trf,N.} ehsv;Oif?
]tefN.eef. N.tldof;} ehsv;Oif? ]teftrf,pefeef. trf,
pef} ehsv;Oif? ]tefpefeef. peftldof;} ehsv;Oif? N.bl,aO
trf,vmwf:uGmrf: teftrf,qkdof;trf,qfG;eef.bof;/
(3) auj.rhmOmrfeh. yAefqldif.pkdofeh- efG:avj:ueh. ulef:
urf;zgif;eh. zj;omif:_so;bmef uGmrf:phm.vldif:/ vmwf;uGmrf:tef trf,
rD:wmif:zdwf:? tefomefN? tefvDxgrf,? tefvDcof;qfG? tef
bAef,si;? tefulef:wif:erf xkuf,qfG rSef;qfG qldof:eef.bof;/
ulef:auj.eef. vh;oj; yAefauj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:omef ayj:eif,
erf.zkdif;ehbof;/
wD;efG: tifUkwfwI yj,vdqof;? ynfquedyjw? qwkwfx

yefejOu? ouf;YIpfre? Okwfojqjeef.auj; Tzj:yAefqof; apj:
oh.oj; uGmrf:tefwArfxlef;vlnf; tif,uj,pj;bldif;eh. yAefuGmrf:
vmwf;tefvDbof;/ trf,qfG;uGmrf:vmwf; teftrf,vD/ wmif:zdwf:
auj; trf,rD:/ zl;rD:ynf,nj,cofauj; trf,sO.Ogrf:ehbof;/ uGmrf:
tif,uj,pj;bldif;tefoj;eh.qrf.-
1. vmwf;uGmrf: P;Omif,xkuf,rSef;qgrf:cmof:bmrf: rldof;tefukdif,
vDvmwf;?
2. vmwf;uGmrf: tefqkdof;qfG; rmef,rSef;?
3. vmwf;uGmrf: tefbAef,si;tlef;tgef,?
4. vmwf;uGmrf: tefuAof,uyf:vlnf; vgif;zgef:vD?
5. vmwf;uGmrf: tefyj:qfGrAwf.wj, yAefqldof:eh.bof;/
Tzj:yAefqof;apj:xrf:yef ckeftQjwOwf vgif;Odef
qof;Ipmef: wD;efG:WDcedujb ODvufcefxoufu? Ojrnfnzv
Okwfw? wgef;qlvODveef. Oif,Ogefyj:oh. vgif;Olyf:uGmrf:eh.
oj;- ]]ckefvliftldnf:... efG:avj:ueh. Ipmef:cofqof; zj;_ildif.so;
ySwf; vgif;vmwf; teftrf,rmef,rSef;/ arjvmwf;uGmrf: tefrmef,
rSef;vhmvhmulnf:/ P;uGmrf:rmef,rSef;eif,uef uyf:uhm,uef? rD:uGmrf:
ref;uSef,? rD:uGmrf: tefukdif,vDbkrf,brf? trf,qfG; ulef:tefuof:
vSefavj:u (ulef:wif:vhm)/
zj;_ildif.so;ySwf; uGmrf:Olef:sO,eef.bof;/ eif,pkdofcof
qldof:eef.sv;cofqldof:eh. awwSuf,uefeef. xgrf,tofuGmrf: wD;
cofqldof:eef.aO trf,arjtofrj:vmwf; wD;cofqldof:eh./ eif,pkdof
cofqldof:eh.sv;cofqldof:eef. awwSuf,uefeef. xgrf,tofuGmrf:
wD;cofqldof:eh.aO trf,arjtofuGj,vmwf; wD;cofqldof:eef./ ugyf;
eef tefcofwSuf,uef qldof:eef.auj; arjtofMrf:uefbof;/ tef
cofzgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uefeef.auj; arjyefpSif:bof;/ arjbl,Oof:
wD;tefxkuf,rSef;uef? arjrlef;Oldof:qgrf: wD;tefxkuf,rSef;uef?
arjrSef;qfG wD;tefxkuf,rSef;uefeef.bof;/ arjvmwf;uGmrf: tef
pAwf:P; xkuf,rSef;uefbof;/
zj;omif:_ so;bmef uGmrf:phm.vldif:eef.bof;/ vmwf;uGmrf:
teftrf,rD:wmif:zdwf:? tefomefN? tefvDxgrf,? tefvDcof;qfG?
tefbAef,si;? tefulef:wif:erf xkuf,qfGqldof:eef.ulnf:bof./
zj;omif:_ildif.so; uGmrf:vdyf;uGmrf:zmif:eef.bof;/ arjvmwf;
rldof;tefOmif,xkuf,? rldof;tefqkdof;qfG;? tefrD:zgef:vD? tefugif.
uhm,uef wif:Twj:eef.ulnf:/ arjvmwf;vlnf; tefOif,Ogef
vhmvhm? rldof;Omif,xkuf,eef. vmwf;uGmrf: tefrD:pAwf,zlef? tef
rD:cgyf,rD:vSef? tefrD:zgef:vD? tefvDrhmwgif:eef.ulnf:}# eh
bof;/
Olyf:uGmrf:eh. qmif;zdwf:ihm;aO wlofsv;qfG/ efG:yj,vdauj;
seoh. ujburf<Omrfyldif? oqDurf<OD,yldif? raejurf<Omrfyldifeh umef
wmif:zdwf:Olyf:eh. erfaOyldef;/ uGmrf:wh:sw. vSyf;awoh. Olyf:
yAefbfG,sv; Olyf:? wlof? NofqfGeh tofOlyf:rj:tgefwmif:/ uGmrf:uyf:
xkuf,auj;oj;oh. ]puf.uefyldof;wmif:udef- qif:uefyldof;zguf,oj;} eh
puf.uefauj; bgef.yldof;ref:(Olyf:) vh;udefsv; qif,arjrkdwf;puf.
uef/ qif:uefauj; bgef.yldof;ref:oj;sv; qif,ayj:vh;qif:bmef
uefbof;/ cl:oj: zl;wSrf;vduf; uh.Oif,Ogefoj; ]bj,ayvmwf;uGmrf:
erf? bj,ayvmwf;uGmrf:bhgh;/ ayj:trf,ukdif,vDvmwf; bj,ayvmwf;/
uGmrf:erfeh. ayj:tofacj;ydef;zlefeh ygif,oj;urf:emrfehbof;/ zl;
auj.tefurf:emrfeh. ab;ref:uh.bdyf:uh.urf:auj; ab;xkuf,emrf
eef. qluf.OAyf,ref:cdkef:wduf:wduf:bof;/ ayj:trf,'mif.aO ukrf,
uGmrf:erfbl,eh awqmif;vmwf;yj: tefzdwf:tefyldif;aO pAwf:P;
ukef:rkefOaI,pof: wSrf,abj;uGj,vl:ugef,bof;/ uGmrf:bhg;eh. ab;
cSef:trf,vDbof;/ rdlefxkif:uGmrf:rD:oh.oj; ]vAef;uGmrf;bhg;trf,vh; rh;
yldef;qmif;qyf:pof:/ vmwf;bgh;ulef:rof? uof:bhg;ulef:vkef;}ehbof;/
oj;Hdofauj;vD uAof,vlnf;Olyf:uGmrf:eh. wj,awvDsv;wj,

awzdwf:eef. ref:tdifeldofaq,wej, auj.vmwf;ref:eif,uof,
bof;/ ayj:trf,yj:qfG trf,yj:aq,wej,aO vmwf;uGj,eh zgef:vD
auj; awtrf,rD:? zgef:qj.auj;awtrf,yAefeif,uof,/ rldefeif,
ulef:auj.ekdif; efG:qfGsw.trf,yj: pAwf:uAif;rj:vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAif
omef bgrf.qfGyldef;? cfG;P;yldef;bgif;? yldef;yAefqfGpof:rj:ehaO vmwf;
bl,eef. ugyf;wlnf:ej;wjulef:vmwf;ref:eef. N.vh;bl,sv;
awyAefuGj, rldefeif,oj; ]uGmrf:omefcef:? trf,eef Olyf:omefulef;
Olrf; bl,Nrf;trf,vD} eheef.ulnf:bof;/ ugyf;eh wj,awvmwf;vh;
uGmrf:vDOAifomefeh. vlof,vh;zj;omif:ySwf; qfGavjz? awjO? arjp?
rjesv; qfGtrf,vDwif:OAif;aO awvh;rD:qfGOkdof;blof:? yj:aqw
ej? rAwf.wj,aOvmwf;ugef, qif,qmif;vh;zgef:vDref: wArfxlef;
bof;/
awj;eif,eef ayj:trf,yj: qfGaq,wej,phm.aOvmwf;
rldefeif, ayj;sr; ygif.qj.vkuf;vmif:? TOj,cl:Ogef Oif,Ogefvkuf;
egif.qldof:eef.sw. awtrf,yAefwmif:zdwf:oqDurf<(Olyf:uGmrf:)
eif,uof,/ e[:ODvufcefxoufu twfxuj,xj,eef. wlofbmif,ref:
seoh.- rD:tgef,qhm: tefwkdofuGmrf:ayj;sr;auj.ekdif; pjcfG;uGj,tSof,
vmof:efG:xldef,sv; sr;ref:oj; bj,ayuGj,? rj:ckdef:sv;ehauj;
trf,rj:aO wkdofuGj,wduf:wduf:sv; sr;ref:oj; ayj:rfG:uGj,efG:xldef,
P;uGj,nj:uGhm:xldef,phm.vlif ywf.rfG:whmaOurf:ehbof;/ zldof,tgef,
qhm:eef. zSofuGj,efG:xldef,eh uGhm:xldef,phm.vlifwlofekdif; rj:pjywf.
ref:urf:vAofbof;/ tgef,qhm:eef. ulofspaO trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdof/
qif,wldif,uGmof,uGmrf:Owf.qj,oj; ]bj,P;yAef qgrf:eif,Olyf:uGmrf:sr;
pof:eef.aO P;yAefqgrf:eif, umifqfGefG:tluf: sr;pof:eef.aO
urf:} ehbof;/ urf:eef. uGhm:xldef,phm.vlifeef.auj; odef,Nofref:
yhm;uGj,urf:vAofbof;/ efG:tluf:efG:qfGayj;sr;eh. wdkef:rD:rAwf.wj,oh.
eldofvkuf;vmif:oh.wj,aO,eef.bof;/
zgef:vDOlyf:uGmrf:
Olyf:uGmrf:eh. ayj:arjqfG.wkdof: ref:auj; awyAefzgef:vDrj:
wj,qof;uof,sw.sw./ zl;auj.tef ildif.so;zj;omif:ySwf;vh; oqD
urf<ODbldif;- (1) vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:ySwf.vSef(rkOjojW)? (2) vgif;
vmwf;uGmrf: blif:sO,bj.uof: wmif:puf._clof:vAif:yldef; rj:yAefwmif:
puf._clof:vAif:pof:(ydOkeojqj)? (3) vgif;vmwf;uGmrf:cSifvldif: uGmrf:
ygif.uGmrf:vj, uGmrf:qluf.uGmrf:wrf(zJkOojqj) sv; (4) vgif;vmwf;
uGmrf:yof,uGmrf:pmrf: trf,vh;erf.vh;wlof trf,rD:zgef:vD(Orfzyfy
vjyojqj)qldof:eh. zgef:vDref: qmif;Mwf;rldif:zD? vh;yAefulef:vD
zDrSwf;? trf,vh;cmrf,wmif:yldef;sO.Ogrf: rmyf,rfG vgif;uGmrf:trf,
qkdof;trf,qfG;? tlnf:auj.tlnf:aO;vldif,erf? bl,wD;vfGauj; vh;
idef:OAifvDOAifomef OAiftefxkuf,NrSef;qfG? vmwf;uGmrf:brf rD:
atj:Qj,trf:emwf; yldef;bkrf,brf yAefqldof:eh.bof;/ vldofeef.
E[:ckwfwuyjx twfxuj,xj, yxrOdufcj,yweef.auj; seoh.
zgef:vD vgif;tefvh;so;bmef uGmrf:ySwf.vSef rdlefeif,yj;wfG;
qldof:eh.bof;/ zl;auj.tef so;bmefrkOjojWeef. awrD:zgef:
vD-
1. vmwf;uGmrf:yD,zAef;vD (rD:OAifqkdef;OAifomef)?
2. cAof;zAif,yAif:pmif;vD?
3. thmOlyf:Mrf?
4. OAifomefvD (uGmrf:vmwf;pof: omefNyldef;? yldef;cfG;xgrf,)?
5. tdef,waI, (wj? N? cl:vif? vdef.? wlof) qdkef;qmif,
rlwf:OfGpmif;vD?
6. pmif;zmifwlofcdif: wArfxlef;vSyf;vof:pmif;vD (trf,ayj:
yguf:ayj:Okif? trf,ayj:bgrfayj:yD: rD:pmif;zmifwlofcdif:
Omif,xkuf,)?
7. rD:atj:qj,trf:emwf;?(qmuf;Olyf:vmwf;uGmrf:)
8. uGmrf:brfvD (pof:vmwf;Oifauj; yldefbkrf,brfpyf.tof)?

9. cAof; Nduf, vdef. rlwf:OfGvD ( trf,rD:aIj:uj, qAyf:OSyf,)?
10. trf,rD:qfGcfG;vmwf; uGmrf:phm.uGmrf:vldif:?
11. trf,yAefulef:vduf:vguf:aO wlofqfGedrfref;vD/
zgef:vDOlyf: efG:uGmrf:uyf:xkuf,auj; seoh.eif,eh- ]Olyf:
qmif;abj: acj:udeftdrf,? Olyf:qmif;oj; rj,yhvhm/ xkuf,vmwf;qif,
vmwf; yldef;rmwf;yAefulef:vD/ arjtkyf,Okdof.vh;ayj:? arjabj:
Okdof.vh;uj;/ arjtkyf,arjch; vh;auj.aO;erf/ qmif;vmwf;bgrf.qfG
zfGidef:auj;bkrf.} eh qldof:eh.bof;/
zgef:phm.Olyf:uGmrf:
Olyf:uGmrf:eh. ayj:trf,arjqfG.wkdof:auj; awyAefzgef:phm. rj:
wj,qof;uof,ckdef:bl,trf,pmif./ teffOlyf:uGmrf: qmif;zdwf:aO
vh;zgef:phm.eef. rD:OD,bldif;eh efG:tifUkwfwIedujb? twfxu
edyjw? WjeoUfU? WkqfqIdwodyju seoh.oj; zl;auj.tefzdwf:
oqDurf<OD,bldif;eef. zgef:phm.tefwkdef:awvh;xlyf: efG:OrfO
Ijeh. (1) qmif;uGj,wluf:ij;Ihm:? (2) qmif;uGj,yAefOwf:wdIdqfOmef?
(3) qmif;uGj,yAefyAwf.wj,bl,bof;/ ayj:oj;ylef.vgwf; OmrfwD;eh.
bof.aO rj:yAefulef:ckdef:ehauj;-
(1) zl;auj.tef uh.vmwf;uGmrf:ySwf.vSefyldef;eef. zgef:
phm.wD;wSrf,Okwf:ref: qmif;vh;cmrf,wmif:yldef;rmyf,rfG vgif;uGmrf:trf,
qkdof;trf,qfG;/
(2) zl;auj.tef vmwf;uGmrf:cj.chmuef? uGmrf:qif:uGmrf:sO.
tefqmif;pAwf:P; ulef;Ogifauj. trf,eef ulef:efG:qkrf:ayj:wSuf,
bhm;uef? zdwf:uef? trf,zgrf.zAif,uefeef. zgef:phm.wD;wSrf,
Okwf:ref: qmif:vh;zmwf,bmef pmrf:zmeftlnf:auj.tlnf:aO;/
(3) zl;auj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:cSifvldif:? uGmrf:phm.uGmrf:ygif.uef?
uGmrf:vj,uef? uGmrf:qluf.wrf NofqfGyldef;eef. zgef:phm.wD;wSrf,
Okwf:ref: qmif;uh.vh;idef: OAiftrf,vD teftrf,xkuf,NrSef;qfG/
(4) zl;auj.tef vmwf;uGmrf:yof,pmrf:vhm? teftrf,yef
zgef:Oif? tefulnf:pAwf:P; Okrf:cdif,Okrf:bmrf:eef. zgef:phm.
wD;wSrf,Okwf:ref: qmif;vh;yAefzl;vmwf;uGmrf:trf,brf trf,tgif,
yldef;trf,cfG;xgrf,eef.bof;/ vldofeef. ayj:ckdef:ydef;tof vgif;
zgef:vD rkOj,oj,wtefseoh. e[:ckwf.wu yjwtwfxuj,xj,?
yxrOdufcjyWeef.eh wj,zl;auj.tef vmwf;uGmrf:ySwf.vSefyldef;
eef. yAefrj:zgef:phm.eif,eh-
1. vmwf;uGmrf:trf,yD,zAef;vD (OAiftrf,qkdef;trf,omef)?
2. cAof;pmif;qj. trf,zAif,yAif:vD?
3. thmOlyf:rAef?
4. OAifqj.ymuf,qmif (uGmrf:vmwf;pof: cwf:Nyldef;? yldef;
trf,cfG;xgrf,)?
5. tdefwaI,(wj? N? cl:vif? vdef.? wlof) trf,qkdef;
qmif, trf,rlwf:OfG pmif;qj.)?
6. pmif;zmifwlofcdif: blyf;bgrf: pmif;qj. (yAefulef:yguf:ej,
OkifeSef,? bgrfuSif: yD:ylef. trf,vDbArf;vDwlnf:)?
7. trf,rD:atj:qj,trf:emwf;?
8. uGmrf:trf,brf (pof:vmwf;Oifauj; yldef;trf,bkrf, trf,
pyf.tof)?
9. cAof; Nduf, vdef. trf,rlwf:OfG (uh.rD:aIj:uj, qAyf:OSyf,)?
10. rD:qfGcfG;vmwf; uGmrf:phm.uGmrf:vldif:wj,aO,?
11. yAefulef:vmwf;bgh;vduf:vguf:aO wlofqfGtrf,ref;edrf/
zgef:phm.Olyf:eh. uGmrf:uyf:xkuf,auj;oj;oh. ]rD:Olyf:trf,arj
vmwf; vdef.ugwf,ymwf;xldofacj:/ qmif;wgyf,xAifqj: uGmrf:pj:trf,
brf/ ygif.vkuf;ygif.vmef cmefqfGawj,xof;} qldof;eh. yAefzgef;phm.

Olyf:uGmrf:bof;/
acj;'mif. wj,Olyf:uGmrf:
Olyf:uGmrf:eh. awvh;tofqfG.ref:bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:sv; sw,
qArfayj;sr;yD;egif. bl,Nrf;Ndef:vAofuef? cl:Ogefsv;vkuf;egif.?
tlnf:auj.tlnf:aO; bl,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:uefqldof:eef. P;ayj:xkuf,
arjazj:uGmrf:uef? bj,P;rD:vgif;qfGySuf,yldif;uefeef. yldifvlifref:
awvh;so;bmef uGmrf:cmefoqDurf<OD,bldif;aO cwf:qfGtofuGmrf:
Orfrjojqj acj;Oj,OAifomef cmefvmwf;awj,uefuGj,bl,bof;/ wD;
eh; zl;wSrf;vduf; awtofuGmrf:uyf:xkuf,urf;zgif; tef'mif.yef
wj,Olyf:uGmrf:eef. zmuf,wgef;yefzl;vlvduf;pof:cof P;yAefwD;vD
ckuf:qfGvh; wj,'mif.Olyf:uGmrf: ul;wj,aO,aObof. bj,P;vh;wSuf,
bhm;bmefuef bgef.Olyf:uGmrf:? P;vh;tgrf,vgrf;zgrf.uef puf.Mrfuef
bgef.Olyf:uGmrf:aOurf: ... /
uGmrf:uyf:xkuf, tef'mif.yef wj,Olyf:uGmrf:
1. uh.ygif.uh.xj. ab;qj.ab;wkdof/
2. umef.vmwf;sw.vmwf;oj; Orf.yhg,ej;ygh,vif/
3. udefcof;pof: vmwf;cldof:yldef; erf.ildof;Oldef;xkdifqduf:/
4. uGmrf:vh;oj; zj.vh;ruf: rmuf,pdefpuf: trf,uyf:vh;/
5. cSuf,vDch;Twj: cSuf,qj.rj:cj.yldef;/
6. acj;qkdof;OAiftrf,qfG; zfGauj;trf,cfG;xgrf,/
7. clef.wlduf,ej:bldof;eof; clef.uGmrf:uof,zdwf:uef/
8. qfG;sw.qif,ch; vh;pefqif,tkyf,/
9. qmif;se:qmif;ygif. uh.Ogif.ymh;uef/
10. awvmwf;tkdeferf.vhm: auj.qhm:olef.qgwf,qgwf,/
11. xj.uefqmif;Ogif. ygif.uefqmif;yhm;/
12. erf.OmrfOlyf:tkdwf:vh; ulef:OmrfOlyf:ch;qgwf,oAif:/
13. yh,pefbj,eSwf;oj; uj;idef:bj,eSwf;bkrf,/
14. rD:Olyf:vlof,arjvmwf; bj,rmwf;yldef;rofrmif/
15. rSef;bmrf:qif,vmwf; rSef;xmwf;qif,udef/
16. tkdeferf.vhm:Omrfzof, olef.qfGuof,qif,vmwf;/
17. trf,ygif,auj;vmwf;qgrf: trf,bgrf:auj; N.vldof/
zkdeftdif
1. vkif:wmif:su:? tykrf,ygwf:sv;uGmrf:uyf:xkuf,? olif:oef:? oAif:
wlef;wD:/
2. Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught, Sri Lanka,
1996.
3. ckWfWuedujb? Okwfwedyjw yj,vdqof;? urf,zj,at:? wj;
ukif;? 2001/
4. ckWfWuyjxtwfxuxj? urfzj,at:? wj;ukif;? 1958/
5. tifUkwfwI yj,vdqof;? y? Wk? w? urf,zj,at:? wj;ukif;? 2003?
1955? 1997/
6. WDcedujb ODvufcefxoufu (ydef,rmef;)? urfzj,at:?
wj;ukif;? 1996/
7. ODvufcefxoufutwfxuxj? urf,zj,at:? wj;ukif;? 1996/
wmif:pefxkdifykwf.x eldofyhm:rmuf;rD:
s/mrsQcr gqcr:ducr
gf/mr:nmr:
gUnr:hwr:m/cregv. pU;anrlqbr;hqnr: tmr:Cdv:jwr;aidr:
aznr,aI; hqnr:amr,tJcrdI; sznramr,tJcrbo/kwrjKwr:nnr. jcr,
aznrgnrwv; @@tmr:Cdv:jwr;no. ehv:dv,jwr;aRhnr,(Rhnr:dv,)
kwrlo/lo/gUYr:< dv,gUnr:”inr:amr,bv:##noegv; mI:> m/cregv.smr.wv;
@@tmr:Cdv:jwr;no. Enwo.d/cr:dugr.klo/lo/< amr,mI: lzcr;sKwr:jT
mQnr;jTscresaidr:##ncr,no> m/cregv.egv;wv; @@tmr:Cdv:jwr;no.
amr,bnrd/cr:kJnr;yT,esamr,gv: bo/mv:Eh.h/mr; d/cr:kJnr;yT,lU:
gznr,##noywr.> gUnr:jKwr:anrwv; jKcr.ncr,nono. mKnrgUnr:dv
wzdr,”gr:egv. gmr:Yv:j/cr.nnr.ywr.> kwrjKwr:nnr. gmr:Yv:dI;
lTegv; l/dr;lidr;lUcrgfv, gv;wv;gv;bqnr jzmr:ncr,lo;gmr:Yv:mQnr;
nnr.> anrkwrwv;nnr. dI;lTdI;nnr; amr,jT;lumr:lumr:Ed.
amr,wv; jT;yU,aidr:aI;> gUYr:gv; amr,jT;mUdr:>
no.egv;edv;nnr yznr.bKwr; d/cr:”.nT:Cdv:nnr. bo,dqmr
tUnr;El; gf/mr:jKwr:nnr. jcr,azgr,mv:yU,> dI;Ed.mnr: nT:ekv;
scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;no. mnr:mI:wo.gU;bKcrbKcr mKnrncr,lzcr;kunr<
lzcr;munrjwr;< lzcr;gUnr:”inr:< lzcr;sJgr:lzcr;sKwr< lzcr;gv.lzcr;ko/<
lzcr;kJnr;yT, j/dr;no.j/dr;nv; Ed,jqmrjKwr:no.gfv,nnr.ywr;>
nmr.b/cr,l/o,no. bigr.smr.wv; mnr:nmrnv,noesdv.egv; mI:aR
sv, anrjqmr:mqwr:lqwrgUYr:> edv;nnrncr,gwr, ekv;scr,sznr
budr.tjwr; anrbqnrtmrmEl; winyno.egv; bigr.smr.wv; mnr:
mI:yU,bQQdr,mJnr,sI,hqcrnoesdv. dI;yKcr:a/nr:mnr:Ed. mI:ekv;
lqwr anrwv; @lzcr;azgr,bUnr. # (wimudrdi) nonnr.gUYr:ywr.> 1 lzcr;
azgr,bUnr.anrwv;no. bzcr,wv; azgr,bUnr.nT:smr,sRv,nnr.ywr.>
gUYr:gv; mKwr;bo,bUnr.smr,sRv,lo;nnr. gU;lzcr;lzcr; edlo;yU,
jKcr.’iwr< ginrjKcr.’iwranrwv;nnr. nT:ekv;scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;
no. dJnr:Enbnr sqnr;dv;so/d/cr:mnr:wo.yU,> dI;no; edsJbr,
l/dr;En d/cr:hnrtJcrbudr.tjwr; nKwrbo/:m/gr;mI:nnr.gUYr:
ywr.>
nT:acrgudrdRnigvynnr. Enwo.d/cr:mucr;mzcr:gUnr:hwr:
sI,bKcryU,<
1. H;mI:cJnr:mI:kmr:esgmr: (epvgv em aubbjrjnrdu sh
tmremn)>
2. H;jJwr;sqcrlJwr:lcresgmr: (yesv em avgjrsdu sh
YvdIhi shaubjrsveyhi)>
3. H;av,yuyJnr:y/wr:esgmr: (jiRmr jiwvmi dI,kmv,yumr bv
elmi)>
4. wo/:essqcr;gmrO H;Wdr;tJcrdI;lI dI;mQdr;esgmr: (gvysr
sepdv bRmrr mRnv sugdimr sgrgmrelvgmr aubgjr
svmi)> 2
pTpTegv; kT;mI:cJnr:< kT;H;jJwr;sqcryT,< kT;H;bKnr;”.jgr:
nmr< kT;H;av,yuyJnr:y/wr:< kT;Wdr;tJcr dI;lIdI;mQdr;gUYr:gUYr:
ywr.> gUYr:gv; d/cr:mucr;mzcr:sI,bKcrno. aicrnKwrbo/:m/gr;mI:El; ebv:
bo/:m/gr;mI: amr,dqmrtUnr;jJcr dv,edlo;d/cr:mucr;mzcr:nnr. y/br,
1
Culavagga, Vinaya-pitaka, p. 423.
2
Anguttara-nikaya (=A), ed. R. Morris and E. Hordy, 5 Volomes
London: PTS, 1885- 1990, 11. 66.
wmif:pefxkdifykwf.x eldofymh:rmuf;rD: \ 69
yU,ed.ed.> ebv:g/nrm/gr;mI: amr,gQnr,kQcrmnr;gJmr:jJcr dUcr,wKcr:

gUnr:hwr:no. edlo;tUbr:Yv: lzcr;d/cr:y/br,pJdr, lzcr;amr,tugr,
jTmQnr;jTnnr. dcr:nmryU,amr,h/cr.ywr.> dv,edlo; d/cr:mucr;
mzcr:sI,bKcrno. aznrd/cr:sudr: edlo;hqdr:H;g/nrm/gr;mI: hwr:dqmr
dqmr tUnr;tUnr;gznr, jcr,edj/cr;bqnrlo;> bKcrlUcrmnr: dv,ed
lo;d/cr:mucr;mzcr:lUcrsI,bKcrno. mnr:jugr:wo.nKwrbo/:m/gr;mI:nnr.
gmr;bv;nmryU,>
gbr:go/,lUYr;bo/:m/gr;mI:no. nT:acrgudrdRnigvy sudr;
anrtnnr.wv;wo. nT:elv:gno. mI:gUnr:s/mregv.> kwrs/mregv.
nnr. bqnrgUnr:dvwzdr,< gUnr:mI:dvkznrlqwrEl; gUnr:mI:dvszcr
kznrnoywr.> 3 gUnr:dvwzdr,anrwv;nnr. mnr:bzcr,wv; bqnrgUnr:
amr,”.lzgr:lo/:hvcJnr:< lzgr:lo/:jT.jo/,cJnr:nnr.ywr.> gUnr:mI:
dvkznrlqwranrwv;nnr. bqnrgUnr:emvhvcJnr:lo/lo/es smr.amr,
emvjT.jo/,cJnr:nnr.ywr.> gUnr:mI:dvszcrkznrno. bqnrgUnr: anr
emvhvcJnr:kmr:esamr,gv: smr.mI:bv:bo/:wUnr.lI edlo;hqdr:’iwrjT.<
edlo;hqdr:’iwrdJwr:nonnr.ywr.> nT:kwrjKwr:nnr. gUnr:anrmI:
dvszcrkznrno. gLv.esbKnr;sudr:sudr:es smr.bqnregv.anrCpv:
bqnrjwr; lo;jTnnr.ywr.> hwr:dcr:lo/ tugr,lIkdr:jT H;ebv:bqnr
mv:lo;mKnrncr, gUnr:mI:dvszcrkznrnnr.yU,ywr.>
gUnr:hwr:m/cregv.egv.no. edhqdr:’iwrhvcJnr: edlo;hqdr:
‘iwrlo;cJnr:anrwv;nnr. amr,”.lzgr:lo/:mnr:esaidr:< yznr.
bKwr;mnr:El; lo;cJnr:mv:anrwv;nnr. amr,mI:esbzgr;> mnr:amr,
”.lo/:hvesamr,gv: lo/:jT.jo/,egv; mnr:amr,”.> mnr:jo/,cJnr:
yU,noesdv. mnr:amr,emvjo/,ncr,bKnr;< jo/,pUwr.jo/,pv.< jo/,
amr,lo;lzcr;lodv< anrtugr,lIsJwr.nnr. smr.amr,sJwr.< anr
3
Anguttara-nikaya, Vol- 1, p.128- 129.
amr,tugr,lIsJwr.nnr. smr.gfv,sJwr.< jo/,amr,”.po/,”.lQnrnnr.
ywr.> gUnr:jKcr.ncr,nono. Wcr.wv; gUnr:dvwzdr,(anrt)noywr.>
gUnr:hwr:m/cregv. emvhvcJnr:yU,< lzgr:lo/:hvcJnr:egv; mnr:
hnrmnr:”.yU,< hvegv; hvlo;mv:yU,< gUYr:gv; amr,emvjT.jo/,nnr.
ywr.> edhqdr:’iwrjT. edlI< edhqdr:’iwrjT. edmQnr;anrwv;
nnr. mnr:amr,emvtdr:s/crdUYr:> anrno. bzcr,wv; mI:cJnr:kmr:
esdv.egv; amr,emvjT.noywr.> gUnr:jKcr.no Wcr.wv; gUnr:mI:dv
kznrlqwrnoyU,> egv.tUnr;s/mrEd. bqnrgUnr:anremvhvcJnr:El;
emvjT.jo/,cJnr:nnr.ywr.> gUnr:jKcr.no Wcr.wv; gUnr:mI:dvszcrkznr
noywr.>
cJnr:kmr:anrwv;no. amr,jT;wv;hvlo;co/;co/;< bqnrmqwr:anr
hvy/br,ed.ed.El; edlo;mI:gmr<< d/cr:kdr:jT hvawred.ed.
gznr, jcr,edj/cr;lo;ywr.> cJnr:kmr:no. ebv:”iwr,amr,lo ko:amr,
yzo.gzbr;mnr:jJcr amr,j/cr;lo;>4 sqnr;d/cr:hvcJnr:no. amr,mI:
sqnr;ldr:El; sqnr;d/cr:sKwr,mzgr,lv:lv:> edlo;hvawr k/wr:
d/cr:’icr’icresamr,gv: smr.edlo;kdr:jTawr y/br,y/br,pJdr,
pJdr,gznr, jcr,edj/cr;lo;> cJnr:kmr:no. tugr,lIhvawrhcr:pThcr:
mnr:yU,> gUYr:gv; H;tugr,mQnr;gUdr:m/oCdv:nnr. lIed.ed.> l/o:
hvcJnr:kmr: tugr,mQnr;gUdr:m/oCdv:no. amr,s/nrkdr:gnr dcr:ekv;
scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;El; budr.tjwr; bnrhQcr:ed.ed.ywr.>
mKnrncr, gv.k/ogUnr:< gv.k/oyv;wKwr,< gv.k/o gzcr;g/cr,< gv.k/oyv;pinr,
lwr; yv;mv.El; gv.k/odUwrmI:jTjKwr:no. bnrd/cr:dugr.k gUnr:dcr:
nmresamr,gv: hqdr:H;dUcr,wKcr:hwr: ebv:lo;dUgr:dQmr,jzmr:gfv,El;
lzcr;jKwr:no.Cpv: bqnrjwr;hwr: h/mr;sJwr.h/mr;k/owo.yU,> 5
4
Anguttara-nikaya , Vol- 2. 67.
5
Education for peace- The Buddha’s way- by Henry Weerasinghe,
1992. 69.
gqwr,lUYr;lzcr;hvcJnr:kmr:no. nT:smr,yudrdnigvynnr.
egv;Enwo. l/o:hvcJnr:s/mrbKcr< (1)hvamr,jzmr:Cdv: bnrd/cr:dugr.
kbKnr;< (2)hvjzmr:Cdv:esdv. bnrd/cr:dugr.kbKnr;< amr,nnr
amr,d/mrCdv: esdv. amr,bnrd/cr:dugr.kbKnr;< (3)hvmQnr;jzmr:
Cdv:es amr,bnrdugr.kbKnr;> 6 gUnr:hwr:m/cregv. hvkUwr:kzcrcJnr:
kmr: amr,tugr,mQnr;jzmr:m/omI;esamr,gv: bv:awrbKnr;lU.bKnr;sumr:
jzmr:es H;bKnr;ebv:dugr.kk/nrjTgfv, egv;mI:> mKwr;hvlo;mv:es
lqcr.lugr;lqcr.em:hwr:nnr. lugr;em:hwr:Ed. yumr.kUwryU,noes
dv. gUnr:anrbKnr;sumr:jzmr:hwr:nnr. Ed. nmr.dvbKnr;ebv:lo;
yzo.> anrno. tugr,lIwUnr.gf/cr;gf/cr;es Ew;bQdr;gogoywr.> bqnr
’iwregv;ywr. g/nrhvcJnr:no.tugr,lI d/mrm/omI;Cdv:esamr,gv: yv,
H;bKnr;lo; nmr.dvdUgr:mUgr:dvyzo. jzmr:hwr:nnr.lItI.sudr:>
ebv:hvcJnr:kmr: d/mrncr,wv;mv: bv;nKwrno.jJcr cJnr:kmr:no.
tugr,lIjT.j/o.yU,> l/o:jT.j/o,cJnr:kmr:no. nT:acrgudrdRnigvy
nnr. mI:yU,s/mrmqwr:< (1)jT.dv,dUwrjwr;gwr,< (2)jT.dv,gUnr:dcr:
nmrEl; (3)jT.dv,g/nrd/cr:lU,noywr.> 7 cJnr:kmr:no.tugr,lIjT.
dv,dUwrjwr;gwr, H;ebv:yU,lIginrw/nr H;ebv:mUnr;jTegLv,jTyU,
ywr.> mI:cJnr:esamr,hdr:j/o, mKnradinrnbubrbgnnr.egv;
amr,tugr,> adinrnbubrbgno. bqnrgUnr:mI:lUcrEd.Ed.> gUYr:gv;
mnr:bqnrgUnr:mI:kI;tI,nnr.ywr.> lugr;j/o:mnr: j/o:mtgunr,tRI
bqnreRv:gv, ebv:edjmrd/onoesdv. amr,k/mr,Wcr.emvyvmv:dUYr:
gzbr;bKwr; gUwrsqcr;cJnr:nonnr.ywr.> 8 jKcr.ncr,set:egv.no.egv;
amr,tugr,lIbqnrlv:lv:> nT:dUcr,wKcr:gUnr:hwr:no. gUnr:mI:El;
gUnr:p/nrmv:jzmr:gnr> H;mI:mKnrgnrsqcr;sqcr;egv; amr,bqnrlo;>
Anguttara Nikaya, Vol- III -208.
6
Samyutta Nikaya, Vol- IV- 931.
7
Samyutta Nikaya, Vol- IV- 331.
8
Dhammapada- sdon 25-2.
m/cregv.mI:wv;mI: cJnr:kmr:ebv:amr,mI:dI;wo.> m/cregv.smr. p/nrwv;
p/nr kwr;edginrebv:amr,kT;mI:> gzbr;bKwr;nnr gUnr:mI:kwr tugr,lI
wo.jTlIjTc/mr:es jzo;lKwrbnrgUnr:p/nrnnr.yU,>
cJnr:kmr:no.tugr,lIjT. nT:g/nrd/cr:lU,yU,pzcr;> gUYr:gv;
H;jT.j/o,sqcr;sqcr;noegv; amr,wv;ncr,gwr,> nT:sicr,gv,elv:wv,
dsudr;nnr. Cpv:bqnrjwr;ehv:wo.wv; @@cJnr:kmr:anrhwr:hvmv:
nnr. tugr,lIjQgr,wo.sI,bunr;< bunr;nJcr;no.dv,jT.j/o,< bunr;szcr
El;bunr;s/mrnnr. dv,hqdr:g/nrm/gr;mI:< bunr;sI,nnr. tugr,lI
simr:wo. dv,wnr:mKwr:nv; Yv:mKwr;amr,s/cr,tugr, po:mo;El;scr<
nmr.lUgr;El;scr tugr,lIawrjT.jo/,noywr.> 9 anrno.bzcr,wv;
bunr;dI;nJcr;nnr. nucr;egv;bqnrmnr:< woegv;bqnrmnr:< ginregv;
bqnrmnr:< lU,d/nr:egv;bqnrmnr:nnr.ywr.>
lKwresnnr. nT:acrgudrdRnigvynnr. Enwo.l/o:j/o,
cJnr:kmr:hv;bKcryU,> j/o,dv,dUwrjwr;gwr,< j/o,bunr;gUnr:nmr< j/o,
dv,ekdUwrjwr;gwr,< j/o,dv,g/nrjKwr.kKwr:< j/o,nT:g/nrd/cr:lU,
nojKwr:no.ywr.> 10
ebv:mI:cJnr:kmr:ywr.jJcr jJwr;sqcrhwr:egv;edyT,gfv, bKnr;
egv;ed“.jgr:hwr:nmrmv:> ebv:bqnrjKcr.nnrjJcr gUnr:kT;yv.kT;
gwr:hwr:egv; edmI:mv:ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;nnr ncr,’iwrjwr;gwr,ed
“mr,lUmr;lo;nnr. cJnr:kmr:no.tugr,lIjT.j/o,yU,ywr.> gUnr:hwr:
no. gKdr,mv:jzmr:jKwr.kKwr:< g/nrjKwr.kKwr:no. bqnrg/nrhwr:hv: gU;
egv.El; tugr,lIwUnr.gf/cr;gf/cr;es jzo;lKwryU,ywr.> bqnrlo;gv;
hJwrjzo;gv;n/nr.< bqnrlo;d/cr:lTjzo;d/cr:nnr.> g/nrjKwr.kKwr:
9
Sigalovada- sutta- Code of Discipline for lay Buddhist, Buddhist
Missionary society, Young Buddhist Association of Malaysia
1987. 4 - Buddhism lectures and Essays, p. 14.
10
Anguttara-nikaya, Vol- III p.279.
anrwv;nnr. mnr:gqwr,lUYr;gU;lzcr;lzcr;ywr.> dI;dQgr;mnr:

mKnrg/nrhqnr:ligr; sznrligr;jKwr:nnr. bqnrg/nrjKwr.kKwr:anr
nJcr;es Eh.gcr;bnrjKwr.kKwr: ncr,’iwredamr,h/ol/o w/o:wzdr;gfv,
nnr.ywr.> gzbr;nnr gUnr:mI:cJnr:kmr:kwr tugr,lImI:jThgr.jKwr.
j/dr;es jzo;tQmrbnrnT:g/nr hmr.hQrcr:yU,ywr.>
kUwr:kzcrcJnr:kmr:no. ebv:mv:jQgr,EpgnrjJcr edlo;hnr
szcrbKcrwo.> kUwr:kzcramr,mnr;gQnr,( Ômisabhoga)El; kUwr:kzcrmnr;
gQnr, (Dhammabhoga) noywr.> 11 kUwr:kzcramr,mnr;gQnr, anrwv;
no. bqnrkUwr:kzcranrlo;mv: jqmrcJnr:jqmrkmr: jqmrlUdr.jqmrgv: jqmr
j/cr.mv.wUwr:gf/o:Ed,gfv,jKwr:no.ywr.> kUwr:kzcrjKwr:no. po:j/cr;mo;<
nmr.j/cr;lubr,< pU;lgr.gUnr:jUnr j/cr;mv:lgr.awrjUnrawrlo;>
kunrkwregv; j/cr;mv:simr:awrgfv,lo;< lugr;mKgr;lugr;h/o.egv; j/cr;mv:
awrgfv,lo;ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;nnr kUwr:kzcrjKwr:no.Wcr.wv; kUwr:kzcramr,
mnr;gQnr,noywr.> kUwr:kzcrmnr;gQnr,anrwv;no. bqnrkUwr:kzcrtmr,m
ywr.> nT:gv;kUwr:kzcrjKwr:no. kUwr:kzcrtmr,mno. bqnrkUwr:kzcranr
jQdr;anrm/nr,mnr:ywr.> kUwr:kzcrtmr,mno. gv;bqnrkqnr< gv;bqnr
pU;h/o.gUnr:mKgr; amr,mv:yv.mv:gwr:lo;> lo;gKwr:lI awrj/dr;no.
gUYr:amr,gv: j/dr;edmv:egv; ycr:lo;bJcr;aicrgznr,> gmr:lJnr:
sudr: edlo;bJcr;aicr edv,ebv:tJcrlo; nibr.b/nr,gdr:yqnrnnr.
yU,> yznr.nnrEl; aznrgnrgqbr:Wmrdzmrgnrwo.nmrnmrdv.>
mI:j/o:aznr,egv.nJcr; jJwr;wv;augrg< wnr:nJcr;mnr:mv:jU:
dI;Cpv:bqnrjwr;esEl;lwr;wv; @@migvR eRvhienyno. mI:cJnr:mI:
kmr:nmrEd.Ed.kv;##noywr.> mKwr;Cpv:bqnrjwr; lo;cinr:gf/mr: j/o:
augrgl/dr;gfv,ywr.nnr. mnr:jwr;jcr,wv; @@kUwr:kzcrcJnr:kmr: migv
R eRvhenynnr. mnr:amr,jT;kUwr:kzcr anrmnr;gQnr, amr,
11
Anguttara-nikaya, Vol- I. p.94.
jT;kUwr:kzcrjQdr;> kUwr:kzcrjQdr;anrwv;no. mI:jqdr:bKcr> jqdr:bKcr
anrwv;nnr. kUwr:kzcrsdr;tv,< kUwr:kzcr sI,l< kUwr:kzcrhiRi (lzcr;mI:
d/cr:aUgr:a/o)< kUwr:kzcrazdr.dbr.b (lzcr;gUwrg/nramr,lI)< kUwr:kzcr
sud< kUwr:kzcrjv,g< kUwr:kzcrbYr,Yv, bqnrjKwr:no.aKwr;##noywr.> 12
ekv;lUbr:
gmr:lJnr:sudr:Ed. kT;dJgr:sUnr:bnrF/cr.wv; pU;lTpT
esamr,wv; aznrgnrgqbr:Wmrdzmrwo. kUwr:kzcrtmr,mnmrnmrdv.no
ywr.> smr.kT;yznr:p/gr, kUwr:kzcrtmr,maidr:nJcr;- @sdrtidrt
widrdmr buRissrs esdrtmr#- lzcr;yumr,ymrsdrtvno. bqnrkUwr:
kzcr anrgLv.sudr:esbKnr; nT:elvgnoywr.> 13 @snrdudrti bR
mmr tnmr#- lzcr;bqcr:ebv:h/nr.jTno. bqnrkUwr:kzcranr sucrsudr:
notQcr;> 14 H;tmr,mdUwr;jzdr, nT:lUgr;gfv,wo:wo:esgmr:…
Reference
1. Personal notes of Buddhist philosophy of education
and communication for the Degree of Master of Arts,
University of Kelaniya, 1998.
2. Personal notes of the Social Dimension of Buddhism
for the Degree of Master of Arts. University of
Kelaniya, 1998.
3. Anguttara-nikāya, ed.R. Morris and E. Herdy, 5.
Volumes, London: PTS, 1885-1900.
4. Samyutta-nikāya,ed.L. Feer. 5. Volumes , London:
PTS, 1884-1904.
5. Nārada Thera, (trans) The Dhammapada, Colombo-
2515-1972.
12
Anguttara-nikaya, Vol- IV.p.6-7.
13
Sutta-nipata –p-32.
14
Dhammapada , ston 25- 204.
6. H. Saddhatissa, (trans) The sutta-nipāta, London,
1985.
7. Sigālovāda-sutta (Code of discipline for lay Buddhist)
Buddhist missionary society, Young Buddhist
Association of Malaysia, 1987.
8. Ven.Balangoda Anandamaitreyo, Buddhism -Lectures
and Essay, Colombo, 1993.
9. Oliver Abeynayeke, Fundamentals of Buddhist Polity,
Singapore, 1995.
10. Henrry Weerasinghe, Education for peace- the
Buddhist way, Sri Lanka, 1992.
11. Culavagga Pāli, Vinaya-pitaka.
vgif;oh.omif:q[
jwr;bYrYvsIRi s/obznr
gf/mr:nmr:
gqwr,gbr:lUYr; lzcr;”wrekv;bv;nKwrno.es jTno.dznr;dv,
dUwrjwr;gwr,egv;lmr,lzcr;< dv,gUnr:dcr:nmregv; lmr,lzcr;wo.
Ed.Ed.> mKnrncr,wv; Fo:anrwv;no. ebv:emvjT.egv;bqnrFo:<
ebv:amr,emvjT.smr. emvbqnranr:dR/o:nonnr.es jTegv;edv;
nnryU,> yznr.nnrEl; dI;no;edsbr:lQcr:En lzcr;mo;jT<
cwr;cKnr;bnrhvjT< lzgr:lo/:lUdr:yzmr:lzcr;mo;jT< cwr;dUnr;jT< jT
ek.kqcr,egv; bqnrlzcr;mo;jT< lzcr;yKnr.gnr;< lzcr;emvbzcr,jT< lzcr;
emvkf/cr:bnrEl; lzcr;lUcrlJmr:bQdr;bnrhv awrjqmrjKwr:no.Ed,
gfv,nnr.yU,>
lzcr;mo;jT
m/crgmr:gmr: jwr;gwr,j/cr;wUnr.wv; d/cr:mo;jTEl; bnrhvlUcr
jKwr:no. ek:mnr:bqnrmv:jzmr:jKwr. jzmr:kKwr:mnr: b/nrsJbr,b/nr
jqmrmKwr;bU,mznr,n/o:yv; jKwr:lbr:dvlJmr:mKcr:gfv, jqmrmKwr;bUnr.mv:
k/wr:d/cr:’icr edv,tJcrmKwr;lqwrno.’iwr? amr,nnregv; ek:edt/cr,
wv; d/cr:pidr:lUcrjKwr:no. ek:pIkwrjcr:hwr:El; j/cr;jTbUcrs/cr;
(create) H;jwr;gwr,tUbr:Yv:’iwrnonnr.yU,>
gUYr:gv; jzcr,jwr;gwr,smr. wUnr.hnrmQnr;wv; bnrhvdcr:lUcr
jKwr:nnr. mnr:amr,bqnryznr.bKwr;pT mnr:bqnryznr.jwr;gwr,l/o
l/ogUYr:no’iwr< dI;Ed.mnr: gqwr,gbr:lUYr;lzcr;gmrO(gmr,m) dcr:
lUcrno. lKwresjwr;gwr, pTdJnr:amr,mv:hqdr:bnrlo;< Cpv:bqnr
vgif;oh.omif:q[ \ 77
jwr;egv; amr,mv:hqdr:bnrlo;< s/crkwregv; amr,mv:hqdr:bnrlo;< pI

kwregv; dJnr:amr,mv:hqdr:bnrlo;> scrwv;dJgr.mI: lzcr;t/cr,tKmr
nKwrlzcr;jKwr:no.yU, Cpv:bqnrjwr;egv;wv; gmrOno. bqnrhcr:jwr;
gwr, (gmrmsegvmi)< gmrOno.bqnrkUwr:mznr, (amUYr,) jwr;gwr, (gmrm
DvyveDv)< gmrOno. bqnrjKwr.kKwr:jwr;gwr,(gmrmeyvni)< gmrOno.
bqnrbI;nzcr.jwr;gwr, (gmrmbnrtu)< gmrOno. bqnrdI;gKwr:lI dI;bJcr;
aicrjwr;gwr, (gmrmbdisRn)noywr.> 1 ebv:dUYr:awrjKwr:no.
dQbr:ddr:jJcr lzcr;lIlzcr;jv. anrjwr;gwr, lo;hUbr.tUbr:yU,dcr:
lUcrno. mnr:dJnr:amr,gzcr.go/,gnrdcr:pT mnr:dJnr:bqnr yznr.
jwr;gwr,l/ol/ononnr. t/cr,jQcr;yU,>
gUYr:gv; dv,edyJnrhbr.awrwv; d/cr:pidr:lUcrjKwr:no. mnr:
amr,jT;d/cr:pidr:pT mnr:bqnrd/cr:pidr: jwr;gwr,l/ol/ogUYr:no
nnr. jwr;gwr,edamr,yJnrhbr.awrc/o;co/;> yznr.scrno dv,ed
en:d/cr:pidr:bKnr;Ed. c/o;cQmr;nv,ebv:d/nr, tzgr,nmr.lUcr:
“Yr;noesdv. dv,en:d/cr:pidr:jwr;gwr,Ed. d/nr,nmr.tzgr,
kJnr;lzonnr.yU,> bKcrnJcr;egv; Cpv:bqnrjwr;wv; gUnr:egv.anrmI:
d/cr:pidr:es amr,yJnrhbr.awr d/cr:pidr:jwr;gwr,nnr. bqnr
gUnr:mKgr;lUcrjQdr;jQdr;ywr.> gUnr:egv.anr”. lzcr;jwr;gwr,
pidr:es emvyJnrhbr.awr d/cr:pidr:jwr;gwr,nnr.Ed. lo;wv;
mnr:dcr:bqnr gUnr:mI:d/cr:”.yU,noywr.>2
cwr;cKnr;bnrhv
lKwresnnr. bKcrnJcr;egv; lzcr;k/nrjTlUcrno. mnr:mKnr
ncr,jwr;gwr, awrcJnr:gfv,sJwr.mv: dI;dnrhvEl; dI;gvm lzcr;
mUnr;sKwr:jKwr:nnr.ywr.> jUwr;gv;jTdnrhvno. dJgr.mI:yU,dI;dUwr
1
acrgudrdR nigvy< eagvDsg nib/dr< BbrBjid apinrnsudr< nv;-
325>
2
tmr.mbd bv,li< Bv,lwgr< m/ogv,tv,-63>
jwr;gwr,digr:digr:nnr. anrbqnrlzcr;k/nr jTlUcrnnr.egv;
mnr:edjzmr:mI:mv:yU,digr:digr:nnr.ywr.> dI;no; mnr:edmKnr
czo:Fo:nnr.yU,> dnrhvno. mKnrncr,nmr.czo:Fo:nnr.es lzcr;
k/nrjTno. mnr:mv:mKnrncr, cwr:lQcr:mnr:nnr.ywr.> czo:Fo:no.
scrwv;nmr.mnr: dJgr.mI:yU,digr:digr:egv; mnr:edlQcr:yU,digr:
digr:nnr.gUYr:> scrwv; nmr.mnr:hQQcr;gfv,gznr, mnr:jcr,edj/cr;
mzdr,gffv,lo;nnr.ywr.>
scrwv;jwr;gwr,kT;H; lzcr;k/nrjTlUcrjKwr:no. yzmr:mv:<
amr,nnr kT;H;h/ol/obQdr;lumr:lumr:nojJcr jwr;gwr,lUwr,lo;yzmr:
bQdr;< amr,nnr dJdr:k/dr,bQdr; cwr;h/gr;d/cr:k/nrjTlUcr anr
bqnrjTdnrhv anrkT;sKwr:mUnr;lUYr;gvmnnr.yU,> jUwr;gv;bo,
yzmr:bQdr;lo; amr,nnr bo,dJdr:k/dr,lo;no.Ed. dJnr:edlo;Yv:
yU,digr:digr:nnr.gUYr:> dI;no;lUwr,lo;lKgr;awr sqnr;d/cr:mnr:
anrnJcr; scrkT;sKwr:mUnr;lUYr;gvmegv; lUwr,h/cr;hQnr:wo. dv,ed
edv,sU; lzcr;k/nrjT> scrwv;kT;mUnr;sKwr:< kT;lo;lzcr;gdr:yqnr
egv; lUwr,hvsqnr;d/cr: dv,edlUdr:bQdr; jTdnrhvelv:pnnr.
yU,>
gf/mr:mKwr;gznr,mI:wo.wv; ^gUnr:egv.anr amr,mI:lzcr;yqnr,
Ec;scresaidr:nnr. kwrgUYr:gumr, emvEs.En:bKnr;gUYr:> gUnr:
egv.anr mI:lzcr;yqnr,Ec;nJcr;kJcr;smr. kwrgumr,Es.En:kJnr:
dUwr jwr;gwr,gUYr:> gUnr:egv.anr mI:lzcr;yqnr,Ec;dqmrtUnr;kwr
Ed. dJnr:amr,emvEs.En:pT &noywr.> jwr;gwr,egv; tugr,lo;
yKcr;awr egv.tUnr;m/os/mrnnr.es edv,sU;bnrhv anrmI:p/o,
nv; jwr;gwr,nnr.yU,> yv,ebkdr:jT awrjwr;gwr,bqnrdUwryKwr,
dI;Es.szmr: bKnr;lUcryU,digr:digr:> yznr.scrnojJcr gUnr:hwr:no.
gmr;nmrnmr go.emvszgr;hv d/cr:pidr:bKnr;d/cr,egv. c/o;c/o;cQmr;cQmr;
es smr.go.go.emvew; d/cr:pidr:dUwrgwr,nnr.ywr.>
gUYr:gv;Ek:jwr;gwr,smr.wv; gwredamr,hvd/cr:pidr:pT<
d/cr:pidr:anrwv;no. dI;gwregv;mI:yU,dcr:nmr> no.egv;bo,jT;<
d/cr:pidr:dUwrjwr;gwr,egv; edamr,lo;Es.szmr:> niwr.mJwr:anr
jI.dUwrgwr,El;bKnr;no. mnr:amr,jT;h/cr;p/cr anredeg;lo;
bnrhves jzo;tQmrdUwrgwr,lo;> lzcr;hvd/cr:pidr:bKnr;El;dUwrgwr,
nnr. awrpv;wo.gogoes smr.awrd/cr:”.< hQcr:jT< d/cr:hdr:h/nr
gQmrdUwrwo.dv,es,nnr.lIywr.> lzcr;emvazmr;aI;jT amr,emvbUnr.
bQnreb;no. edbqnrd/cr:jzo;d/cr:tQmrjwr;gwr, anredeg;lo;
bnrhv dcr:nmrdcr:l/ojKwr:nnr.es smr.edhqdr:H;nT:lUgr;
ebv:edmI: lzcr;gdr:yqnren.nznr: lKwrdKwr:mv:nnr.Ed.Ed.>
scrwv;pv;lo; lzcr;Es.szmr:dUwrgwr,El;bKnr; lo;lIlI
ywr.jJcr jwr;gwr,bqnrpU;anremvegv,s/cr; lzcr;cmr:yqnrnT:
lUgr;mv:egv.nJcr;ywr.nonnr. amr,pidr:ywr.> yznr.nnrEl;
lUgr;lUcrno. ebv:jwr;gwr,kQmr.egv; mnr:edlI< ebv:jwr;gwr,mKgr;
egv; mnr:edh/o.gfv,nnr.ywr.> dv,edlzdr;lo; lzcr;Es.szmr:
nT:elv:g anrwv;elv:glUcrno. y/mr:jwr;gwr,mQnr;nnr. mnr:
smr.pidr:wo.lUcrnonnr. kdr:jTd/nr,’iwregv; mnr:edamr,
lzdr; bUnr.mnr:lo;esbzgr;> mKwr;jwr;gwr,kdr:jT lqbr;hqnr:spv,w
bKcrbqnrnT:lUgr;yU,nnr. jwr;gwr,edlo;hnrwv; @gUnr:egv.anr
lzdr;lzcr;Es.szmr:anrwv;no. Wo:wv; mnr:amr,mI:lUcrWo:# noyU,
amr,h/cr.> Cpv:bqnrjwr;egv; mzgr,wo.wv; @@jwr;adulaUYr:...
lzcr;Es.szmr:anrwv;no. mnr:bqnrFicr;kUcr:g/crmv: jqmrmKwr;b/nr
y/mr:lTnnr.ywr.< amr,jT;El;wv; mnr:dJgr.hvbqnrmv: y/mr:lqwr
no.gUYr:< gUnr:anramr,l/dr;gf/mr:scrnnr.egv; bKnr;Es.szmr:
mnr:ywr.< gUnr:anrl/dr;gf/mr:nmrnv,nnr.egv; bKnr;Es.szmr:
mnr:ywr.< gUnr:egv.anrl/dr; amr,ebv:nmrr ebv:ea,nnr.egv;
bKnr;Es.szmr:mnr:ywr.> gUnr:anrlzdr;bKnr;es.szmr: anrwv;
no. mKwr;bUnr.mv:egv; amr,y/mr;mI:mv:< y/mr:lqwregv; amr,mI:lo;<
mKwr:nv;egv; edamr,mI:lo;ncr,gwr, ##noywr.> 3
lzgr:l/o:lUdr:yzmr: lzcr;mo;jT(bnrhv)
mKwr;lTesamr,wv; y/mr:mKwr;lzcr;y/br,pJdr,El; bnrhvbqnrmv:
esanranrnnr. jwr;gwr,lUwr,lo; tdr:s/crdUYr:lIlI hqdr:
scrEl; bnrhvanrno.lo;bqnrmv:< yznr.scrEl; mnr:bqnrno
jKwr:nnr. mnr:lmr,lzcr;dv, pU;lo;tUbr:mnr:nnr.Ed.Ed.>
ebv:amr,”.cwr;cKnr;mnr:egv; dv,edhvl/o:eg;ko mnr:no.amr,c/o;<
mnr:mKnrncr, amr,”.d/cr:bqnrEl; amr,”.yv;yvmnr:nnr.
ywr.> lzcr;amr,tugr,jTmQnr;jTno. amr,kT;”br.kT;tUbr:mnr:es
aidr:< kT;tUbr:kT;Yv: lzcr;mUnr;lzcr;sKwr:dv,es,gUYr:nonnr.
mnr:dJnr: amr,bqnrlo;lv:lv:> mnr:mKnrlKnr anrmI:mKwr;mUnr:
El; mI:mKwr;lbr:nnr.ywr.> yznr.nnrEl; elvglUcrno. lzcr;
lTesamr,wv; mnr:amr,mnr;amr,gJmr: (sbrebscrkvRv anijr
jv)< mnr:amr,bqnrmv:jzmr:ncr,g/crjT gUnr:hwr:mucr;mzcr:dv,es,
(sbrebtmrmv andrdv)nnr.lo;noyU,> 4 mnr:dJnr:mI: lzcr;bqnr
ywr.kJnr:lU.< lU.ywr.kJrnr:bqnres budr;l/o;k/o.kJnr:yU,dv,es,
(aubrbvdwy tmrmienv)> yznr.nnrEl; Cpv:bqnrjwr; jcr,ehv:
lzcr;elvgtmr,bQdr,yKcr; anrwv;mI:sunr,(l/br;)< amr,mI:sunr,>
mI:aUYr:egv.< amr,mI:aUYr:egv.> bKnr;yzcr;eyv:< bKnr;Es.szmr:>
lzcr;sKwr:mUnr;< lzcr;k/nrjTnonnr.yU,> lzcr;jKwr:no. mnr:mI:nKwr
anrjwr;gwr, awrd/cr:”.< amr,awrd/cr:”.es hqdr:wo.mKwr;bUnr.
mv:jKwr:nnr.l/ol/o> dUwrjwr;gwr, egv.lKgr;sqnr;d/cr:mnr:mv:l/o
l/ogUYr:ncr,gwr,>
3
tmr.mbdbv,li< egvtwgr< m/ogvtv-227>
4
tmr,mbd bv,li< mgrgwgr< m/ogvtv- 277-9>
y/mr:mKwr;lzcr; amr,tugr,jTmQnr;jT bqnrmv:nnr. ek:jwr;gwr,

t/cr,wv; gv;bqnrlzcr;amr,lIdcr:mUdr:no. mv:mI:nKwrjwr;gwr,mUdr:
ywr.noyU,> y/mr:nnr anrlmr,lzcr;nv,no. jwr;gwr,gJcr,lIawr
bnrhvjwr;gwr,gfv,dQgr; jKwr:anrbKnr;lo;tUbr: mKnrncr,Fo:mo;
“inr:< nmr.lUgr;”inr:< amr,nnrlo;Yv:pU;lgr.< gUnr:jUnrkwr
jKwr:nnr.yU,> lzcr;awrdQgr;bKnr;ncr,nono. mnr:edjzo;tQmr
jwr;gwr, H;ebv:yU,c/o; emvbqcr:ebv:h/nr.jTkJnr: nKwrdUwrgwr,nnr.
ywr.> lKwresnnr.egv; smr.bqnrl/o:amr,bnrbnrhv mv:”mr,cmr:wo.
nKwrdUwrjwr;gwr,lo;nnr.ywr.>
gf/mr:mKwr;gznr, ek,kwrwv;wo. @@scrwv;jwr;gwr,mI: bnrhvlUcrno.
jJcr kdr:jThqdr:H;mnr: lqgr.mv:lKwresgwr,< scrwv;mnr:bqnr bnr
hvaznr,gUYr:Ed. hqdr:H;mnr:h/ol/obQdr;mUdr:mUdr:## noywr.> y/mr:
mKwr;jwr;gwr, emvawranrnJcr;El;anrnJcr; mv:dQgr;gnrywr.
nnr. bnrhvjwr;gwr,no. mnr:dUgr:yzmr:gfv, gv;’iwrywr.nonnr.
jwr;gwr,edkJbr;lo;yU,>
cwr;dUnr;jT
gqwr,gbr:lUYr; lzcr;lo;yU,swr: yqnrdUwryqnrjTEl; lzcr;gKdr,
mv:bnrhvno. gmr;nmrnmrmnr:smr.aicrawr nKwrdUnr;jTgUnr:hwr:
tQcr;gmr:nJcr;esbqnrmv:yU,> lzcr;kIjTnQcrjTf< mo;jTlKdr,jT jTanr
amr,bnrgUnr:hwr: lo;gdr:yqnryznr.mnr:no. gmr;nmrnmrmnr:
bqnrmv:yznr. dI;jTsunr,dUwrnmr (selfish)< jTpQnrsucrhQcr:< jTkT;
lo;nmrbUnr.< jTbidr:jTbzdr:nv,pQwr< jTdJmrdnrcmr:cwr:bUnr.dI;<
jTkI;eg.eh;dvbKnr;bUnr.nQnr,< jTtI,nqwryT,bUnr.nv,jqmrjKwr:
no.ywr.> pU;lTesamr,wv; scrwv;jTjKwr:anr l/dr;Enmv:bv;
nKwrnnr.ea,egv; mnr:edmI: lzcr;gdr:yqnrnmr amr,ebv:mI:
lzcr;mo;jTscr< gUYr:gv;scrwv;jTjKwr:nnr. mI:nmrEd.egv; d/cr:
mo;edmI:nmrnmrnnr.ywr.> yznr.scrno jTjKwr:no.mnr:amr,emv
bnr lzcr;gdr:yqnres emvbnrlzcr;mo;jTlKdr,jTl/ol/ogUYr:nnr.
ywr.>
tQcr;bKcrnJcr;egv; lzcr;jKwr:no.yznr.wv; mnr:bqnrmv:jzmr:
lUYr;pnr:pznr: (cause and effect) amr,nnr hqdr,pUnrmnr:
El; bKcrlUcrmnr: jKwr.mnr:bqnrjKcr.hJwregv; m/gr,mnr:edbqnrmv:
jzmr:ncr,nnryU,> dI;no;bzcr,wv; scrwv;jwr;gwr, mI:jTmqdr;dv,
es gbr:sJbr,didr:edv,bKnr; bKnr;egv;”.wv; edawrjTmqdr;dv,
nnr.es kJnr:dumr.dzbr,yU,> scrwv;jwr;gwr,smr. awrjTjcr:nKwr
bKnr;< k/nr.hnrnKwrbKnr;< j/nr;nKwrbKnr;es didr:edv,bKnr;egv;
edv;gv;l/o:nnr.ncr,gwr, bKnr;edawr jTamr,lIjKwr:nnr.es
dzbr,dQnr:kJnr:jwr;gwr,amr,h/cr.> mnr:bzcr,wv; dI;nKwrjTmqdr;dv,
nnr. mnr:amr,bqnrmv:jTjcr:< dI;nKwrjTjcr:nnr. mnr:dJnr:
amr,bqnrmv: jTmqdr;dv,lo;nonnr.ywr.> yznr.nnr jwr;gwr,mucr;
mzcr: lzcr;lTnKwrmnr:nonnr. mI:sunr,lKgr;lo;lIlIc/mr:c/mr:es
gbr:sJbr,mnr:lo;yU,>
jTek.kqcr,egv; bqnrlzcr;mo;jT
tQcr;bKcrnJcr; gqwr,gbr:lUYr; lzcr;gdr:yqnrno.scrwv; jwr;
gwr,ew;lo; lzcr;awrdUwrgwr,es dQgr;bKnr;nnr.ed. ek:jwr;gwr,
edlzdr;g/cr:lo; lzcr;mo;jT< kIjTnQcrjT< lzcr;kzcr.kmrjTjKwr:nnr.
mv:yU,> lzcr;dQgr;bKnr;no. scrjwr;gwr,lo;hnrwv; jwr;gwr,gLv.es
mnr:wo.nonnr. jTpQnrsucrt/cr,yT,dUwrgwr, edbqnrmv:< scrwv;
lo; hnrbqcr:gnrgUYr:noEd. edamr,ebv:mI:bnrhvscr< jTpQnr
sucregv; edamr,ebv:kwr;mv:hQcr:< lzcr;jTlqgr.jTnzo. jTt/cr,lqgr.
dUwrgwr,egv; edamr,ebv:mI:nmr> gUYr:gv; scrlo;hnrwv; jwr;gwr,
kuYr;esmnr:wo.Ed.Ed.nojJcr jTamr,kT;hnrmnr:< jTamr,h/nr.
jT nKwrmnr:< jTdUgr:< jTamr,bqcr:ebv:dUwrgwr,< jTt/cr,lqgr.dUwrgwr,
edmI:mv:> ebv:jTamr,lIjKwr:no. mI:mv:egv;edbqnr lzcr;mo;jT<
lKdr,jTmv:es jwr;gwr,edamr,mI: lzcr;jTgdr:jTyqnrmv:lo;>

gUYr:gv; lzcr;dQgr;bKnr;no. scrwv;mnr:bqnr lzcr;lImKnrncr, kT;emv
mKnrmnr:< kT;mI:mKnr mnr:nnr.gUYr:Ed. yU,dI;jTkzo< jTkT;emv< kTT;
mI:mKnrmnr:nnr. mv:aI:jTjwr;gwr,es hqdr:H;jwr;gwr, kJnr;yT,
mv:lKwrgwr,nnr.gUYr:El; lzcr;anrno.Ed. edbnrpznr:lIr
jwr;gwr,mv:Ed.Ed.yU,>
lzcr;yKnr.gnr;< lzcr;emvbzcr,jT
lzcr;yKnr.gnr;< lzcr;emvbzcr,jTno. mnr:bqnrnmr.gdr.lUcr
dv,jwr;gwr, ededv,sU;bnrhv y/mr:lo;tUbr:bnrhvnnr.ywr.>
lzcr;emvbzcr,jTsmr. edbqnranredjzo;eg;lidr;bnrhv anrlo;
edv,sU; sJwr;nv;dnr:dvnnr.es jTyT,jTy/wr:smr. mnr:ed
jzo;tQmrdI;d/nr,pidr:egv; mnr:edamr,pidr:lo;c/o;c/o;nnr.
ywr.> gUnr:hwr:no.yU,dI;amr,”.< yU,dI;hnrpidr:bKcr; hcr:jwr;
gwr,< y/mr:mKwr;g/crjTkT;lo; lzcr;gdr:yqnr< lzcr;d/cr:dv,edlo;
lzcr;sKwr:jTnnr. yznr.bKwr;amr,”.El; gmr;nmrnmrj/cr;hqdr:
pidr:bKcr;>
gUnr:sJwr;yUwr: gUnr:anrlo;bomQnr; nKwrsqnr;d/cr:pw
gdr:yqnrkwrno. m/crbzgr;m/crlT yznr.lzcr;sJwr;yUwr:jwr;gwr,es
go.go.dUgr:bqnrdUwryKwr, pU;amr,mI:lzcr;sJwr;yUwr: kwrm/br,ginres
tUbr:ep:yznr.yU,> y/mr:ncr,nnr bigr.smr.wv; kwramr,mI:d/cr:
pidr:noesdv. mI:bnrhvdv,kwrwo.yU,> lzcr;no.mnr:bqnrspvw
dUwrmI:jT awrlzcr;amr,jzmr:Cdv:es hvl/o:eb.ginrgnr gUnr:lQdr:
eb.ginrgUnr:cKwr;< dUwrhQcr:yT, eb.ginrdUwrhQcr:lqgr.< gUnr:lUcreb.
lugr;aznr,< gUnr:mI:eb.gUnr:p/nrjKwr:nnr.ywr.> scrwv;s/oco/
mnr: mKnrnnrmv: lzcr;emvbzcr,jT< lzcr;yKnr.gnr;jKwr:no. lmr,
lzcr;dv,kwrEd.Ed.> pU;amr,mI:d/cr:pidr:kwr lUwr,mI:lzcr;bzcr,
jTwv; gUnr:amr,jzmr:Cdv:kwrno. bigr.smr.wv;kwrkwr;bv:wo. nT:sqnr;
m/olzcr;amr,lInoesdv. jwr;gwr,Ed.mI:wo. nT:sqnr;m/olzcr;lI
nnr.gUUYr:noyU,>
lzcr;kf/cr:bnrEl; lzcr;lUcrlJmr:bQdr;bnrhv
lzcr;dzbr,dQnr:kJnr: nKwrpU;kqnranrwv;no. mnr:hqdr:H;
gKdr,bnrhvmv:tQcr;gUYr:El; lzcr;y/br,pJdr, nmrmv:tQcr;digr:
dirgr:gUYr:> hwr:smr.gJcr,lIdUYr:hnr gf/mr:Cpv:bqnrjwr;scr,sznr
wo.wv; @@gUnr:hqdr:lzcr;amr,lIanrwv;no. spv,wmnr:Ed. kwrmKgr;
amr,jT;< gmr;nmrnmr yznr.bKwr;jTamr,”.nnr.El; jcr,bqnr
gUYr:> yznr.nnres hwr:amr,lIen:kwr< d/cr,d/cr:pidr:hcr:kwr<
pKwr,hqdr:nnr dv.mUnr.Em:bnr lzcr;amr,lIkwrnnr.gUYr:lv;##
noywr.> lzcr;bzcr,jTEl; jTmqdr;dv,no. mnr:bqnryv;yvlIlUcr
dv,gUnr:hqdr:lzcr;amr,lIkwr H;kwrkJnr:Wdr;tJcr sqnr;d/cr:lzcr;
lInnr.Ed.Ed.> dI;no; gUnr:hqdr:lzcr;amr,lIkwrno. mnr:mKnr
ncr, gUnr:bqnrnnr.ywr.es pzcr:mKwr;jwr;gwr,lo; hnrgUnr:bqnr
nnr. pKwr,jwr;gwr,dUYr:mnr:yU,l/ol/o ncr,’iwrmnr:edlo;
d/cr:gdr:yqnrEl; lzcr;sKwr:jTmv:nnr. dv.jwr;gwr,jzo;yUdr:
yvbnrmnr:lv;> anrjwr;gwr,wo.jTmqdr;dv,< jTaI:lUnKwrmnr:
lo;nnr.bzcr,wv; jwr;gwr,bnrs/oc/o dv,lQgr;lo/; H;mnr:bzcr,jTnKwr
lzcr;amr,lImnr:El; d/cr:sUcrlzcr;amr,lImnr:nnr.noyU,>
lKwresnnr. Cpv:bqnrjwr;egv;wv; @jTmqdr;dv,no. nT:
Eg;g/crlzcr;jcr:lUcrnnr. mnr:hqdr:H; hwr:amr,mI:lzcr;jcr:scr
nnr.ywr.> smr.aznrgnryU,swr: H;bUnr.lzfdr; lzcr;jcr:nnr.
dv.#noyU,> dI;nKwrpU;kqnrnnr. amr,dumr.dzbr,kJnr:scres yU,
swr:jKcr.ncr,pU;mI: d/cr:”.dqmrtUnr;nnr.dv.> y/mr:nnr. jwr;
gwr, lUwr,lo;mI:lzcr;bzcr,jTwv; pU;anrhqdr:kqnn
r o. yznr.bKwr; mnr:
hnrpidr:< amr,h/nr.jT< mI:jTkI;eg.jKwr:nnr. esanranrEl;
jcr,bqnrmv:gUYr:< jTjKwr:nnr. mnr:smr.amr,jT; jTpU;gUnr:lI<

gUnr:mI:d/cr:”.dqmrtUnr;kwr hqdr:nonnr.yU,>
jTmqdr;dv,El; jTaI:lUno. mnr:mI:nmr.gdr. dv,H;pU;
hqdr:bnrhvebv:lQgr;l/o;bqnrmv: pU;gUnr:lI< kqnrnnr.H;bqnrmv:
aUYr:egv.lo;yU,> Cpv:bqnrjwr;egv;wv; @@awrjTedv:ses dumr.
dzbr,kqnrno. mnr:dJnr:amr,hqdr:H; kqnrh/ow/o:lo;< anrhqdr:H;
kqnrh/ol/olo;no. bqnrjTmqdr;dv,gUYr:< no.bqnrm/omI;bKcrbqnrlUcr
ywr.## noywr.> 5 scrjwr;gwr,hnrdo:egv. hqdr:lzcr;amr,lI edv,
esdI;dI;nojJcr gJcr,lIdUYr:awr pU;lIgUnr:Ed. jKcr.ncr,Cpv:
bqnrjwr;El; pU;gUnr:lIkwrjKwr:nnr. hqdr:dUwry/cr,hwr:es
mUnr.Em:bnrmnr:yU,> gf/mr:Cpv:bqnrjwr;wv; @@lzcr;amr,lIno. nJcr;
mv:jU:gwrCpv: cwr:lzcr;lIgwrgUYr:aKwr; nJcr;ed”iwr;mv:digr:
digr:## noywr.> gUnr:gmr;pzcr;Ed.wUnr.wv; awrlzcr;lIes dzbr,
dQnr:kJnr:lzcr;amr,lIno. mnr:amr,jbr:l/o:mnr: mnr:bqnrl/o:
kuYr;gUYr: j/cr;wv;noyU,> gUUYr:gv; wv;nnresd mnr:bqnrlzcr;wo.
jT gUnr:jnr.dQmr,kwrgUYr: mnr:amr,jT;l/o:wo.jT gUnr:t/nr;sucr
kwrnonnr. gJcr,lIdzcr:wo.yU,>
ekv;lUbr:
yznr.nnr dznr;dv,lzcr;wo.jThwr: ebv:edkQmr.lQbr;
t/nr;sucrmv:es edmI:lzcr;gdr:yqnrmv: lKwrgwr,tQcr;nnr. gUnr:
hwr:gUU;egv.egv. lUwr,emvwo.jThgr.bQcr:< aI:lU< hUmrjUmr:< amr,hgr.
bUnr. amr,jcr:bUnr. nKwrdUwrmI:jTdcr:l/oyU,nonnr. dznr;dv,
gUnr:j/wr:budr. pTpTegv;”.tJcrgnryU,> bigr.smr. bKnr;amr,hnr
lInKwhr wr: d/nr,’iwresegv;yv, ncr,’iwrhwr:edmI: lzcr;hnrlI
nKwrbKnr;lo;nnr. hwr:gJcr,lIazmr;aI; b/o:wUnr.lIhwr:wo.nmrnmr
yU,> dv,edawrlzcr;lIes dzbr,dQnr:lzcr;h/o.anrwv;no. mnr:
5
tmr.mbd bv,li< ymgwgr< m/ogv,tv,- 5>
y/br,nv,nv,noesdv. jwr;gwr,gJcr,lI awrb/o:wUnr.lIsT,jTwv;
jwr;gwr,bqnrgUnr: emvwo.jTsucr egv.nJcr;yU,nonnr. gQmrdUwrdv,
es,es awrgunr:munrlIjwr;gwr,dv,es,dv.>
pJnraicr
1. Gems of Buddhist wisdom, Publication of the Buddhist
Missionary Society, Malaysia, Taiwan 1997.
2. tmrmbd< bKcrsdr.t< gmr,Fv,ea:< dv;gucr;< 2001>
xrf:xrf,rquf.u tgefvD
¥¥¥¥¥¥ = qof;odOkwfx uSof; = ¥¥¥¥¥¥
rdlof;yh,qSif;se ]]xrf:xrf,rquf.utgefvD}}eh. c[;wSrf;

vgif;rl,qkrf:xrf,rquf.u tdwf:edkif;ugef,/ rl,qkrf:xrf,rquf.ueh.
ref:rdlefrguf,ugef e[:Odlif,wdlif:rdlif:zgrf.Nrf; rdlif:rmef;oh.bof./ rguf,
ugef uD;vgef.rdlof;cmof:uwf:? OAifclef.tmef, xrf,rquf.uqrf. ydof
Mrf:rdlof;cmof:e[:oj,Omrfvdlef ul;Oldif,rdlif:/ pmif;zmifrl,qkrf:xrf,r
quf.ueh. awvh;pefydlifvmuf,vhm:tefedkif; e[:Odlif,wdlif:rdlif:zgrf.
Nrf;rdlif:rmef;eh.bl,/ zl;wSrf;vduf; bif:trf,vh;pef ydlifrl,qkrf:
xrf,rquf.uacjacj wD;rdlif:OD,Nof,/ ulnf:oj; tefwuK,Owf.xj:cof
urf;zgif;sv; wif:rkefqof;cof vgwf;Nrf;uefeef.sw. vh;pef
bl,/
zl;wSrf;vduf; cdkef:Mwf;xdkifrdlif:rmef; rdlof;oef:xD. 10_ 4_
2003 bof.? rdlof;oef:xD. 15_ 5_ 2003.eef. Mwf;xdkifuGj,wD; OD,
ayj.aO rdlof:sv,oh;Oj qof;TOj,aw,odef,wsv; ref:qof;Orf.
tofuj:ref:qof; Okdyf,Olif,qkrf:pof:Omrfqof; tefcof;yj:qof;
vmof:Ogifqof;uGj,rdlof:sv, qof;TOK,nj,aej:zj,O uRif:umif? oAif:
erf.vef;eef.bof./ vgif;vh;uGj,wD; uRif:umif?erf.vef;eef.
sw. ugyf;c[;wmef: yyf.xrf:zdkefwdkef:sz; wj,rl,qkrf:xrf,rquf.u
sv; qkrf:aujvduf;vhm:cofbof./ rl,qkrf:xrf,rquf.u erf.vef;cof
rD:rguf;Omrfymuf,yhmeh.bl,/ tefeh. auj.auj,iof;ref:sw. vh;oj;
yAefqof;TOj,aw,odef,wsv; qof;TOK,nj,aej:zj,O tgefNof
auj,wif;rj:bof./ ugyf;oj; vh;rguf,ygif,cmof,xj;tgefwmif:oh.sv; rdlof;
cmof:-2:30 umifoef:eef. bdif:qmh:rl,qkrf:xrf,rquf.ucof? auj
vduf;vhm:cof? qdlof:yAefzl;uGmef:irf:zhm,oAif:cof tgefMwf;xdkifrj:wD;
owf.aO ydkwf,ymifNyf.xlyf:vmwf;awj,uefaObof. xdkifrj:rdlof;
zkuf;umife[ qif,Orf.vkuf.wD; oAif:erf.vef; Mwf;xdkifrK:oAif:vj;
OAof;/ oef:eef. vh;sw,ymifxrf:sv; pAwf:xrf,ryl,qj, wmef:
yyf.P;ul;qkrf:xrf,rquf.usv; aujvduf;vhm:? auj,rwD,uRif:umifrdlif:
cofqldof:eef.bof;/ umife[rj:Orf. Nyf.xlyf: auj,rwD,uRif: cdif:ehm:
uRif:rmof:crf:cofaO umifoef:qif,Odkyf, cmof:wmif:bof./ e[:cmof:
wmif:eef. vh;so.cof;OSefoD wif:rdlif:bl.aO Nyf.xlyf:uef wif:rl,
qkrf:xrf,rquf.ucofxSif;/ rdlof;xdkifuGj, rl,aq<wD;tgif;uof,eef.
vh;xlyf:tkyf,tlof:uef zhm,xrf,rquf.u tefrD:zl; cof;qkrf:oh.-
2000-auj.vdlofqdlof:eef.bl,/ pAwf:Oifsv; rdlof:xlyf:qkrf: xrf,r
quf.ueheef. z[auj;awc[;N.bl,/
1. yyf.wgef; zdkefwdkef:sz;eh.auj; cof;yj:vgif;xrf,r
Oqfqj,OD,bdlif;sv; c[;P;Mwf;xdkife[:rdkof: ekrf,qhm:
bdif:cof?
2. c[;yefpSif:erf.q[ekrf,qhm:bdif:cof qgrf:eif,vgef.rgef:
tgefvDxrf,rquf.u Oyf:vSif:oh.eef.?
3. c[;Odkyf,rdkwf; vhm:ydkefszvduf; zdkefwdkef:sz;?
ugyf;rD:vgif;qdlof:eh.aO vh;Mwf;xdkifrj: rdlof;cmof:wmif:yD
2003 eef.bof./ e[:vgif;xrf,rquf.utgefvDeh. pof:vh;pef
zgef:vDref:vhmydlifbl,/ ayj;sr;pefvD ugyf;oj;cof;yAefumefapj:
xrf:? ayj;sr;vh;wrf:q[ ugyf;oj;vkuf;vmif: trf,sv,vmof:vdlif:?
Odefpj;Nrf,vlrf;wlrf:vD rdlof;e[:cmof:ymifapj:xrf: aw,uGj,qldof:eh.
bof./ vdlofaOeef. zgef:vDxrf,rquf.u rD:wif:erf/ ayj:tof
wD;uSyf;ref:oj;qdkif xrf,rquf.ueh. tgefP;rD:ODv Orjxd ynfnj
Omrfydlifeh.bof./
xrf:xrfrqufu tgefvD \ 89
wD;ygif,ODv
wD;e[:xrf,rquf.ueh. Omif:vmif:seoh. wgef;ODvOmrf
bdlif; tefoj;- (1) vmwf;qdkof;q[; vmwf;vD? (2) pAwf:qdkof;q[;
pAwf:vD? (3) vAif.q[qdkof;q[;vD eheef.bof./
1. vmwf;qdkof;q[; vmwf;vD- wj,awvh;N.wD;ygif,tefeh.
pof:vlof,vh;N.zhm, tefOmefcwf:ref: tgefwmif:ugef,/ tef
Omefcwf:ref:sw. yAeftefySwf.vSefydlef;? cj.chmydlef;? xj.vj,
ydlef;? vmwf;uGmrf:trf,rD:vgef.uSefehqdlof:eh.bof;/ ayj:so;ySwf;
qdlof:OD,bdlif;eh.eef.auj; yAefuGj,vmwf;uGmrf:qdkof;q[; vmwf;vDvD
bof;/
auj.tefawc[;vgwf; vgif;wmif:Omefcwf:eef. ref:auj;
wuf:awvdluf;vmwf;uGmrf:qdkof;q[;? vmwf;qdkof;q[;ref;udkrf:bof./
uGmrf:vDtkyf, uGmrf:vDq[ydkif;tdif uGmrf:xkuf,rSef;ydlef; uGmrf:pAwf:P;vgif;
arj:yef:uefbAefphmaO yefpSif:zgrf.zAif,uef? Nrfqlrf:e[:vgif;
tgrf,vgrf;zgrf.uef? pjwmif:zgrf.zAif,uef? q[.wdkof:acj;uGmrf: tef
yefpSif:aO cwf:q[P;ydlef; zgrf.zAif,uefeef.boff;/ ugyf;yldof; acj;
uGmrf:ref:tlef;tgef, xkuf,NrSef;q[ vDpuf.qlrf: yefNofq[tkef,
yefpSif:q[ xkuf,rSef;uefsv; vh;oj;qgrf:yuf:ydlifxrf:bof;/ 1
2. pAwf:qdkof;q[; pAwf:vDvD- tefeh.auj; pof:xkuf,vh;N.
tefOmefcwf:ref:tgefwmif:bof./ qldof:eef.qrf.- 1. cj;pSrf
wlofq[yldef;? yefwmrf,ydlef; P;bmyf,bmuf;cmefq[/ 2. wj,qof;uof,
rmuf;rD:eef. vuf.clof:vAif:ydlef; P;ydlef;vl.Okrf:/ 3. vAef;egh. uof:
ej;Ndef:qof;uof,sv; ej;Ndef:ydlef; yAefqldof:eh.bof./ ayj:so;
ySwf; umeftrf,vDqdlof:eh.auj; yAefrj:wmif:pAwf:qdkof;q[;? wmif:
pAwf:vDbof;/ vh;oj;pof:zdkuf:Ojbj.ySwf;erf.q[zdwf:wj,pof: wif:
1
M 27, Culahatthi-padopama-sutta; The Art of living, pp.59-60.
ydlef;aO yefwmif:uwf:bAef wmif:rmuf;rD: wj,Owf.woj,cof wif:
vhm P;vh;bl,Oof:uGj, uwf:uwf:bAefbAefeef.bof./
3. vAif.wlofq[qdkof;q[; vAif.vDvD- pAwf:umefvAif.wgif.
tefvgwf;cj;Omuf; tofwlofq[ydlef;whm? trf,uj.chmedlof.eif tef
ydlef;cj;pSrf? trf,chmvof;bj;rof:urf? trf,awj,trf,vgif:? trf,uj.chm
rmuf,ugif;qdkef:bmrf:? trf,uj.chmulef: qldof:eh.wif:OAif; Mif.oj;
umefvAif.wlofq[qkdof;q[; vAif.vDvDehbof./ ayj:pAwf:umefvAif.wgif.
tefOmefcwf:zhm,vDeh ref:yefpSif: wj,P;yefpjudlwf,tguf,yAefrj:
wif:erfbof;/
qif,oj; rdlof;cmof:bmrf:apj:xrf: trf,eef oef:apj:xrf:eh.
pAwf:P;wmif:vDukOlof,cdkef;b[,sv; ayK;sr;auj; wrf:q[Nrfqlrf:qgrf:
bof;/ ykwf.xqof; apj:oh.oj;- auj.rD:wmif:vDukOlof,eh. vh;auBj,
qgrf:qmwf;eh. tduf,yj:qmwf;ej;? vh;auBj,wif:Ogifqmwf;ehbof. 2 /
ayj:oj;rD:ydkef.xmefq[uwf:bAefeh wj,awvh; Orjxd(Omef,Twj:)
eef. ref:trf,rD:wif:urfbmyf,Oifbof;/
Orjxd (Omef,TwK:) 3 bldif;
1. Orfrj ojbjr = cwf:q[qdkof;q[;? cwf:q[vDvD/
2. Orfrj Owd = 'mif.N.qdkof;q[;? 'mif.N.vDvD/
3. Orfrj Orjxd = edrfref;qdkof;q[;? edrfref;vDvDbof./
cwf:q[qdkof;q[;? cwf:q[vDvDtefoj;eh. rD:OD,bdlif;bof;/
OD,yldiftefoj;eh.-
1. tukOlof, tefyAefbof.eef. cwf:q[bj,ay P;vh;yAef
xSif;?
2. tukOlof, tefyh,yAefeef. cwf:q[bj,p[;vh; yAef?
3. ukOlof, tefyh,yAefeef. cwf:q[P;ayj:yAef ayj:rD:?
2
xrf,ryw uj,xj,rhm- 16 /
4. ukOlof, tefyAefbof.eef. cwf:q[xdif:ukrf:bj,P;vh;

vl.cmwf,? cwf:q[pAwf:P; sz;wldef:erfudkef:uGj,eh OD,
bdlif;bof./
'mif.N.qdkof;q[; 'mif.N.vDvDeh. ref:wdkef:yAefq[ukOlof,
qSwf;qSwf;bof;/ rdlof;pof:'mif.N.vh; wlofwif:q[pof: yAefOifbl,eh
eef. tofq[tukOlof,phmuGj,aO yAefrj:q[ukOlof,bof./ awvh;'mif.
N. qdlof:v[tefoj;eef.qrf.-
1. 'mif.N. wmif:wlif.edkifwlofpof:? eldofvlrf:xlnf;pof:?
eldofudif,Ogh;wlofpof: OmrfOdyf:OgifOgh;? eldofxmwf;vlifOD,
yldif-(vdef erf. vlrf: 'h:)sv; tOkzurf,rxmef:
Odyf:yldif/
2. 'mif.N. bdef:N.(aowej)vD qj.? N.su;umifvDqj.?
3. 'mif.N. q[pof: ref:olef.Oif vDtduf,qj./
4. 'mif.N. tj,Ikif,q[pof: (xrf,r)vDtduf,qj. trf,eef
ref:yAefoh.tedqfq? wkufc? tewfw/
(q[N. q[pef q[elrf Q[idef: q[vSrf.Ohmomef q[N.wkrf.
wdlof. ul;Orf,OSefydlifqdlof:eh. ref:trf,ref;aq,? vSuf;vhm;vlifbl,
sv; Mif.tedqfq/ ugyf;tedqfq trf,ref;trf,aq,sv; ref:
trf,yefvh; wmif:pmef.q[ulef:pof:/ uj;yAef teftrf,pmef.q[eh.
yAefoh.wkuf.cbof;/ q[sv;wif:tj,Ikif, rj:wkrf.awj,uefaO yAef
rj:q[olef.? ref:trf,rD:'j.zD P;pof:olef.? trf,rD:uof r[:? trf,rD:
twfwauj.olef. auj.pAwf:P;olef./ ugyf;oj;wmif:olef.eh. tdifedlof
q[wif:tj,Ikif,v[? rmuf,wjwif:pmif;zmif? Nwif:OAif? cl;eifwif:
OSofthm? vdef.wif:OSof(tIOj,)? wlofwif:wkrf.wdlof. rj:wkrf.awj,
uefaO yAefoh.tj,Ikif,bl,pif:ulnf:ehsv; qif,oj; yAeftewfw/)
Orjxd = q[edrfOmef,Twj:rD:OD,bdlif;bof;/ OD,yldiftefoj;
eh.-
1. yxrOmef,/ e[:yxrOmef,eh. ref:umif:uhuef wif:
q[uj,r tefc[;auBj,Odlof:vlnf;tj,Ikif,Nuf:yldif? 3 q[vrf? q[wdkrfwef?
wmif:rh;q[? q[zlif.q[ydof? q[uGif (ujr yBjyjw xde rdwfx
tkwfxqfq ukufukqfq odqdudqfOj) qldfof:eh.aO ulnf:rD:wmif:qlrf:
sv; wmif:uwf:bAef vlnf;wmif:q[olef. q[vdkrf.qgrf:(odwufu odqj
I) ulnf:bof;/
tefeh. ayj:pof:zj,oej,vlrf:cof;tguf, oh.ydlifOrjxd yAef
b[,eh qmif;Mwf;xdkifvh; yxrOmef,bl,/ rdlof;Orjxd rD:pSif:rj:aO
ulnf:N.vlrf:xlnf;tefvAof e[:qlof;cmof:pkdifvhmqlof;rlif: trf,cmwf,
trf,omh:eef. tofq[uof,Oof;oof:vrf phmbAefuGj,aO yAefrj:Omef,
Twj: q[uwf:bAef q[Nrfqlrf:bof;/
auj.vh;Omef,Twj:eef. tofwSuf;uefoh. rdlfefeif,auj.-
1. cdkef:wgyf,wSef: Ohm;eD;yefydlef;?
2. vkuf.wD; wmif:yAefacj.emof phmcSef:rj:?
3. vgwf;tguf,cguf;rj:?
4. tguf,ylef.vgwf; yj,pmwf,Ohm:uGmif;vlif?
5. tguf,vgwf;cD;cj;ydlef;aO vh;uwf:bAefq[eef.bof./4
2. wkwdbOmef,/ e[:wkwdbOmef,eh. tofq[olef.q[vdkrf.
umif:uhuGj,aO ulnf:rD:q[qlrf: q[uwf:bAef(yDwd Okc)ulnf:
bof./
3. wwdbOmef,/ e[:wwdbOmef,eh. tofq[qlrf:(yDwd)
blwf:phmuGj,aO ulnf:rD:q[uwf:bAef(Okc)sv; q[tgif:edrf (atuuf
uwj)tefvAofbof;/
3
pmif;'mif? OAif? tmhOSof? Ohmomef? wmif:wkrf.wdlof.sv; q[olef./
4
OjrnfnzvOkwfw? Nirvana and ineffability, p.60.
4. qwkwfxOmef,/ e[:qwkwfxOmef,eh. tofq[Okc

wkufcaowej rlwf:phmuGj,aO ulnf:rD:q[zAif,yAif:uef (tkyAufcj)sv;
wif:q[atuufuwjbof;/
ynfnj
wgef;ynfnjeh. rD:Ogifudif,Ogh;- wmif:olef.qdkof;q[;sv;
wmif:N.ygif,vSif:q[qdkof;q[;ehbof./ wmif:olef.qdkof;q[;eh. qSif;oj;
olef.wj, wlnf:vl qgh;xSrf bkdef;rSif, trf,eef ydkef.ySwf; wmif:
q[uldof:Okef,wlof yAefbfG,eh.ydlifedkif;? olef.vgif;rAwf.wj,ydlifedkif;?
olef. trf,cj;wAuf:iSef:yldef;ydlifekdi;f eh Omrfydlifbof./ wD;eh; ref:rD:
wD;vDwgif:vDrhmaw./ vgif;oj;tofwmif:olef. trf,oh.Okef,wlofyAef
b[,? rAwf.wj,sv; teftrf,cj;wAuf:iSef:ydlef; (edufcrrAwf.wj,
tod pdrfO)qdlof:eh. udkuf:Mrf:e[:ynf,nj,eh.bof./ tefeh. ref:
qSif;seoK; ynf,nj,eh. ref:wArfxlef;oh. Erf.uwf.wmif:cef
qdlof:eh.aO tefoj;oh.Okef,wlofyAefb[,v[? q[vrfv[? qif:uefv[?
ay.udefuefv[ qdlof:tefyAefbl, e[:wlif,oldif:ulef:pof:eh. ugyf;oj;
blyf;bgrf: oh.ynf,nj,bof./
wmif:N.pefqSif;vSif:q[qdkof;q[;eh. ygif,oj; N.peful;Orf,
OSefydlif qgrf:eif,wkdef:Ozj,ocofrD:bof./ vh;oj;N.pefxrf:Oqf
qj,OD,yldif (wkuf.c? iof;pmuf;wkuf.c? edyf.ymef,? OAef;wmif:tgef
Mwf;edyf.ymef,)aO pefxrf:ywdqfqOrkyf.ymwf;bof./
ugyf;eef xrf:xrf,rquf.ueh. zgwf;oh.OD,v? Orjxdsv;
ynf,nj,aO ayj:tofcyf.rhm qdlif.eif,e[:yyf.acj;uGmrf:Twj:oj; qdlif.
eif,ruf.uif,ySwf,yldif tefOrf.Mif.oj; OAef;wmif:ymefumif ugyf;ref:
so;vgwf;ySefsy;Ogifzmh, ]]ujrOkcefvdujekabju = auBj,qgrf:uj,r
sv; twfwudvrxjekabju=wdkof:urftefpAwf:P;wlofq[vh;bmyf,
zdkwf,cmefq[}}/ xSif;tefedkif; so;vgwf; ]]OOfOw Wdwfxd=
tefbkrf,odnmef,cGmefiof: yAefvgef.uSef cgifulef:ref;aq,aO
trf,qmif;wmh? Orf.yAefvkuf.zoedkif; chm.vhm;uGj,zoedkif; e[:Orf,
OIj,sv; tkqfaOw Wdwfxd = tefbkrf,oj; ayj:wlofcdif:vl.whm
auj; zoOkwf:OAif;bof.}}eh Ogifbdlif;ehbof./
so;vgwf;ySefsy; Ogiftefeh.aO qmif;P;rmuf,wjvSif:?
pefvSif:aO tgefMwf;xdkif uwf:bAef? vh;ynf,nj, ruf;zlof,nmef,?
OYfynfnkwnmef,? vh;edyf.ymef,bof./ wmif:bdlif:rhm tefpof:c[;
Mwf;eef. ayj:pof:vgwf;apj: zkduf:Omif;pAwf:qgrf:uGj,ugef, qif,aw
vh;sv; P;bdif:qhm:cofwif:OAif; arjcwf:q[pAwf:Omif; qkdof;q[;z[
ref:aO qAof:vh;xdkifwD;bdlif:rhm qgrf:eif,wmif:cwf:q[z[ref:rD:
aOurf:vlnf;wj./ /
az:Meferf. Ol,ej:rd
Tsunami Disaster
jwr;mhvbYrYv sQcrnmr.pJcr;
gf/mr:nmr:
ep:anrlIgUwres smrxamr,”.amr,l/mr:lo;wv; mnr:ed
ebv,bqnrmv: mKwr;lfrnonnrxEdx edbqnrep:spv,wywrx> ep:
spv,wanrwv;nox j/cr;bqnrebv,mv:gU;dI; dJnr:amr,lKgr;wnr:<
lKgr;bI< lKgr;w/nr;< lKgr;mKcr:scr> edv;mKcr:anrkJnr;yfr, mI:kKcr;
j/gr; kJdr:g/br;kJdr:b/nrjKwr:nnrxegv; ycr:amr,j/cr;eh.gcr;
ep:spv,wlo;>
anrbqnrmv: ep:spv,wjKwr:nox bKcrnJcr;egv; gzbr;gUnr:hwr:
yv.spv,w yv.dUnr;moxdUnr;dzgr,es hqdr:H;Rv,sI,audulQgr;lo/;
El; ep:spv,wegv; dJnr:l/gr,lo/:mv:digr:digr:> jwr;bo/:so/O
(scientists) kwrdJnr:wv; ebv:gUnr:ycr:yv.spwv.yU,jJcr ep:s
pv,wnfr:elv:gegv; dJnr:ednmrmv:< l/gr,lo/:mv: nmrxamr,d/nr,
hQcr;egv;hQcr;< dI;anramr,y/mr;bqnrpUnrlUcrlUmr:lUcregv; ed
bqnr< dI;anrmo;egv; edmo;mv:lKwrgwr,< dI;anrgdr:egv; edgdr:
mv:lKwrgwr,noywr.> mnr:bzcr,wv; ebv:gUnr:hwr:hqdr:kqnredv, spv,
wegv; spv,wj/cr;kJnr:hqdr:kqnr edv,jwr;gwr,kJnr:nnr.ywr.>
ep:spv,wsU,nv:mi(Tsunami) 1 anredl/dr;gfv,nox
egv; bqnrep:spv,wmqwr:nJcr;ncr,gwr,> ep:spv,wmqwr:nox dJnr:
1
sqcrazgr,anrmQnr;jzmr:gf/mr:gLv,b/nr,kwredx bqnr ^sJwr,nv:mi&> nfr:p/o,to:kwr
dQmr;wox สึนามิ > p/o,acr:gidr:dQmr;wox Tsunami > gUYr:edkfr;Wcrx “sunv:mi” no egv;
edamr,pidr:< gzbr;sqcrdI;lfrdI;nnr; edazgr,amr,mKnrgnr>
amr,”.amr,l/mr:lo; k/wr:y/mr:mnr:> amr,nbrxedv;bqnr< smrxwv;mI:
aicr,snr,noegv; ebv:amr,snr,h/wrxhQcr:nv, nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/, amr,
bqnrsU,nv:milo;ncr,gwr,> dv,edbqnrmv:ep: sU,nv:minnrx gzbr;
mI:lo/lzcr;lo/d/cr:El; jcr,lo;bqnrmv:> amr,jfr;wv; ebv:mI:aicr,
snr,noegv; t/cr,wv;edbqnrdigr:digr:> gUYr:dI;no;Edx kT;l/dr;
En dI;gQbr;mnr:wv; ep:sU,nv:minox bqnrep:spv,wanrlIgUwr
anramr,ebv:sU;mI: mqw:r nJcr;ywrx>
sU,nv:mi (Tsunami) bqnrscr?
mKwr;l/dr;wv; ep:nmrx sU,nv:minojJcr gUnr:nfr:lUgr;
gmr;nmr pfregv;ed”.tJcryU, wv;mnr:bqnrscr> gUYr:mKcr:anr ed”.
jgr:lIesbKnr;Edx edbqnrgUnr:mKcr:gLv,b/nr,kwrywr;> gzbr;mKcr:
gLv,b/nr,kwrnox goxYv:ep:aicr,snr,El; ep:WnrnmrxsU,nv:minv,
esbKnr; nfr:lUgr;nnr.ywr.> gzbr;mKcr:gLv,b/nr,kwr goxYv:ep:Wnr
nmrxanrnox mv:jqmrmKwr;b/nrlfrEl; pU;lUcrxlQnr,po/,aic,r snr,
kwr jcr,d/cr,bnrjJwr; ep:Wnrnmrxanrnox p/o,gLv,b/nr,wv; ^sU,
nv:mi& noywrx>
“sU,nv:mi” anrwv;nox bqnrmv:gzbr;aicr,snr, nfr:nmrxb/cr,
loo/, anrsnr,hQcr:sucrtJcr 6.2 Rigr.(sr)dv,sgqlr(richter scale)2
jKwr:nnrxesEl; j/cr;bqnrmv: ep:Wnrnmrx sU,nv:minnr.ywr.>
d/cr:lJgrxnmrxsJwr;anraicr,snr,es bqnrmv:sU,mv:minnrx edmI:
Ed, awr 70 gI,lUwr, (kilometer) lUcr:dfr;no.noyU,> mKwr;aicr,
snr,nnrx hqdr:H;nv;linrdfr;nmrxdQgr,c/gr;esywrx kJnr:gJcrxg/crx
2
Rigr,dv, sgqlr (Richter Scale) anrwv;nox bqnrd/cr:hQcr:aicr,snr, anrj/mr:
lo; mKwr;pzcr:dJgrxbqnr aicr,snrnnrxywr;> mKwr;aicr,snr,nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,es bqnr
ep:sU,nv:mi (Tsunami)mv:nox dcr:hQcr:mnr: j/mr:lo; 9.0Rigr,dv, lo;wv;hQcr:edx
edx> scrwv;bqnrnKwrlinrebv:nojJcr j/cr;hqdr:H;”inr:dKgr;lUcrbcr:lU.lo;>
az:pgeferf. Ol,ej:rd \ 97
mv:elv,sfr,gnr< y/mr:mKwr;nv;linrmv:elv,sT,gnrnnr. gJcrxg/crx

yqnr:bqnrWnrnmrxlUcres p/cr,p/br;gfv,jU:pcr,< Wnrnmrxp/cr,
p/br;anrnox Wcrxwv; “sU,nv:mi” (Tsunami) 3 noywr.>
“sU,nv:mi”nox bqnrnfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,gUYr:> mKnrjKcrxncr, b/cr,
lo/,“Eb:siFig”rx (Pacific Ocean)El; b/cr,lo/,ainr:diyv:jKwr:
nnr. pU;lUcrxlQnr,lzcr;ep:Wnrnmrx sU,nv:mikwrwv; mKwr;bUnrxmv:
nfr:b/cr,lo/,ainr:dI:yv: amr,y/mr;bqnr sU,nv:miesbzgr;noesdv.
gUYr:mKwr; bI2004 noxlo;hnrywrx> mKwr:nv;mv:egv; j/cr;edbqnr sU,
nv:mi jKcr.notQcr;lo;yU,noywr.>
sU,nv:miEl; pznr:jv.mnr: (Tsunami and its effects)

mKwr;aznrd/cr:gUnr:gmr;nmr amr,ebv:”.jgr: ep:sU,nv:
mi< bKcrnJcr;egv; gzbr;ep:sU,nv:minox mKwr;aznrd/cr: amr,dznrxbqnr
h/wr;hQcr: hqdr:H;gUnr:do/nmrmv:< ep:nmrxsU,nv:miegv; h/cr;amr,
ebv:lIgUwrmKnrmKwr;lqwr< gzbr;nnr pfregv;amr,ebv:sfr,jfr lqbr;hqnr:
gv;hJwr> gUYr:gv;amr,t/cr,esEl; mKwr;wnr:tIx 26< lKnrDI,sqmr,BKwr,
2004 k/wr:y/mr:bzdr:nT bUnrxmv:nnrx nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/, himr:gunr
sum/drxdRv, (Sumatra Island) mKcr:ainr,dUwr,nI:sLv: (Indonesia)
gJcrxg/crxbqnraicr,snr, anrd/cr:hQcr:mnr:j/mr:lo;mzgr; 9.5 Rigr.sr
dv,sgql(r Richter Scale)nnr. hqdr:H;bqnrep: WnrnmrxlUcr
kJnr;p/cr,p/br;sfr, nfr:wqcr:av,ekL:(Ache)El; mKcr:himr:Wmr:es mI:
gUnr:do/a/nr,“wrsQnrmnr:< kUwr:kzcrhKnr:ey:egv; lU.sumr:gfv,dcr:
nmryU,ywr.>
3
สึนามิเรียกตามภาษาญีป่ ุน หมายถึง คลื่นยักษ, อางใน l,bm l6mTbTii,, soyงสือ
สารคดี สึนามิ, สัญญาณเตือนจากโลก, สํานัก พิมพดวงแกว, กรุงเทพฯ
sJwr;anrbqnraicr,snr,es bqnrmv:sU,nv:miEdx bqnrdI;
nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/, himr:gunrsumdrxdRv,(Sumatra) mKcr:ainr,dUwr,nI:
sLv:nnr.ywr.> y/nrgomKcr:to:mzgr; 260 gI,lUwr,mI,dv,> wo/:es aicr,
snr, mzgr; 30 minidrxywr.gznr, hQcr:nmrxp/cr,p/br; jcr,mv:tJcrwqcr:
av,ekLO (Ache) anrmI:nfr:gunrsumdrxdRv,nnr.yU,> wo/:esnnrx
mzgr;nJcr;jUwr;mzfcr:bo/ szcrjUwr;mzcr:ywr. WnrnmrxsU,nv:mi jcr,gfv,
tJcrmKcr:himr:Wmr: anredl/dr;gfv,jKwr:nxoywrx>
dI;wqcr:av,ekLO (Ache) anrmI:dI;himr: gunrsum/drxdRv,
nnr. mI:gUnr:do/ mzgr;sQnrs/mrmJnr,nJcr;hqcr (131,000) no.noywr.>
gUnr:anrho/gfv,jzmr:nmrx anramr,hnrdUwrdo/mnr:egv; a/nr,lo/
mKnregv.> lKwresnnrx ycr:mI:pU;w/dr,jqbr: ”wrmJnr,mnr:El; pU;
anrlo;dUgr:d/cr:y/br,pJdr, h/mr:”inr:h/mr:ey: dI;yU,dI;ginr
egv; mI:tQcr;”wrsQnrmnr:gznr,noywr.> mKcr:mel:sLv: (Malaysia)
gUnr:do/ mzgr; 60 bo/El; kUwr:kzcrlU.sumr:dcr:nmr> nT:mKcr:to: gUnr:
do/jzmr:nmrx dcr:mUdr:edmI:mzgr;hv;hqcrbo/> anrho/gfv,jzmr:nmrx anr
amr,hnrdUwrdo/mnr:nnr. edmI:mzgr;s/mrhqcrbo/> anrdo/dI;mKcr:
to:nox gmr;bv;nmr bqnrgUnr:nzgr;mKcr: jKwr:anrel,mKcr: (tourist)
kwrgmr;nmrnoywr.>
mKcr:sI,”wr,(Sri Lanka) mI:gUnr:do/ mzgr;hv;mJnr,bo/< anrho/
gfv,jzmr:nmrx anramr,hnrdUwrdo/mnr: mzgr;s/mrmKnr,bo/< lKwres
nnrx gUnr:jKwr:anrsumr: kUwr:kzcr”inr:ey:es amr,mI:dI;yU,dI;
swr:nnr. a/nr,”wrmJnr,mnr:> mKcr:ainr:DI:yv:(India) mI:gUnr:
do/mzgr;mJnr,bo/< anrhogfv,jzmr;nmrx mI:mzgr;”gr:hqcrbo/< lKwresnnrx
gUnr:anramr,mI: kwr;nmrxd/cr:ginr amr,mI:dI;yU,dnr:swr:jKwr:
nnr. mI:a/nr,”wrmJnr,mnr:> mKcr:emv:DibrxFr(Maldives) mI:gUnr:
do/ mzgr;b/gr,bo/El; mI:kUwr:kzcrlU.sumr:dcr:nmr>
amr,lKwr gunraFRigv: (Africa) yU,gomKcr:ea:sLv: (Asia)

egv; WnrnmrxsU,nv:mi ycr:gfv,tJcrdI;nnr;yU,> gunraFRigv:
(Africa) anrlo;Yv: ep:sU,nv:minox mI:yU,s/mrmKcr:< mKnrncr,
mKcr:sUwr,mv:lI:yv: (Somalia)< mKcr:kQnr:yv: (Kenya) El; mKcr:
t/nr:j/nr:nI:yv:(Tanzania) jKwr:noxywrx> mKcr:sUwr,mv:lI:yv:
(Somalia) gUnr:mKcr: jKwr:anryU,jmrnmrxb/cr,lo/,es hvginrbv
jKwr:nnrxegv; do/gfv,mzgr;b/gr,bo/noywr.>
d/cr:hQcr:Wnrnmrx (wave power)

mKwr;pzcr:dJgrxbqnr aicr,snr,nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,ywrxes Ed,
bqnrmv:sU,nv:minnrx nmrxegv;gJcrxg/crxbqnrWnrlUcr p/cr,p/br;gfv,
jU:pcr,h/wr;hQcr:EdxEdx> lugr.awrdI; aicr,snr,nnr.esEl;
nmrxp/cr,p/br;gfv,jU:pcr, d/cr:wo:mnr:nJcr;jUwr;mzcr:gfv, 800 gI,
lUwr,mI,dv,(kilometers)noyU,> mKwr;bqnraicr,snr, dI;gunrsumdrx
dRv, himr:wqcr:av,ekLO mKcr:ainr,dUwr,nI:sLv:nnrx wo/:esaicr,
snr,ywrx mzgr; 30 minidrx Wnrnmrxjcr,goz; p/cr,p/br;mv:tJcrdI;av,
ekLO> nmrxp/cr,p/br;anrlugrxawr dI;cwr;aicr,snr,gfv, edv,ebv:
tJcrpcr,nnr. ebv:dUYr:nfr:nmrxEd. amr,ebv:hnrl/gr,lo/:scr
mKnrnmrxp/cr,p/br;yUwr:yUwr:gUYr:< yU,nKwr”iwr:winrdUYr: ycr:amr,
“. amr,ebv:hnrl/gr,lo/:scrnoesdv. hQcr:mnr:Ed.yfr,Ed.Ed.
noywr.>
hQcr:nmrxsU,nv:minox amr,jfr;gfv,nKwrnmrxgUYr:< dfr;nmrxegv;
p/cr,p/br;gfv,hQcr:mKnrgnrywr;> mKwr;mnr:jmredtJcrpcr, dI;pcr,
nnr. gzbr;mI:nmrxdJnr;wo.El; nmrxp/cr,p/br;anrgfv,nKwrnmrxEl;
dfr;nmr.nnr. yqnr:bqnrgqnrnmrxlUcres p/cr,p/br;sT,dI;pcr,<
y/mr:nnr.gqnrlUcrmnr: sucrkJnr;ebv:mI:mzgr; 30 mI,tKwr, (Metre) 4
ebv:bqcr:bo/moxbo/dzgr,noywr.>
4
nJcr;mI,dv,nox d/cr:gf/cr;-y/wr:mnr:mzgr;nJcr;wo/;>
lzcr;bqnrmv: “sU,nv:mi” (causes of Tsunami)
dv,edbqnrmv:sU,nv:minox lzcr;d/cr:mnr: mI:yU,lo/lo/
anr< mKnrncr,anrl/dr;mv:nnrxywrx> gUYr:gv;anrgoxbqnrnv,
Edx gzbr;aicr,snr,nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,nnr. h/wr;hQcr:nv,esel;
hqdr:H;ncrlinrdfr;nmrx amr,nnrlinrWcr:mKcr: jnrxnzgr;
(seafloor spreading)nnr.dQgr,c/gr;azgr,es gJcrxg/crxelv,sfr,gnr
kJnr:hQcr:hQcr:> yznr.mnr:kJnr:elv,gnrhQcr:nv,El; hQcr:nmr.egv;
bucr;kJnr;mv:h/wr;hQcr:es yqnr:bqnrgqnrnmrxlUcr p/cr,p/br;kwr;hv
pcr,hQcr:hQcr:nnr.bKcrnJcr;noywr.>
tQcr;anrnJcr; anrj/cr;hqdr:hfr;bqnr;mv: sU,nv:mino. gzbr;
lzopo:nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,nnr. dQgr,egv;j/cr;bqnrmv: sU,nv:milo;no
ywr.> lzcr;lzopo:dQgr,nfr:nmrxes bqnrmv:sU,nv:minox dI;mKcr:bv,bUwr,
niwr,gI,nI,yv, (Pa Pua New Guinea) y/mr;bqnrmv:ywrxbzgr;nJcr;>
anrnnr. bqnrmKwr;wnr:ti 17 lKnrgLV,lo, bIkRidrx 1998 d/cr:hQcr:
mnr: jmrmI:mzgr; 7.0 tJcr 7.2 Rigr,srdv,< hqdr;hfr;gUnr:do/gfv, mzgr;
s/mrhqcrbo/es kUwr:kzcrhKnr:ey:egv; lo;lU.sumr:gfv,jzmr:dcr:nmr>
cwr;h/gr;aicr,snr, (Origin of earth quake)
ebv:edl/dr;En cwr;h/gr;aicr,snr,jJcr aznrd/cr:sudr:
hwr:edlo;”.lzcr;lUgr;(lumr;'v.)lU:gznr,> gmr;bv;nmr gUnr:mKcr:
hwr:egv; edy/mr;cinr:yU,wv; lUgr;anrhwr:yU,nox mnr:mUnr:mKnr
lugr;m/gr,ncrwoxnonnr.ywr;> ebv:awrpU;lUcrxlQnr, p/o,bo/:so/O
(scientist)kwrwv;jJcr lUgr;(universe)anrhwr:yU,nox mnr:bqnrl/wr
lugr;nJcr;gUYr:no> scrgfv,yU,nzgr;lUgr;no.es dUYr:mv:nojJcr
lUgr;anrhwr:yU,nox edlo;hnr mKnrncr,hwr:yU,nT:lUgr;no.es
dUYr:gfv,d/cr,lUgr;nnr.gUYr:ncr,gwr,noywr.> ”.wv; lUgr;anr
hwr:yU,nox mnr:mUnr:wo.gUYr:nonnr.ywr.> lKwresnnr. hwr:smrx
lUwr,lo;”.tQcr;wv; lUgr;anrhwr:yU,nox gmr,bv;nmr dv,70 bunr;nox
bqnrnmrx< ncrlinrsmr.mI:awr dv, 30 bunr;gUYr:noyU,> gzbr;nnr

hwr:jcr,lo;hnrwv; nmrxb/cr,lo/,no. Wbr;lUgr;hwr:woxyU,nonnr.
ywr.>
cwr;h/gr; amr,nnr lzcr;d/cr:anrhqdr;H; bqnraicr,snr,
mv:Edx gzbr;lUgr;hwr:mUnr:woxEl; lUgr;egv;mI:bKgr,mnr: bqnrjnrx
jnrxwox> yU,nfr:g/crlUgr;(core)amr,nnr gQnrlUgr;nnrx mKnrncr,
t/nr,po:lQcrlUcrwoxes lKdr,mo;EdxEd.no.ywr.> bKgr,lUgr;jnrx
nfr:(mantle) anryU,d/mr:gQnrlUgr;nnr. bqnrpo:lQcrlUcrwo.es
mKnrncr, hwr:awrlqgr:awrdzcr: mv:azcr,H;mnr:jKmr;nnrxywrx> m/cr
bzgr;mnr:smrxj/cr;logfv,lomv: amr,yU,nimr< m/crbzgr;egv;j/cr;bucr;
azgr,mv:d/cr:lozpo: anrhwr:goxlo;cinr:wv; lozfpo:dQgr,anrwv;nnrx
ywrx> bKgr,lUgr;jnrxnzgr;(crust)jmrx Ed,awrncrlinr anrhwr:yU,
amr,nnrEd,awr bJnr.nmrxb/cr,lo/,lUcr:gfv, edv,ebv:tJcrbKgr,
lUgr; jnrxg/crnnrx d/cr:lJgrxmnr:mI:mzgr; 6 lgr:noywr.> 5
gzbr;bKgr,lUgr;jnrxnfr:nnrx mo;hQcr:nv, smrxlogfv,lomv:El;
hqdr:H;bKgr,lUgr;jnrxnzgr;nnrx sudrxgfv,sudrxmv:< m/crbzgr;egv; lo
azgr,es kJnr:elv,dumrxsfr,gnrywr. yqnr:bqnraicr,snr,mv:> scr
bqnrnKwrlinregv; hqdrH;mI:sqcrlcr< ncrlinrsnr,< anrgUnr:mKcr:
hwr:Wcrx aicr,snr,nnrxywrx> scrwv;bqnr nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,egv; hqdr:
H;nmrxnfr:b/cr,lo/, dUcrxnJcrmv:hQcr:hQcr:es yqnr:bqnrWnrnmrxlUcr
p/cr,p/br;gfv,jU:pcr, anrgUnr:mKcr:gLv,b/nr,kwr d/cr,bnrjJwr;
mnr:wv;“sU,nv:mi” nnrxywrx> edv,mKwr;lqwr awrjbr:jJwr;mnr:es
gUnr:nfr:lUgr;egv; Wcrxjzmr:gLv,b/nr,gfv,< anrnox gzbr;mKcr:gLv,b/nr,gox
bqnrnv,El; kwrdJnr:”.lIesbKnr;>
5
l,bm l6mTbTii,, soyงสือสารคดี สึนามิ , สัญญาณเตือนจากโลก, สํานักพิมพดวงแกว,
กรุงเทพฯล, หนา ๓๖, “การเกิด แผนดินใหว”
j/gr;yznr;wo/:aicr,snr, bqnrscr (what is aftershock?)
j/gr;yznr;wo/:aicr,snr,anrwv;no. mnr:bqnraicr,snr,
anrnJcr; anrgo.mv:jzmr: wo/:esmI:aicr,snr, anrbqnrh/wr;h/wr;
hQcr:hQcr:gfv, amr,ebv:’icrnnr.ywr.> d/cr:hQcr:mnr:Edx edhQcr:lKwr
esaicr,snr,nnr.En,< amr,bqcr:En, anrwv;nnr.Ed. amr,
j/cr;l/mrr:lo;lIlI> wo/:esaicr,snr, h/wr;h/wr;hQcr:hQcr:gfv,ywrx
nnr. j/gr;yznr;wo/:aicr,snr,no. goxgoxbqnrmv:lo/gmr:yU,> m/crbzgr;
egv; edbqnrszcrs/mrgmr:< m/crbzgr;egv; edj/cr;bqnrlo/lo/gmr:yU,<
gmr;bv;nmrEdx dJnr:bqnrmv:ywrx>
gzbr;nnr wo/:esbqnraicr,snr, nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,es yqnr:
bqnrWnrnmrxsU,nv:migfv,ywr.nnr. amr,lIwoxmwrm/crlv:lv:> yznr.
scrno w/o:essU,nv:mibqnrgfv,ywr. amr,ebv:’icrnnr. gzbr;j/gr;
yznr;wo/:aicr,snr, go.go.bqnrmv:jzmr:d/cr:lcrnnr.ywr.>
kKcr;'/cr. ep:sU,nv:mi( Tsunami warning system)

wo/:es ep:nmrxlUgr;sU,nv:mibqnrgfv,ywrx nfr:lUgr;gU;mKcr:
mKcr:egv; aznrgnrdUcrxdJnr, lzcr;ep:spv,wsU,nv:mino.es lo;
hqdr:b/crgumrgnr dv,edh/cr;hQnr: eh.gcr;lzcr;lU.sumr: sU,nv:mi
noyU,> nKwrlKcr;nnr. kwrlo;jfrgnrwv; mKwr;lfresamr,wv; scrmI:
aicr,snr, nfr:nmrxb/cr,lo/,nojJcr mKcr:lfrmKcr:nnrx lUwr,mI:kKcr;
'/cr.bnrep: (warning system) H;lo;h/cr;hQnr: dv,bo/;lzdr;gfv,
dI;gonmrxnnrxnoywrx>
kKcr;'/cr.ep: (warning system) anrnox edlo;gzcrxgqwr,
gnr dcr:kKcr;'/cr.ep: anrmI:dI;gunrhv,wo/,(Hawaii) mKcr:aem,
Rignnr.noyU,> gzbr;bKwr;dI;nnr; bqnrcwr;jJcr;(center) lUcrmnr:
El; s/wr:sI,jUwr;mzcr: scrwv;mI:aicr,snr,nfr:nmrx h/wr;hQcr;tQcr;
es a/br;edbqnrmv: ep:nmrxsU,nv,mimv:jJcr kKcr;'/cr.ep:anr
nox dJnr:”.tJcres j/cr;bnr'/cr.kKcr;'/cr. anrmI:gU;dI;dI;El;

gUnr:jKwr:anryU,jzmr: nmrxb/cr,lo/,nnrx H;dnr:b/o;lzdr;lo;no
ywr.>
lUcrbzcrjJcr; mKcr:anrYv:ep: sU,nv:mijKwr:nnrx aznr
gnrdUcrxdJnr, lzcr;hqdr:kKcr;j/gr;'/cr.ep:nnr. pTpfrmnr:yU,>
gzbr;bKwr;ep:nmrxsU,nv:minox hqdr:H;gUnr:d/cr,mKcr: amr,hdr:mv:
El,mKcr:kwres yv.gwr:g/nrgfv,k/wr:d/cr:nfr:mKcr:El; lo/:dv,ed
lo;cJnr: gUnr:nzgr;mKcr:kwregv; yzmr:lUcr:gfv,h/wr;hQcr:nmr> scrmI:
kKcr;j/gr;'/cr.mzgr,bnrep:nojJcr j/cr;hqdr:H; bKnr;mnr;jfryumr,
ymrnKwr lUcrbzcrjJcr;kJnr:es mv:El,mKcr:kwrkJnr:nnr.yU,>
nfr:gv;mKcr:anrYv:ep: sU,nv:migmr:no. anrlo;hqdr:kKcr;
j/gr;'/cr.ep: aznrd/cr:bKnr;sudr:sudr:nnr. bqnrmKcr:to:ywrx>
dv,edhvsJwrxkKcr;j/gr; '/cr.ep:nmr.sU,nv:mi mv:sfr,wox jzmr:pcr,
b/cr,lo/,nnr. lUcrbzcrjJcr;to:kwr lo;jfr.cJnr:edv,lv,gfv, dv,nJcr;
l/nrxhv;sQnr (mQnr;cJnr:to:mzgr;70l/nrx) 6 noyU,ywr.> anrnox dv,
edhqdr:H;bKnr;yumr,ymrlzcr;“mr,lUmr;kwres mv:el,kiunr:mKcr:kwr
mKnrmKwr;gwr,gwr,nnrxywrx>
ekv;lUbr:lcr
ep:spv,wgU;mqwr:no. nmrea,amr,wv; mnr:dJnr:mI:
pznr:jv.mnr:yU,> bKcrnJcr;egv; yznr.wv;bqnr ep:spv,wnonnr.
edbqnrebv,mv:dI;lfr mKwr;lTegv; mnr:amr,l/mr:lo;> amr,jfr;wv;
hwr:amr,yU,jmrnmrxb/cr,lo/, amr,yU,jmrlozFo: amr,j/cr;lIgUwr
scrnoamr,jrf;> yU,jmrnmrxWcr;lqgrxlqgrxaznr,gUYr:egv; wnr:nJcr;
6
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4136289.stm.
j/cr;yqnr:bqnr nmrxnzcr:lUcrmv:nnrxywr;> gzbr;nnr yU,dI;lfregv;
dJnr:amr,lIwoxmwrm/crlv:lv:>
mKnrncr, ep:WnrnmrxsU,nv:mI,nox mKwr;aznrd/cr:mnr:
amr,sU;bqnrEl; gUnr:egv;woxmwrm/cr amr,t/cr,tKmrwv;mnr: edbqnr
mv:dI;anrmnr:amr,y/mr;bqnrnoEl; jcr,lo;mI:lzcr;lU.yT,do/
nmrnnr.ywr.>
nfr:k/wr:y/mr:szcrs/mrbImv:nox hwr:edlo;hnrwv; ep:lo/
lo/mqwr: anramr,y/mr;bqnrmv:egv;bqnrmv:ebv,mv:< mKnrjKcrxncr,
ep:nmrxlUgr;< ep:nmrxtUmr;< ep:aicr,snr,< goxgoxebv,bqnrmv:dI;
anramr,dznrxbqnr dznrxebv,nnr.yU,> bKcrnJcr;Ed. edbqnrgzbr;
woxmwrm/cresbqnrmv: mKnrncr,ep:gUnr:lgr. po:mo;jKwr:nnr.es
tQcr;bKcrnJcr;smr. gzbr;bqnrep:spv,wEl; amr,j/cr;h/mr;sI:lo;
es bqnrmv:mKcrncr,ep:nmr.sU.nv:mi lozpo:dQgr, lUmr:lQcr.lUcr
Ed,gfv,jKwr:nnr.ywr.> ep:jKwr:nox amr,jfr;wv; mnr:bqnrmv:ywrx
edamr,bqnrlo;tQcr;noamr,jfr;< mnr:dJnr:j/cr;bqnrmv:tQcr;es
gzbr;nnrlIaznrgnr'/crxsdiwoxyU,> gmr:lJnr:sudr: yznr:sU:wv;
H;aznrgnr g/cr:lzdr;ep:spv,wjKwr:no.lo; gU;jwr.nTwnr:kmr;
esgmr:no ... >
I dedicate this article to those who lost their loved ones,
and properties during the horrible Tsunami destroyed
South East Asia. May their souls live in peace and have a
good rebirth!
Reference:
1. สมัย สุทธิธรรม, หนังสือสารคดี สึนามิ สัญญาณ เตือนจากโลก,

สํานักพิมพดวงแกว, กรุงเทพฯ
2. หนังสือพิมพ ทูเดยโพสต, ฉ.ที่ 871 ประจําวันที่ 26 มิถุนายน 2548
3. Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka News paper), Sunday, January
16, 2005.
4. Sunday Time, Sunday, January 30, 2005.
5. ITIC, US National Weather Service of NOAA, Honolulu,
Hawaii.
6. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4136289.stm.
umefzj,oej,
qof;OkoI rmof:crf:
uGmrf:erf:
wmrfeif,Nofacj;yj;eldofeh.aO umefzj,oej,eh. vmwf;imh;
pAwf:bmyf,wmef,pkdofauj; ayj:vAyf;pAef:pj rD:nmef,wmif:N.ygif,q[
eldofOazj:xrf,raO cwf:q[ygifszqkdif wkdef:vh;zgef:vDvgif;
uwf:bAefwlofq[ ul;z[ref:bl,trf,pmif./ umefzj,oej,eh. trf,
q[;e[:ukefat:OBj:ulnf: tefcof;q[? rldif:oef:wluf:cofauj; cof;q[
vAyf;pAef:sw.sw.oj;oj;bl,bof./ wD;eh; vmh:Oyf:vSif:sv; vmh:
pAwf:Omif; trf,wArfxlef;rlwf:vh;ehauj; P;yAefvmh:tefaeyef
OAef;wmif:urf;zgif;- qldif.eif,oj; umefzj,oej,eh. yAeftD;Oif?
zj,oej,eh. trf,vlduf;ej;? tgif;wD;zj,oej,? cl:Ogefzj,oej,?
Owdyxmef,OD,yldifsv;zgef:vD vh;zj,oej,qldof:eh.bof./
e[:avj:ueh. ulef:wif:OAif; tgefuefpjOAef;wmif: wj,
Oldof:rlef;uwf:bAefwlofq[sv; wmif:zgrf.zAif,uefoh.bl,/ ayj:tof
wmif:pefxkdif ulef:clif:umifoj; wmif:Oldof:rlef;eh. vh;rj:ugyf; clof:cgif?
wlduf;tkwf,wlduf;oj: rD:vlwf.uj: tefxkuf,rSef;q[sv; tmrf: emwf;?
qef.xmef;ulef:? tduf,vlnf;qgrf:ej;apjej;Ndef: ej;umefwj
imef:qldof:eh.ehbl,/ bgef.yldof; rD:vgif;bkrf,brfoh.Eif,eefsv;
coftgefuefOguf;pj wj,P;ayj:vh; vgif;auBj,rlef;uwf:bAefqldof:
eef.bl,bof./
umefzj,oej, \ 107
qgrf:tofvmh:eh.vmh:eef.aO cwf:q[pjvSuf;vhm; iof:vmh:

zmh,eguf;qldif.eif,pdrf:Mrf: wlif,oldif:umefomef;umefrldif: ugyf;bkrf,
brfoj; urf:vkdef:Okwf: ayj:vluf;avj:uwArfxlef;rj:eh awauBj,
Oldof:uwf:bAefrj: oj;ehbof./ ulnf:uj; cofvkdrf:oh.vgif;oj; Omhimhul;
yldifyldifeh. ref:vSuf;vmh;bl,wj,aO, ayj:trf,xmwf,eheef.bof./
rldof;umifq[ yh,wef:wArfxlef;eef. ul;qldof.ul;yldif ayj:vSuf;vmh;uGj,
aO wmif:auBj,Oldof: teftAef:tmef:eef.auj; vh;pmhvmhuGj, rdlef
eif,rAwf.erf.emh: rldof;bmrf:umife[ pmhpSif;uGj, rldof;oef:xgif,yldif:rj:
eef.bof./
auj.rD:wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,eef. ref:cwf:q[pj wj,vh;auBj,
Oldof:aOwj. rldefpmif;vh;bmyf,ej, rldefumyf,rldof;tgef, rdefohm;rj:
qrfqrfaO ngyf:toftrf,vh;eef.bof./ ulef:pof: urf;yj;erf
q[.vmh:zdwf:zlefaO pjtofwmif:uwf:bAefsv; wmif:zgrf.zAif,
uefbl,/ xkuf,vDpAwf:P;N. vgif;uwf:bAefsv; vgif;wkuf.ctef
sw. wD;e[:wlofpof:eh.aOwj. Orf.trf,cwf:q[pj/ ukrf,rkdif.pj
wmif:eguf;wlofbl,/ ugyf;eef qif,emef:vh;pef vgif;uwf:bAef
sv; wkuf.ctefsw.eef.bof./ ulef:wif:erf vDtgefuefcwf:
q[ Oguf;pjiof;pmuf; wmif:uwf: bAefsv; wmif:wkuf.ctefsw.ref:
wD;e[:wlofq[qof;uof,eef.bof./ wj,awN.pef vgif;uwf:bAef
sv; vgif;wkuf.ctefqSwf; wD;e[:wlofq[ulef:pof:eef. vDuh.ygif
szumefzj,oej,bl,/
umefzj,oej,eh. yAeftD;Oif`
umefzj,oej,eh. yAefvgif;P;rD:Owd tefP;N.qgrf: vgif;
Ozj,o tefref:yAefvl.bl,qldof:eef.bof./ avj:uvlifeh. tD;
OifaOtrf,oj; ref:wkdef:trf,rD: vgif;ref;ukdrf:eheef. Oifoj;
trf,tofq[ Orj,xdqldof:eh.aO wlnf:tofehqkdif ref:awtrf,
qmif; tofvhm:v[aO N.pefvh;vDvD/ wj,awqgrf:OAef;wmif:tef
eh. vhm:ref:awrD:vhm:Orx trf,eef vhm:odyOfOej,ehOgifyldif
bl,/ wD;uSyf;uSyf;ref: vhm:Orxtefoj;eh. yAefvhm:auj,wif; P;
q[Orj,xdpof:pSif:b[,rj:aO N.pefvh;vgif;yAefvl.qldof:eef.bof./
vmh:odyOfOej,tefoj;eh. yAefvhm:tefarj P;N.pefeldof
Ikyf;? Eldofemrf,? eldofOzj,oxrf,r tefarjyAefarjvl. ul;qldof.ul;
yldfifqldof:eef. awvh;Oyf:vSif: wD;uSyf;ref:eif,ehbl,/ wmif:pl.
odyOfOej,tefeh. sw,tofwj,awvh;Omef,? wj,awvh;tzd
nmef, tefqmif;ylifOmif; (zmef,Omif:)pAwf:vh;pmif;ul;yldifyldif tef
qmif;vrfvdef rdefeldofumifpmof? rD:Ntefqmif;idef:vh; tefqrf
tefuhul;yldifyldif/ tefqmif;pAwf:P; rD:rj:rmuf,wj tefrldefzD tef
qmif;pefvh; wD;qrfwD;uhvh;/ tefqmif;N.pef q[yldef;wmif,auj.
vh;? tefqmif;N.vh;qmwf;ugef, tefbmrf;yAefOifyAefOdifv[? vldof
aOeef. wj,awP;yAefrj: qof;aOj:wj,ymef,? Ouwj,umrf,? t
ej,umrf, qof;tIpef,(Ipmef:wj,)? qof;Oj,ou? Qof;Tzj:yqfaq,
u? Tzj:Orf,rj,Orf,ykwf.x? urf:vkdef:Okwf: wj,awvh;vgif;uwf:
bAef wD;OkifOkwf:tefoj; edyf.ymef,eef.auj; yAefvgif;tofvhm:
tefeh.aO pAwf:tofeheef. trf,wmyf;vlof,vh;rD: vgif;xmif,xldrf
tD;Oif/
zj,oej,eh. trf,vlduf;ej;
umefzj,oej,eh. Ndif:rj:wj,ulef:wif:erf aw,tofulef:
pAwf:umef ulef:zmefulef:rD: ulef:ul;cldof:cldof:sv; Oj,Oej,wif:
erfeef.bl,/ umefygifszzj,oej,eh. yAefumefykef;wj, vh;N.ygif,
Ozj,oq[sv; wj,awq[.wdkof:ref:uGj, P;rD:zgef:vD ul;rdlof;ul;cmof:
eef.bof./ q[eh. yAefumuf,aOj: wj,uwf:bAefsv; rh;q[bof./
q[eh. trf,vdluf;cdlof:ulef:? trf,vdluf;Oj,Oej,? z[auj; cwf:q[ygif
sz pAwf:vh;umefzj,oej,eh.bl,bof./
umefzj,oej, \ 109
tgif;wD;zj,oej,
rldof;awzj,oej, rldof;tefpSif:Orj,xdpof:yh,b[,eef. vlduf;
pjwD;zdwf,bAef wD;tefvSyf;awyAefzj,oej,vh; rldefeif,e[:
tgif;egef: e[:pgif;umefqldof:eh. Oifoj;ref:rD:vgif;uwf:bAef pAwf:
wD;v[auj;vh;/ Oifoj;pSif:zj,oej, ref;ukdrf:pSif:b[,rj:qkdif trf,
q[;wD;tefbAefOD,auj; awqmif;pAwf:vh;umefzj,oej,bl,/ ayj:
yAefeefrj:qkdif zj,oej,eh. pAwf:vh;ul;wD;bof./ cmof:bmrf:pAwf:
ref:sw. vgif;pAwf:umefzj,oej,eh. bgef.oj;ref:vlof, vgif;
zdwf,bAefsv; tefvDOkwf:Okwf: umife[qof.qof.yguf;ekdif;? umif
crf; rldof:cmof:ulef:uGj,ulef:rj:bAefeef.auj; pAwf:vh;bl,/
cl:Ogef zj,oej,
ej;umefzj,oej,eh. ugyf;oj;ref:vkduf.vrf,ej, vj;vDpAwf:
uGj,trf,vh;sv; wkdef:vlof,vhh;rD:aOauj.auj. qgh;qD.se Oif,
Ogefsebl,/ wj,vh;cl:zj,oej, tefrD:erf.uwf. wArfwArfxlef;
xlef;eh. trf,imh;imh;/ ulnf:uj; Oifoj;qof;uof, rD:wh:auj.tefbmrf;
pAwf:umefzj,oej,eef.auj;vD? yyf.tefuAof,vlnf; vgif;umefzj,o
ej,eef.auj;vD? xgrf,tofe[:cSyf:qmuf; tefyldef;apj:oh.eef.auj;
vD awyAefvh;wD;ykdif;tdif qof;uof,bl,/ vhm:eif;ref: Oifoj;yAfef
zl;qmh: awvh;eif;cjcGh,ukwf,ehbof./ Oifoj;yAefemif:bdif: eif;
ckyf.cof,auj;vD? eif;cjcGh,ukwf,auj;vDpAwf:vh;bl,/ Oifoj;rD:wmif:
bmyf,zkdwf, eif,HdofawrD:vgif; q[edrfvh;eef. eif;eldofwif,aO
tofwdefbgef,vlif:wmif:w[;ehauj; Orf.vh;bl,/ ulnf;uj; e[:vhm:
eif;qldof:eef. eif;pAwf:Hdofauj;vD vlof,eif;oh. wlofOkdof;Okdof;ulnf:
qif,awOmif,xkuf,/ rldof;zgif:eif;umefeef. awtrf,vh;uef;q[
pSif:zSof? Orf.oh.tlef;zSof? xlnf;q[rmef,rmef, bj;P;xldif:ylef.?
bj,P;z[:ylef./
Owdyxmef,OD,ydlif
umefzkduf:wgif: vlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf,eh. wD;e[:umefzj,oej,
ujbjekyOfOejeef. ref:yAeftefqkdof;OAifb[, tefulef:Olif
erf tefyldef;tgefuefpAwf:ul;wD;ul;vSeftefekdfif;/ vguf:vmh:zkduf:
wgif:vlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf,eh. Oifoj;pof:eif;vDvDimrf:imrf:bof. aw
vh;vyf:wj tofq[qyf:vlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf, wD;ymuf,cl;vifpof:oh.?
q[pof:awtrf,vh; yefzlif.yefydof Oifoj;ref:vh;ydofuGj,wmif,wD;
auj; awvh;tofrj: qyf:ckdef: wD;cl;vifpof:eef.wduf:wduf:ulnf:/
vlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf, wD;cl;vifpof:eef. rldof;cof;auj;awvh;wgif:?
rldof;tguf,auj;awvh;wgif:? awvh;rmhe[:q[pof:oh.oj; eh.yAefvlrf:
cof;? eh.yAefvlrf:tguf, awvh;wgif:eif,eh/ rldof;zgif:pof:qgrf:wgif:
vlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf,bl,eef. tefyAefq[uof,Oof;oof:vrf udav,Oj,?
Q[avj:z? q[awj:O? Q[arj:pqldof:eh. uwf:uGj,oh.qlof;uSyf.qlof;urf:
bgef.yldof;q[udav,Oj, cmwf,uGj,qlof;uSyf.qlof;urf:sv; q[pof:eh.
uwf:bAefrj: qlof;uSyf.qlof;urf:? Oifoj;ref:xmwf,vh;wj,aO,auj;
awuwf:bAefwj,aO,eef.bof./
xSif;yldifekdif;sw. yAefvhm:wlnf:uj,bj,ekyOfOej, vhm:
wlnf:qgrf:rldof;uGj,? rldof;udef? rldof;egef:qldof:eef.bof./ ref:ygif,oj;
rldof;pof:uGj,eef.auj; awvh;wgif:oj; uGj,bof;? bkuf.wdefbof;? bmif;
bof;? wrf:bof;awvh;tofvhm:eh. pAwf:wduf:wduf: awj,ayj:xkdfif
cmof:bmrf:yhzmh; (qifur) ayj:OAif;/ rldof;udefauj;awj;eef bdyf:
urf:cof;bof;? bkuf.rkdof:bof;? udefbof;ehwduf:wduf: awj,ayj:udef
bof./ rdlof;egef: auj;awj;eef awvh;wgif:qgrf: eif,uj;pof:wlif.
pof:ekdif awj,cmof:bmrf:ayj:rlwf:eef.bof;/ vldofaOeef. awvh;
tofvhm:xmwf;OD,yldif tefoj;xmwf;vdef? xmwf;erf.? xmwf;vlrf:?
xmwf;zh:qldof:eef.aO sz;wdlef:? ygif,oj; edlofxmwf;OD,yldifqldof:
eef. awvh;tofvhm: vuf.cej,Omrfyldif tefoj;tedqf.q? wkuf.
c? tewf.wqldof:eef.aO sz;wldef:ehbl,/
umefzj,oej, \ 111
vldofaOeef. toftif,uj, 32 yldif rldefeif, clefNof? clef

wlof? nqbr.dinrnqbr.mJwr:< kqwr;< ncr< nKwr.< aqnr< lubr,< azgr:lubr,<
mmr;< (mmr;no. jbr:gnrdcr:dbr:El;bzdr,) “wrjrf< dbr:< lzdr,< drf<
bzdr,< so;lUcr< so;aznr,< yKwr,mrf,< (d/cr:ginrmrf, nrf:dzcr.) yKwr,
gwr,< (po/;lUcr) azgr:eav< lI< kI;dKwr,< nzcr< lKdr;< Ndof,? < ko< nmr.
dv< nmr.mnr:< nmr.lo/:< kI;mugr;< nmr.jQcr< nmr.yqwr;jKwr:no.
wUnr.ko;lUYr;dcr: lgr.knv,s/mrbKcranrwv; anijrj< dugr.k<
andr.dnnr.es Ep;dKnr:nonnr.ywr.>
ayj:pof:eif;Hdifrj: qgrf:wlofpof:? cjpof:? ukrf,pof:awrlnf;
awqAyf:rj:/ ulnf;uj; ref:qAyf:wmef,Hdofauj;bj, qgrf:eif,pof:
ruf:ref;oh.cmof:bmrf:eef. awvh;bldef.tof awtrf,vh;vkuf.
ySwf;? awvh;wlnf:wD;tef ref:qAyf:eef.wduf:wduf:ulnf:/ vgif;
qAyf:vgif;ckdef;qldof:eef. ayj:oj;pof:Orf.tofq[yuf:oh. wD;ref:aO
zj,oej,qkdif tefeef. Mif.oj; vhm:sz;wldef:ao,wej, (ao,w
ej,ekyOfOej,) ehbof./ vhm:sz;wdlef:ao,wej,eh. ref:rD:oh.
Omrfvgif; ao,wej,tefuwf:bAef (Okcao,wej,)? ao,wej,
tefcmefq[(wkuf.cao,wej,)? ao,wejtefcmefq[auj; trf,q[;?
teftrf,cmefq[auj;trf,q[; (tkyAuf.cj,ao,wej,) eh eef.bof./
e[:Omrfyldifqldof:eef. eldofOkcao,wej,sv; tkyAuf.cj,ao,wej,
eef. yduf.Orf.oj; ref:trf,ayj:xmif,qSif;ehaOwj. eldofwkuf.c
ao,wej,sw. bmrf:rldof; pof:rj:eif;umefeif,eefeef. ref:
xmif,qSif;sw.sw./ ulnf:uj; yAefHdofauj;vD awj,cmof:bmrf: ayj:
rlwf:eef. awvh;bldef.tofwduf:wduf:/ ayj:pof:bldef. Erfrj:auj;
Hdifrj:ref:awvlrfq[rj: awpefvgif;uwf:bAefref: rj:bl,/
lKwresnnr. smr.mI:tQcr;l/o:dUYr:jzmr:jT anrWcr.wv;
jidr.dv,nubsrsnv,nonnr.ywr.> l/o:dUYr:jzmr:jTno. dI;gQbr;
sudr:mnr:Ed. edlo;dUYr:jzmr:jTelv:p(jTkT;lo; kUwr:kzcrbUnr.
dI;)< jTedv:s(jTlmr)< jTemv:h(jTsumr,gumr;cUmr:dnr)< jTa
elv:p (jTanramr,mI:lzcr;kT;lo;< jTaedv:s(jTanremv yKnr.
gnr; anramr,emvjTlmr)< jTaemv:h(jTanrmI:lzcr; jTb/cr,
jTlQcr: nKwrCdv:Cpv:bqnrjwr;)nojKwr:nnr.ywr.> bzcr,wv; scr
wv;hwr:dUYr:jTjKwr:no. esanranrjJcr y/mr:lqwrjTjwr;gwr,
bqnraI;scryU,< bqnrjTkT;lo;wo.esanranrEn,< jTlmrwo.es
anranrhJwr< jTdJmrdnrwo.hJwrnoEd,gfv, edlo;dUUYr:jzmr:s/oc/o
jThwr: anrbqnryU, y/mr:lqwrnnr.ywr.> jKwr:no. bqnrl/o:dUYr:
jzmr:jT jidr.dv,nubsr.snv,anrgQbr;mnr:ywr.>
tQcr;l/o:nJcr; lzgr:l/o:dUYr:tmr,mv,nubsrsnv, anrwv;
no. dI;gQbr;mnr: nKwrlgr.knv, 32 bKcrnnr. edlo;dUYr:jzmr:
H;mnr:ebv:bqnrmv:knr,tv,hv;bKcr< av,ydnsibr:szcr< t/dr;sibr:
bQdr,nonnr.ywr.< bzcr,wv; nKwrdUwrgwr< “wrgwr< dvgwr< kU;lcrgwr<
sUbr:gwr< mJwr:gwr< dinrgwr< h/cr;gwrnoEd,gfv,dcr:l/ojKrwr:nnr.
wUnr.ko;lUYr; nKwrRubr;< nKwrn/mr,mUdr:nonnr.ywr.> bzcr,wv; nKwrgwr
dcr:lo/jKwr:nnr. awrH;bqnrmv:Rubr;< n/mr,nonnr.ywr.> lKcr;
jKwr:no. ebv:wv;hqdr:nmrmv: edbqnrmv:jzmr:ncr, anrl/dr;
mv:nnr.lo;yU,>
zgef:vD vh;zj,oej,
ulef:eh. rmif.pdyf;ej,? tofvhmvgif;vhmwmif:aO wj,awvh;
wmif:auBj,rlef;Oldof:sv; wmif:uwf:bAefeef. sc.cAif,uefbl,wj,
aO,/ ugyf;eef vDvh;zkduf:ygifsz umefzj,oej,eh.bl,aw.bof./
zgef:vDzj,oej,eh. rD:bl,wif:erf –
1. e[:ej;umef ul;oef:rldif:ulef:eef. zj,oej,eh. qgh;xSrf
au;chwmif:bmyf,zdkwf,sv; wj,vh;Omuf;Oj,vlrfq[urf;zgif;/
umefzj,oej, \ 113
2. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefulef:rh;q[auj.edkif;qdkif umefzj,oej,eh.

awqgh;xSrfqof;uof, vh;Oj,bAefq[sv; vh;uwf:bAefbl,ul;
wj,aO, trf,eef qlof;uSyf.qlof;cmof:/
3. Oifoj; qof;uof,rD:yefpj trf,qmif;Okwf:vh;aOyguf;qdkif umef
zj,oej,eh. qgh;xSrfyefpSif:erf.q[sv; wj,awj,Ol;cmrf;
ylef.vh; yefpjqdlof:eef.bl,/
4. Oifoj; qof;uof,blyf;bgrf: vgif;wmif:ref;q[ehqdkif umefzj,o
ej,eh. awqgh;xSrf wj,vh;wmif:ref;q[ tefvlof,eef.bl,/
vgif;ref;q[eh. yAefpSif:tgif,ay.e[:wlof tefedkif;bof./
5. Oifoj; qof;uof,rD:wmif:ulofapoh. E[:tluf:e[:q[qdkif umefzj,
oej,eh. qmif;qgh;xSrfvh; wj,awygif,q[ vgif;Ozj,otef
sw. tefpAwf:P;ulofeef.bl,/ ayj:eef qif,awqmif;cmrf;
ylef.vh; wmif:ulofapeef.bof./
6. Oifoj; qof;uof,trf,pmef.q[qgrf: ul;Orf,OSefydlif rdlef
eif,pmif;trf,pmef.q[ e[:zoqlof;ymefehqdkif umefzj,o
ej,eh. awyefbmrf:rmef wj,awyluf:ygifsv; ukrf:xdif:
wmif:pmef.q[eef.zgif;bl,/
7. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefauj.rD:wmif:xmif,xdlrfaO trf,cof;q[
edlofOj,Oej,qdkif umefzj,oej,eh. qmif;qgh;xSrfylef.vh;
vgif;wmif:xmif,xldrfsv; wj,awN.pef uj;ceftefsw. E[:
acj;xrf:Oif,OgefOj,Oej,eef.bl,/
8. Oifoj; qof;uof,xmwf;q[wluf:aO trf,ygif,q[edlof 'dif;
wkdef:yAefulef:sv; vluf;avj:uehqdkif umefzj,oej,eh. aw
emrf:ej;aO qgh;xSrfwj,awN.ygif,aO cmrf;ylef.vh; wmif:
Okuf.uof: vgif;xmwf;q[wluf:eef.bl,/
9. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefulef:rmuf;rD:ehqdkif umefzj,oej,eh.
qmif;qgh;xSrf wj,N.ygif,qgrf:Ozj,oclof:vAif:sv; ydlifbdyf:
wdkof:clof:vAif: wj,uwf:bAefauBj,Oldof:sv; ykef;wj,wif:erf
eef.bl,/
10. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefulef:ugwf:zmefqdkif umefzj,oej,eh.
qmif;qgh;xSrfvh; P;rD:wmif:pmef.q[sv; trf,oh.q[Olnf;edif;
awj,ydlef; qdlof:rmuf;rD:eef.bl,/
11. Oifoj; qof;uof,wdkuf.vAuf.wdkuf.ekrf, rSef;rdlof;olef.ch;q[ wj,
zoyj;ej;eef.qdkif umefzj,oej,eh. awqgh;xSrf wj,N.ygif,
q[uGj, OAef;wmif:v[ P;xkdifbldif:rmh xkuf,xkuf,eef.ehbl,/
12. Oifoj; qof;uof,cmof.su, tdrf,qmef;zoehqkdif umefzj,oej,
eh. awqkifqef wj,ygif,q[zovkduf.vkduf.? vgif;ygif,q[tef
eh. ckdef:pAwf:P;wlofOldof:Oj,aO ukrf.qgh;wj,vh; zorlef;Oldof:
bl,/
13. Oifoj; qof;uof,q[pmof;q[rh;qdkif umefzj,oej,eh. awqgh;xSrf
yluf:ygiftAefpSif: wj,cmrf;ylef.vh;q[pmof; q[rh; q[qif: q[vrf
q[nmrf.wSrf,qldof:eef.bl,/
14. Oifoj; qof;uof,rD:q[ ySif:qif:oh.ehqkdif umefzj,oej,eh.
awygif,q[vh; az:cAefq[qif:qldof:eef.bl,/
15. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefcD;cj; tj,Ikif,pj;yldifehqkdif umefzj,oej,
eh. pAwf:vh;wj,yAefrj:ckef zl;tkyf.yldif,ugef:irf: q[tjIkif,pj;
yldif udav,Oj,qldof:eef.bl,/
16. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefulef: cD;vof;cD;bj;ehqkdif umefzj,oej,
eh. qmif;ygif,q[vh; vmh:cmrf;ylef.wmif:bmrf; az:tefpAwf:P;
yAefcD;vof;cD;bj; eef.bl,/
17. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAeftefwkdrfwefbl,ehqkdif umefzj,oej,
eh. awyefbmrf:rmef wj,pjMrfwmif:N.ynf,nj, tefrD:
zgef:vD ykef;wj,qof;uof,? wj,tlnf:auj.sv; ulef:e[:Ndef:
qldof:eef.bl,/
umefzj,oej, \ 115
18. Oifoj; qof;uof,ygifsz umefzj,oej,eh.sw.sw.qkdif wmif:

olef.wmif:ch;q[qof;uof,eef. awtrf,rD:bmrf:rmef wj,pAwf:
P;rlduf;r[;bgif,rj;bof./
19. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefulef: rD:ynf,nj,ehqkdif umefzj,oej,eh.
awpAwf:P;vh;ruf;nmef,zlof,nmef,aO awN.pefvh; ul;
Orf,OSefyldif qgrf:eif,rD:sw.yAefsw.aO wkdef:trf,q[;
tefygrfref:eef.bof./
20. Oifoj; qof;uof,yAefulef:cD;bmef;ehqkdif umefzj,oej,eh.
awqgh;xSrfpSif:q[ wj,cmrf;ylef.vh; wmif:blyf;bgrf:vgif;cD;
bmef;eef.bl,bof./
eif,uj;oj;rj:qldof:eh. yAefzgef:vDtefpof:pefvh; wD;e[:
umefzj,oej,eef.vgef.vgef.bof./ zgef:vDqldof:eh. trf,q[;
wmif:cmhe[:vmef.e[:umwf,sv; trf,qmif;tofikdef:Okdof.vh;/ yAef
cgif tefpAwf:umefzj,oej,aO yAefrj:eef.ulnf:/ vldofaOeef.
bgef.pAwf:umefeef.sv; Nofykdif:erf.wgef:ref: yAefvgif;tef
awN.vh;q[yldef;eef.bof./ ugyf;eef ayj:pAwf:umefzj,oej,eh
qkdif awrD:erf.uwf. wj,awN.vh; Oazj:q[vDvDbl,bof./
acj;cgwf,bgwf;
qgrf:eif, tefvh;Oyf:vSif:serj: umefzj,oej,wif:erf
qldof:eh. ukdif,wmef,z[tAefpSif:ref: ygifyAefvh;vmh:qldif.pkdofauj;
xkuf,vDftofpSif:Owf.xj, tefr[,qkdef;? wmif:cwf:q[vD? Owdtef
arjolef.rSef;? Orj,xdtefrD: vgif;q[edrfqldof:eef.aO vlduf;tof
cmof:bmrf: tefOmif,xkuf,ukdif,tmyf;eef.aOsv; vDtgefuef
cwf:q[ ygifsz;zj,oej,uGj,bl,bof./ umyf;ymefawj;vAofeh. umef
wj,awpAwf:rD:erfej, Orf.ayj:Okuf.Omuf.bl,wj,aO,eef.bof./
ulnf:uj; ej;umefrmif.eSwf;wmef,HdofaOwj.auj; e[:su;umifzo
ap;pD;ap;pmh:qldif.eheh. vDomif:qlof;cmof:uSyf.urf:aO yefcmof:bmrf:
pAwf:umefzj,oej,bl,/ vgif;Okuf.Omuf.vlifrldif:ulef:eh. ayj:oj;yh,
vl.yh,wmhehqkdif ref:wkdef:trf,rD:cmof:bmrf:wef:aOyguf;/ ulnf:uj;
tefyAefOzj,oedbj,r tefref:yAefbl,wj,aO, rldefeif, vgif;
xof;? vgif;yAef? vgif;whmqldof:eh.sw. tofikdef:tofcrf:vlifaO uGj,
q[.ukdwf:oh.auj; ref:trf,q[;vgif;ref:? tgefuefolef.pef vgif;
wmif:qldof:eef.aO rldof;reff:yh,wef:eh. P;teftgefuef wlof;
wef:xj;ref:oh.tgefwmif: ul;auj.ul;ulef:aOurf:eh .../
zdkeftdif
1. Bhikkhu Piyananda, Gems of Buddhist Wisdom; Why
Meditation, Taiwan, 1996.
2. Jack Kornfield, Living Buddhist Master, Sri Lanka,
1977.
ulef:OD,auj.
jwr;nRinr,d kmr:yzdr;
gf/mr:nmr:
nT:ligr;Wmrdzmrno. jzmr:ncr,lo;d/cr,jJwr;mnr:wv; ^gUnr:&
nonnr. gzbr;bKwr;mnr:lmr,lzcr;nv, dv,gUnr:hwr:gU;egv.egv. gU;dI;
gU;lQnrEl; jzmr:ncr,dUwUnr.lo;El; anrlo;lqbr;hqnr:mv:dcr:
nmr nT:bbr.tmr:jwr;El; d/cr,bbr.d/cr,pJnrjKwr:nnr. ed
edv.do,ko;En pU;lUligr;hwr:kwryU,> yznr.nnr dI;nT:ligr;Wmr
dzmraznrno. edl/dr;EnlKcr;spv,wgUnr:< gUnr:sI,egv. anr
Cpv:bqnrjwr;ehv:wo.El; dUcr,wKcr:gUnr:hwr: jKwr:nnr.ywr.>
spv,wgUnr:
ebv:awrgf/mr:kU:lqbr;hqnr: po/,dUcr,wUcr:gUnr:kwrwv;jJcr gUnr:
hwr:no. ^bqnrsdr: anremvyU,jzmr:mugr.jzmr:egv&noywr.> bKcrdQgr;
mnr: yU,jzmr:nv;”inr:dvey:< jzmr:pUwrjzmr:em:< bqnrw/nr;bqnr
sUnrnonnr.ywr.> gUnr:hwr:nox yU,gUYr:egv.lqwr dJnr:amr,bqnr
lo;> dv,pwjwr;gwr, edjugr:mnr;lo;nnr. lzcr;g/nrdUcr.nJcr
kwr;Eg;azgr,g/crbKnr;nnr. Ew;amr,lzdr;lo;< dJnr:edlo;hqdr:
yU,amr,h/cr.> scrwv;jwr;gwr,gfv,dUgr:esdI;dI; anramr,mI:aUYr:
egv.aUYr:es;< amr,mI:bI;nzcrx< amr,mI:nv;g/nr dv,hqdr:s/cr;<
amr,mI:”cr:hqnr:jqmrjKwr:no.jJcr gUnr:egv.nnr. “.wv;mnr:ed
amr,mI:lzcr;d/cr:sKwr:jfrlo;esamr,gv: d/cr:jzo;tQmregv; mnr:ed
amr,mI:yU,ywr.> bKcrnJcr;egv; gUnr:hwr:no. ebv:awrspv,wmnr:wv;
dJnr:sUcryU,jzmr:gnrywr.> mKnrncr, hqdr:bqnrnv;”inr:dvey:lT<
bqnrmugrxbqnregvlT< bqnrw/nr;bqnrsUnrlT< Wcr;g/nrEl; dI;hqnr:
awrd/cr:”.d/cr:emvlTjKwr:no. bqnrdI;anrlo;yU,jzmr:gnrgUYr:
gUYr:ywr.>
lzcr;gUnr:hwr:yU,swr: bqnrmugr.bqnregvjKcr.nono. bqnrgzbr;m/omI;
lgr:nmr:es yU,jzmr:gnrlo;noegv; amr,jfr;ncr,gwr,> gUYr:gv;
lzcr;bqnrjKcr.nono. dJnr:bqnrspv,wgUnr:hwr:El; ebv:bqnrgUnr:
mv:egv; dJnr:mI:g/crjfr kfr;yU,bqnrmugr.bqnregvmv:nnr.ywr.> spv,
w anrgUnr:hwr:yU,jzmr:gnr< mI:nv;g/nr< mI:ekv;yKcr:a/nr: mKnr
gnrnnr. Wcr.wv; @dUcr,wKcr:gUnr:# noes kunrmKcr:egv.lfr< jwr;
a/mr:n/dr;lUcregv.lfregv; amr,mv:yv.lQwrlo;> dUcr,wKcr:gUnr:no.
ebv:mv:dUYr:awr g/br;b/nry/mr:lqwrno.wv;jJcr mI:l/ojnr.lo/
t/nr;wo.> ed,awrnv;”inr:dvey:< Wcr;g/nr< dI;sznrd/cr:emv
(”cr:hqnr:)< mugr.egv anrgqwr,lUYr;pv,sv,< sv,snv,jKwr:no. lo;
wv;bqnrdUcr,wKcr:gUnr:noywr.>
gUnr:jKwr:anryU,nfr:dUcr,wKcr:jKwr:no. dv,pwkwredjugr:lo;<
edkJnr;yfr,lo;nnr. kwrlo;kqcr,bJcr;aicrgnr< jzo;tQmrgnr< emvhqdr:
bnrpznr:lIedv,gnrkJnr:gznr, pwkwrEl;dUcr,wKcr:kwr jcr,ed
kJbr;nv;lo;ywrx> bzcr,wv; gUnr:hwr:gU;egv.egv.no. lzcr;kJnr;yfr,El;
lzcr;yUbr;yzmr:mnr:nnr. awrp/dr,y/nrgnr dcr:lzcr;kJnr;yfr,
El; lzcr;yUbr;yzmr: dUcr,wKcr:mnr:nnr. dJnr:amr,lo;> dUcr,wKcr:
gUnr:nJcr;anrno. ebv:gUnr:anryU,nfr:mnr:nnr. kJnr;yfr,gznr,
jcr,edlo;wv; dUcr,wKcr:nnr.kJnr;yfr,noywr.> scrwv; gUnr:anr
yU,nfr:mnr:nnr. yUbr;yzmr:ebv:nojJcr dUcr,wKcr:anrnnr.egv;
edwv;yUbr;yzmr:noyU,ywr.> yznr.nnrEl; gUnr:hwr:no. bunr;
pznr:anrlUwr,hqdr:nnr. mI:wo.szcrbKcr> bKcrnJcr;Ed. bqnrdv,bUgr:
ulef:OD,auj. \ 119
bzcrpwdUwrgwr,kJnr;yfr,< tQcr;lzcr;nJcr; bqnrdv,hqdr:H;dUcr,wKcr:

jwr;gwr,gdr:yqnr< kJnr;yT,mT,sucres H;bqnrdUcr,wKcr: anrh/cr;lI
nnr.ywr.>
gUnr:sI,egv.
gqwr,lUYr;lzcr;no. nT:acrgudrdRnigvy jdugrgnibvd<
asURwgrg< swvlvdsudr;nnr. budr.tjwr;Enwo. gUnr:sI,
t/nr; jzmr:ncr,dI;dT;no.ywr.-
1. gUnr:egv.anr amr,emvhqdr:bnrpznr:lI dv,dUwrgwr, El;
dv,bKnr;>
2. gUnr:egv.anr emvhqdr:bnrpznr:lI dv,bKnr;l/ol/oes
amr,emvhqdr:dv,dUwrgwr,>
3. gUnr:egv.anr emvhqdr:bnrpznr:lI dv,dUwrgwr,l/ol/oes
amr,emvhqdr:dv,bKnr;>
4. gUnr:egv.anr emvhqdr:bnrpznr:lI dv,dUwrgwr, El; dv,
bKnr;< bqnrsI,egv.no.ywr.>
egv.m/onJcr;nnr. budr.tjwr;wv; mnr:mKnrbzdr:pJnr: d/mr
h/cr.anrpwrgUnr:do/ anrcwr;El;bo/mnr: mo;wo.dcr:szcrpo/,es
amr,lIyibr:lIgmr< lKwresnnr. bzdr:g/crsmr.nugr:gUwr;wo. anr
hcr;anrwUYr, mnr:amr,kwr;d/cr:dJwr: dI;lTnnr.ywr.> nT:gv;
gUnr:sI,egv.nnr. egv.mo/szcr gLv.dznr:esegv.mo/nJcr;< egv.mo/
s/mrsmr.gLv.dznr:es egv.mo/nJcr;El;mo/szcr> egv.mo/sI,smr. gLv.
dzn:r lKwresbKnr;nnr.ywr.> gUnr:egv.mo/sI,no. bqnregv.anrlI
a/mr:eav:esbKnr;< bqnrgUnr: jnr.sucresbKnr;< bqnregv.anr
gdr.kQnr,esbKnr;< bqnregv.anr emvyibr:dJwr:pwmnr: H;mI:
pznr:lIlKwrbKnr;ywr.>
budrxtjwr;wv; pwgUnr:no. mnr:lo;y/br,nv,noywr.>
lzcr;wv; mnr:lo;y/br,nv,anrwv;nnr. mnr:jwr; awrkqmrszcrm/gr;
es hqdr:bKcrdQgr;mnr:wo.< m/gr;nJcr;nnr. awrmKwr:wo.nKwrg/crh/wr
es dv,m/gr,nJcr; smr.awrbgr:wo.nKwrncrlinrmKcr:es bzo,jU:gnr
jJcr bo/kqmrszcrm/gr;nnr. kvycr:j/cr;dKwr.gnrrlo;yU,> gUYr:gv;
dv,edlo;mv:pw gUnr:no.Ed. y/br,lKwres anrkqmrszcrm/gr;
eddKwr.Yv:gnrnnr.Ed.Ed.noywrx> yznr.nnrEl; lo;pw
gUnr:mv:ywr. ebv:amr,emvdJwr: H;kJnr:bqnrpznr:lIdv,jwr;gwr,
El; dv,dUcr,wKcr: anrmnr:yU,nnr.jJcr pwmnr:nnr.egv; mKnr
pwgfzcrFo: anrjudr,gUnr:do/nnr.gUYr:noywr.> gzbr;nnr sunr,
lo;sunr,bqnrlI pwjwr;gwr, anrlo;mv:nnr. lUwr,emvjfr.dJwr: H;
mnr:mI:gv;mI:knrnnr.ywr.>
dUcr,wUcr:hwr:
dI;no; pU;dQmr;ligr; kfr;sJbr,l/dr;En gUnr:numr,hwr:kwr
yU,> nfr:mKcr:hwr:nox y/mr:lqwryznr.pznr:ho/.jv. anrbKnr;egv,
s/cr; bJnr:pidr:mv:nnr.El; lugr;aznr,hwr:mKwr;no. gmr;nmrnmr
bqnrgUnr:amr,mI:d/cr:yKcr:a/nr:k/wr:nv;< bqnrgUnr:gfcrd/cr:no
ywr.> lugr;aznr,wnr:mKwr;no. edgKdr,egv;amr,mI:”cr:yv< gKdr,mv:
ywr. amr,mI:”cr:hqnr: dv,sznrawrd/cr:emv< g/mr,lIEl; lo;kJnr;
”cr:hqnr:egv; amr,mI:kU:sznr anremvgf/mr:hwr:lIlIes sznrbnr
lugr;aznr,hwr:kJnr:> scrwv; lUwr,lo;emvligr; H;ebv:bqnrgUnr:
jnr.sucregv; lugr;aznr,hwr:nJcr;egv.no. edlo;lqbr;hqnr:pv,
sv,< gf/mr:l/dr;< ligr;l/o:< Ficr;tucr:bKnr;gznr, jcr,edj/cr;emv
ligr;es bqnrgUnr:jnrxsucrmv:lo;ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;nnrEl; dv,H;
pwlugr;aznr,hwr:wnr:mKwr;no. edemvbUgr:bzcrpwjwr;gwr,kJnr;yfr,
es hqdr:g/nrpznr:lIbnrbKnr;nnr. “.mI:d/cr:y/br,pJdr,ed.
Ed.>
lKwresnnr.amr,gv: y/mr:lqwr nfr:mKcr:hwr:no. bqnrb/cr
yv;< b/crlwr;< b/credv,b/crlzcr:< b/crmUnr;egLv,yU,gmr;nmrgUYr:
ulef:OD,auj. \ 121
El; dv,pwlugr;aznr,hwr: edlU.lo;c/o;c/o;nnr. dJwr.d/cr:mnr:

nmrnQnr,> amr:n/dr; anrdv,edgumr:ticr:h/mr;d/br;lo; g/nr
amr,lIlUcrjKwr:nnr.egv; yznr.bKwr;amr,mI:dI;hwr:El; lKwres
gumr:ticr:dUwrhwr:kJnr:nnr. amr,mI:scr> gmr;nmr gUnr:numr,hwr:
y/mr:lqwrno. amr,kT;bqnregv; lo;bqnrgUnr:t/nr;m/onJcr;nnr.gfv,
ywr.> gUYr:gv; bnrhvanrlugr;aznr,hwr: tUbr:yU,y/mr:lqwrno.
amr,mI:yv;Eg; mnr:ywr.hv.noEd. amr,jfr;ncr,gwr,> tucr:gf/mr:
acr:girdr:mI:wo. ebv:mI:g/crjfryU,jJcr sqnr;d/cr:mnr:egv; dJnr:
edmI:yU,noywr.> smrxwv;tQcr; anramr,bqnrlo;nnr. mnr:dJnr:
amr,mI:noywr.< ekv;gf/mr:anrno.egv; lIdzcr:mo/wo.ed.ed.> hwr:
bqnrgUnr:j/wr:kKwr: anrnbr.tJwryumr,ymr ekv;scr,sznrbudr.t
jwr;El; l/o:dv,edEg;komnr:nnr. ebv:hwr:emvawr ekv;scr,
sznrbudr.t jwr;esEg;koegv; dJnr:bqnrlo;yU,nnr.ywr.> g/nr
amr,lIlUcrdcr:sqcr;nnr. ebv:hwr:amr,yzmr:hbr.mnr:jJcr mnr:
egv;amr, j/cr;mv:dumr.dKwr.scrdI;hwr:> bKcrdQgr;mnr: mKwr;b/nr
budr.tjwr;nnr. mI:bunr,nv:(bU,p/mr:)egv.nJcr;> mnr:amr,h/nr.
jfrnKwrbudr.tjwr;El; mnr:lv,budr.tjwr; gv;ncr,g/crjfrmnr:
mI:nnr.ywr.> budr.tjwr;egv; amr,kJnr:dzb,r scr< yU,yqnryqnr
hqdr:nnrEl; gmr:lJnr:sudr:mv: mnr:jcr,t/mrbudr.tjwr;wv;-
êgv:dm… anrgwrlv,jwr;nnr. hqdr:scrjwr;amr,
kJnr:dzbr,scrlv,?&
budr.tjwr; jcr,kJnr:t/mrmnr:wv;-
^scrwv; kQgr,bunr,nv:pQwrmv:nojJcr edawrkwr;pgr:lqcr.
yU,amr,h/cr.< gUYr:gv; scrwv; kQgr,nnr.amr,ginrnojJcr jzcr,bunr,
nv:edkJnr:awrkJnr:‘iwr?&
êbv:bKnr;amr,ginregv; kJnr:awrkJnr:pQwraKwr;&
gmr:nnr. budr.tjwr;jcr,kJnr:wv;-
^mKnrnnrncr,gwr,ywr. bunr,nv:aKYr:… gf/mr:anrmT:
lv,gwrjwr;nnr. yznr.bKwr; gwrjwr;amr,yzmr:hbr.El; kJnr:gfv,jU:
bunr,nv:gUYr:&noywr.>
g/nramr,lIlUcr anrbKnr;mv:boz,bnrhwr:nnr. ebv:hwr:bzcr,
jfrwv; mnr:amr,bnrpznr:lI dv,pwhwr:esamr,gv: edmv:yv.
dwrgwr:yucr;< edmv:h/mr;d/br;lzcr;kJnr;yfr, pwhwr:gUYr:noes
ebv:hwr:amr,yzmr:hbr.awrjJcr mnr:edamr,mv:dumr.dKwr.scrdI;
hwr:lo;>
ekv;lUbr:
gmr:lJnr:sudr: H;lugr;aznr,hwr:kwrwnr:mKwr;no. emvbzcr,jT
gv;knrpw< emvyibr:dJwr:pw anrlo;y/br,lo;yqnr:mv:nnr.es
kdr:jfrsznrawrd/cr:emv< kJnr:bUgr:bzcrlzcr;kJnr;yfr,dUwrgwr,< ebv:
lzcr;kJnr;yfr,dUwrgwr,nnrxdqmrtUnr;ywrx kdr:jfrH;bqnr egv.anr
emvjoz;tQmrnv;g/nrgUnr:dcr:nmr< nv;g/nrdUcr,wKcr:hwr:El; H;
bqnregv.anr emvbUgr:bfzcrjKwr.j/dr;jwr;gwr,kJnr:nnr. yT,yT,nmr
nmresgmr:no pU;dQmr;ligr; yU,dI;gunrh/cr;lIaznr, nfr:b/cr,l/o,
ainr:dI:yv:no.es dJgr:sUnr:mv:ncr,no…>
Oj,Oej,ykwf.xsv;
vkrf;'j.rldof;vAof
qof;awodefw OSifcrf:
uGmrf:erf:
rldof;zl;wSrf;vduf;sw,Mwf;zSofrj: wD;rldif:OD,Nof,eh. trf,yh,
rD:bldif:tmef: wj,awwSrf;rl,vduf; vlif:e[:yyf.cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,?
bgef.yldof;qof;uof, trf,yh,rD:wlofxlyf:umefpAef: wD;rldif:OD,Nof,tD;
Oifeef.bof./ zldof,vh;rj:tkyf,uef wif:qof;ygifumefyyf.cmof:
wmif:OD,Nof,coffeef. vh;N.oj; e[:yD<eh.rl,vduf;pmrf.rD:at,oh.eh
auj;yldifekdif;? bgef.qof;yD;qof;egif.cofauj; vmwf;oj; tdifeldofykdef.
xmefumefpAef: rldif:rmef;rD:oh.eef.auj; wSrf;vh;bl,ehsv; qif,
vh;cwf:q[wSrf;rj: vduf;Mrfwgrf tefO[,Nofacj;oj; ]]Oj,Oej,ykwf.
xsv; vkrf;'j.rldof;vAof}} eheh.bof./
e[:vduf;Mrfwgrftgef,Nofeh. awOyf:vSif:sevgif; iof;
sw,Oj,Oej,ykwf.x? vgif;ckdef;b[, e[:vluf;rldof;vAof? yefpjymh:q[
ulef: e[:vluf;bmrf:vAof? wgef;umefOj,Oej,ykwf.xqoff; e[:vluf;
rldof;vAof? cmof:bmrf:vDxD.Okwf: ehqldof:eh.sw,uGj,bl,/
iof;sw, Oj,Oej,ykwf.xqof;
ulef:Nofrlef:qd'j. e[:vluf;wif:OAif;eh. z[trf,z[auj;
awrD:rldof;Oldof:sv; rldof;cDbl,/ trf,oj;rkefqof; ulef:Ndef: ckefrldif:
ulef:rD: ulef:zmef zl;bdif: ulef:qmh: wdkef:rD:rldof;cDsv; rldof;Oldof:
pif:z[pif:ref:bof./ ckefOkduf:vlif tAefpSif:b[,wmef,Hdofauj;bof.
awrD:oef:ref: cDiofMef.rh;bl,/ ulef:bgef:ulef:zmefcmefq[
wmef,Hdofauj;bof. awrD:oef:ref: vh;Oldof:rlef;bl,eif,uof,/ qgrf:
eif,vgif;wmif:qldof:eh.aOsv; rldof;zgif:aej,qof;ykwf.x wkduf.
yAefzoqof;qmh:Odwf.wx eif;pmif;eif;apjbl,eef. aej,qof;
ayj:vh;xlyf:wif: avj:uxrf,tefeh.rj:bof./ ugyf;aej,qof;ole.f
oj; ayj:rD:vgif;Oldof:auj; awrD:vgif;cD? ayj:rD:vgif;cDauj; awrD:vgif;
Oldof:ehsv; eif;bl,eldofpmif;eldofapjoh.auj; trf,ayj:rD:wmif:Oldof:
q[/ yduf.Orf. vh;bl,eldofapjcmof:uwf: apjcmof:rh; apjcmof:zlefaO
vh;cmrf,wif:emif:pmif;vDqmif;uj; arjzAif:cof rlef;q[yefbl, oef:
oef:ckdef:ckdef:auj; aej,qof;trf,rD:wmif:Oldof:q[vh;aOcmof:/
ugyf;trf,rD:wmif:Oldof:q[aO c[;pjvgif;uwf:bAefqfGsv;
qof;qif,tguf,uGj,sv, wD;OlefOldof:/ Orf.vh;rldof:pefO[,xSif; ed
rdwf;OD,yldif tefyAefulef:xof; ulef:yAef ulef:wmhsv; Orf.cSef:rj:
xdyf,wgif;cgif.crf P;aej,qof; ayj:trf,yAefudefyAefegef:bof./
aej,qof;olef.oj; ayj:rD:wD;rh;cDauj; wD;vgwf;ylef.ref: awrD:bl,
ehsv; tguf,q[c[;pjOAef;wmif:ref:rj:/ zldof,vh;Nyf.nj:qof;I
pmef:wlefekdif; eif;zj,oej,edrfOof:oh.eef. q[qof;qif,ykdwf,
ymif,vSif:rj:aO wSyf:wwf:q[ wj,awyhqgrf:OAef;wmif:tefeh./
aej,qof;olef.oj; vlof,vh;Oguf;pjiof;pmuf; wkuf.cyAefayj,ehbof./
vgif;tefaej,qof;Oguf;pj iof;pmuf;wkuf.ceh. yAefwlofbmif, vD
wgef; wj,pof:sw.sw./
aej,qof;cmrf,qkef.ySwf; omef;rldif:pmif;apj vkuf;vmif:
emif:ar:aObof. cof;xldef,uGj,uBmif.urfTwj:/ bgrf:ySwf;rj,eqof;
ckefaObof. yj:wif:Oydwf;tgef,aO sv,pjwkif:Ogrf:udeftof/
awj.sw.Okif:wmif:udeftj:pmIf vgifwgif.vgifOh;ulnf:aO cwf:q[
umefTwj:/ cof;ql:wD;cl:oj:vmhvmhqof;/ uBmif.wlnf:vmh:tlef; vmh:cSif
Oj,Oej,ykwf.xsv; vkrf;'j.rldof;vAof \ 125
awj,xkdifNuf:yD<auj; trf,vmuf,vmh:Oifrj:sv; ckdef:ydef,vmh;vmh:

uBmif.urf tefso;vgif;rdyf,iSef:wlofq[sv; vgif;udefrgef:egef:
omefeef.aO uBmif.qgrf:cldif;umif (rqf.qdrywdywj,)/ erf.q[auj.
qmh: wmif:cwf:q[auj.qmh: uj;trf,xkdifbldif:rmh trf,Nef/ vkdef:
Okwf: Nyf.vh;nmef,Oyf.ynf,nkwaO N.pefiof;pmuf;vgif; wkuf.c
sv; wD;ylef.vgwf;ref:rj:/ ykwf.xqof;pefoj; iof;pmuf;vgif;wkuf.
ceh. rD:wD;q[? iof;pmuf;tefuldwf,yefwkuf.ceh. yAeftodqf.qj,q[
arj:p? wefpjq[avj:zehbl,bof./
ugyf;q[arj:p trf,N.trf,pefq[wkdrfwef? ugyf;wefpjavj:
z tefc[;vh; c[;yAef c[;rD:xSif;wduf:wduf:eef.sv; zoqif,ayj,
yAefrj:ehbl,bof./ ykwf.xqof;oj; ayj:pjpefiof;pmuf; (cause) ref:
aO wSyf:cmwf,ykwf:ySwf;bof.ugef, tefyAefzgef:uldwf, (effect)
ref:eef. qif,qmif;rgwf,bAefpmhvh;ehbof./ ugyf;ykwf.xqof; tof
wif:odyOf.Oej,nmef,aO wSyf:cmwf,ySwf;iof;pmuf; vgif;wkuf.c
bof.sv; rD:wmif:uwf:bAefwArfxlef; vlnf;xrf:Oqf.qj, (xrf,
ryD,wd)aO rD:uIkej,b[, rAwf;wj,b[, ynf,nj,b[,eldofyldef;wif:
OAif;bl,bof./ qgrf:eif,uSef,qof;wlofxlyf: N.pefaO Okdyf,apj:se
eef. awj,xkdifrldof;vAof z[wkdof:urfpAwf:qgrf:auj; vh;pefzgef:vD
ref:urf:vAofbl,bof./
vgif;ckdef;b[, e[:vluf;rldof;vAof
umyf;ymefrldof;vAofeh. ugyf;ymh:Omh<ckdef;b[,wdlof:wgef:rj: ul;
rkdof.ul;oef:bof.sv; pAwf:P;zmh,ymh:pmif;(physical development)
ckdef;bGf,rj:aO qgh;xSrfulef:pof: P;imh;vlrfq[wldof:rj: Oj,rj:z[:rj:
ul;vgif;vgif;sw.bof./ vgif;wmif:ckdef;bGf, sw,tofumefymh: tkyf.
yldif,? ymh:Okduf:? tofcmof,imof:? Olef:wkrf? ymh:bl,vD? ymh:ynf,nj,? ymh:
rmuf;rD:? ymh:uyf:Okdyf,? ymh:zkuf,Ogrf;? vgif;ydkefzmof,sv; cldif;q[.clof:
Ogh? cldif;ekif;wmif:rh? cldif;udefwmif:bSrf.qldof:eh. ckdef;b[,ayj:trf,
rD:wD;oj;bof./ cmof:wmif:tefpof:vlof,uGj, NofvldefNofyD<ref:eef.
ekdif;oef:ekdif;qlof;rgif:tgef,ulnf:auj; qmif;Mwf;xkdifvh;bof./ ej;
umef tefpof:vlof,pAwf: NofyD<Nofvldefqldof:eef. ekdif;oef:ulnf:
auj; qmif;bof.vh;bof./ tefulef:pof: trf,bmrf;Mwf;bmrf;xkdif
rldif:vldefrldif:vmofeef.auj; ulef:pof:uGj,Mwf;xkdifvh;rj:bof./
yefpjymh:q[ulef: e[:vluf;rldof;vAof
ulnf:ej, qgrf:eif,zmh,ymh:pmif; ckdef;b[,r[,Okifrj:eef. vgif;
wmif:cmefq[ (mental suffering) ulef:pof:auj; erfwldof:rj:wduf:
wduf:bl,/ vgif;ckdef;b[,ymh:Omh< rldof;vAofeh. su;vdwf;vh;yefpj ymh:
pmif;ulef:pof:aOwj. zmh,ekdif;Orf. pAwf:P;ulef:pof: vh;'mif.wkdef,
ulofapoh.bl,/ yldifwSuf;ref: rldefeif,rldif:tar,Iducofeh. ySuf.Orf.
oj;zmh,ymh:pmif; ckdef;b[,xkdifqduf:qgrfyldef; e[:vkrf;'j.eh.oh.bl,auj;
vgif;uwf:bAefq[cofsw. trf,ayj:rD:uj;pkdof/ cofvh;'mif.wkdef, ulof
ap? rh;q[? tefyAefqkrf:auj,umefpmh.cofeef. oh.bl,wj,aO,/ trf,
uj: wD;rldif:tar,Iduulnf: wD;rldif:ckdef;b[,wmif,rldif:cofurf;zgif;auj;
vh;xlyf:yefpjygh,rmuf, tofuefwmh pAwf:P;wlif,oldif:ulef: vh;Okuf;
bkif;aO trf,rD:vgif;bkrf,brf eldofuefrj:wduf:wduf:/
ulef:pof:rldof;vAofeh. vh;wkdef,ulofapoh. bgef.az:cAefOgif
yldif? az:cAeftefulef:pof:pAwf:yAefsv; az:cAefyldifyAefOzj,oeh
oh.bl,/ az:cAefOzj,o tefyAeftdifOef, erf.vkyf,egif:vlif vhg
rlnfulef,yif: vghzh:wSuf, vlrf:vSif.vlifxlof:yof,qldof:eh. pAwf:P;
ulef:pof:vl.b[,wmherfaO P;ulef:pof:wkdef,Omef;ulofapoh.sw.
sw./ yldifwSuf;ref: rldefeif,az:erf.vkyf,vlif Ol.ej;rd (Tsun
ami) tefyAefylef.rj: e[:vldefwD,OSrf,yldof, 2004 eh. pAwf: P;
ulef:pof:vmhvmhrldif: tmef,yAefNofOSefref: vh;wmhbgef.sv; Okrf:
Ndef:Okrf:ab: wD;bl,wef:Oof:wif:erf/ vldofaOeef. ulef:rldif:
ckdef;b[,cof tefrD:wmif:rh;cD bgef.ugyf;trf,su;vdwf;vh; yefpjymh:
q[qldof:eef. vh;cj;wmhwlofqof;uof,auj; wkduf.Okdyf,rD:bl,wduf:wduf:/

vgif;ckdef;b[,ymh:pmif;eh. ref:yAefOazj: teftrf,ref;ukdrf:sv;
ulef:pof:vh;Ndof.q[qgrf:ref:erfej,/
rldefqldif.eif, qgrfqkdif;rldif:tD,Imuf; Owrf,N:qAif, tef
yAefOax:erf.ref:rAefvlif e[:vkrf;'j.eh. ref:trf,c[;P;tmrf:
ewf;ref:blyf;bgrf:sv; cwf:q[pmif;pSef:tAefpSif:Okduf: wj,aw
uSwf,sc aq:qdrf,clof:cgif omef;rldif:ref:rj:wif:erf/ ulnf:uj; vkdef:
Okwf: ref:bif:vh;vl.Okrf:ckdef: omef;rldif: tmrf:ewf; clof:cgifaq:
qdrf,ref:bl,/ awoj;wmif:udefwmif:bSrf.auj; e[:umyf;ymefrldof;vAof
rD:aq:vmuf,vmh:rj:sw.sw.sv; aIj:uj,wmif:yAefulef:pof:auj;
erfwldof:rj:/ ugyf;yldof;iof;cmrf,ymh:pmif; tefoj;rj:qldof:eef.aOsv;
yAef aowej, ymh:q[ulef:pof:rj:erfsw.sw./ tefulef:awj,ulef:
tofuefwmh bkdof:uefwmheh.auj; rD:bl,ul;oef:oef:/ iof;cmrf,
vgif;wmif:qldof:eh.sw. ayj:tofoj,wykwf.xqof;oj;qkdif bgef.ugyf;
q[vrf,rmuf;avj:z q[rlduf;vldif:awj:O q[wkdrfwefarj:pqldof:eh.
ulnf:ehbof./
ykwf.xqof;oj; ayj:bif:wkduf.rD:Jkyf;emrf, cef,xj,eh.qkdif
vgif;wkuf.cwlofq[eh. trf,yh,Okwf:OAif;vh;ehbof./ ugyf;eh wmif:
bldif:tmef:OkifOkwf: cgifykwf.xqof;eh. qif,yAefvgif;tguf,ylef.
(odrkwfwd)eef.bof./ ulnf:uj; wj,qlof;qmwf;eh. eif,pkdofawrD:
wmif:uwf:bAef eif,’dofyefpjq[wkuf.c awbgrf:vlif:eef. ykwf.x
qof;auj; qSif;seoh.wif:erfbl,/ wD;sw.ref: vgif;cDvgif;rh;wif:
vlifeh. rD:e[:tluf:q[ykxkqef,ulef:pof: qldof:rD:OD,v? Orj,xd?
ynf,nj,at,eef.bof./ ulef:tefrD:OD,v Orj,xd ynf,nj,b[,
cofsw. ugyf;arjxdif:wlofxdif:q[sv; erfsv;at, prf.bl,Oj,
wldof:bl,/ ykwf.xqof;oj; wlofqof;uof,ulnf: yAefwD;tdifykdif;vD qof;
uof,ehbof./ c[;P;qof;uof,Oldof:auj; yAefqof;uof,pAwf:tof c[;P;
qof;uof,cDauj; yAefqof;uof,pAwf:tofbof./
wgef;umefOj,Oej,ykwf.xqof; e[:vluf;rldof;vAof
Oj,Oej,ykwf.xqof;eh. rldefNif:bjvlif wj,blwf:bjq[
ulef:pof:sv; rlef.sr:yefulef:pof:bof./ ykwf.xqof;Orf. yAefcl:
arjbjvliftefuwf.cSef,eef.bof./ acj;Oif,OgefvD ykwf.xqof;
eef. Orf.yAeftD;bjvDbof./ Oif,cvkuf;egif.ykwf.xqof;Orf.
yAefzl;pmyf,umefNif:bjOj,Oej,ykwf.xqof;bof./ tD;bjykwf.x
qof;eh. yhm:bjq[qkdif cSrf.wgef:vldofaO tD;bjymefrldof;vAofugef,/
ykwf.xqof;qdOif,oj; ayj:rD:wmif:yAefavj:z P;toftD;bjwj,e?
ayj:rD:wmif:yAefawj:O P;toftD;bjrAwf;wj,? ayj:rD:wmif:yAefarj:
p P;toftD;bjynf,nj, blwf:bjehbof./ wgef;wj, q[Okuf.q[bkif;
q[cDq[rof:qldof:eh. tD;bjref: rD:e[:Oj,Oej,ykwf.xqof;rlwf:
bof./ vlof,N.wmif:yAefref:sv; vmh:blwf:bjref:ulnf:/ ykwf.x
qof; yAefarjbjvlifuwf.cSef,sw.sw.? arjwlnf:wmif:yAefyldef;
aO arjyefbj;bjP;Omif,xkuf,bof./ eh.ygif,oj; ykwf.xqof;arj
wlnf: Ozj,oq[ulef: auj.v[auj.eef.aO apj:yefurf,rxmef: P;
xkuf,rSef;ehbof./
vldofeef. rD:yefpjtefv[uldwf,ckdef;rj:auj; ykwf.xqof;
qgrf:qdOif,yefvh;urf:vAof/ ulnf:uj; cl:arjbjeh.yAefzl;pjpef
wmif:yAefaO yefbj;bjP;Omif,xkuf,eef.ulnf:/ wj,aIj:uj,wmif:
yAefawpmhcSef:Orf. rD:wD;ulef:yAefref: udefbj;bjrmef,trf,
rmef,? qgif,pAwf:qgrf: trf,pAwf:qgrf: acj;qD.Oif,cl:arjbjeheef.
ulnf:/ ugyf;eh auj.tefrD:erf.q[xrf:qSwf;qmif,edrfokdef:eh. ref:
arjblwf:bj vgif;q[Okuf. q[cDref:vh;bl,/ ykwf.xqof;apj:oj;
tlnf:vDxD.Okwf:qof;uof,eh. yAefxrff,rulnf:ehbof./ rldof;ylef.rj:
2500 yDyhm awj,xkdifrldof;vAof ulef:qldof:tefcof;q[xrf:qof;aO
zj,oej,wkdof:urfqgrf:eef.auj; vh;rD:wmif:pmef.q[Oldof:q[z[ref:
rj:bl,bof./ rldof;vAofauj; ulef:pof:wldof:cof;q[ umefurf,rxmef:rj:
aO owf.Nrf;bAef (meditation center) ykwf.xqof;auj; rD:uGj,

ul;wD;ul;wmif:bof./ vldofeh.ulnf:trf,uj: umefpAef:tefuAof,uyf:Oj,
Oej,ykwf.xqof;tefoj; Buddhist and Pali studies eh.auj; wD;
e[:qef.qgrf qkdof;vkdfof:e[:vluf;ul;wD;wD; ruf:ref; yAefodcBj:
(subject) tefedkif;aO ulef:cof;q[vAyf;pAef:ref:auj; erfwldof:rj:
vldofuof,bl,/ ulef:pof:e[:vluf;rldof;vAofeh. rD:wmif:wkdef,zmef; ulof
apbl,ul;oef:oef:/ z[auj;tgefuefomh,ej;pj vgif;wmif:uwf:bAef
rj:wduf:wduf:bof.sv; Nif:bjvlifOj,Oej, ykwf.xqof;eh.auj;
uGmif;cGmifwldof:rj:vldofuof,aO umefauj;erfwldof:rj:sw.sw./
qgrf:eif,ej;umef erffwldof:rj:eef. zl;pmyf,umefref:auj;
vlof,erfrj:wdu:f wduf:bof./ vlof,rD:ulef:uwf.ulef:cSef, qof;uwf.
qof;cSef, zmh,ymh:bj;bj(xrf,r)qof;erferfbof./ Nif:bjOj,O
ej,vlifykwf.xqof;eh. blwf:bjvh;yj: aIj:uj,wmif:yAefvlif
Cancer, Heart disease quGj,qldof:eh.rj:sv; cl:arjbjymefrldof;vAof
cofbgif;abj:tmrf:atj: ayj:trf,Okwf:trf,OAif;vh;sw.bof./
wmif: yAeftefarjbjymefrldof;vAofcof trf,blwf:bjvh;eef. zl;
xmrf: umefNif:bjOj,Oej,ykwf.xqof;cof tofwif:tD;bj (urf,r
xmef:) qof;aO blwf:bjyefsv; cmof:wmif:Odyf:oef:? Odyf:pj;
oef: ekdif;vldefulnf:auj; qmif;pmhvh;bl,bof./ Nif:bjOj,Oej,
ykwf.xqof;eh. OSef;auj;OSef;O[ bj;bjauj;vD uj;cefauj;xkuf,
zl;xmrff: umefref:auj;aq,wej,vDsv; yAefwD;vDtofukef:tof
rkef vDyefpSif:vDurf.xSrfsw.sw./ vldofeef. Oj,Oej,ykwf.x
qof;eh. bif:yAefwj,rlef.sr:q[ulef:pof: tefpmh.vldif:qldof:eef.
bAef,si;tlef;tgef,rj:bl,/
cmof:bmrf:vDxD.Okwf:
zgif:bmrf:yldef;tgefuefOlefq[ wj,awzkduf:ykduf. P;ymh:q[
ckdef;b[,bl,eh. qof;Oif,cwh:pof: tefyAefzl;pmyf,xmrf:ej; umef
Oj,Oej,ykwf.x tefuwf.cSef,vSef,zmhxrf: rD:rj:erfvldofuof,
bl,/ e[:rldif:wh:ul;wD;wD; rD:owf.Nrf;bAefwh:aO seyefTwj:zmh,
wh:pof:oh.bl,/ qof;wlefcl:tefseTwj:vh;cSrf.aO yldef;N.quf:
erfeef.auj;rD:? qof;tefsevh;cSrf.aO rD:qkdof;rD:OAifoh. e[:
wlif,oAif:v[oAif:eef.auj; rD:oh.bl,bof./ tefsevh;uGmif;cGmifaO
yldef;N.quf:erfrldof;vAofeh.sw. yAefqof;TOj,Okcrf: owf.vhgwkdif
crf:? rl,aq<bof./ qof;TOj,Okcrf:eh. seTwj:qgwf,ykdef.rldif:wh:
aOtrf,uj: seyj:wD;wj;vldof, rldif:cmifqldof:eh.ugef,bof./ ugyf;eh
wuj,Owf.xj:wh:pof:cof trf,wmyf;vh;ej;vAuf.? trf,wmyf.vh;pj
arjbjwD;uhwD;yldef;bof./ trf,arjuGmrf:yldef;auj; vh;qdrf:Omhomef
Twj:rldfefyldef;bl,bof./ tefeh. yAefOkef,vh;Okef,yAefwh:pof:
tefekdif;sv; vDvh;tgefuef qdrf:wlnf:OmhomefTwj: (trf,eef)
vDblwf:bj wmif:yAefz[ref:P;qAof:rgwf,bAefbl,/
wmif:yAefq[eh. ref:Nuf:pmh.vldofwmif:yAefwlofsv; xkuf,vD
vh;blwf:bjyef wmif:yAefq[tefcD P;yAeftefOldof:? tefirf:iof:
P; yAeftefymif,qkdef;? tefrh; P;yAeftefbAef? tefvrf P;yAef
tefcmof? tefqj. P;yAeftefvD? tefpmh.vldif: P;yAeftefbAef,
si;rj:z[:z[:bl,bof./ tD;bjwmif:yAefq[qldif.eheh. rD:e[:Oj,O
ej,ykwf.xqof;pof:eh.ulnf:/ cmof:bmrf:rldof;vAofeh. yAefcmof:bmrf:
tefvDxD.Okwf:bof./
acj;vlyf:vif
qldif.eif,vmwf;serj:eh. qof;Oif,ceh.yAefzl;pmyf,umef
Oj,Oej,ykwf.xqof;bof. zl;pmyf,umefOj,Oej,eh. Orf.vlof,
vh;rD:erf.uwf. erf.q[cef,xD, rAwf;wj,qldof:eh.sv; eif,Hdofaw
rD:erf.uwf.Orf. vlof,vh;pAef:vduf;pAef:xrf: Oguf;pjymh:N.erferf
bof./ ayj:qldif.eef ref:qif,qmif;sc.cAif,oj,wyldef;vh;aO su;
vdwf;yefpjyefyldef;vh;bof./ wj,awrD:rj: qof;uwf.qof;cSef,
Orf.vlof,vh;rD: ulef:urf.xSrfyefpSif:ref: rldof;zgif:wkduf.pAef:pj

wmif:N.wmif:arjbof./ ayj:c[;vh;rguf,ref:rmuf,ref:auj; vlof,vh;
vkrf:vj:zkuf,Ogrf;wlef;ref: Nwf:erf.yefref: rmhbldof;yefref:
qldof:eh.bof./ ayj:bif:oj;rD:qldof.zef:vD Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrj:
bl,ehqkdif tefyAefrguf,rmuf,pmif;vD tefrD:tmhMrftmhNnff:erf.omef
omefqArf:qArf:tgef,wh:pof: awwldof:ylif,uD;erfukdef:rj:bl,/ bkrf,
brfeif,ehaO-
zkdeftdif-
1. rpjoufu yj,vd? yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:? wj;ukif;? 2004
2. ckwfwuyjx xrf,ryW yj,vd? yldifOwfx? urf,'j,
at:? wj;ukif;? 2001/
3. Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha taught,
Buddhist Cultural Centre, Sri Lanka, 1996.
4. Dr. k Sri Dhammananda, How to live without fear
and worry, published by Buddhist Missionary
Society, Malaysia, 1998.
zowhm Ohmq[yh,cmwf,
Zwr;kU:wiZyv,pibv,l
ligr;Wmrdzmraznr,”wrnox pU;dQmr;ligr; lo;bnrZJwr;woxwv;

^pwdo/ so/ZTbo,k/dr,& noywrx> nT:ekv;gf/mr:ZKwr:nnrx gUwrpU;
lUligr;hwr:kwr amr,lQcr:ZTEl; edsbr:lQcr:en ekv;lTekv;nnrx
yU,> @pw# noxbzcr,wv; dUcrxnJcrhqdr:s/cr;< @do/#noxbzcr,wv; gJdr:woxes
amr,gfv,d/cr:nv; amr,dKwr:dznr: amr,kJnr;s/crx< @s/oZTbo,k/dr,#
noxbzcr,wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTbqnrgUnr:yU,> scrwv; elv:gnres awrdI;
bzcr,ZQcr;lQcr:ZTco/;co/;ZJcr gUnr:egv.anrmI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,es amr,
hqdr:amr,kJcr< lzcr;eddKwr:dznr:kJnr;s/crxes gJdr:mJcrwo.yU,nnrx
bzcr,wv; @pwdo/ so/ZTbo,k/dr,# noywrx> gUnr:egv.anrlzcr;kJnr;
s/crxdKwr:dznr: gJdr:mJcrwoxyU,nnrx bqnrpU;lrflo/lo/no edsbr:
lQcr:Engfv, anrlTanrnnr.yU,>
1. egv.anreRv:gv,cQnr: amr,hnrkQnr:esbzgr;
gUnr:egv.anr mI:eRv:gv, amr,sv,amr,kQnr:esbzgr;nnrx
mKnrncr, gUnr:d/oywrx> gzbr;scrEl; mKnrncr,gUnr:d/onojJcr kwr
jKwr:no. yznr.bKwr;wv; kwramr,mI:d/cr:yKcr:a/nr: krf;m/gr;kfr;mI: krf;
dKwr:dznr:scr< gumr,mJcr.ZTsqcr; yznr.eRv:gv, anrbqnryU,nnr.
gUYr:ywr.> mKwr;bzgr;nJcr;nnrx mI:ebv;lucr:pU;dQmr;ligr;egv.nJcr;
bqnr eRv:gv,bzdr,hQcr; mI:mzgr;hv;A”gr:lKnrZKwr:noxywrx> pU;dQmr;ligr;
smr. lugrxmKcr:m/nr;es bzgr;mKwr:ZT:”inr: mQnr;pzcr:mKwr;aU;lucr:
dJgr.bqnr eRv:gv,yU,El; Zcr,mKwr:sU,ZT:t/mrdUYr:d/cr:bqnres
zowmh Omhq[yh,cmwf, \ 133
pU;dQmr;ligr; Zcr,bnrhQcr:wv; ^lucr:Csv,emvyvegv.nJcr; wv;Ed.

@d/cr:bqnrmqwr:no. kv;dgv, lo;yvmv:nmrnv,ywr.< h/olo;yU,kv;# wv;
no hcr:munrZ/cr:aKwr;> gzbr;nnr ebv:tQcr;hv;A”gr:wnr:Ed. lucr:
hwr:edkQnr:ywr.& wv;noes pU;dQmr;ligr; Zcr,awrmJwr:ZI. ZU:
dUnr;m/gr,b/wr.eswv; ^dUYr:lU.! m/gr,b/wr.ZKwr:nnr. smr.
ebv:hQcr;gfv,mUdr:ywr.> lUwr,awrlUcr:es yv.d/gr,hQcr;wo.ywr.aKwr;&
wv;noegv; egv.bqnraU;lucr: pU;dQmr;ligr;no. âv…munrZ/cr:
aKwr. kv;amr,krf;hqdr:kfr;Wdr:scresaidr:> kv;kfr;Zqwr:do/gUYr:ywr.>
hvmKwr;kQnr: ebv:amr,mI:esbzgr;ZKcr.no& wv;nomv:yU,ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;
nnr gmr;nmrnmr gUnr:bqnreRv:gv, amr,sv,amr,kQnr: gumr,mJcr.
nznr:lQnr:yU, dcr:wnr:dcr:kJnr:no. kwramr,mI: d/cr:yKcr:a/nr:
kfr;m/gr;krf;mI:scr> lugr.hqdr:lugr.hvegv; amr,bqnrlo;> Zqbr:mI:dI;lT
ZTmI:dI;nnr; lo;wv;ZKcr.nogUYr:ywr.> yznr.nnrEl; gUnr:egv.
anrmI:d/cr:bqnreRv:gv,cQnr:es:yU, gU;wnr:gU;kJnr:nnr. bigr.
smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv; mKnrncr,gUnr:do/noywr.>
2. egv.anrp/nrlKwrnv, aJbr:y/gr;gfv,d/cr:ginr
gUnr:egv.anrp/nrlKwr aJbr:gKwrEl;kwr;yU,nnr.egv;
mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr.> p/nrno. d/cr:pidr:mnr:mI:nmrEd.
Ed.> Zzmr:ncr,gf/mr:tucr:mI:wo. ^d/cr:ginramr,dqmrso; amr,gmrlo;
sinrtmr:& nonnr. m/cregv.m/crgUnr:Ed. lzcr;amr,lI Z/cr;bnr
d/cr:kInnr. amr,kfr;hqqdr:esdv.egv; yznr.bKwr;wv; dv,lqcr.lU
nv;”inr: dvey:amr,mI:El; lo;lgr.awrAhimrawrrAbQdxrlQnrawr
kUwr:kzcr cJnr:kmr:bKnr;es lzcr;gL/cr.d/cr:gmrlU. dUgr:kzgr;kmrginr:
Ed,gfv, lo;k/mr,lzcr;y/br,pJdr, k/nrjTdcr:nmryU,ywr.> bigr.
smr.wv; g/nramr,lIZKwr:nnr. amr,bqnrmv:egv;yv, dv,edhqdr:
g/nrbo/:m/gr;mI: smr.amr,mI:dJnr:l/cr:< dv,edhvd/cr:emvbYr,
Yv, smr.amr,mI:cJnr:bnrbKnr;Ed,gfv, lzcr;dv,edkJnr;yT, nT:
kUcr:g/crnnr. bqnry/br,bqnryqnr:Ed.Ed.ywr.> yznr.bKwr;nnr
gUnr:egv.anrp/nrlKwrnv,nnr. bigr.smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv;
mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr.>
3. egv.anrbYr,Yv,g/cr: amr,hnrd/cr:ZJwr;ZT;
gUnr:egv.anr amr,mI:bYr,Yv, d/cr:”.d/cr:emvnnr.egv;
mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr;> bYr,Yv,anrwv;no. mI:wo.bYr,Yv,”.
El;bYr,Yv,emvnoszcrbKcr> anrno.bqnrlzcr;lI anrnnr.bqnr
lzcr;ho/.< g/nranrno.lIhqdr: g/nranrnnr. amr,lIhqdr:nojKwr:
no. scrwv;emvZgr:EpdUYr:es “.hnrlIlIc/mr:c/mr:nnr. bqnr
bYr,Yv,”.ywr;> bYr,Yv,anremvhqdr:emvs/cr; emvdQmr;emvmo/
emvsJwr.emvk/oEd,gfv,ZKwr:nnr.Ed. bqnrbYr,Yv,emvywr;> bYr,
Yv,szcrmqwr:no. edlo;gJgr:Wmr:Zzmr:gnrdv,es,< mKnrZKcr.ncr, kI;
k/br,(sI;k/br,no. bqnrkKcr;mo.bUgr, pv,kJcr;g/cres hqdr:bqnrkJcr;ho, dzo,
jzmr:gzcrmzcr:< j/dr;sQcr:< amr,nnr awrlzgr,nUgr.)nnr.ywr. mI:
p/o,lqwrgUYr:no. dUbr:amr,lcrlo;> bYr,Yv,no.egv; mKnrnnr
ncr,gwr, mI:bYr,Yv,mqwr:lqwgr UYr:no. amr,tJcrdI; ywr.dUwr;lo;>
emvywr.lUwr,”.hnrwUnr.Zzmr:< “.ywr. lUwr,emv“mr;Wmr:hqdr:s/cr;>
Zzmr:ncr, lznr.mznr:gf/mr:mI:wo. êbv:mI:bYr,Yv, gv;yT,nv,
aznrgfv,dI;gdr:yqnr& nonnr. bYr,Yv,no. Z/cr;H;pwb/nr
gUnr: yT,mv;gv;sucrh/cr;lIp/crc/mr: Z/cr;bnrlzcr;gdr:yqnr gUnr:
hwr:Ed.Ed.wv;wv;ywr;> ebv:wv;amr,mI:bYr,Yv,ZJcr mKnrgnrdcr:
gUnr:dvmzdr,ywr;> hwr:kfr;hqdr:krf;s/cr; krf;gfv,krf;bod/cr:lTegv; ebv:
amr,mI:gUnr: aznr“wrtUwr:nv;hwr:ZJcr amr,Z/cr;gfv,j/cr;bo< amr,
Z/cr;tJcr dI;anrkJnr;s/cr.dKwr:dznr:lo;> yznr.bKwr;nnr gUnr:
hwr:no. ebv:amr,mI:bYr,Yv,ZJcr bigr.smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv;
mKnrncr,gUnr:do/ywr.>
4. egv.anrnI;nmrnv, amr,lo;sv,ZTekv:
gUnr:mI:nI;mI:kzdr,nmrnv,no.egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,
ywr;> budr.tZwr;ehv:wo. âmr,mI:nI;mI:kzdr,no. bqnrlzcr;gdr:
yqnrmqwr:nJcr;&wv;no> ebv:awrgf/mr:s/nrkdr:mnr:wv;ZJcr ^mI:nI;
mI:kzdr,no. lo;mo;ZTlKdr,ZTnv,& noegv; wv;lo;ywr.> ebv:wv;bqnr
gUnr:mI:nI;mI:kzdr,ZJrcr dv,edlo;bnrnI;bKnr;nnr.egv; hvekvekv<
dv,edZT.Zo/,sucr:dJw:r gU;mJwr.gU;wnr:nnr.egv; lo;kdr:ZTtQcr;
dI;nJcr; hqdr:noWnr.Wnr.mo;mo;yU,gU;wnr:ywr.> scrwv;nI;nnr.
a/nr,”wrb/gr,sQnrmnr:ZJcr dv,bo/:m/gr;mI: edczgr;kJnr;mv:nnr.
bqnry/br,mI:y/br,Ed.Ed.ywr;> gumr,mJcr.hvdQnr: bnrnI;yU,gUYr:
El; ebv:aJdr:lo;”:d/cr:Wcr, bzcr,bQdr;”:d/cr:Z/nr: hqdr:nobqnr
noyU,digr:digr:es hvmKwr;Wmrlo;simr:lo; kUwr:kzccr Jnr:kmr: amr,
Z/cr;mI:esbzgr;> yznr.nnrEl; gUnr:mI:nI;mI:kzdr,nmrnv,nnr.
bigr.smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv; mKnrncr,gUnr:do/ywr.>
5. egv.anrbqnrkv;”inr: gU;wnr:kJnr:yU,gQbr;
gUnr:egv.anr bqnrkv;”inr:bKnr;es lo;yU,gQbr;ginr:kinrZT
nnr.egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr;> nT:elv:glUcrno. pU;lTpT
egv; amr,krf;yU,dT; lzcr;kI,nqgr:dqgr:dqcr esegv.esgUnr:< krf;yU,
lzdr;lQwr: sv,yv,lUmrZTlznr.lznr.> gUnr:hwr:gU;egv.egv; tugr,
lo;yU,lzdr;lQwr: Zzmr:bgr:bKcr hcr:pThcr:mnr:yU,> gUnr:egv.anr
lo;bqnrkv;bKnr;no. dJnr:edlo;hqdr:Zzmr: ncr,g/crrZTbKnr;krf;bqnr
nnr.yU,ywr;> @@anrno. bqnrdUwrgwrZTgwraKwr;< ebv:gwrkrf;hqdr:
egv; gwredhqdr:< ebv:gwramr,krf;hqdr:egv; gwredyU,gfv;## anrwv;
nnr. dJnr:amr,bqnrlo;lv:lv:> dUwrhwr:ZThwr:egv; amr,bKcr,lo;<
amr,mI:lzcr;lzdr;lQwr:> ebv:wv;hwr:amr,lo; lzcr;lzdr;lQwr:ZJcr
Z/cr;sJbr,bqnrmv: lzcr;amr,sKwr:ZT< ebv:amr,lo; lzcr;sKwr:ZTegv;
amr,mI:aqnrhQcr:< ebv:amr,mI:aqnrhQcr:ZJcr g/crZTanrkrf;hqdr: krf;
s/cr;krf;lo;kfr;bqnrnnr.egv; amr,ebv,bqnrmv:> lKwresnnr. amr,
ZJwr;wv; bqnrkv;”inr:gUYr: lo;k/mr,kI;sUmr;ZKcr.no gUnr:Z/wr:kKwr:
anr lo;bqnrkI;kv;bKnr;< lo;k/mr,bKnr;kI,nqgr:dqgr:dqcr gU;ZKwr.gU;
bKcrnnr.egv; amr,Z/cr;kJnr;yT,dKwr:dznr:ncr,gwr,> yznr.bKwr;
nnr gUnr:egv.anr lo;bqnrkv;bKnr;es lo;k/mr,bKnr;dqgr:dqcryU,
wnr:wnr:kJnrkJnr:nnr.egv; bigr.smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv; mKnr
gUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr;>
6. egv.anrk/nr.aKnrnv, amr,hqdr:dv,dKwr:dznr:
gUnr:egv.anr k/nr.aKnrnv, bUnr.dI;bUnr.lQnres amr,
hqdr:amr,hvscrnnr.egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr;> nT:elv:g
no. g/nrbo/:m/gr;mI:El; bo/:bYr,Yv,szcranrno. kJgr.kmr,lmr,lzcr;
Ed.Ed.wv;wv;> budr.tZwr;ehv:wo.wv; ^nT:elv:gno. kUwr:kzcrcJnr:
kmr: anrhqdr:hvawr Zzmr:wzcr,Cdv:nnr. lo;y/br,nv,nv,> ywr.
egv; kUwr:jKwr:nnr. scrwv;mnr:lo;mv:no hqdr:H;tugr,ZTmQnr;ZT
sKwr:ZTEd.Ed.&noywr.> anrpU;dQmr;ligr;hnrtJcr lzcr;lo;
y/br,lKwrtQcr;mqwr:nJcr;Zmr. bqnrbYr,Yv,> yznr.bKwr;nnrg/nr
ZKwr:no. ebv:wv;hvZzmr:Cdv: amr,gUdr.amr,lQnrZJcr lo;y/br,bqnr
y/br,Ed.> Zzmr:ncr,gf/mr:tucr:mI:wo.wv; ^hqdr:loz:loz: ”.lo;< ko;loz:
loz: ”.Yv:&nonnr. edlo;bnrk/wr:y/mr:es kdr:ZThqdr:hvawr
loz:loz:yU,ywr;> g/nranrZ/cr;yzcr;bnr H;pwgUnr:hwr: kJnr;
s/cr.dKwr:dznr:lo;nnr. hqdr:bzgr;nJcr;gUYr:Ed. amr,sU;azcr,
lo;> edlo;dmr:jTdmr:ekv: kdr:jTEd.Ed.eshqdr:gznr, jcr,
edj/cr;bqnrmv:lo;> edlo;hqdr:digr:digr: bzgr;nJcr;amr,bqnregv;
szcrbzgr;< szcrbzgr;amr,bqnr s/mrbzgr; ebv:hqdr:nnrjJcr wnr:nJcr;
edj/cr;bqnrmv:yU,> ebv:wv;k/nr.aKnryU,ZJcr cJnr:kmr:< bYr,Yv,
dv,edkJnr;s/cr.dKwr:dznr:ZKwr:nnr. gJdr:wo.bQdr;es edamr,
j/cr;mI:mv:lo;> yznr.bKwr;nnr gUnr:egv.anr k/nr.aKnrnv,nnr.

bigr.smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr.>
7. egv.anrginrlwr;mwr: “mr;Wmr:bwr:sU,yv;
gUnr:egv.anrginrlwr; sU,yv; lUnr.lKwr bUnr.dI;nv,
nnr.egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr.> gUnr:ginrlwr;sU,yv;no. lo;
wv;bqnrgUnr: lKgr;sqnr;d/cr:pidr:lUcrpidr:l/crEd.Ed.> Z/cr;
yv.bQdr; lzcr;egLv,mUnr;sKwr: mU,Zumr:ebv;Em;lugr;l/cr:es mI:
anr:dRo/:El; mI:d/cr:yUbr;yzmr: lU.sumr:yT,nmrEd.Ed.> nT:
sicr,gv,elv:wv,dsudr;nnr. budr.tZwr;ehv:wo. d/cr:pidr:lzcr;
ginrlwr;sU,yv; mI:”gr:bKcr> dI;no. edawrwzgr:hv;dUwr anrCsv,
Zwr;lUcrmKcr:nzcr dQmr;wo.nT:sicr,gv,elv:wv,dlcr,gv,nnr.es
sbr:lQcr:gfv,yU,>
âugr.Zv,yUbr;yzmr:mv:< go.tqcrZv:l/nr,bKnr;>
Z/cr;bqnrZqbr:eRv:gv,< ZJwr;amr,sv,lJwr:”cr>
amr,eh.lUmr;dUwrkicr: < Y/nr,dnrbicr:tJcr.tUnr;>
pU;ginrkKcr;mwr:yzcr,< go.pidr:wzcr,”gr:d/cr:&noywr;>
(1) kUwr:kzcrcJnrkmr: anrhvwo.mI:wo.nnr. yUbr;yzmr:ho/lo/gfv,
digr:digr:< amr,simr:bQcr:wo.lo;> (2) edv:syT, amr,gUwrebv;Em;
Ed,gfv, dJnr:wv;amr,gUwrpTes Z/cr;hqdr:mQnr; g/nramr,lIdcr:
lUcr> (3) eRv:gv,nmr as/gr;bzdr:> (4) aUmunrpucr:cwr:dUgr: ZJwr;
sqcrnwr; bKnr;aimr,mKwr,> (5) dI;dUnrdUwrZwr;gwr,no. lzcr;lIaUgr:
ao/El; ep:anr:dRo/: anredWdr;mv:nnr. amr,gQdr,ekeh.
gcr;lo;> (6) Y/nr,tJcr. bKnr;l/dr;en sbr:lQcr:enscregv;
n/nr:bzcr,ZT< n/nr:”.n/nr:dzcr:< amr,mI:lzcr;wUnr. d/cr:ko;ZT
amr,”.dI;dQmr,dI;sucr> ZKwr:kwr”gr:bKcrno. bqnrlzcr;lU.sumr:lznr.
lznr.> yznr.bKwr;nnr gUnr:egv.anr ginrlwr;sU,yv;bUnr.dI;
nnr. bigr.smr.wv; mI:dUwrmI:ZTyU,egv; mKnrgUnr:do/ncr,gwr,ywr;>
ekv;lUbr:
@jqdr:egv.mI:ncr,noo pwd/o s/ojTlibr:lo;jJrwr;# ncr,gv;
lo;dQmr;Enmv: lzcr;gUnr:jqdr:egv.jKwr:no. lo;jJwr;wv; pwd/o
s/ojTbo,k/dr,lznr.lznr.ywr.> yznr.nnrEl; pU;lUligr;hwr:kwr
egv.lTpTesmwr,wv: dv,H;lo;bqnrgUnr: ^pwdo/ so/ZTbo,k/dr,&
lIywr.lItQcr; kJnr;ywr.kJnr;tQcr; dKwr:dznr:gfv,tQcr;digr:digr:
nnr. kdr:ZTH;y/nrlo; lzcr;d/cr:jKwr:nKwrnnr.esgmr:dv.>
pJnraicr-
1. dI,knigv,y< bbr.szcr < bKcrsdrt< gmr,pv,ea:< dv;gucr;<
2003>
2. acrgudrdR nigvy< bbr.nJcr;< bKcrsdrt< gmr,pv,ea:<
dv;gucr;< 2003>
3. acrgudrdR nigvy< jdugrgnib/dr< bKcrsdrt<
gmr,pv,ea:< dv;gucr;< 2003>
4. jwr;nnr,dwmr,sbinr,dQmr;< elvgnI,di< mzgr,gU,szo;lQcr<
dv;gucr;<1999>
5. jwr;Csv,lUcrmKcr:nzcr< sicr,gv,elv:wv,D lcr,gv,< bid
g/dr;< 1999>
q[pefsi.vD sv; q[pefsi.qj.
lznr.b/o: sI,ebv.
jfrnox yznrxwv; mnr:bqnr”wrnv;gUnr:hwr:El; hwr:lIlo;lqbr;

hqnr:lzcr;mnr:yU,> anrhqdr:H; gUnr:hwr:kJnr;yfr,egv; bqnrjfranr
hqdr:H; gUnr:hwr:dUgr:dQmr,egv; bqnrjfrnoxgUYr:ncr,gwr,> yznrxbKwr;
nnrEl; ncr,’iwrpU;sUcra/nr,ligr;hwr:kwr edlo;d/cr:”. lzcr;
jfrEl; dcr:b/o:wUnrxnmrmv:lKwrgwr,nnrx jcr,lo;kdr:jfres dQmr;
bqnrmv: lig;r Wmrdzmr”wrno.yU,>
jfrwUnrxnox yznr.mnr:bqnrsqnr;d/cr: dv,edkJnr;yfr,mfr,sucr
El; gUnr:jKwr:anr emvjfr.dJwr:jfr emvwUnrxlo;ko;j/cr;kwrnnrx
kJnr;yfr,mfr,sucrkJbr;nv;es gUnr:jKwr:anramr,ebv: mI:b/o:wUnrxkwr
nnr.Ed.Ed.> pU;jKwr:anr awrbKnr;wv;digr:digr:kwrEd. hmrx
bqnrpU;anr go.l/gr;h/crbKnr;nnr.gmr;nmryU, 1 > nfr:gv;jfrwUnrxnox
egv; mnr:smr.lo;jQgr,Epwo. bqnrszcry/cr,-
(g) Positive mind jfrhnrEcxlI<
(k) Negative mind jfrhnrEc.jv.
“wrekv; (g)
dI;bzcr,jfrco/;mnr:Edx jfrhnrEcxlInox m/otJcrwv; bqnrjfrwUnrxlzcr;
bzcrbqnrlo;< lzcr;hnrlI< lzcr;amr,kdr:kf/crnoegv; edv;edamr,
pidr:> jfrhnrEc.jv.smrx m/otJcrwv; bqnrjfranrgidr,kzcr;< wUnrx
pidr:< amr,bzcrbqnrlo;noywrx> jfrszcrmqwr:nox yznrxkwramr,hqdr:g/nr
1
Food for the Thinking Mind, p. 58.
jzmr:gnrlo;El; kwramr,dznrxWmr:pvgnr< mqwr:nJcr;bqnr sqnr;
d/cr:kJnr;tJcrdI;sucr anrnJcr;smr. bqnrsqnr;d/cr:lUcr:jU:dI;
dQmr,>
g/nrkJnr;yfr, nfr:elv:gudr;egv;lI< nfr:elv:gI,mKnrncr, b/o:”.
b/o:hnrEl; lzcr;bo/:m/gr;mI:egv;lI< lKwresnnrx nfr:g/nrhqnr:egv;
lI @jfr# nox mnr:bqnrbKcrgwrxcwr;cv,mnr:ywr.> gUnr:hwr:nox pfres
amr,wv; mI:jKwrxpnr:nmrxgdrx dv,edkJnr;yfr,pfrmnr:yU,> 2 gUYr:gv;
dv,edH;mnr: azgr,h/cr;p/crkQmrxlQbr;mv:nnrxEdx yU,dI:d/cr:
kdr:jfr d/cr:awrjfrsfr,pfrmnr:nnrxywrx> anrhqdr:H; pnrjwr;
gwr, bqnrmv:nnr.Ed.egv; cwr;h/gr;mnr: bqnrjfrnoxgUYr:ncr,gwr,> 3
nfr:gv;jfrhnrEcxlInox anrkwr;bv:mnr: mI:woxl/oy/cr,< nfr:ligr;Wmr
dzmr”wrnoxEdx lo;sbr:lQcr:En dI;gQbr;mnr:gUYr:> anrlmr,lzcr;
mnr:gmr;pzcr; mKnrncr,dI;dfr;noxyU,>
1. jfrkfr;lo;kfr;bqnrhQcr:yfr, (h/wr;hQcr:)
2. jframr,sudr;amr,”nr
3. jfryUinrxgnr;
4. lzcr;mnr;jfr
5. jfryqnrEl;
6. jfrmUnr;sKwr:
jTkT;lo;kT;bqnr
jfrkfr;lo;kfr;bqnrnox pfregv;edmI:yU, sJwr;pfrsJwr;mnr: dznr:es
wv; mnr:h/wr;hQcr:El; amr,h/wr;hQcr:nonnr.gUYr:> gUnr:egv.anr
amr,kfr;mI:cJnr:< mI:kmr:< mI:bYr,Yv,d/cr:hU.yfr, d/cr:hnrnmrnnrx
edamr,mI:pfr> gUYr:gv; egv.anreddqmrtUnr;lo;mnr:Ed. ed
bqnregv.anr mI:d/cr:kfr;lo;kfr;bqnrh/wr;hQcr:es sJbr,boy/cr;jzmr:
2
Soul Curry for You and Me, p. 93.
3
Grow Rich with Peace of Mind, p. 49.
q[pefsi.vD sv; q[pefsi.qj. \ 141
ncr,anrkwrkfr;bqnrnnrxgUYr:> 4 tQcr;l/o:nJcr;egv; jfranrnoxed

lo;wv; mnr:mKnrjKcrxncr, jKwrxpnr:lImqwr:nJcr;es mnr:bqnrcwr;
h/gr; dv,edkJnr;yfr,noegv;wv;lo;< bKcrnJcr;egv; jfranrnoxmnr:
hqdr:H; gUnr:hwr:lo;yU,yJnr:y/wr: k/wr:’icrgfv,d/cr:nv;nonnr.
ywrx> 5
jTamr,sudr;amr,”nr
jframr,sudr;amr,”nrno.egv; mnr:bqnranrgmr.joz; bnrjfr
anrkfr;bqnrh/wrxhQcr:< jfranramr,mI:d/cr: edsudr;”nrlcr bqnr
‘iwregv; lUwr,lo;hvlzgr:l/o:mnr:es kdr:jfrH;gfv,tJcr dI;yKcr:mo/
amr,lo;l/o:noxegv; hvtQcr;l/o:mfr,< l/o:gwr,pwr,lcrnnrx awrbqnr
dznr;sznres sJbr,kdr:jfrgfv,tQcr;> 6 ebv:mI:nmrxgdrxes emvdUYr:
kJnr:bJnr:lcrjJcr lzcr;pidr:bKcr;mKwr;bUnrxmv:nnrx mnr:bqnrsqnr;
d/cr:mfr,dv,edsJbr,bogUYr:> 7 yznrxnnr edlo;mI:nmrxgdrx emv
tdr:s/crdUYr: gv,l< ed,smnr:s/cr,tugr,gJcr,a/br;El; ed
bqnrlo; nmrea,mzgr;gv;’iwr pznr:lIpznr:jv. anredsJbr,d/mr
l/mr:mv: nfr:k/wr:nv;nnrxyU,>
jTyKnr.gnr;
mKwr;jwr;gwr,”.dUwrwv; anrjwr;gwr,wUnrxnnrxEl;scr nv;
g/nranr dJgrxhqdr:s/cr;yU,nnrxEl;scr mnr:s/cr,tugr,jJwr;jfr;
ywrxnonnrx lUwr,lo;mI:jfryKnrxgnr; (knr,tI,)nmrnmres sJbr,
y/cr;gfv,nnrxywrx> 8 jfryUinrxgnr;nox mnr:bqnranrlmr,lzcr;wox anr
nJcr;es< mnr:lUwr,lo;Wmr:pvgnrdcr: d/cr:”.ncr,gwr,< ebv:amr,
4
Think and Grow Rich, p. 9.
5
You and Your Problem, p. 106.
6
Finding Your Strength in Difficult time, p. 147.
7
8
mI:d/cr:”.es bKnr;wv;’iwrbqnr’iwrmv:egv; gumr,gUmr;”wres yKnrxgnr;
yU,digr:digr:egv; amr,ebv:bqnrb/cr> mnr:lUwr,lo;emv”.jgr: anr
lfrmI:pznr:lI anrlframr,mI:pznr:lI anrlfrtugr,lIlo;jfr.dJwr:
l/o:lfrnnrxywrx>
lzcr;mnr;jT
lzcr;mnr;jfrnox mnr:yKcr:tJcrlzcr;yumr,ymrnmrxgdrx< lzcr;hqdr:
d/cr:s/cr;< lzcr;wUnrxlo;ko;j/cr;jwr;gwr, wv;mnr:edbqnrmv: ncr,
g/crjfranrlo;h/cr;hQnr:hqdr:s/cr;wox bIy/wr:k/wr:’icr> yumr,ymrwv;
nv;g/nrmqwr:lfresmwr,wv; hqdr:wnr:lqwr< bzgr;lqwres edywrxdUwr;
gfv,nnrx amr,bqnrlo;>9 jfrgdr:jfryqnrnox mnr:amr,jfr;jfrnJgr:
mnr:bqnrlzcr;anr woxjfryqnryqnres pQnrjdr:tdr:Em: nfr:
nv;g/nrgU;lzcr;lzcr;> gzbr;scrno lzcr;lfresmwr,wv; ebv:woxjfrprf: jfr
nQdr; jfrhibr;jfrmo;jJcr nv;g/nrlzcr;lfregv; edamr,kQmrxlQbr;mv:
lo;>10
jTmUnr;sKwr:
jfrmUnr;sKwr: nv;g/nranrhwr:hqdr;s/cr;yU,nnrx mnr:bqnrmv:
egv;ywrx< pfrko;mv:wv;scrwv; amr,lUwr,gfv,mwr:jzmr: wUnrxgfcrjzmr:<
lUwr,lo;woxjfr mUnr;mUnr;sKwr:sKwr:es sJbr,hqdr:s/cr;gfv,digr:digr:
nnrxywrx> 11 nfr:gv;po/,lcr jfranrkfr;lo;kfr;bqnrh/wr;hQcr: jframr,
sudr;amr,”nrEl; jfryKnrxgnr;jgfv,dcr;nmrnox dJnr:edamr,
lo;mI: @jfrhnrEcxamr,lI< amr,bzcrbqnr# @jfrgidr,kf/cr#>
“wrekv;mo/ (k)
jfrhnrEcxho/.nox mnr:bqnrjfranrmv:gidr,kf/cr lzcr;d/cr:kJnr;
yfr,mfr,sucrgUnr:hwr:< lKwresnnrx dv,edH;bqnrmv: jfrjwr;gwr,
9
Positive Imaging, p. 196.
10
Grow Rich with Peace of Mind. p. 40.
11
gdr:yqnrnnrxegv; edbqnry/br,wox> 12 ebv:awrjzmr: bo/:pugr;szmr;

esl/dr;jJcr mnr:mKnrgnrdcr: Ep. “canker” > Epxnox mnr:gfv,
jbr:sfr, dI;pgr:kqwrhqwr:n/cr:egv;lI< dI;dUnr;mzgr, dUnr;m/gr,egv;
lI mnr:edhqdr:H; dUnr;pgr:dUnr;yKwr;jKwr:nnrxhQcr;hqwr,es
edamr,mI:gv;knryfr,mv:lo;>
ebv:awrl/o:apitmr:es tdr:dUYr:jJcr mnr:mKnrgnr dcr:
jfragusUlr, anrj/cr;girdr,kf/cr lzcr;d/cr:Ep;dKnr:g/nrlInnrx
ywrx> ebv:awrjnrxt/nr;gUnr:eswv;egv; @jrfhnrEcxjv.# nox mnr:
hqdr:H;gUn:r kKwr:nnrx amr,kJnr;scrxkJnr;sucrlo;< gUnr:kKwr:anrmI:
jfrgidr,kf/crnmrnnrx dJnr:edamr,mI:wnr: bUnrxj/dr;b/nrdugrxk
k/nrjfrlo;esbzgr;> yznrxnnr @jfrhnrEcxjv.#nox yU,nfr: bo/:lfres
tdr:s/crdUYr:egv;lI mnr:dJnr:bqnr jfranrmI:hQcr: jnrlUcr:
d/cr:drf;dqmrb/gr,woxywrxr>
ebv:yU,tQcr;jqcr,nJcr;es lqbr;hqnr:dUYr:jJcr @jfrhnrEc.
jv.#nox mnr:bqnrjfranr amr,lzdr;lQwr:es mnr:kwr;bv:nfr: @jfr
gUwr# mqwr:nJcr;> yznrxlzcr;gUwrnnrx mv:”mr,cmr:jfrwoxywrxEl; hnrscr<
wUnrxscr< l/dr;scr< hqdr:scregv; awrbqnrlzcr;gUwr bQdr;esmUdr:> 13
nfr:gv;jfrgUwrnox cwr;h/gr;mnr:anrnJcr;Edx bqnrgzbr;@lzgr,gnr#
g/nrlzgr,nox mnr:j/cr;hqdr:H; gUnr:mI:jfrgUwr< ebv:wv; jfrgUwrnnrx
lo;ycr,h/gr;mnr:lJgrxywrxjJcr wUnrxlzcr;lfregv; awrbqnrlzcr;gUwr
bQdr;esmUdr: gUwrd/ogUwrlU.gUwrsumr: gUwrpidr: gUwrbqnrnnrbqnrno
lUcrgfv,dcr:sqcr;es w/o:lJnr:mv:lo;bqnr @jfrhnrEcxjv.#gfv,>14
jfrhnrEcxh/o.nox mnr:goxEl,wUnrxmQnr;hnrmQnr; lzcr;d/cr:anr
amr,lQbr; edbqnrlo;nnrxlznrxlznrxes hqdr:H;amr,g/wrxnv;lo;
12
Positive Action Plan p. 151.
13
You and Your Problems, p. 159.
14
The Power of Your Sub-conscious Mind, p. 27.
nnrxywrx> 15 yznrxnnranrhqdr:H;hwr: smrxebv:amr,emvjfr.dJwr:
azgr:eaves gumr,hvb/o;jzgrxmUgr:jqcr, dI;anramr,hnr s/olQdr,s/o
wnr: h/nrxedv,y/mr:nox cwr;h/gr;lUcrmnr: anrnJcr;Edx bqnrlzcr;
anr @lzgr,gnr#noegv; Ek:edamr,pidr:> g/nrlzgr,gnrnox mnr:
mKnrgnrdcr: hwr:awrjKwrxpnr: @gUwrEh# pcrsfr,nfr:azgr:eavgnr
nnrxywrx> anrpU;dQmr;ligr; kT;sbr:lQcr:En lzcrgUwrnox amr,jfr;
El;wv; k/mr;bUnrxnfr:tmr: budrxtjwr;amr,jfr; edv.EdxkJnr:Em:
jI.jmr;En lo/:jfr.dJwr: H;mnr:tugr,mQnr; dI;mnr:nnrxgUYr:>
ahIRig< anzdrdbrb d/cr:gUwrd/cr:a/o anrbudrtjwr; scr,sznr
woxnnrx dI;lIgUwrjcr,gUwr< dI;lIa/ojcr,a/o mnr:amr,lUwr,gfv,gUwr
gfv,a/obQdr;es gU;dI;gU;lQnr> lKwresnnrx anrlIgUwrsmrx amr,gUwr
anrbqnrlzcr;lIa/osmrx amr,a/onoxegv;gxoj/cr;mI:yU,> gmr;pzcr;
hqnr:ligr;hwr:egv;gUwr nucr;kUwr:hwr:egv;gUwr l/dr;gf/mr:hwr: egv;
ycr:gUwrlU:gznr,> yznrxnnr ebv:edlqbr;hqnr:dUYr: cwr;h/gr;lzcr;
gUwrnox bqnrg/nr @lzgr,H;gUwr# dcr;Ed,jqmrmKwr;lqgrxmKwr;lQcrnnrx
ywrx> 16 nfr:lzcr;lzgr,gnrnox H;ebv:kwr;jfrco/;nnrx lo;jQgr,Epwox
bqnrs/mrb/nr>
b/nrtUnr;nJcr; b/nraznrd/cr:sudr: Ed,awrjqmrmKwr; gKdr,
hnrnv;mv: h/nrxedv,ebv:emvl/dr;gf/mr: azbr;azbr;aQbr;aQbr;
aidr:azdr:> nfr:jUwr;b/nrnox ebv:lugr;aznr,goxho; @ho;mv;-Ea,yQmr#x
no ebv;Em;mnr:goxEl,lzgr,wv; âKwr;! ho;El;mfr: mfr:amr,gUwrEn,
mUcr:dvlQwr mUnrxkwr;g/crsUd,r mKwr:bzcr,b/crpQdr;wv, mfr:ko;”.egv;
dqdr,El; ebv:mfr:gUwregv;& noes lugr;aznr,egv; yznrxbKwr;gUwr
El; lo;dqdr,yqnrgfv,> lKwresnnrx smrxkJnr:Em:sfr,soz;mnr:tQcr;
@nmrxdvlugr;aznr,egv; mnr:ginraKwr;mfr:kT;”.egv;# nolU:gznr,>
15
Positive Action Plan, p. 156.
16
lKwresnxo anrgoxlo;cinr:mQnr;Edx ^mfr:amr,gUwrEn, g/crdv”Yr,

“wr;Wo.&noywrx> dI;no;nox ebv:hwr:mv:yU,nfr: ^b/o:jT&es lqbr;
hqnr:dUYr:jJcr mnr:bqnrlzcr; anrlIlo;jfrlqgrxjzmr:< gzbr;wv; d/cr:
gUwrnox mnr:lo;ycr,h/gr; mnr:lUcr:lJgrxnv,es kwrWcr.wv;jfrjUmr
(unconscious mind) noywrx>
b/nrtUnr;szcr nfr:b/nrtUnr;szcrnox mnr:bqnrb/nranr lugr;
aznr,jcr,yfr,mv: gf/mr:l/dr;egv; h/cr;kT;emvej:emvjzdr,mv:< emv
gfv,emvbo< emvlqnr;m/gr,kcr,m/gr,nimr:< kQcr;kvegv; nv,h/cr;kT;y/wr:
mv: d/cr:gfv,d/cr:boegv; h/cr;kT;gf/cr;mv:aidr:aidr: edlo;wv; mQnr;
pzcr:anrlIhgrxlI”mrEdxEdx> nfr:b/nrnox smrxawrlzcr;gUwr lzcr;eh
lUcrnnrx mv:tQmrsfr,tQcr; mKnrjKcrxncr,wv; ^gfv,El,gogoEl;mfr: ebv:
mfr:amr,gUwr Ek,bU,b/dr,awrmfr:gfv, ebv:kwrhnrlugr;aznr,no kwrYzbr:
sfr,nfr:szcr:(Xk/cr:)kwrgmr:lqwr Wcrxhvebv;hvEm; ebv:amr,dnr:aKwr;
mfr:kT;”.egv; ##noywrx> m/cregv.smrxbo/wv; ^ho;El; mfr:amr,gUwrEn,
munrjwr;mv:bunrxen;##noegv; ycr:mI:lU:gznr,> lugr;aznr,Edx
amr,bo,”.scresaidr: agzLcr:wv;jKwrxpnr: @d/cr:gUwr#nnrx smrx
ebv:pcrlJgrx nfr:azgr:kwrmv: szcrb/nrywrx> 17
b/nrtUnr;s/mr nfr:b/nrtUnr;s/mrnox edlo;wv;bqnr sQnr:
numr,m/wr,numr,s/wr scrbqnrm/gr,mUnr,egv; jmredlUnr,g/o:mv:looz:
loz:es mnr:mQnr;pzcr:dJgrx sUcrhqnr:ligr;hqnr:l/o: hvd/cr:”.d/cr:
hnr d/cr,wdrxd/cr,gzLcr:< d/cr,w/nr;d/cr,wqcr:> nfr:b/nrnoxsmrx gox
El;lo;cinr:wv; ^yv,ebebv:gfv,yU,gonv, av:lv:bv:lqnr: gUwrsU
bqnrnnrbqnrno ebv:bqnrko;bqnrn/wrmv: gUwramr,mI: gUnr:dUYr:tJcr
sU< smrxgUwrbKnr; gfv,ko/ginrsUegv;hcr:mnr:< gmrxsmrx emvgfv,amr,emv
”.d/cr:mv:noy/br,aKwr;< ebv:awrhv:wv;Edx amr,ebv:lUwr,gfv,go kzcr
ncr,ligr;ncr gfv,hqnr:awrdI;wdrxhwr:noxegv;lo;ywrx< bKcrnJcr;egv;
17
hv:szcregv.bU,azgr,egv; twr;mv:gU;mJwrxgU;wnr: ebv:hv:do/mv: gUwr
sUamr,dnr:lo;hnrjfrhv:< lKwresnnrx “inr:ey:< dKgr,ho;lzgr:
nv:< mv.lv:wUwr:gfo/: kUwr:kzcrjKwr:noxegv; gUwramr,dnr:jQgr, Epbnr
sUaKwr; mfr:wv;## noes awrmqwr:nJcr;mqwr:szcr lzgr,gnrjnrgnrmv:
bqnrlo/sJbr,l/ob/nrwox> yznrxbKwr;nnrl; lUwr,lo;aznrgnrkdr:jfr
k/mr; bUnrxlzcr;gUwrnnrxywrx>18
nfr:b/o:hnrdI;no;Edx pU;dQmr;ligr;amr,lo;yKcr:tJcrwv; mnr:
bqnrd/cr:pidr: ebv;Em;lugr;aznr,< mnr:bqnrgzbr;d/cr:”.d/cr:
hnrebv;Em; amr,dqmr;tUnr;egv;bKcrnJcr; bqnrFicr;anrjbr:bv:mv:
b/nrsJbr,b/nregv;lo;wv;> gUYr:gv; gzbr;bKwr;lzcr;anr amr,“.nnrx
es pznr:jv.mnr: smrxsJbr,ycr,h/gr; pcrlJgrxdJdrxnqwrnoxes awr
bqnrlzcr;gidr,kzcr;lUcr dv,d/cr:kJnr;yfr,gUnr:hwr:EdxEdx>
lKwresnnrx lzcr;wv;ebv;Em; hgrxlugr;l/cr:gv;hJwr anrwv;
nnrx amr,d/br;sbr:lQcr:En “wryzo;mnr:egv; edbzcr,jfryU, sJwr;
pfrsJwr;mnr:> gUYr:gv; ekv;gf/mr:anrwv; @hgrx#nox yznrxjfr.dJwr: amr,
bo,ebv:dUgr:lzgr:mnr:lIEl; jKwr:hwr:jKwr:hv:jubr;lJnr: lo;k/mr,
d/mr,mnr: h/nrxedv,y/mr:lqwrnoxywrx> yznrxbKwr;hgrxlKwr aUgr:lKwrjfr
gUwrlugr;aznr, bqnrnnrmI:noes jcr,lzgr,gUYr:ncr,gwr, dcr;jfr
hqdr:H; lugr;aznr,gUwrEdxamr,jfr;> gUYr:gv; lo;dcr;jfregv;lI amr,
lo;dcr;jfregv;lI mnr:lo;bqnrbUnrxgfv,ywrx pznr:lIpznr:jv.mnr:
egv; ed”.tJcrpfrmnr:yU,> yznrxnnr anrbqnrbUnrxgfv,ywrxnnrx
tugr,lIawrbqnrdznr;sznr dv,mKwr:nv;es tugr,lIlo;bqnrjKcrxhJwr
anrwv;nnrx lIlo;wUnrxdUYr:lJgrxgf/cr; y/cr;hvlzgr:lo/: nfr:gU;b/o:
b/o:yU,> 19
18
Positive Imaging, p. 218.
19
Food For the Thinking Mind, p. 155.
jfranramr,lzdr;lQwr: jfrgUwrnnrxgUwrnox gUwrbqnrnnr

bqnrnojgfv,nnrx mnr:mKnrgnrdcr: gUnr:dUgr:kzgr;> gUnr:dUgr;
kzfgr;nox d/cr:lfregv;amr,j/cr;gfv,< bKnr;lqcrxscrlo;ginrnnrx< bKnr;
jfr.scrlo;hqdr:nnrx lo;awrbKnr;wv;dcr:mUdr:> jfrgUnr:hwr:noxegv;
ebv:lzcr;gUwrnnrx mv:”mr,cmr:woxmUdr:ywrxno dv,edhdr:h/nrmv: dv,
edemvwUnrxlo;ko;j/cr;nnrx bqnry/br,woxEdxEdx> yznrxnnr ebv:jfr
hwr:amr,mI:lzcr;lzdr;lQwr:egv; jfrhdr:h/nrnnrx edamr,pudr:
ebv,bqnrmv:lo;> 20
g/nrpJgr: mKnrncr, pJgr:l/dr;jv< pJgr:dQmr;pJgr:m/o< g/nr
pJgr:gJdrxkUnrxwUnrxhv lzcr;dv,edbqnr pznr:lIdv,dUwrgwr,El; nfr:
dUcr,wKcr:jwr;gwr, dcr:nmrnnrxywrx> aznrd/cr:sudr:Edx bunr;
pznr:mnr:yU,dI; ebv;Em;szcrjwr;El; gUnr:himr:Wmr:> kwrlUwr,lo;
pJgr: H;lugr;aznr,hwr: yv,mI:jfrgUwres H;kwrmI:jfr hdr:gfv,hdr:bo
hdr:hqdr:hdr:s/cr;< mqwr:amr,lo;lzcr;lo;dv mqwr:amr,hnrnmrxhnr
dUwrnnrx yv,gfv,lzgr,H;kwrgUwr> edlo;Ed,jpJgr: nfr:hUcr:hqnr:
amr,nnr nfr:wdrxnfr:wv:> tQcr;lo/:nJcr;egv; edlo;mI:g/nrlQgr;
l/o; bnrd/cr:”.b/nrmfr, b/o:wUnrxmfr,< bnrlzcr;mnr;jfr< jI.jmr;En
lzcr;pidr:lzcr;tugr,> 21 jfrnox mnr:mKnrgnrdcr:nmrx< nmrxnoxmnr:
bqnrmqwr:anr lugrxdI;sucrlUcr:jU:dI;dQmr,> yznrxnnr ebv:kfr;H;
mnr:lQdr:mv: hdr:h/nrmv:no aznrd/cr:sudr: edlo;mI:lzcr;
pJgr:ywrx>
dv,edlQgr;l/o; jfrhnrEcxjv. H;bqnrjfrhnrEcxlImv:nnrx
1. edlo;tzmr,cinr: ekv;gf/mr:pU;mI:bJnrx”.< 2. edlo;pdr:lUligr;
nmrnmr 3. tzmr,k/wr,tzmr,c/wr:> w/o:esnnrx pznr:lImnr: mI:mzgr;
20
Grow Rich with Peace of Mind, p. 47.
21
gv;’iwrnnrx edlo;mI:nmrxgdrx dQbr:ddr:awrhcr:gUYr:>22 gzbr;scr
no nfr:elv:glUcrnox gUnr:egv.anr edmv:dQbr:ddr:bnr d/cr:
kJnr;yfr,El; d/cr:yUbr;yzmr:jwr;gwr,nnrx mnr:mI:egv.lqwrgUYr:>
gUnr:egv.nnrx amr,jfr;pfr< bqnrjwr;gwr,kJnr:nnrxywrx> 23
nfr:”wr’br;mnr:Edx ligr;Wmrdznr;anrnox lo;sbr:lQcr:wox
jfrhnrEcxlIEl; jfrhnrEcxjv. dI;gQbr;mnr:gUYr:> jfrhnrEcxlInox
mnr:j/cr;aznr H;gUnr:hwr:kJnr;yfr,mfr,sucr m/gr;mI:lIbqnr gdr:
yqnrsKwr:sv, nfr:j/dr;no.j/dr;nv;es jfrhnrEcxjv.smrx bqnr
jfranrhqdr:H; gUnr:hwr:dUgr:dQmr, dUgr:eyv;dugrxy/gr; k/nrdUwr
k/nrjfres amr,hnrdI;gdr:yqnr sKwr:sv,lo;esbzgr;esb/nr
nnr.ywrx>
pJnrai cr
1. Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda, Food for the Thinking Mind,
Taiwan, 1999.
2. Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda, You and Your Problems,
Malaysia, First reprint, 2004.
3. Napoleon Hill, Grow Rich with Peace of Mind, First
Ballontive Books reprint,
4. Napoleon Hill, Think and Grow Rich. First Ballantine
Books reprint, 1983.
5. Napoleon Hill, Positive Action Plan, first Indian
reprint, 2000.
6. Anthony Robbines, Awaken the Giant within, First
Fireside reprint, 1992.
7. Norman Vincent, Positive Imaging, Peale Orient
Paperbacks, second reprint, Delhi, 2004.
22
23
8. Amitabh Bach Chan, Soul Curry for You and Me,

Mumbai India. 2002.
9. David Visscott, Finding Your Strength in Difficult
Time, Tata, McGraw Hill, 2nd reprint 2004.
10. Dr. Joseph Murphy, the Power of Your Subconscious
Mind, Bantam revised mass market Edition January,
2004.
vgif;xAifuef
jwr;mhv,ed,winr,d
gf/mr:nmr:
gbr:go/,lUYr; lzcr;tqcrgnrno. m/crbzgr;m/crlT j/cr;bqnrbnr
hvgKdr,kJnr;mv:noesdv.egv; m/crbzgr;m/crlTsmr. hqdr:H;mI:lzcr;
t/cr,tKmrdI;gnr< lzcr;kzcr.kmrjTdI;gnrjKwr:nnr. j/cr;bzcr,lQcr:
mv:es lo;ekv;jJwr;jT;< lo;pznr:lImnr:mv:Ed.Ed.yU,> ligr;Wmr
dzmr“wrno. dKgr;dI;wv; mnr:amr,bnrlo; d/cr:”.d/cr:hnr lo;dqmr
tUnr; anrgqwr,gbr:lUYr; lzcr;anrno.lIlInoesdv. aidr:aznr,
azdr:nJcr;Ed. yumr,ymrwv; edbnrlo;dznr;anr tugr,lIF/cr.
nnr.pzcr;yU,noywr.> yznr.nnr nT:ligr;Wmrdzmrno. edsbr:
lQcr:En pznr:jv. lzcr;tqcrgnr< lzcr;d/cr:anrgo.awrtqcrgnr<
edhqdr:’iwr H;mI:pznr:lI< amr,tugr,lIjI.En:bKnr; gmr:sJwr;<
edawrlo/:lT H;ebv:tqcreb.bKnr; Ed,gfv,jKwr:noxyU,>
mKwr;hwr:lo;tqcrgnr dcr:gUnr:jnr.sucreshwr: smr.amr,
ebv:mI: b/o:wUnr.dqmrtUnr;nnr. hwr:l/dr;ekv;jJwr;jT; m/nr,mQnr;
mnr:yU,noesdv. dv,edyzmr:hbr.hwr: mnr:dJnr:bqnry/br,> bKwr;
nnrEl; H;ebv:yzmr:hbr.lo; yv,H;bqnrlzcr; dQgr,jdr.hdr.ho/.
dI;gnrnnr. lUwr,lo”.wo. lzcr;d/cr:bv;dT;jKwr:no.yU,ywr.>
pznr:jv.lzcr;tqcrgnr
m/crdI;< m/crmqwr:< m/crbzgr;< m/cregv. dJnr:amr,tugr,lItqcr
esaidr:> anrbqnrbnrhv mKwr;tqcrgnrnnr. amr,sU;hvlzcr; gdr:
yqnrmv:lo;< m/crbzgr; j/cr;hqdr:H;jfrlmr jfrbQgr,bKcr;nKwrgnr< hqdr:
H;y/nrgnrgfv,< egv.nJcr;El;egv.nJcr; amr,tugr,mQnr;gnregv;
vgif;xAifuef \ 151
j/cr;bqnrmv:lo;> ebv:hwr:go.tqcrbKnr; aUYr:egv.aUYr:es;gnr

egv; j/cr;mI:jTbQgr,bKcr;gnrmv:< gUnr:egv.anramr,tqcrEb.hwr:
nnr. lKwresamr,emvbzcr,jT smr.kQnr:kT;hqdr:kqnrdI;hwr: lKwrmv:
tQcr;digr:digr:yU,>
ebv:awrb/nrgUnr:hwr: dQgr;gnrdcr:’icrhI:lUgr;no.ebv:no
jUwr;gUnr:hwr:egv; amr,y/wr:< k/wr:y/mr:dv,jT.egv; mI:ea,nv,<
g/nranrhwr:lUwr,hqdr:nnr. mI:dcr:nmr< lzcr;amr,mI:lznr. mI:
gQnrnnr. ebv:hwr:edawrk/wr:y/mr:hwr:es gfv,jfr.nfr:lzcr;tqcr
gnrnnr.gUYr:nojJcr hwr:eb.lo;esdv. ebv:mnr:amr,bnrpznr:
lIhwr:no bzcr,wv; hwr:awrk/wr:y/mr:hwr: gfv,sumr:bQdr;lo/l/ogUYr:
noywr.< hwr:tugr,lIwUnr. gv;knrk/wr:y/mr:hwr:nnr.Ed.Ed.>
gzbr;nnrEl; ebv:edgfv,dzbr,tqcr lzcr;scresmwr,wv; lzcr;dzbr,
tqcrnnr. edmI:pznr:lIscrnonnr. tugr,lIwUnr.aznrd/cr:yU,>
ebv:hnrmQnr;wv; amr,mI:pznr:lIscrebv:nojJcr pfrkfr;bzcr,jfrnKwr
hwr:jKcrx’iwregv;ywr. bzo,kwrbzcr,jfrgfv,hcr:kwres hwr:amr,tugr,lI
awrk/wr:y/mr:hwr: gfv,sumr:jzmr:kwrlv:lv:> gzbr;wv; k/wr:y/mr:anr
lUwr,jT. dv,jUwr;b/nrhwr:nnr. mI:gv;knrsucrlKwr k/wr:y/mr:anr
lUwr,awrtqcrgnrlqnr;nnr.ywr.>
lzcr;d/cr: anramr,lIawrtqcrgnr
nT:lzcr;tqcrgnrno. anrgo.dQbr:ddr:gnramr,lo; mKnr
ncr, sv,snv,anrlfrlI< w/nr;mKcr:pfrkJdr:g/br;lKwrpfr< nv;g/nr
anrlfrlIesbKnr;nojKwr:no. ebv:go.awrtqcrgnrnojJcr go.go.mI:
bnrhvEd.Ed.> amr,nnr bnrhvanramr,mI:cwr;h/gr;lmr:dUnr;
jKcrxncr, g/crwnr:mI:aznrd/cr:g/crkJnr:’iwr?< g/crkJnr:mI:aznd
r /cr:
g/crwnr:hv.?< go,gKdr,aznrd/cr:ko,En,? amr,nnr ko,mI:aznrd/cr:
go,yUwr. jgfv,jKwr:no. bqnrlzcr;dQbr:ddr:amr,lo;l/ol/oywr.>
ebv:bqnrbnrhvsv,snv, kQnr:amr,tugr,lItqcrgnresaidr:< gzbr;
mnr:bqnrbnrhv anredawrebxgnr amr,lo;nnr.ywr.> sv,s
nv,pTegv;lo/: mnr:edwv;lIyU,noywr.> anrbqnrg/nrw/nr;g/nr
mKcr:< g/nrpv,sv,jKwr:nnr.egv; edv;nnrywr.> anrtqcrgnr
gqwr,lUYr;bnrhvjKwr:no. edj/cr;hqdr:H; amr,tugr,mQnr;gnr< jfr
lmrjfrbQgr,bKcr;dI;gnrnmres edamr,mI:pznr:lI d/cr,jKwr.d/cr,
bKcrscrywr.>
egv.anr amr,lItqcr
gUnr:anramr,mI:bYr,Yv,< amr,mI:bo/:wUnr.nnr. hwr:amr,
tugr,lIgfv,tqcrkwr< gUnr:jKwr:nnr. gzbr;kwrmI:lzcr;amr,lIszcrmqwr:-
lzcr;dJwrdnrEl; lzcr;amr,”.dI;sucrdI;dQmr,nnr.ywr.> nfr:
lUgr;no. hwr:eb.bKnr;gU;egv.noesdv. anrhwr:edeb.y/br,nv,
esbKnr;nnr. mI:gUnr:szcregv. anrl/dr;mv:bv;nKwrnnr.ywr.>
gUnr:mqwr:no. ebv:hwr:edgumr,tqcrkwryU,jJcr amr,mI:pznr:lIscr
esamr,gv: j/cr;hqdr:H;hwr: jfrlmrmv:tQcr;lU:gznr,ywr.> ebv:
tUbr:Yv:gUnr:mqwr:no. tugr,lImI:lzcr;yKnr.gnr;es bnrkwrl/dr;
hcr:gUYr:kwres Ew;bQdr;lzcr;tqcredv,kwrnnr. edlIyU,> gUnr:
mqwr:no. hwr:edtqcregv; mnr:dJnr:edamr,eb.kwresamr,gv:
ywr.egv; edamr,mI:pznr:lI> yzmr:sumr:eslumr:lumr:egv; amr,
yUbr;yzmr: scrncr,gwr,> ebv:hwr:gumr,tqcr gUnr:amr,”.scrjKcr.
nnryU,digr:digr:jJcr gUnr:”.kwr yU,d/cr:nzgr;es tdr:s/cr
dUYr:egv; edmo/wv; jnr.hwr:bqcr:mKnrgnrgUYr:nonnr.ywr.>
edhqdr:’iwrtqcr H;mI:pznr:liI
lzcr;tqcrgnrno. edhqdr:’iwrH;ebv:mI:pznr:lI yv,H;lo;
wv; t/cr,lqgr.nKwrgnr< t/cr,pidr:bKcr;nKwrgnrnonnr. mI:ekv;
anrtugr,lI”.El; hqdr:jzmr:jKcr.ncr,noyU,> mKnrjKcrxncr, anr
l/dr;mv:bv;nKwrjKwr:nnr. ebv:hwr:edamr,hqdr:H;gdr:yqnrlo;
amr,lUwr,tqcrgnresaidr:> lzcr;tqcrgnrno. mnr:bqnrcwr;h/gr;
vgif;xAifuef \ 153
anrhqdr:H; jTlmrmv:tQcr;gUYr:> gzbr;nnr gUnr:egv.anr lQdr:

sQwr: nfr:lzcr;tqcrgnrnnr. go.j/cr;gwr: H;d/cr,po/,jfrlmr< ebv:
pfrjfrlmregv; j/cr;hqdr:H;mnr: azgr:eavsugr.sgr.yucr;y/cr;<
wUnr.scregv; amr,azgr,jKwr:no.ywr.> pzcr:hwr:tqcrgnrnnr. pfrmI:
edv:segv; dJnr:sumr:g/nr.amr,h/cr.< pzcr:jfrlmrnnr. bo/:wUnr.
bo/:hnr anrjwr;gwr,mI:wo.nnr.egv; j/cr;mzdr,ho/gfv,> hwr:edgo.
y/mr;hnr bKnr;tqcrgnr nfr:b/crgumr,yU,> m/cregv.no. tqcrgL/cr,yU,
egv; amr,mI:edv:s< d/nr,lIjfrlmregv;yKnr.< smr.b/okUwrlo; lKcr;
anramr,lIkfr;kUwrnnr.lU:gznr,< pzcr:kwrtqcrgnrnnr. kdr:jfr
yumr.kUwr amr,bnredv:sazgr,< Enp/crh/cr; egLv,sKwr:dv,es,>
lzgr:lo/:no. bqnrlzgr:lo/:lIesbKnr; mKwr;pzcr:tqcrgnrnnr.ywr.>
kdr:jfryzmr:jzmr: nfr:ekv;gf/mr: anramr,lmr,lzcr;es
ebv:Yv:mQnr;ekv;gf/mr: anrlmr,lzcr;nnr.Ed. lUwr,l/dr;licr.
eswv; ek:kwrlJmr:wUnr. gUnr:anryzmr:wv; dUwrjwr;gwr,pidr:no
nnr.yU,> nfr:lUgr;no. pU;anryzmr:hbr. dUwrgwr,pidr:no. mI:ea,
nv,< anryzmr:wv; dUwr,gwr,lJmr:Ed. mI:nmryU,> m/crmqwr: hqdr:
pidr:gfv,ywr. d/nr,lIyzmr:hbr. d/cr:pidr:sJwr;sJwr;egv; smr.go.
go.el,eg;dUwrwv; lJmr:nodv,es,nnr.ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;nnr ebv:
hwr:edl/dr;sJwr;sJwr;wv; anrkwrl/dr;nnr. pidr:ebv:nojJcr
gUnr:egv.nnr. dJnr:amr,kfr;yzmr:< mnr:dJnr:edhv lzcr;d/cr:eg;
dUwrmnr:yU,amr,h/cr.> ebv:wv;bqnregv. anrmI:amr:n/dr;eshwr:
nnr. tugr,lIEw;gogoyU,< gzbr;wv; mnr:edamr,bnrpznr:lIscr
dI;hwr:< no.gUYr:amr,gv: smr.edjfr.bv:a/mr:n/dr; edv,hwr:
nnr.ywr.> gzbr;bKwr;nnr lo/:anrlIsudr:Ed. hwr:tugr,lIlicr.
es l/dr;wv; ^mI:lo/ekv;aKwr; anrkwrlJmr:wUnr.< gzbr;bKwr; gUnr:
hwr:gmr;nmr j/cr;lJmr:< bKwr;nnr jcr,lo;k/mr;bUnr.gfv, amr,nnr
bKwr;kwrmI:g/nrnmrEl; amr,dnr:dUYr:jzdr,lo;&no nnr.yU,>
lzgr:lo/:ekv;lJnr:sudr:no. bqnrlzgr:lo/:lIdI;sudr:ywr.>
amr,tugr,lI jI.En:bKnr;gmr:sJwr;
ebv:hnrwv; ekv;gf/mr:gUnr:egv.nnr. pidr:nojJcr hwr:amr,
tugr,lI jI.En:kwrgmr:sJwr;> tugr,lIl/dr;wv; d/cr:hnrtJcrkwr
nnr. lIyU,< gUYr:gv; mI:tQcr;lo/:nJcr; anra/br;lIesnnr.no
es sbr:lQcr:End/cr:hnrtJcrhwr:> bnrkwrtzmr,dUYr: yv,H;kwr
“.wv; hwr:hvlo/:l/dr;wv; d/cr:hnrtJcrkwrpidr:< lUwr,hqdr:ncr,
hwr:wo.jTyT,jTy/wr:es sbr:lQcr:En d/cr:hnrtJcrwv; lo/:no.
a/br;edco/;es jqwr:ywr.dUwr;nonnr.gUYr:> ebv:hqdr:nojJcr
mnr:egv;t/cr,wv; hwr:sbr:lQcr:En d/cr:hnrtJcrhwr:nnr.ywr.>
ebv:kwrhvlzcr;d/cr: (hqdr,pUnr)ekv;tqcr mqwr:nJcr;mqwr:szcr
mv:nojJcr sbr:lQcr:Enkwr ncr,’iwrebv:edyzmr:hbr.lo;> hwr:lUwr,
jTyT,jTy/wr:es tzmr,ekv;gf/mr: anrkwrsbr:lQcr:nnr.lIlI< ebv:
mI:anrpidr:mnr: Yzbr:awres sbr:lQcr:Enkwrgmr:lqwr> bKcr
dQgr;mnr: mI:gUnr:egv.nJcr; kT;jUwr:hwr:gfv,El,noesgznr,< ncr,
‘iwrhwr: ebv:edkfr;gfv,nnr. kwredhvlzcr;d/cr:(hqdr,pUnr)lo/lo/
mqwr: mv:sbr:lQcr:enhwr: jKcr.ncr,wv; êbv:hwr:gfv,El, hwr:ed
lo;bJdr,”bJdr,dv< lo;hnrdI;anr amr,y/mr;lo;Wdr;< ebv:pUnr
amr,dUgr:Edx dJnr:kQmrxlQbr;gU;mqwr:& nonnr.yU,> nfr:ekv;gf/mr:
anrkwrl/dr;mv:nnr. jzcr,hwr:lo;tzmr,mQnr;lIlI< mnr:mI:ekv;
anredbnrhQcr: gmr.ekv;gf/mr:hwr:ekv;nJcr; anrwv; ebv:pUnramr,
dUgr:Ed. dJnr:kQmr.lQbr;gU;mqwr: nonnr.ywr.> hwr:tugr,lIawr ekv;
gf/mr: anrkwrl/dr;nnr.es sbr:lQcr:EnkwrjQcr;jQcr;wv; ^jfr;
Ed.ywr. ebv:pUnrdUgr: hwr:smr.edYv:pUnr< j/cr;hqdr:H;hwr:
bqnrwdr:El; j/cr;hqdr:H;n/wryU,> gzbr;nnr amr,tugr,lIgfv,<
lzcr;egLv,mUnr; anrhwr:wUnr.nnr. mnr:edhqdr:H;hwr: dugrxkwo/:
mnr:gUYr:&noywr.>
vgif;xAifuef \ 155
gzbr;nnr ebv:edl/dr;EndI;gQbr; ekv;tqcrgnr H;ebv:

mI:pznr:lIEl; amr,pidr:jfrnKwrgnr< jTamr,bQgr,bKcr;nKwrgnr
nnr. hwr:gv;lo;yzmr:hbr.wv; ekv;gf/mr:anrkwrl/dr;nnr. m/nr,
mQnr;gU;ekv;yU,< gUYr:gv; kwrlJmr:bQdr;m/crekv; bqnrgzbr;amr,wUnrx
mQnr;’iwr? amr,nnr kwrbzo,H;bUnrxgfv,bQdr; gzbr;amr,sdimQnr;hJwr?no
ywr.> gUYr:nv, yv,lJmr:l/dr;wv; bo/:wUnr.bo/:hnrkwrnnr. mI:ekv;
anrm/nr,mQnr;yU,dcr:nmrnonnr.lv:lv:> ebv:l/dr;mv:tJcr
ekv;no.egv; kugr:jfrlo;bv: tucr:gf/mr:acr:girdr:kwr anrwv; lUwr,
hqdr:H;gUnr:dcr:nmrwUnrxwv; kwrmQnr;< kwrjcr,wUnr.wv; hwr:mQnr;
nonnr.dv.>
nfr:lzcr;tqcrgnr gU;jKwr:jKwr:nnr. pznr:(pl)mnr:mI:
s/mrlo/:-
1. kwredamr,yzmr:hbr. d/cr:hnrtJcr anrhwr:l/dr;nnr.
esaidr:< anrno. bzcr,wv; tqcregv;sumr:k/wr:y/mr:gUYr:>
2. kwryzmr:sumr:hwr: gzbr;tqcramr,Eb. lzcr;d/cr:(hqdr,pUnr)
anrhwr:sbr:lQcr:lo;> gUYr:nv, kwramr,yzmr:hbr. hqdr,
pUnrhwr:< anrno.egv; bqnranryzmr:sumr:jUwr;gQbr.> gUYr:
gv; ebv:kwrhvlzcr;d/cr: ekv;dzbr,tqcr anrebxhwr:lo;nnr.
kwrdJnr:bzgr;mv:tqcrhwr:amr,h/cr.< szcrbKcrno.egv; bo,lo;wv;
gLv.ncr,gwr,>
3. kwryzmr:sumr:El; yumr,ymrhqdr,pUnrhwr:< lo/:no.lIlKwr
bKnr;sudr:>
edawrlzgr:l/o:lT H;hwr:ebv:tqcreb.
lo/:dv,tqcreb.bKnr;lo;no. mI:szcrlo/:-
1. awrhqdr,pUnr(lzcr;d/cr:)estqcr>
2. lzcr;emvjQgr,Ep ekv;dzbr,tqcr>
ekv;m/onJcr;nnr. lmr,lzcr;Ed.Ed.> m/crmqwr:no. amr,”.
cwr;”.bo/es gJcr.g/cr.yumr,gmr:sJwr;nnr. amr,jfr;bKcr gUnr:mI:d/cr:
“.> Cpv:bqnrjwr; bqnrCpv:mv:no.egv; gzbr;mnr:jwr; emv”.jgr:
hqdr,pUnrnnr.es jcr,bqnrmv:ywr.> edhqdr:edl/dr;scres
mwr,wv; lUwr,wUnr.lIlIes hqdr:gfv,l/dr;gfv,nnr. lIesbKnr;>
ebv:amr,wUnr.sI,wUnr.hv;es gJcr.g/cr.hqdr:Wdr:l/dr;lidr;lUcr
gfv,jJcr ebv:pidr:mv:ywr. amr,j/cr;eg;kolo;< j/cr;nQcrjfrkJnr:
wo/:lcrgUYr:>
nfr:ekv;mo/szcrno.egv; lmr,lzcr;wo.ncr,gwr,> ebv:hwr:
amr,emvjQgr,Ep ekv;dzbr,tqcr bqnrbzdr:bqnrdznr;ebv:nojJcr hwr:
edhvhqdr,pUnr anredgbr:d/mr:jzmr:amr,lo;> ekv;tqcrm/crmqwr:
nnr. hwr:”.wv; mnr:amr,m/nr,mQnr;esdv. hwr:egv;amr,hvekv;
sbr:lQcr:mnr:lo;ncr,gwr,> lzcr;wv; mnr:pidr:jKcr.’Jwrnonnr.
tugr,lIemvjQgr,Ep ekv;dzbr,tqcr bqnrbzdr:bqnrdznr;yU,> gzbr;bKwr;
nnr H;ebv:”.jQcr;lQcr:lInnr. pU;dQmr;ligr; edl/dr;En
bKcrdQgr;mnr:anrnJcr; jKcr.ncr,bv;dfr;no.-
mI:gUnr:egv.nJcr; l/dr;wv; ^gwrbqnrgUnr:jo/:< mfr:amr,jfr;
gwr< gzbr;nnr mfr:amr,jfr;gUnr:jo/:&noywr.> ebv:hwr:lo;cinr:ekv;
gf/mr:jKcr.no hwr:”.wv; bqnrgf/mr:amr,lo;lzcr;< bqnrgf/mr:cKwr;cv.<
dJnr:amr,tugr,mQnr;esaidr:noyU,> ebv:hwr:amr,emvjQgr,Ep
es gJcr.g/cr.sbr:lQcr:En gmr:sJwr;ebv:nojJcr mnr:egv; sbr:lQcr:
y/br,wo.ncr,gwr,< yznr.nnrr H;hwr:ebv:emvjQgr,Ep ekv;lTa/br;
tugr,mQnr;< a/br;yzmr:hbr.lo;< ekv;lT amr,a/br;tugr,mQnr;< amr,
a/br;yzmr:hbr.lo;nonnr. lo/:jQgr,mnr:mI:ncr,noyU,>
ekv;gf/mr:anrl/dr;wv; gwrbqnrgUnr:jo/:nnr. hwr:yzmr:
hbr.lo;yU,> gUYr:nv, hwr:amr,yzmr:hbr.lo;wv; nfr:elv:gno. mnr:
egv.lqwrgUYr: bqnrgUnr:jo/:nonnr.lv:lv:> ekv;gf/mr: anrl/dr;
vgif;xAifuef \ 157
wv; mfr:amr,jfr;gwrnonnr. hwr:dJnr:yzmr:hbr.lo; “wrb/gr,dqmryU,>

ekv;lJnr:sudr: anrl/dr;wv; mfr:amr,jfr;gUnr:jo/:nonnr.Ed.
hwr:dJrnr:amr,yzmr:hbr.lo;< gzbr:pU;jo/:nfr:lUgr;no. amr,jfr;wv; mI:
mnr:gUYr:nonnr.ywr.> lo/:emvjQgr,Ep ekv;dzbr,tqcrjKcr.nono.
hqdr:H;hwr: hvlzgr:lo/:tqcrlo;lI< amr,jfr;wv; bqnrmqwr:hqdr:lqnr;<
l/dr;yzgr,lugr;aznr,nnr.ywr.> lo/:jKwr:no. gUnr:pRcr,kwr
hqdr:bqnrbo/:bYr,Yv,anrnJcr; Wcr.wv; siwr:lUwr:gLI.sLqmrx (Syllo-
gism)- pJgr:t/mrdzbr,ekv;co/;sudr: edv,ebv:tJcrekv;y/br,sudr:
noywr.> mKnrjKcr.ncr,bKcrdQgr; anrl/dr;Enbv;nKwrnnr.ywr.<
ebv:edawrmv:l/dr;EnmUdr:egv; edsumr:k/wr:y/mr:gUYr:El;
lo;awrmv:l/dr;engmr;pzcr; H;hwr:ebv:lo;”.wv; g/nremvjQgr,
Epekv;dzbr,tqcrgnrnnr. mnr:lUwr,EdxEdx>
ekv;lUbr:
ekv:lUbr:lJnr:sudr:Ed. kfr;bnrsdiwv; hqdr:scrtqcr
scregv;ywr. lUwr,H;mI:pznr:lI dv,bun;r bKnr;El; dv,bunr;dUwr
gwr,nnr. lIesbKnr;ywr.> êgvyKwr;yv; j/cr;lQwryzo; gzbr;dUnr;
mo.yfr,< dUnr;mo.yfr, j/cr;lUmr.gUnr, gzbr;kUmr:dvm/dr,< kUmr:dvm/dr,
j/cr;jKmr; gzbr;hQcr:Fo:< mqwr:anrhQcr:ea, j/cr;sumr:gzbr;anr hQcr:
nmr&nonnr. gUnr:azgr:eavY/mr.egv; j/cr;g/nr.gUnr:azgr:eav
lIywr.> bJnr:bv;lcredv,h/nr.no. sbr:lQcr:EnjQcr;lQcr:yU, gU;
k/wr:> gzbr:bKwr;nnrEl; hwr:tugr,lIpJgr:dUwrhwr: H;mI:kKcr;anr
kUmr:po/ ncr,’iwrebv:ed ek.kqcr,eb.lo;bKnr;nfr:lUgr;< H;ebv:lo;
jJwr;wv; gKdr,mv:bqnrgUnr:egv; lo;hqdr:g/nrlI bunr;dv,gUnr:ywr.
nonnr.esgmr:…
binr,awrnT:bbrx- ^mnr:smzcr& anrlUcrwijidrxwvtg/nr: dQmr;<
cl:vmh: tgrf;vkuf;egif.
Qof;rj,vj, zlif:oef:
uyf:uhm,vlnf; Nofacj;yj;eldofeh.aO eif,pkdofvkuf;egif.pof:

ayj:awvSwf:OSof: wj,pAwf:P;wlif,oldif:ulef: ayj:awckdef;b[,r[,Okif
eef. ref:wdkef:ykdif;tdifuefaO qif,qmif;yAefrj:bof./ ayj;sr;
sv;vkuf;vmif:? emif:sr:sv;qof;zlof? cl:sv;vkuf;egif.sw,uGj,
qldof:eh.bof./ ayj:zhm,ekdif;blyf;bgrf:uGj,auj; qmif;yj:uefwluf:wSrf,
bof./ ugyf;vlof,vh;ykdif;tdifuefaO qif,wArfxe l f;sv; rldif:ekdif;
sv;rldif:ekdif; auj.ekdif;sv;auj.ekdif; qldof:tefac.uef ckdef;b[,
bl,e[:vluf;bmrf:vAofeh. qif,wldif,ymif,uef? ckdef;ymifukrftkyf,tlof:
uef bl,ul;oef:oef:eef.bof./ vkuf;egif.oef:rldof;eh. awyAefcl:
rldof:ej;sv; eif,pkdofvkuf;egif.vSwf:OSof: awrD:rj:erferfeef.
qif,vh;aOj.Oguf;pj vhm:vkrf:vj:vkuf;egif. tguf,rj:se zl;vlvduf;
pof:cofeh.bof./
Qof;Olefrguf, tefzkuf,Ogrf;wlef;rguf,bl,eef. ref:rkif;
rgif:c[;pefrguf,pmif;vD tefawwkrf,uD;rj:eef.sv; qif,cwf:q[
blif:vdef? O[,zkef,aOvkrf:vj:? bj,P;rSif:vh;bj.vh;uof:/ auj.
tefzkuf,wlef;rmuf,auj; rkif;rgif:y[.udefrmuf,Okuf:vD tefrlif;trf,
qD: rSif:trf,bj.eef.sv; qif,vh;vlvgrfy[.yj:eef.bof./ ulnf:
uj; wlef;rguf,auj; trf,rguf,yefrguf,pmif;vDvh;ul;wlef;? wlef;rmuf,
auj; trf,rmuf,yefeif,q[pof:rgif:ul;wlef;? ugyf;pof:trf,N.vhm:vkrf:
vj: ref:auj;yj:bof./
cl:vmh: tgrf;vkuf;egif. \ 159
awj;eefeif,uof, ayj;sr;vAif.vkuf;vmif:eef.auj; rD:

wmif:rkif;rgif:eldofvkuf;vmif:pj;yldif? Nrf;yj:owf;Twj:pj;yldif tefvkuf;
vmif:vlof,pAwf:yefeef.sv; qif,vh;vkrf:vj:vkuf;vmif:cofbof./
cl:auj; ugyf;rkif;rgif:eldofvkuf;egif.way: P;yAefrj:zl;rD:ynf,nj,
sv;ykwf;wdefwmifrkdof: qof;uof,uGj,rldof:ej;aO qif,vkrf:vj:qD.
qrf;sewmif: vkuf;egif.cofbof./ cl:rmifauj. Orf.arjqD.qrf; se
wmif:bl,? ulnf:uj; trf,arjbkuf.bgif;yefpSif:q[sv; qhg;xSrfwmif:
vlof,vkuf;egif.? ygh,ykdef.ygh,ySwf; qldif.eif,tofNnf,rmuf,rlif; rmuf,
vmif: okdwf.omif:oh.e[:bkrf:aO y[.rkif;rgif:P;yAefwlef;rj: pmef.awj,
xkdif ayj:vh;udefrmuf,ref:bof./
ulef:pof:eh. bl,qgrf:wmif:rkif;rgif:vgef.vgef./ ulnf:uj; rgif:
vhmvhmeh. trf,yAefrj:Oifvh;? eif,Hdofwmif:rkif;rgif: awyAefrj:
eef. vlof,vh;cwf:q[ pAwf:qgrf:vhm:ref:ugef,bof./ bgef.Eef
sv; wmif:rkif;rgif:eh. bj,ayrkif;rgif:tofvhmvhmulnf:? awvh;pAwf:
qgrf: wmrfeif,owf;Twj:pof:rD:eef.vl:ugef, qif,yAefrj:wmrfeif,
pof:c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.bof./ rkif;rgif:tofvhmvhmulnf:sv; trf,yAef
rj:vh;eef. wD;e[:tif,ukwfwIeduj,b ynf,quedymwf; tdwfx
Okwf;eef. ykwf.xqof;seoh.oj; ]]wuj,vliftej,xydef,tldnf:
tefulef:clif:umifpof:Olifej,? c[;vh;ej,sv; Orf.vh;bmyf,ej,
eef. rD:pj;yldiftldof;-
1. tj,bk= c[;P;tj,bkbmof:bkdef:?
2. oef,e= c[;pmif;vD?
3. Okc= c[;rD:ikdef:crf: rmuf;vldif,aO bl,Oj,Oldof:q[?
4. bO= c[;rD:vkuf;egif.way:erferf?
5. Ouf.u= c[;Mwf;xkdifrldif:zDD wD;vDwD;rSwf;?
E[:pj;yldifeh. bgef:tofwD;yldef;auj;trf,vh;/ bgef:Ol:tofvhmvhm
auj;trf,vh;/ Oifqldof.oj; bgef:tofwD;yldef;? bgef:Ol:tofsv;vh;
160 \ k/wr:d/cr:sI,'wr, mo/ 7 bIO 2005
ehqkdif e[:clif:umifeh. vgif;blyf;bgrf:tefoj;eef. pkdofawrD:vh;/
ayj:c[;vh;auj; wkdef:vlof,vh;pAwf:tof wmrfeif,vhm:pAwf:reff:rD:
eef.bof.}}ehbof./ ugyf;eef ayj:c[;rD:vkuf;egif.vDauj; vlof,vh;
qgrf:tof vhm:vAif.vkuf;egif.OD,yldif eif,tefawseuGj, yj;w[;eh.
bl,/
rldof;yh,sevhm:vAif.vkuf;egif.eh. c[;vmwf;se vgif;owf;
Twj:sv; vgif;rkif;rgif:tdwf:ekdif;? owf;Twj:tefoj;eef. wkdef:yAef
ykef;zgef:wj,ulef:auj.v[auj.eef. vlof,vh;pAwf:qgrf:bof./ ayj:
trf,pAwf:qgrf: owf;Twj:pof:rD:auj; wj,P;vkuf;egif.pof: ayj:aw
ckdef;b[,ckdyf;ej;eef. wkdef:trf,yAefrj:vh;/ wD;wSuf;ref: vlof,
Olif,vkuf;egif. uGj,OgefpAef:sv; Orf.trf,Olif,uGj,eef. vkuf;egif.
pof: wkdef:trf,rD:wmif:ckdef;b[,vh;/ ayj:vkuf;egif.pof: trf,ckdef;
b[,? trf,arjynf,nj,auj; wj,awrD:rj:zl;ykwf;wdefwmifrkdof: tef
oj;eef. ekdif;cSef:uhbof./
owf;Twj:sv;wmif:rkif;rgif:eh. trf,rldefuef/ owf;Twj:
tefoj;eef. awvh;pAwf:tgefwmif:aO ohm:eef.qif,rkif;rgif:vh;
bof./ wD;wSuf;ref: vkuf;tgef,uldwf,rj: yh,b[,yh,ay.wlof ayj;sr;
Orf.ayj:rkif;rgif: P;ref:pAwf:yefowf;Twj:ckdef:eef. wkdef:trf,
yAefvh;? ayj;sr;wkdef:vlof,vh;pAwf:yef edlofvkuf;vmif:tgefwmif:?
rldof;v[vkuf;vmif:b[,rj:ay.wlofbof. cofqif,qmif;wgyf,ckdef: ukef:
rkefayj;sr;cofbof./ owf;Twj:zlofsv;ar:? ayj;vAif.sv;vkuf;
vAif.sw,uGj,qldof:eef.sw. pAwf:yefuefvh;urf:Odkof;bl,/
cl:auj; wmrfeif,owf;Twj:ref: rD:wD;e[:Odif,uj,vOkwf;
eef.oj; cl:eh.-
1. xkuf,Oif,Ogefygef;yef tefxkuf,rSef; wD;vkuf;egif.?
2. xkuf,Ogefyefwmif:arj tefukdif,vSyf; wD;vkuf;egif.?
3. wmif:arjeef. trf,vlof,Oldif,Odrf:? vlof,Ogefyefvkuf;egif.
wif:rlwf:?
4. vlof,Olif,uGj,OgefpAef: wrf;wD;auj.qrfq[pof:? wD;pof:N.

quf:?
5. awvh;sp.uif;yefaz: tefawwluf:rj: eldofvkuf;egif.ul;
yldifyldifehbof./
acj;ekdif;? Ogif? Omrfeef.sw. qSif;vSif:vDbl,/ acj;OD,
vhm:Olif,vkuf;egif.uGj,pAef:eh. vlof,vh;zkduf:yeferf.q[cof? eif,pkdof
awarjbl,qgrf:yldef;? awarjoh.uj;cef wlofqof;uof,sv; arjpuf.
qldof.qmwf;? bj,P;xmif,vAuf.ckdef: qldof.cldof:qof;uof,/ ayj:trf,zkduf:
yefqldif.ehqkdif arjynf,nj,rj:uj;pldofauj;bj, ynf,nj,wmif:arj
ref:eef. yAefzgef:vDwj,wlofref:bl,aOwj. wj,ulef:wif:erf
sw. awtrf,ayj:yAef/ ugyf;eefsv; erf.q[eh. vrf,vgif;sw.
sw./
urf;erf tefpof:pefbl,bmrf:vAofeh. auj.yAefcl:auj; olef.
oj; ayj:q[.vkuf;egif. uGj,pAef:ynf,nj,bof.ehauj; xmif,oj;wArf
xlef;bof./ auj.yAefvkuf;egif.auj; ayj:vh;OgefpAef:bof. ref:
xmif,oj; ykef;zgef:ref:wArfxlef;bof./ ugyf;eefsv; tefcl:
sv;vkuf;egif. trf,qrfq[uefeef. xmif,awyAefwmif:blyf;bgrf:
tefeh.bof./
wD;sw.ref: auj.yAefcl: vlof,ygif,q[oj; cmof:bmrf:eh. ref:
vlof,Oif? yhm:bl,vD? wD;bl,Oof:sv;umefpAef:ref: yAefpdkofeh vlof,
vh;tofO[,q[oh.wj,aO,bl,/ eif,pkdofpof:ayj:awcof;bl,vh; e[:
rmuf,Nofq[vkuf;egif.pof:eef. vlof,tofrmuf,Nofq[vkuf;egif. rj:O[,
oh. e[:rmuf,Nofq[pof:tgefwmif:bof./
cl:eh.rD:OgifrAof:-
1. cl: tefeif;bl, eldofNofvkuf;egif.wj,aO,?
2. cl: tefeif;bl, e[:rmuf,Nofq[vkuf;egif.wj,aO, ehbof./
cl:wif:vkuf;egif.eh. trf,q[;rAof:vDulofuef/ yAefHdofauj;
vlof,vh;vmwf;seuef qSif;qSif;vSif:vSif:/ eldofvkuf;egif.eef.
trf,vlof,vh;ygif.vh;vj,? vlof,qD.qrf;vmwf;se P;cofayj:ygif,q[?
aw trf,vh;pAwf: P;vkuf;egif.ulofpof:/ eif,Hdofcof ayj:aweyf.brf
pof:? rD:rAwf.wj,eldofpof:eef. tefpof:xkuf,vDqhg;xSrfcofauj; vlof,
pAwf: yefP;wArfxlef;ugef, cofqif,cof;rj:bl, e[:rmuf,Nofq[pof:
bof./ wj,awyAefcl: tefbl,e[:rmuf,Nofq[ vkuf;egif.wj,aO,eh.
wD;e[:tif,ukwf.wIeduj,b Okwf;Oif,upeef.seoh. vhm:vAif.
vkuf;egif. rD:OD,yldif-
1. wje- vlof,bkdef;yef vlof,qhg;xSrfvkuf;egif.ul;yldifyldif?
2. ayboqfq- vlof,vh;vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAifomefawj,vkuf;egif.?
3. twfxqIdbj,- vlof,pAwf:yefzgef:vDvkuf;egif.?
4. Orjewfwwj- bj,ayxmif,vAuf.? vlof,bkrf,brferf.uwf.
vkuf;egif.pof: rldefpof:ehbof./
E[:uj;vguf:vhm:vAif.vl bkuf.bgif;vkuf;egif.OD,yldifeh. ref:
rldefumef:rmuf,avj.eef.bof./ rmuf,avj.eh. yduf.Orf.oj;ref:cSrf.
vSyf;uSef,cSifwmef,Hdofauj;bj, ayj:trf,yj:umef:ref:qkdif ref:
wkdef:trf,qmif;udif;uGj,uhvh;/ vhm:vAif.vlvkrf:vj:vkuf;egif. tef
serj:yj;eldofeh.auj; ref:rldefeefbof./ cl:sv;ayj;sr; auj.
teftrf,qgrf:vhm:eh.aO vAif.vlvkuf;egif.sv; vkuf;vmif:pof:
eef. wj,P;vkuf;egif.sv;vkuf;vmif: awarjpuf.Mrfqlrf:ySif: eldof
pof:ckdfef:eef. trf,yAefvh;/ Orf.xSif; wj,P;vkuf;egif.sv; vkuf;
vmif: awbkuf.bgif;qgh;xSrf pof:ckdef:eef.auj; trf,rkif;rgif:vh;eh
bof./ bgef.eefsv; wj,awvAif.vlvkuf;egif.sv; vkuf;vmif:pof:
eef. awvh;pAwf:qldif.Hdofeh wmrfeif,zl;wSrf;vduf;ygif,q[vh; aw
awj.wh,ch;se Oyf:vSif:uGj,xSif;bl,/
wjetefoj;eh. wD;ygif,ref:rD:OgifrAof: 1. clof:cgiftef

awvl, awqgh;xSrfyeffyldef;eef.rAof:ekdif;? 2. q[tefc[;qhg;xSrf
P;yldef; ayj:cdkef;b[,? arjvmwf;yef P;yldef;ayj:rD:pSif:q[? tefpof:
vh;qD.qrf;sewmif:sv; vh;cwf:q[se P;yldef;ayj:bldif;qgrf:pof:
eef.auj; yAefwj,erAof:ekdif;bof./ ugyf;eefsv; wj,etefoj;
eh. trf,q[;umefvl,umefwmef:rAof:vAofulnf:/ umefqhg;xSrfylde;f ?
yefpSif:q[yldef; sw,uGj,wif:OAif;qldof:eef.auj; Mif.oj;wj,eeif,
uof,bof./
wj,etefuyf:uhm,vlnf; cl:sv;vkuf;egif.eef. qgrf:eif,
zl;wArf;vduf;ygif,q[oh.sw. c[;vmwf;seeif,eh/ zgif:rldof;vkuf;egif.
pof:yh,ay.wlof? zgif:wkduf.yAefvkuf;pAef:bl,eef. ugyf;cofvlof,wD;
ykdif;tdifsv; eif,pkdofq[cof awtrf,wluf:trf,rgif bgef.trf,vh;
wmif:qhg;xSrfpof:eef. cl:auj; vlof,wlnf:qgrf:cmof:bmrf:aO ]cmof:
v[cofvlof,Oif? cofc[;vh;Oif}sw,uGj,qldof:eh. trf,vlof,y[.P;cof rj:
vmwf;xkdifpof:sv; awj,ayj:vh;rj:bgef:tofpif:cof/ ugyf;vkuf;
egif.rldof;vAof awyAefrj:cl:rldof:ej;sv; cmof:wmif:tefpof:yhylef.
rj:eef. yAefpkdofeh ckdef:vAyf;pAef: tofyAefwgef;Ogefpof:aO tef
awOkdyf,yhuGj,rldof:ej;eef. wj,pof:sv;vkuf;egif.pof: awvDaO
tgefwgef:aOuof, ckdyf;ej;uGj,eef. tefblyf;bgrf:auj; pof:vlof,
cwf:q[xSrf? tefyh,rD:auj; vlof,cwf:q[pAwf:Omif;uGj, ykef,wj,zj,
Oj,? Oj,Oej,sv;qldof.qmwf;pof: ayj:awNdof;Ndif: yldif:O[uGj,eef.
iof;pmuf;ref: rD:wD;cl:sv; vkuf;egif.wif:erfbof./
cmof:tefwlofq[zovkuf;pAef: wkuf.cej,vldofyldef;eef.
yAefzgif:wkduf.pAef:vduf;bl,eef.bof./ ugyf;eefsv; cl:tefc[;rD:
vkuf;egif.vDeh. zgif:rldof;vkuf;egif.pof:pAef:vduf; bj,P;cofvh;wluf:
cDwluf:zmefeef. vlof,ygif,q[ wlnf:xdkifyefwj,aO,bl,/
ayboqf.qtefoj;eh. ygif,oj; awvh;vmwf;uGmrf:vDOAif
omef uGmrf:puf.uGmrf:ySif: awj,vkuf;egif.ehbof./ wj,awyAefuGmrf:puf.
uGmrf:ySif:eh. vlof,vh;so;ySwf; avj:z? awj:O? arj:p? rj,eaO
awvh;rD:rAwf.wj,- vgif;puf.ySif:? uIkej,- vgif;tD:vl? rkwdwj,-
vgif;Nrfqlrf:qldof:eh.aO vmwf;awj,vkuf;egif.pof:bof./ eif,pkdof
awvmwf;uGmrf:vDvh;aO,aO,eef. wlofz[q[ref: vlof,rD:Owd
aO cwf:q[tofvl:ugef,/ zl;v[aOtrf,oj; wj,awrD:rAwf.wj,? uIk
ej,aO vmwf;uGmrf:vDvh;eef. yAeftefbmyf,sw.sw./ Ozj,o
ulef:pof:eh. ayj:bl,wD;tefOkifaO rkif;wlnf:wD;wSrf,ehqkdif tef
trf,rldefq[pof:eef. wkdef:rD:wif:erfbof./ yAefpkdofauj;vD vkuf;
egif.tefoj;eh. wlnf:ej;cl:aOsv; bl,uGj,ul;oef:oef:bof./ ayj:
rD:wmif:zdwf:rj:auj; bj,ayygif.vj,? bj,pAwf:P;vkuf;egif. vh;ulof
pof:? auj.ekdif;sv;auj;ekdif; awvh;bl,qgrf:uefuGj, awj,qlof;trf,
q[;/ zgif:rldof;rj:xlyf:nj:uefbl,eh. eif,pkdofvkuf;egif.pof: ayj:aw
ay.wlofaO Okdyf,cmof:wmif:uGj,vh; pif:ulnf:ref:eef. vlof,tof
rAwf.wj,? uIkej,O[,q[pof:aO Oif,Ogefygef;yef P;ayj:cof;uGj, e[:
rmuf,Nofq[coffeef.bl,/ ]uGmrf:vDcof;Nz[trf,qj.? uGmrf:qj. cof;Nz[
trf,vD }ehsv; zl;v[z[auj; c[;idef:uGmrf:vDuGmrf:omef ul;auj.bof./
ulnf:uj; qof;uof,arjvmwf; uGmrf:vDuGmrf:omefuj;Hdof tefoj;eef.
yAeftefvrf,vgif;sw.sw./
twfxqIdbj,tefoj;eh. ygif,oj; vlof,vh;pAwf:yefzgef:
vDyldef;ehbof;/ vgif;pAwf:yef zgef:vDyldef;tefoj;eef. rdlefeif,
Oyf:vSif:serj: vgif;wj,esv; aybjoqfqyj;eldofeh.bof./ rldof;
yldef;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,cmeffq[eef. vlof,qhg;xSrfwmrfeif,pof:
ygifyAefvh;eef.bof.? eif,Hdofyldef;awOkdyf,cmof:wmif: uGj,wmif:ej;
vh;vDvDeef. tefpof:vmwf;uGmrf:vDuGmrf:omef? yefpSif:q[sv;
yefvgif;ch;q[qldof:eef.auj; yAeftwf.xqIdbj, pAwf:yefzgef:
vDyldef;eif,uof,bof./
Orj,ewfwwj,tefoj;eh. ygif,oj; bj,ayxmif,vAuf.uef?

vlof,vh;rD: vgif;bkrf,brfuefsv; ygif,q[eldofuefeef.bof./ vgif;
xmif,vAuf.ueftefoj;eef. yAefrj:qgrf:rj,e- q[zSefOkifeef.
bof./ ulef:pof:e[:avj:ueh. rD:oh.rj,ez[ref:bl,/ ulnf:uj; ugyf;
yldof;rj,eaOsv; ckdef;b[,rj:eef.sw. rD:urf;at,ulnf:/ ugyf;yldof;
rAwf.wj,aOsv; ckdef;b[,rj:eef. rD:erffej,/ ayj:auj.yAefcl:auj;
olef.oj; ]ref:yAefvkuf;egif.uoftldof;? umefimef:tefuofqD. Oif,eh.
ref:vlof,vh;pAwf:qgrf:? xgrf,tof? qgrf:toful;yldifyldif? wlofxlyf:sv;
erf.uwf.ref:eh. trf,yAif:uofvh;}/ auj.yAefvkuf;egif. auj;olef.oj;
]uofauj; rD:ynf,nj,wmif:arjerfbl,? uofeh. wkduf.yAefvkuf;tgef,
ckdyf;ej;? ynfnj,tefuofc[;N.c[;arjeh. uofwkduf.vAyf;pAef:vh;ul;
rAof:/ ugyf;eef uoftrf,vlof,ykdif;tdif;z[} cAif,oh.rj,e awj,uefqdlfif.
ehqkdif ykef;wj,awckdef;b[,ckdyf;ej;uGj,eef. yAef tefbmyf,sw.
bof./ eif,pkdofawarjoh. rAwf.wj,awj,uefeef. auj.yAefcl:auj;
bj,xmif,vAuf.vkuf;egif.? vkuf;egif.auj; vlof,bkrf,brfpuf.ySif:cl:?
ugyf;cl:sv; qif,yAefrj:vkuf;egif.? ugyf;rD:vkuf;egif.sv; qif,yAefrj:
cl:? vlof,arjoh.q[Qldif.eif, ]ulnf;ykdif;imrf;? imrf;ykdif;ulnf;}eef.
bof./
cl:sv;vkuf;egif.eh. vlof,ygif,q[eldofuefpSif:pSif:? yAefpkdof
rD:pkdofauj; vlof,vh;vmwf;uef qSif;qSif;vSif:vSif:bof./ rmifyguf;rmif
v[ pefzdwf:eldofvkuf;egif.aO ugyf;yldof;trf,arjvmwf;Oif,Ogef
sv; vh;vl.Okrf:uGj,auj; rD:erfej,/ wlef;rguf,eh. zkuf,oef:vAof
aO b[,rj:trf,q[;? vlof,q[.cmof:bmrf:? vlof,arjvkrf:vj: Nwf: erf.
yefaOtrf,uj: qldof.zef:vDtefoj;eef.auj; vlof,yAefvl:ugef,
qif,awb[,ckdef;rj:? Qif,qmif;rguf,yefrguf,pmif;vD eif,tefqof;
ref:rgif:eef.bof./
vkuf;egif.auj;awj;eif,eef wj,awckdef;b[,rj:eef. P;
yhm:bl,vDcSrf.vSyf;sv; P;ayj:rD:ynf,nj, erf.uwf.wArfwlof tgef
NofpAwf:umef wmifwlofcl:uGj,vh;eef. vh;vAif.vlvlrf:vj: yDekdif;
ulnf:sv; b[,rj:trf,q[;/ vh;y[.cmof:bmrf: tmef,NofOdyf:yDref:aO
qif,awyAefrj:vh;bof./ wmif:zdwf: teftrf,ygh,omif:yefvh;
eef. awtrf,rD:vh;/ ugyf;eefsv; eif,pkdofwlef;rguf,pof: ayj:
awyAefrguf,rD:uj;cefsv; rlif;awtrf,wSif: rSif:awtrf,bj.eef.
vlof,vh;arjvkrf:vj:bof./ eif,pkdofwlef;rguf,pof: ayj:awsz;wldef:
uGj,erferfeef.auj; vlof,vh;cwf:q[zkuf,xSif;bof./
vldofaOeef. eif,pkdofvkuf;egif.pof: ayj:awtrf,vl.Okrf:
uGj,eef. pof:vlof,arjsp.uif;sv; Oif,Ogefygef;yef P;cofayj:N.
xkdifaq,wej, tefrD:e[:tluf:e[:q[pof:eef.bof./ ayj:cofN.
aq,wej,pof:bof.eh cofawrD:vgif;ygif,q[awj,pof:rj:? uj;eif,
tefcofygif,q[awj,poff:eef. pof:auj; ckdef:vlof,ygif,q[awj,cof
eif,uof,bof./ umefimef: tefcofc[;pAw:f c[;Omif;sv;Oif? vgif;
wmif:vlof,umifq[cofsv;Oif? tefpof:ygif,q[aO qhg;xSrfyefeef.
auj; yAefvgif;wmif:tefvkuf;egif. bkrf,brfpuf.ySif: cl:tefekdif;
bof./ cl:sv;vkuf;egif.eh. Ozj,oref: rldefeif,sr;sv; vkuf;
eef.bof./ z[auj;trf,umif:z[vh;? wkdef:awvh; cof;Ol,ql:pjuef
bl,wj,aO,bof./ yAefOifauj; vlof,qhg;xSrfuef? vlof,arjtkyf,tlof:
wldif,ymif,uef? vlof,vh;pAwf:yef zgef:vDawj,uef? vlof,rD:q[bkrf,
brfsv; puf.ySif:uefeef. ygif,oj; Orjewf.wwj,bof./
ugyf;eefsv; Oif,upTwj:OD,yldifeh. yAeftefvrf,vgif;
wj, OhmOkdyf,pof:uGj,rldof:ej;sv; cl:ul;qof;qof;? vkuf;egif.ul;qof;
qof; xkuf,vDtofO[,q[aO pAwf:qgrf:bl,/ eif,pkdofvkuf;tgef, rldof;
eh. ayj:awyAefzl;tgefNof zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,sv;qldof.qmwf; uGj,
rldof:ej;eef. xkuf,vh;qgh;xSrfvkrf:vj: qldif.eif,wlef;rguf,eef.
bof./ wlef;rguf,eh. ayj:pof:Nwf:erf.erfylef.ej,auj; pmuf;ref:
qmif;eof;aOwhm? OifNwf:erf.st,ej, trf,eef trf,Nwf:erf.
ref:aOtdwf:ehauj; qmif;pAof,pSif;aOwhmuGj,eef.bof./ tD;Oif

auj;bof. ayj:ylef.ySefcAwf,cgyf,(yrj,e)ref:uGj,eh trf,Omif,xkuf,/
cl:auj;awj;eef pof:vAif.vlvkrf:vj:vkuf;egif.pof:eh. vlof,N.ygif,
q[qgrf: eif,vkuf;egif.pof:vlof,eef.aO qhg;xSrfyefbof./ wmif:
vlof,ulef:pof:eh. ugyf;ref:erfej,sv; pof:vlof,ygif,q[aO 'mif.
wlnf:bl,aO,aO,eh. rD:Omrfyldif-
1. umefOgefpAef:vkuf;egif.?
2. wD;bl,Oof:sv; yhm:bl,vDvkuf;egif.?
3. erf.q[puf.ySif:qldof.qmwf;? Oj,Oej,cofeef.bof./
ayj:oj;uAof,vlnf;umefpAef:? wD;bl,Oof:? yhm:bl,vDwArfxlef;
bof.qkdif tefpof:rkif;rgif:oh.eef.auj; awyAefrj:bl,/ vkuf;tgef,
tefvh;zmwf,ayj;sr;qArfvAuf.aO uGj,pAef:wmif:arjbl,e[:rldif:
vlifeef. ayj:trf,rD:auj.yefpSif:q[? auj.qhg;xSrfqkdif wmif,cmof:
sw.oh.aOugef, zgif:bl,trf,vDeef. vDq[vAuf.acj:clrfsw.sw.
bof./ vgif;qldof:eh. tefbmrf;zmwf,ayj;sr;aO OgefpAef:vduf;rj:
ul;qof;qof;? ul;auj.auj.cof awbmrf;xlyf:rj:bl,/ bgef.eef tof
wlofxlyf:pof: pAwf:yAefwgef;OgefaO eif,Hdofwlofq[vkuf;egif.pof:
ayj:awvh; uwf:bAefOldof:Oj,aO OgefpAef:tof wmif:arjvh;ihm;ihm;
eef.auj; pof:vlof,arjvkrf:vj:qgh;xSrfbof./ Oifoj;qgrf:tof vguf:
vhm:OifupOD,yldifeh.aO pAwf:Omif;uGj, ykef;wj,zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,
sv; qldof.qmwf;pof:ehqkdfif awyAefrj: wmrfeif,pof:rkif;rgif:oh.bl,
trf,pmif.bof./
ayj:oj;zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,sv;qldof.qmwf;pof: ckdef;b[,r[,
Okifauj; ykef;wj,wlofpof:ulnf:trf,uj: ykef;wj,ulef:wif:erfauj;
awvh;uwf:bAefqgrf:sv; yAefwD;zl;rD:ynf,nj,cofqof; bgif;abj:
tmrf:atj:eef.bl,bof./ P;teftgefuef arjtgrf;tD;vkuf;egif.
vDvDpif:z[pif:ref:aO pAwf:umefqldof.cldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,pof:
ckdef;b[,r[,OkifuGj, rldof:ej;cmof:HdifaOurf: .../
zkdeftdif
1. tifukwIedujb yefquedymwf yjvd? yxryefejOu
rkefwIjqoufu tdwfxOkwf? yyf.yldifOwf.x? urf,'j,
at:? wj;ukif;/
2. yjxduoufuyjvd OifujvOkwf? yyf.yldifOwfx? urf,'j,
at:? wj;ukif;/
3. tifukwIedujb qwkufuedymwf yjvd? yxryefejOu
qufuoufu OifupOkwf? yyf.yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:?
wj;ukif;/
4. tifukwIedujb yefquedymwfyj,vd? yxryefejOu
Okreoufu ykwfwOkwf? yyf.yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:?
wj;ukif;/
ukef:rkefayj;sr;
qof;oj,bj,rdef,w vmofcldof: (OD,ayj.)
uGmrf:erf:
ukef:rkefayj;sr;tefoj;eh. bfG,uGmif;ej,? vmwf;trf,Okwf:
OAif;vh;/ tefOluofpof:pj:wif:OAif; vh;yAefulef:bfG,rj; uj;Okifrj:?
tefvh;vuf:vSrf;OSrf:uj;? tefvh;Ogefvduf;Ogefvmh: tefvh;rj:
xlyf:uefbl,qldof:eh. awvh;oj;ref:yAef bgef.ydlof;ukef:rkefrAwf.
wj, ayj;sr;vgef.vgef.ehbof./ bgef.yldof;oj; ukef:rkefrAwf.wj,cof
b[,uGmif;ej,eif,eefsv; eif,pkdofP;pof:ayj: awarjN.quf:cdkef:
ukef:rkefcof? arjvAif.vlvkrf:vj:cof? arjqgh;arjxSrfcof? vldofaO
eef. P;ayj:arjN. ykef;zgef:vkuf;vmif: yAeftD;Oif? ykef;zgef:
ayj;sr; Orf.yAeftD;Oif? zgef:vDvh;vkrf:vj:ayj;sr;eh. yAeftD;
Oif? ayj:trf,vh;vkrf:vj: Orf.awyAefqldif.pkdofeh quGj,qldof:eef.
eif,uj;bkdef:rkdof:xkdifvh; zl;wSrf;vduf; awawj.wh,ch;se rldef
eif,ayj;sr;eh. rldefckefOmif? yAefcl:Ogeftgefwmif:yldef;Okwf:?
vhm:wgyf,Ohm;ukef:rkefayj;sr;? zgef:vDvh;wgyf,Ohm;wSef: ukef:rkef
ayj;sr;? zgef:qj.vgif;vkdrf:ukef:rkefayj;sr; qArfqldof:eh.uGj,bl,/
Tzj:yAefqof;pof:auj;oj; ukef:rkefayj;sr;eh. ref:bGf,ej,
trf,rD:wD;Okwf:wD;OAif;vh; (rjwjydwk ukaej teefawj) eh
eif,uof,bof./
ayj;sr;eh. rldefckefOmifsv; cl:Ogeftgefwmif:yldef;Okwf:
uAof,uyf:vlnf;vgif;eh.aO ykwf.xqof;rguf,oh.oj; ayj;sr;eh.
rdlefwif:ckefOmif? Orf.yAefcl:Ogef auj.tgefwmif:Okwf: (yIrfrjpd
rjwj ydwaIj? YkyfyjqIdbjwd tkqfqaI)1 ehbof./ ugyf;Oifsv;
ayj;sr;eh. rdlefckefOmifvj,ayj:ehqdkif wD;eh;awc[;Oyf:vSif:se
tdwf:ekdif;/ ckefOmifeh. rD:yIrfrodpj,IOD,bldif;? tefoj; rAwfwj-
q[tefpuf.ySif: edlfofwlofrD:q[wif:vhm? uIkej-q[teftD:vleldof
wloftefxlyf: wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,wif:vhm? rkwdwj-q[tefNrfqlrf:
qgrf: eldofzl;tefrD:vgif;uwf:bAefsv; rmuf;rD:vD yAefqldof:eef.?
tkyAufcj-q[teftrf,arjpuf.ylef.sv; qif:ylef.? qfGzAif,yAif:eh
qldof:eef.bof./
rldefeefeif,uof, ayj;sr;auj; rD:yIrfrodpj,Iqldof:eef.
OD,yldifeif,uof,sv; qif,oj;ayj;sr;eh. rdlefuefwif:ckefOmifeh
bof./ ayj;sr;eh. pAwf:pkdofsv; yAefcl:Ogeftgefwmif:Okwf:vj,
ayj:ehqdkif rldof;vkuf;vmif: yh,arjvmwf;uGmrf:eef. ayj;sr;eh. yAef
auj.tefOgefyef tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;bof.? eif,pkdofvkuf;vmif:
ayj:awarjbl,? arjudef? arjvmwf;arjqj? arjuGj,arjrj: e[:su;umif
yldef;eef. yAefauj.Oif,Ogefygef;yef tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;sv;
qif,vh;oj; yAefcl:Ogeftgefwmif:Okwf:ehbof./ ugyf;eefsv; ykwf.
xqof;vmwf;oh.oj; tofNof,rj,qof;uof, wAif,oh.ayj;sr;wif:Ogif
zhm,aO vAif.vlvkrf:vj:cof awj,qlof;tOmuf;auj; awj;bif:yh,
wArfxlef;vl:ugef,ehbof./
vhm:wgyf,Omh; ukef:rkefayj;sr;
e[:Okwf;Odif,uj,avj:oj,weef. seoh.ej;umefvkuf;vmif:
tefyAefvguf:vhm: wgyf,wSef:ckdef: ukef:rkefayj;sr;eef.pj;yldif
oj;-
]]vAif.vjaz:ukif,uGmif;?
cwf:Omif;ej;umefygif?
1
acrgudrdR nigvybv,li< bbr. -1< sbRmrmgsudr< nv;-131>
ukef:rkefayj;sr; \ 171
P;ukdif,ykwf;Ndef:ab:?
vl,yefaq:ao,Mwf;?
wlnf:vlqldof.cldof:uGj,?
owf;wj,vkuf;vmif:rD:pj;bldif;eh.bof.##ehbl,bof./
rdlof;pof:wdkuf.auj.vAuf.sw. bgef.ydlof; trf,yh,arjolef.Oifsv; oguf:
Nofeh. trf,ayj:xmif,ref:rD: uj;cefOif? ulnf:uj;xdkifwD;b[,rj: arj
olef.tofwD;ygif,ref:bof. qif,N.oj; ref:rD:uj;cefb[,erf wj,
qldof:auj.yAefvkuf;vmif:sw.sw.ehbof./
oguf:Nofeh.ref:seoj; olef.ckdef:rdlof;pof:vAuf. tefayj;sr;
vh;vAif.vlvkrf:vj:pof:rj:eef.aO eif,uj;ygifyAefvh; vlof,ckdef:
Okdyf,vAif.vlvkrf:vj:ayj;sr;cdkef:? acj;rmhOgif qldof:tefyAefvkuf;
yAefvmif: eif,pkdofawrmuf;rD:vDyAef uwf:bAefOldof:Oj, eif,pkdofaw
vAif.vlvh; ayj;sr;? vkuf;vmif:? emif:ar:qof;uof, vh;vDvDeef.
awtrf,vh;cmef.vh;tldefvj:vj:? qgrf:eif,Mh:zj.ej;OArfayj;sr;
tgefpAwf:tgefOmif;ej;umefrj: ul;yldifyldifqldof:eef. vlof,vh;cwf:
q[ pAwf:qgrf:bldif;qgrf:zAef;zAef; P;ayj:ukdif,ykwf;ej;pldef:clof:rgef,
(trlnf,) ykwf;wdefykwf;rkdof:cofuGj,? ohm:aOayj;sr; vyf:wjvkdrf:
rldif:uGj,bof. P;pAwf:ukOlof,wmif:vDaO Olif,bkdef;ukOlof,yefcof P;
Mwf;xkdifwD; uwf:bAefOldof:Oj,? vldofaOeef. eif,pkdofqldof.ildef;
Ohmcldof: ayj;sr;qof;uof, ayj:awtrf,vl.trf,phmcmwf,omh:uGj,eef.
vDvh; puf.MrfySif:rSwf,uGj, ymefOkdyf,ymefvkuf;Okdyf,vmefehbof./
vldofaO e[:Okwf;Odif,uj,avj:oj,weef. tefykwf.xqof;

pof: qD.Oif,apj:oh.auj; ukdwf:oh.wif:erfbl,/ e[:uj;qdlof:eef. zl;
wSrf;vduf;awawj.tguf,rguf,se zl;vlvduf;pof:cofuGj,urf;zgif;/ vhm:
wgyf,ukef:rkefayj;sr;eh. qgrf:eif,oj; vkuf;vmif:auj.tef rD:wmif:
N.wif:pefynf,nj, trf,eef vkuf;vmif:auj.tef arjN.ukef:rkef
iof:ayj;sr;eh. arjoh;ayj;sr;aOegef:? arjvAif.vlvkrf:vj:ayj;
sr;? arjeyf.brfayj;sr; (wOrjpd erOfaObB? OufujaI q yef
wdawj)2 ehbof./
vldofaOeef. vAif.vlvkrf:vj:tefoj;eh. rD:oh.xSif;qldif.
eh? arjtofwmif:udefwmif:bSrf.? erf.uwf:erf.rh;? erf.Olrf;erf.
omefquGj, tefOmif,xkuf,ayj;sr;eef.aO vAif.vlvkrf:vj:? Oldof,
yef wD;eif;wD;egef: wD;bl,wD;Oof: (tefaee taxjyjaee?
Owfawe Obaeeq) qldof:eh.bof./ Orf.rD:oh.xSif;oj; eif,
pkdof ayj;sr;pof: ayj:awtrf,rAefNdof,rAefch:eef. xkuf,vDvh;tmyf,
erf.yef? vkyf;rkef;wj:zgifyef? rdlof;ayj;sr; awcof;wD;egef:
eef. awvh;Okuf;ODfqAwf.yefwdefcof (tkqfjWaee pjyaee?
YjWjerf axjoaeeq) 3 ehbof./ e[:tifukwfwIedujb? Or
qdwfwoUfUeef.auj; vh;pefvhm:wgyf,ukef:rkefayj;sr; OD,ydlif
eif,uof,/ awvh;cwf:q[H; ayj;sr;rD:q[Owfxj? ODv? qju? ynf,
nj,ehbof./
zgef:vDvh;wgyf,Ohm;wSef: ukef:rkefayj;sr;
vkuf;vmif:auj.tef arjwgyf,ukef:rkefayj;sr;eef. zl;rD:
ynf,nj,cof? zl;ulef:vDcofbgif;tmrf:? ulef:bl,pdrf:Mrf:udefqrfqldof:
eef.auj; awbgif;tmrf: (wjberf yjIdqIdbjb? rjwjydwkOk yef
wdwj/ tdaxoerf yOrfOefwd? yqfqOufau yarjwwd) 4 eh
bof.? vdlofaOeef. ayj:ref:rD: vgif;bmyf,zdkwf,udef:q[rj:auj; zD
cofc[;qgh;xSrf? ulef:c[;qgh;xSrfref: urf:vAofehbof./ qdlof:eh. yAef
zgef:vD tefvh;qmwf;eh.urf:vAofbof.? qmwf;ej;rj:auj; awvh;
Mwf;xdkifrdlif:zD rdlif:Omifugef,bof./
2
acrgudrdR nigvybv,li< bbr.-1< sbRmrmgsudr< nv;-131>
3
acrgudrdR nigvybv,li < bbr.-1< sbRmrmgsudr< nv;-131>
4
acrgudrdR nigvybv,li < bbr.-1< sbRmrmgsudr< nv;-131>
vldofaOeef. vh;pefxSif;oj; ukOlof,zgef:vD tefvh;pAwf:

vAif.ayj;sr;eef. qof;uof,awvh;vgwf; az:cAefwif:OAif;? aw
rD:zgef:vD uwf:bAefOdlof:Oj, rD:rif,uvj,wArfxlef; ul;cmof:bmrf:
(rjwjydwk tkywfxKerfejr yknfnrf OufUOrfowfwedu ujI
erf) 5 ehbof./ e[:Okwf;rif,uvj,eef.auj;oj;oh. pAwf:vAif.ayj;
sr;qof;wif:Ogifeh. yAefrif,uvj,tefedkif; (rjwjydwk tkywf
xjerf atwrfrifUv rkwfwrrf)eheif,uof,bof./ vdlofaOeef.
tefxmif,qSif;vDref:qkdif wlnf:tofykdef: qof;Okoef,eOj,r
eef.ulnf:auj; N.vDbl,? bgef.ydlof;ukOlof,zgef:vD tefref:qhm:
vh;pAwf:vAif. ayj;sr;qof;wif:Ogifeef.sv; rdlof;ref:vh;wluf:
wmif:bmyf,zdkwf,cmefq[bl,eef. emif:zDoOkef,wID, rD:q[tdwf:vl
ref:qof;aO rj:qgh;xSrfref: ayj:vh;N.wlofcdkef:? wjayj;xof;sr;
xof;ref:auj; ckdef:vDrj:aO trf,uj:bif:vh;yj: tkrfcrf:xSif;ugef,
bof./
zgef:qj. vgif;vkdrf:ukef:rkefayj;sr;
z[v[aOtrf,oj; Oifoj;vdkrf:ukef:rkefayj;sr;? pAwf:phm.edlof
ayj;sr;ayj:ehqkdif zgef:phm.qj.ref: wlnf:tofykdef:oef:vif qof;
rpj,rgufuvef,eef.auj; vh;pefyAefwgef;Ogefpof:oh. tefekdif;
bl,/ ykdef:uSyf;tgef,ref:qof; rdlof;qmwf;ugef,oef:vif bmrf:eef
rdlof;ref:yh,aw,ej;Ndef:eef. ref:rD:q[puf.ayj;sr;? N.ukef:rkef
ayj;sr;? vAif.vlvkrf:vj:ayj;sr; wArfwArfxlef;xlef;sw.sw./
ulnf:uj; ohm:aOsw,ej;Ndef:rj:bof.sw. bgef.ydlof;ref:puf.ar:
ref:ej,ylef.wD; vldofayj;vldofsr;ref:eef.aO xgrf,uGmrf:ar:ref:
ylef.wD;ej,sv; xdkifwD;ayj:vh; ayj.whmayj;sr;ref:qhm:cdkef:bl,
bof./ bgef.ydlof; vh;pAwf;vgif;trf,vD? vh;ayj.whmayj;sr;ref:qof;
5
rPd&wem pmpOf (1)/
eif,eefsv; yduf.Orf.oj; ref:qof;yAefvkuf;Odwf; zhm,Ohm.rkdof:
Tzj:yAefqof; teftlrkefb[,aOyldef;ehaOwj. urf:vkdef:Okwf:
ayj:vh;cmrf, wdwf.xdqmif;qlefvlifpj;ymuf, tgefuefvgrf.oSwf.wD.
ngyf:xkyf.ayj.ref:qof; awj,ayj:vh;tof yIdedyf.ymef,uGj,bl,/ vldof
aOeef.Orf. vh;pefxSif;oj; clof:cgifidkef:crf: tefqof;uof, cwf:
q[pAwf:Omif;aO vh;rj:eef. Oifqdlof.oj;qof;uof, trf,tofvAif.
vl ayj;sr;ayj:ehqdkif awtrf,ukdwf: e[:rdkof:qof;uof,pkdifaO qmif;
vl.vSofOkrf:ihm; (eujrjerf tkyfyeferf xerfyd rjwjydwkerf
tywdQufuefwjerf eOfOwd) 6 ehbof. qldof:eh.yAefzgef:phm.
qj. tefvh;pAwf:zdwf: wD;edlofayj;sr;eef.bof./
vdkef:Okwf: P;zl;vlvduf;pof:cofwif:OAif; tgefuefygif,q[
vgif;zgef:vDsv;zgef:phm.qj. tefvmwf;rj: qdlof:eef.aObof.
tgefuefcwf:q[so;ySwf; vgif;pAwf:phm.edlofayj;sr;? bj,P;yAefulef:
vdkrf:ukef:rkefayj;sr;? Orf.P;tgefuefckuf:clef.olef.xdkif ukef:rkef
ayj;sr;? eif,uj;ykef;zgef:pof:rD: tefvlof,vh;pAwf:Omif;? tef
vlof,vh;vAif.vlvkrf:vj:qldof:eef. oh.yAefyldifvlifaO tgefuef
cwf:q[ wgyf,ckdef:ukef:rkef ayj;sr;qof;wif:Ogif? arjtgefuef
bgef:Ol:yef P;cofrD:vgif;wlofq[Ogifyldif uwf:bAefOdlof:Oj, rD:rif,
uvj,ul;cmof:bmrf:aOurf:eh …
zdkeftdif
1. tifukwfwIedujb? yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:? wj;ukif;/
2. OkoefeOjr qjwu? yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:? wj;ukif;/
3. yIdwfw yj,vd? rifuvOkwf/
6
rPd&wem pmpOf (1)/
4. WD,ceduj,b? yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:? wj;ukif;/

5. xrf,ryw? yldifOwfx? urf,'j,at:? wj;ukif;/
6. rPd&wem pmpOf (1)/
7. DR. K. Sri Dhammanda Mahanayaka Thero, Human
life and problems, Taiwan, 1997.
uGmrf:tefrD:e[:q[
qof;tjwdqfqorfOjvifujI rgef:OSif (uAif:wkif)
uGmrf:erf:
tdifeldofNofacj; vduf;pgrfwgrftefeh.aO qgrf:eif,Tzj:yAef
qof;oj; ]Okcj OifcOfO OjrufuD? Orufujerf wayj Okacj}eh
eef. vgif;zgrf.Nrf;eh. e[:umefzj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,? qldof:cldof:? umef
rl,umefqkrf:? umefomef;umefrldif:ul;wD;ul;vSef bgef.oj;ref:vrf,
vgif;ej,sv; qgrf:eif,zl;wSrf;vduf; vh;vAyf;pAef:rj: e[:acj;Oif,
Ogef ykwf.xqof;wif:erfqldof:eef.sv; tduf,wif:wjvh;pef
wlofvh;xlyf:qldof:eef. awawj.wh,ch;se zl;vlvduf;pof:cof tof
qArfvhm:vDbldif;? vDso; e[:vgif;zgrf.Nrf;eef.bl,/ e[:vduf;pgrfwgrf
tefeh. uAof,vlnf;vldif;eh.aO yduf.Orf.oj; ref:trf,wArfxlef;vh;
wif:ykduf:ehaOwj. wgef;wj,zl;Olifrdkwf;sv; zl;c[;vh;wmif:N.cof
sw. bkrf,brfoj; ref:awyAefeif, ]vh;tdwf:ekdif; q[vDtdw:f
ekdif;} tefoj;eef.bl,/
'dif;'j.xrf,rwj,vlif e[:clif:umifeh. tefyAefwlef;rh.
wlef;wguf, rguf,rmuf,pmuf;Nofwif:OAif;auj; ref:vh;ykdif;tdif tkwk
edbj,raO qif,rD:rguf,rmuf,pmuf;Nof? rD:wlef;rD:aujvh;bof./ cldif;q[.
clof:wkdof:wif:OAif;ehauj; vh;tofrAof:tdwf:tdwf: rj:ql.wkrfuefaO
qif,yAefrj:clof:q[. ekdif;tefbof./ vlwf.uj:ekdif;vrf:auj; eif,pkdof
ref:ayj:awq[.vh;eef. vh;tofcldif;clof:uduf:uguf: NofpAifvldof rj:ql.
wkrfuefaO qif,q[.vh;bof./ Ozj,oOwf.woj, e[:clif:umifauj;
awj;eef wkdef:vh;ykdif;tdifuefaO qif,yAefrj:ul;yldifyldifbof./ e[:
uGmrf:tefrD:e[:q[ \ 177
acj;Oif,Ogef ykwf.xqof;auj; oj; ]]OjujIj tejujIjq tkazj:

tnfanjn edwfOdwj- Oifoj; pof:pj:wif:rlwf: ul;wD;ul;vSef
qArfOif,cj,sv;wuj, zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uef tdifvifzifegif;uef
qkifrkdof:zjzldof:ykdif;tdifuefaO pAwf:Omif;uGj,ehqkdif vgif;v[aO
trf,oj; tefpof:rkif;rgif: ul;Orf,OSefyldifeef. ref:wkdef:awyAef
rj:vh; }}ehbof./ 1
ulef:eh. auj.ekdif;sv;auj.ekdif; Orf.oj;wmif:pefxkdif trf,
rldefuefauj;bj, vgif;vlof,vh;ykdif;tdifuefeef. wkdef:vlof,vh;rD:
bof./ ykdif;tdifuef qif,qmif;ckdef;b[,/ bgef.eef wkdef:vlof,vh;
bl,Oof:qgrf:uef ykdif;tdifuefbl,wj,aO, qif,rD:wmif:ckdyf;ej;bof.?
ayj:ykdif;tdifuef qmif;ckdef;b[,ckdyf;ej;oh:eheef.auj; N.uefbl,?
ugyf;Oiftrf,rD:q[puf.uef? trf,qgh;xSrfuef? trf,ygh,omif:cGmif.yef
uef? trf,bl,qgrf:uefvh;eh. yAefugyf;rj,e q[zSefOkifeef.urf;
erfbof./
rj,eeh. rD:oh.ul;auj.bl,? ckefrldif:auj; qmif;rD:rj,eckefrldif:?
ulef:zmefauj; wkdef:rD:rj,eulef:zmefbof./ ayj:oj; Oax:vlif
bl,eldofNdef:Odyf:qef.aO wlnf:vlif:uGj, pefulef:bgef:auj.vAuf.
vAuf.ulnf:auj; ulef:bgef:bl,wD;w[;aO wlnf:Oax:vlif auj.bl,
wD;eldofeef. pefauj.vAuf.vAuf.ulnf:eif,uof,/ ugyf;eef tefvrf,
vgif;aOyldef;sv; vlof,vh;olef.eh. ]qof;uof,pmyf,umefOifvh; wj,
ulef:erf}eheef.ulnf:/ pof:yAefulef:rj:eh. xkuf,vDxwf:wlnf:
wlofpof:oj; ]rD:wmif:bldif:tmef:Oif? wmif:bldif:tmef:pof:eh. aw
pAwf:pkdofaO uGj,Mwf;vh;? ayj:pgwf;bof. wmrfeif,erf.uwf.qof;
uof,rD:eef. awpAwf:zgef:vDDOif yefyldef;vh;} qldof:eh.bof./ ayj:
awyAefrdwf;zhme[:Ogif:? rgif:vife[:ulnfulnf:sw. trf,yh,cof;umef
Oif/ ayj:pAwf:umefvh;bl,sw. yAefrdwf;omif;ulnf:auj; awuBj.vldof
1
tdwdokwfwuyjvd twfxuxj? qwkufuwedyjw? OkwfyHujI/
aO rdwf;zhme[:Ogif:eef.bl,/ bj;bjvD tefwAuf:rj,eeh. yAef
rAwf.wj,ehaOwj. Orf.vlof,olef.xSrfyj:xSif; vgif;oj;rD:Ndef:sv;
qif,yAefomef;? rD:ulef:omef;sv; qif,rD:yl,umif.vh;eef.bof./
ugyf;rj,eaOsv; ref:blyf;bgrf:wD;v[? wArfxlef;wD;v[
eef.auj; vlof,vh;ckdef:xwf:Omif;wlnf:bl,? ayj:pof:oj;rj,eeh.
trf,ayj:rD:zgef:vDerfehqkdif sw,tofrldof;eh.uGj, xkuf,vDOkdyf,yh
wmif:OAef;r[, tefrD:zgef:vDerfeef.bl,/ ayj:ukrf,tkyf,tlof:
vmwf;seuef vgif;oj;uofuBj.? r[:nmrf.Eheef.ulnf:sw. awtrf,
rD:zgef:vDOifrj:vh;/ tguf:trf,olef.? wloftrf,uGj,? rkdof:trf,pAwf:
aO tofOlyf:vmwf;tofvhmvhmulnf:sw. awyAefvlrf:vhmvhmulnf:
bof./ ugyf;eef ayj:bgrf:vgif;tkyf,zgif;aO cwf:q[pAwf:umeferf
erfehqkdif qldof.cldof:pof:auj; awqmif;ckdef;b[,r[,Okifrj: bgef.pof:
vh;zgif;bl,/
yAefHdofauj;vD wmif:bmyf,zkdwf, tefpof:vh;xlyf:rj:eh.
ref:yAefwgef;Ogef wj,P;pof:ckdef;b[,urf:vAofbof./ pof:trf,vlof,
q[wluf:? Q[vAuf.Oif? ayj:pof:bif:zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uef? arjpuf.
uef? arjygh,omif:yefuefbl,ehqkdif ej;umeftefpof:c[;pAwf:eef.
awyAefrj:vhg:vhg:qldif.eif, erf.qkdrf:arj,? aej,zkwf:tguf,rj: e[:
vdefeef.bl,/ tefpof:vlof,cwf:q[eh. yAeferf.q[vD? q[uGmif;
eef.bof./ pof:rD:erf.q[vDrguf;uj;pkdoftefoj;eef. z[auj;trf,rj:
xwf:Omif;yefpof:vh;? z[auj;trf,N.qgrf:vh;? tefyldef;N.qgrf:vh;
eef.sw. yAefwmif:vmwf;qjsv; wmif:pAwf:pof:eef.ulnf:/
erf.q[vDeh. yAefrAwf.wj,? ayj:trf,rD:rAwf.wj,eh trf,rD:erf.
q[vDvh;/ rAwf.wj,eh. yAefzl;sewmif: P;pof:arjpuf.ySif:uef? bkrf,
brfuef? arjvmwf;awj,uef? arjygh,omif:cGmif.yefuefeef.bof./
ayj:rAwf.wj,pof: uGj,Mwf;vh;OD,ej;'j. ySwf,ej;rldif:bof.ehqkdif q[
zgrf.zAif,uefeef.auj; awrD:rj:qgrf: pSif:rAwf.wj,eef.bof./
ulef:pof:wif:rlwf:eh. ayj:trf,q[;qof;tej,umrf,? qof;

tIpef,(Ipmef:wj,)cofqof;qldof:eh.ehqkdif bl,auj.vAoftrf,rlef;
Odlof:vh; 2 / ugyf;eef vlof,vh;bl,qgrf:uefuGj, qif,Oldof:vh;ehbof./
ugyf;trf,umif:uefvh;sv; eif,pkdofawtrf,rD:yefpj? Eif,pkdofaw
bl,qgrf:uefvh;eef. iof;pmuf;ref:yAefrAwf.wj,bof./ wj,pof:aw
arjbl,qgrf:uefaO ej;umefpof: awtrf,blyf;bgrf:uGj,eef. ykwf.
xqof;auj; seoh. wD;e[:tifukwfwIedujb Owfwuedywf oj;
]]tj,eef,wj,tldnf:…ayj:oj;ckefoqf.qD,cof bif:wkduf.ckdef;ymif
ukrfzgrf.uefbl,? ohm:ymifukrfbof.auj; vkuf.rldof:rldof;vAofuefbl,? ayj:
rD:umefrj:auj; zgrf.uefpAwf:bl,ehqkdif cldof:oqf.qD,cofeh. awtrf,
blyf;bgrf:aOtrf,uj: awckdef;b[,rj:wduf:wduf:ugef,bof.}}ehbof./
vgif;zgrf.uefeh. vrf,vgif;uj;Hdofeheef. ykwf.xqof;apj:
oh. e[:ydwumwf;auj; rD:oh.wif:erfbl,/ zgef:vDzgef:qj. vgif;zgrf.
zAif,uefsv; wSuf,bhm;uefeh. c[;tofwSrf;se zl;vlvduf;pof:cof
xSif;tdwf:ekdif;bl,/ rldof;ymefykwf.xqof; wkduf.bl,Oof:oh. wD;oAif:
Ij,qup eldofvhgudwf.qukwf.eef. zgif:rldif:vlif,owf.Oj.uj,I rj:ql:
ykwf.xqof;aO vof;oj; ^ckefapj:crf:tqj,wOmwf;Oif,rj: P;oh;
Ojqof;pof:aO vof;oj; ]uofawuGj,wkduf:zef: ckefowf.qD,cof P;
ayj:vl.vSofwif:rlwf:ugef,}ehcj;atj;&ehbof./ rldof;eef. ykwf.x
qof; qif,ohm,ej;ql: qof;tj,eef,wj,aO vmwf;oj;-
^tjeef,wj,… ckefrldif:oqf.qD,cofeh. wkdof:urfqgrf:ty
Idpj,edb vgif;trf,blyf;bgrf:qAwf:yldifeef.bl,eh Qof;bmrf;idef:
bl, trf,q[;pj.&
^bmrf;idef:bl,cj;&
2
rlvyefejO twfxuxj? rlvyIdbjbouf? zbazIo Okwfwoefeej/
âvnnr,dv, ... ayj:ckefoqf.qD,cof bif:wkdof:urfqgrf:
Twj:qAwf:yldifeh.bl,Ehqkdif awtrf,blyf;bgrf:aOtrf,uj: awckdef;
b[,wldof:wgef:rj:wduf:wduf:vl:ugef,&noywr.>
ayj:zgif:rldif:vlif vh;idef:qldif.ehbof.auj; ref:qif,ckdef:
vof;vmwf; wD;ykwf.xqof;oj;-
^Twj:tefeh. bj,ayoj;wkdof:urfvh; wif:qAwf:rAof:ugef,cj;
vj;? wkdof:urfvh; ekdif;rAof:ulnf:auj; wkdef:awckdef;b[,wdlof:wgef:
bl,cj;bof./ wK,awwkduf:zef: ckefoqf.qD,cofeh. vldofaOacBj: P;
yAefq[pof:? bj.uof: P;cofwSuf,bhm;uefeh. trf,rD:Oifcj;&ehbof./
ugyf;Oifckefrldif:rj,uxcof c[;rj:wkduf:ehqkdif bgef.e[:su;
umif rldif:rj,uxsv; rldif:oqf.qD,eh. rD:vhgyj,wvdykwf. teftguf,
uSof;OSifaO ayj:cmof:zlefwluf:rj:eef. uSof;OSifqldof:eef. vhvlif:
rj:qgrf:erf.sv; vhgvkuf;eh. cofqSuf,yefuefauj.ckdif;ckdif;bl,/ ulnf:
uj; ckefoqf.qD,cofeh. cofzgrf.uefej,sv; wef:uGj,toftgef
wmif:wj,aO, awj,ayj:xlef;xkdifOmrfyDbof./ ckeftqj,wOmwf;
cofeh. ukrf,y[.rkdof.y[.oef:bl,sv; trf,wef:vh;aOyD/ ugyf;eef
ref:q[vrftguf,awj:Oej,sv; c[;uGj,wkduf:zef:eef.bof./ ulnf:
uj; bgef.c[;tofwmif:pefxkdifykwf.xqof;sv; qif,q[.zgif:rldif:
vlif uGj,vof;xkdifwD;ykwf.xqof;eef.bof./ ohm:aOeef. zgif:rldif:
vlif qif,uGj,bl,Oof:qgrf:ckefoqf.qD,cof wj,cmof:wmif:OmrfyDaO
bj.uof:cof awj,cofayj:wSuf,bmh;uefbof.? omh:eef. ckeftqj,w
Omwf; qif,rj:wkduf:zef: tofvh;ihm;ihm;/ sw,tofeef.rj: qldof.
cldof:oqf.qD,cofauj; ogwf;omh:pmhuGj, pmef.awj,xkdifbmrf:vAofbof.3 /
vgif;eh. awvh;oj; rldof;pof:zgrf.uefbl,eh. yldef;rj:bj.uof:trf,vh;
ehaOwj.auj; zgif:rldof;pof:wSuf,uefeef. yldef;qif;cof;rj: bj.
uof:pof:vh;imh;imh;bof.4/
3
tifukwIedujb? oqfqDOwfwuouf? OkwfoOfOujI/
4
qjwu yj,vd? atuuedyjw? Qkdif:Orfarjwrje/
cldof:ulef:ekdif;cldof: wj,awckdef;b[,eef. tefvrf,vgif;

ref: yAefvgif;zgrf.zAif,uefehxmif,qSif;vDbl,/ wj,vgif;zgrf.zAif,
uef awrj:rD: e[:rmuf,Nofq[pof:eef. vlof,vh;so;ySwf; wefpj?
rj,e? wdwf.xdeef.bof./ wefpjeh. ygif,oj; c[;vh;vlef.vlef.vldof
vldofeef.bof./ ulef:ul;auj. rD:vgif;wmif:c[;vh;c[;yAef rldefuefbl,/
ulnf:uj; ayj:tofumifQ[pof: c[;vh;c[;yAefeef. yAefb[,ej,aO trf,
olef.wj,yldef;eh Omif,xkuf,ykef;wj,wlofpof:aOwj. awtrf,Omif,
xkuf,wj,yldef;/ rldefeif, xkuf,q[rD trf,vDq[zkdif;eef.bof./
vgif;rj,e q[zSefOkifeef.auj; awj;eefeif,uof,bof./
rj,eeh. pof:rD:bl,ul;auj.? ulnf:uj; pof:vlof,arjoh.rSef;wD;ref:?
ayj:oh.trf,rSef;wD;ref:aO olef.oj; ûofuwf.cSef,ej,? uoftrf,
vlof,ykdif;tdifz[&ehqkdif ykef;wj,yldef; trf,blyf;bgrf:OifaOwj.
ykef;wj,wlofuof,sw. rD:wmif:blyf;bgrf:wif:erfaO trf,qmif;vh;
wD;ykdif;tdifvDeef.bof. 5 /
tefpof:rD:ynf,nj,wmif:arj? rD:qkdof;OAif? yldef;bgif;abj:
pof:quGj,qldof:eh. ugyf;yldof;ykdif;tdifyldef;aO qif,yAefrj:bof./ ulnf:
uj; ugyf;ynf,nj,sv; wlif,olif:tefyldef;bgif;? yldef;aO.pof:eef.
aO trf,xkuf,vDP;rj,eeef. rj:ay.udefpof:/ Ozj,oq[ulef:pof:
eh. ayj:yldef;bkuf.bgif;sv; Nofq[Okifrj:eef. wkdef:yAefFdif;ref:
bof./ ulnf:uj; tofOwdaO 'mif.yefq[pof:ckdef:eef. yAefbj;bj
vD wAuf:P;rj,epof:vlif:tefekdif;bof./ ayj:rj,ebgrf:uGj,auj;
qif,pAwf:umefvh;erf? ayj:pAwf:umefvh;erf qif,yAefwD;ulef:wif:
erf vh;ykdif;tdifbof./ erf.uwf.tefpof:rD:oh.eef. pof:pAwf:umef
ykef;wj,ulef:erf vh;uj;Hdofeef.ulnf: tefawukduf:ykdef:oh./
vgif;bl,vgif;udef? clof:q[.clof:wkdof:pof:wif:OAif; ckdef;b[,
ckdwf:umyf;wmef,Hdofauj;vD ayj:vgif;wdkof:urfvD trf,yj:qgrf:qkdif zo
5
ynfq yuIetwfxuxj? edwfawOoefeej/
pof:? clof:cgifpof:qldof:eef. vl.vAofvh;ul;cmof:bmrf:bof.? ayj:vgif;
bl,vgif;udefwArfxlef;rj:auj; qmif;arjvkdrf:yj:zoqof;uof,aO aIj:
uj,q[zSefOkifeef.auj; wkdef:qyf:rj:urf:vAofbof./ ulef:pof:eh.
zgif:rldof;ikdef:crf: yh,ayj:erf? yldef;yh,bkuf.bgif;tmrf:atj:? qkdof;OAif
yh,vkdof:vifeef. ref:wkduf.bl,edrfedrfvh;bl,? ayj:rD:ikdef:crf:
vlef.vlef.vldofvldofrj:? yldef;bkuf.bgif;tmrf:atj:rj:? Qkdof;OAifvkdof:
vifrj:bof.ehqkdif qmif;tofvgif;wkdof:urfqof;uof, sv; clof:cgifqof;
uof, vl.Okrf:uGj,rldof;eef.bof./ bgef.eefsv; clof:cgif? yldef;bgif;?
Qkdof;OAifb[,qldof:eef. ayj:trf,tofynf,nj,? vgif;wkdof:urfvDeef.
rj:vlvgrfy[.yj:ehqkdif Oax:vlifauj; qmif;yAefulef:bgef:vh;urf:
Okdof;bl,/ 6
wdwf.xdeh. ygif,oj; wmif:pefxkdifehbof./ auj.ekdif;sv;
auj.ekdif; wj,wmif:pefxkdif awrldefuefeh. trf,ihm;ihm;/ ayj:wmif:
pefxkdif trf,rldefuefauj; wj,awbl,Oof:qgrf:uefeef. wkdef:
yAeftefbmyf,aw.aw./ yAefHdofauj;vD ugyf;yldof;ulef:pof:eh. trf,
q[;rAof:bl,pmif:ulnf:sv; eif,Hdofawbl,qgrf:uefvh;eef. aw
trf,vh;tofq[pof:oj;wif:rlwf:/ awpAwf:Oifauj; vlof,vh;olef.wj,
yldef;zgif;eef.bof./
ayj:bl,qgrf:uefvh;ugef, qif,awqmif;ykdif;tdifuefvh;/
wj,awrD:wD;ykdif;tdifvDeef. Qof;uof;Orf.vlof,rD:ynf,nj, sv;
yhm:olef. qSuf,vh;umefvDumefqj.aO ykdif;tdifwlof,uof,ckdef:eef.
bof./ trf,eef vlof,rD:tlnf:auj.vD tefqmif;qhg;xSrfpof:vh;
eef.bof.? ayj:trf,rD:tlnf:vDauj; pof:ykdif;tdifz[? bl,qgrf:z[auj;
vlof,arjxgrf,tofuGmrf:auj.eef.bof./ ayj:pof:rD:wD;ykdif;vD qif,
qmif;ckdef;b[,cdkyf;ej;/ ayj:wmif:ckdef;b[, wArfxlef;rj:bof.ugef,
vgif;zgrf.zAif,ueftefoj;eef. qif,uldwf,rj:e[:rmuf,Nofq[ z[ref:
6
OD;a&Tatmif? Ak'¨- avmuom;wkdY\ tESdkif;rhJaus;Zl;&Sif? ESm= &0-&1/
vh;bof./ vgif;zgrf.zAif,uefeh. zl;wSrf;vduf; c[;vmwf;sexSif;

tdwf:ekdif;?
rmhekdif;- rldof;rD:ymifukrfeef. vlof,vh;rj:zgrf.rldof;vAofuef?
ayj:trf,rj:rldof;vAofuefehqkdif qldof:rj:tgefwmif:eef. qmif;arj
xmif,zdwf: qldof:rj:wluf:vdkef:eef.oj; ]ac:cof uGj,wldif,ymif,uef
aOrAof:rAof:blof.}ehbof./ qldof:rj:wluf:vkdef:auj; qmif;arjxmif,
qldif.eefeif,uof,bof./
rmhOgif- omh:ymifukrfbof.uGj,aO xkdifbmrf:vkuf.rldof:auj; vlof,
vh;vkuf.rldof: rldof;vAofuefeif,uof,bof./ ayj:trf,vkuf.rldof:rldof;vAof
uefqkdif qldof:vkuf.rldof:tgefwmif:auj; qmif;arjxmif,qldof:ukdwf:oh.
eef.oj; ]umeftefwSyf:wwf:uGj, e[:ymifukrfeef. cofawckdifvhm:
v[xSif;trf,N.} ehbof;/ qldof:udkwf:oh.bl,auj; qmif;arjxmif,zdwf:
qldif.eefeif,uof,bof./
rmhOmrf- ayj:rD:umefulef:erfrj:eh trf,vlof,vh;rD:vgif;
Olnf;edif;uef? vlof,vh;vkuf.pAwf:eif,uefwif:OAif;bof./
tefvmwf;rj:yj;eldofqldof:eh. yAefvgif;wmif: wj,awzgrf.
OAifyAif:ymuf,uefyldifekdif;/ 7 Twj:vgif;trf,blyf;bgrf:qAwf:yldif;eh. 8
qgrf:vh;ekdif;tef ulnf:auj; yldef;rj:bj.uof:pof:vh;bmyf,ej,/
7
tifukwIedujb? oqfqDOwfwuoufsv; OkwfoOfOujI/
8
Twj:vgif;trf,blyf;bgrf: tefckefoqf.qD,cofqgrf: 7yldif
1. zgrf.uefckdef;ymifukrfaO,aO,
2. rj:ymifukrfrldof;vAofuef sv; ayj:bof. vkuf.yguf;rldof;vAofuef?
qgh;uefpAwf:umef
3. qgrf:tofxkif:yl,rgef,ehm:bj;cofpAwf:rj:oh.
4. eyf.brfulef:xof;ulef:su,
5. emif:bdif:vAuf.awj,b[, trf,txrf,rj.tofpAwf:sr:
6. ugif:rl:?cAif,zD tefyl,rgef,ehm:bj;cof eyf.brfeef. Okdyf,eyf.brf
7. zdwf;ymif:qof;Ipmef:wj,rj:e[:rldif: tefrD:oh.auj.vkrf:vj:wArfxlef;
bgef.eefsv; pof:pAwf:umefOifaOtrf,oj; eif,Hdofpof: ayj:aw
rD:vgif; tgrf,vgrf;zgrf.uefaO pAwf:ej;umefpof: ckdef;b[,r[,Okif
vh;wduf:wduf:eef. wkdef:vlof,tofTwj: vgif;trf,blyf;bgrf:qAwf:
yldifeh. oh.e[:tluf:e[:q[pof: wj,aO,bof./ qldif.eif,oj; êluf.
qguf,sy.vSrf;cj: qmif.ij:sy.wkrfrh.&eheef. z[sy.umefOifauj;
pmyf,eef. trf,arjoh.vgif;Olnf;edif; cD;au.sp;wjuefehqkdif wD;
bldif:tmef: tefpof:c[;xkdifeef. oef:ekdif;qof.qof. ref:wkdef:
awtrf,umwf;vh;eheef. wkdef:bkrf,brfoh. euf:euf:ejejbl,/
tefpof:cwf:q[bl, ul;oef:oef:eh. c[;H;qof;uof,? qldof.
cldof:sv; yD;egif.qof;uof, uwf:bAefqgrf:qof;uof,vgef.vgef.bof./
ayj:wlofqof;uof, wArfxlef;bof.ugef, qif,qmif;qhg;xSrfyD; egif./
ayj:yD;egif.qof;uof,wArfxlef; qif,qmif;pAwf:umefulef:wif:
erfvh;tefoj;eef. wlnf:tofwD; vgif;wkdof:urfqIdb]Omrfyldif} 9
tefykwf.xqof; apj:oh.eef.auj; xmif,qSif;vDbl,/ wj,awwArf
xlef;vh;eef. Orf.vlof,vh;bl,rSef;wD;Omif,xkuf,? ukOlof,zo
qmwf;ugef,auj; vlof,pAwf:Omif;rj:oh.? wlofqof;uof,auj; vlof,arj
Oif,Ogefwlofuof,ckdef:? vlof,vh;arjuyf:Okdyf,yldef; P;rD:tlnf:auj.vD
bl,bof./ aej,qof;ykwf.xcofqof;sw. wlofcoftrf,wArfxlef;auj;
pAwf:yefumefulef:erfvh;bl,/
tefvh;wSrf;serj:eh. yAeftefzl;wSrf;vduf;c[;vmwf;se
qArfrldof;ylef.rj:wif:Hdifeef.bof./ wmif:bldif:tmef:pof: trf,rldef
uefaOwj.auj; Ohmq[tefpuf.qldof.cldof:qof;uof,eef.sw. wkdef:
rD:rldefueful;auj.bl,/ ulef:ul;auj. rD:erf.uwf.eif,uef pif:z[pif:
ref:bof./ ulnf:uj; vlof,rD:erf.q[puf.uef? arjygif,q[eldofuef? P;rD:
vgif;zgrf.zAif,uefaOsv; cwf:q[P;qgh;umef ykef;wj,ulef:erfvh;
9
xrfrywtwfxux? yudefeuouf? Qkdif:twfwaejykyfyurfr/
aOurf:eh bgef:tofacj;uGmrf: tefrD:e[:q[uofcj;rj:wmif:Hdifeef.

Oif,xkdifzl;vlvduf;pof:cofeif,ehaO .../
zdkeftdif
1. xrfrywtwfxuxj (OwfxOifujbej CD)
2. qjwuyjvd /
3. rlvyefejO twfxuxj /
4. tdwdokwfwu yjvd twfxuxj /
5. yefq yuIe twfxuxj /
6. tifukwfwI edujb yjvd /
xrf:ckefurf Odyf:bldif;
The Ten Duties of a King
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ jwr;esvpid sQcrsT
gf/mr:nmr:
@@tmremn beR RYrjdIdi Rvjv&yznrxbKwr;jzmr:tmr:es
emvawrjTjbr:Wo; jzo:bQnr:nKwrbKnr;El; jcr,lo;jJwr;wv; kunrno
ywrx> 1 l/o:nJcr;egv; yznrxbUiwr;jzmr:tmr:es emvaubrxbUicrpzcr:cmr: nUiwr
kv;w/nr;gUnr:mUicr:kwrEl; jcr,Wcrxwv;kunrnoywrx> bUicrnJcr;egv; kunr
anrwv;nox bqnrpU;anrhqdr:H; gUnr:dcr:nmrlo;sKwr:jzmr: yznrx
mnr:gmrjzmr:tmr:lIes aubrxbUicr,wv;noywrx>
yznrxbKwr;awrdcr: tmr:ajrsRiy sI,bKcr< 2 tmr:scrgh
sI, bKcr 3 jKwr:nnrxes emvawrjTjbr:Wo;jzo:bQnr:nKwr gUnr:dcr:nmr
El; jcr,lo;jJwr;wv; kunrnoywrx> lo;mKcr:mv: jzmr:ncr,m/omI;bKcrmKcr:
anrgUnr:nmryzmr:hbrxwoxnnrxes bqnrkunrEl; jcr,lo;wv;kunr
1 T.W. Rhys Davids and Willian Stede, Pali-English Dictionary (Delhi:
Motilal Banarasidass, 1975), p. 568.
2
tmr:ajrsRiy anrwv;nox bzcr,wv; tmr:lIa/mr:noywrx> mI:sI,bKcr> sI,bKcrjmrx-
1. apiRUbdv=mI:F/crh/cr;c/mr:< 2. DIkvyugdv=mI:avyuy/wr:yuinr:< 3. abrbvdcr
gdv=mI:d/cr:bqnrea,< 4. biymnvbdv=mI:gf/mr:lIgf/mr:w/nr bqnrjKwr:noxywrx> dI;
gf/cr;mnr: dUYr:awrdI;mjrjim bnrnvs DIgv< BRhmrnwgrg< (aidr, bI 2000
m/nr;) nnrxdv.>
3
tmr:scr,gh anrwv;nox bzcr,wv; tmr:yugrxyzcr;ywrx> mI:sI,bKcrncr,gwr,> sI,bKcrjmrx
1. dvn=dznr;mQcr,yJnr;bnrH;< 2. ebyLwjrj=l/dr;jvgf/mr:lIhgrxlItzmr,edv,<
3. adrtjRiy=dJwr:gmrhqdr:bnrpznr:lI < 4. smvndrddv=jv.”mr;kI lI”mr
sKwr:jKwr:noxywrx> dI;gf/cr;mnr: dUYr:tI; acrgudrdR adrtgtv< scrgh sudrd
wnrnnv< nv;ligr; 290 (aidr,bI 1970< m/nr;)nnrxdv.>
xmrf:ckefurf Odyf:bdlif; \ 187
Cdv:< gzbr;bKwr;awrjzmr:bKcrm/omI;es emvhqdr:g/nrbunr;sunr,dUwr

El; jcr,lo;wv;kunrCdv:noywrx> emvdJwr:gmrjzmr:tmr:El; jcr,
lo;Wcrxwv; kunrmI:Cdv:#< 4 gzbr;bKwr; awrjzmr:bKcrm/omI;es emvhqdr:g/nr
bunr;gUnr:dcr:nmrEl; jcr,lo;wv;kunrCdv:noywrx> anrEnmv:
jKwr:nox dcr:sqcr;bqnrekv;bJdr,dI;bzcr, anrwv;kunr kunrjzmr:Cdv:
kunrmI:Cdv:no jzmr:ncr,anrmI:woxnT: pJnrtmr:budrxtjwr;nnrx
sqcr;sqcr;ywrx>
tmr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; anrgqwr,lUYr;jwr;kunrlUwr,lo;gmrjzmr:
nnrx mI:sibr:yKcr;ywrx> tmr:jwr;kunrgmrsibr:yKcr;nox mKwr;b/nrCpv:
nnrx mnr:jwr;yKcr:jU:kunrmKcr:ainr:dI:yv:kwr mKnrncr,kunrbimr,
bisv,R< kunregv:slkwrjKwr:nnrxes scr,sznrehv:l/dr;woxbnr
nnrxywrx> kunrmKcr:mKwr;b/nrCpv:nnrx ebv:mv:dQgr;gnrdUYr: dcr:
b/nrmKwr;lqwrjcJ r mKnrncr,jzmrjJcr; (president)< jzmrpzcr:lUcr
(prime minister)jKwr:noxywrx> ebv:nnrjJcr nfr:lumr;Fv.nox l/o:
bgr:bKcrm/omI; bKcraubrxbKcr,b/nrmKwr;nnrxEl; b/nrmKwr;lqwrnox ed
lo;wv; bQgr,bKcr;gnrwoxnoyU,> gUYr:gv; m/crdI;dI;Edx ycr:dJgrxawr
ekv;scr,sznrCpv:jwr;es gumr:gnrwox edv,y/mr:lqwrnoxyU,> mKnr
ncr, lumr:lumr;Fv. UN (United Nations)kwr pzdr;bqnrjumr:p/o,
b/o:yU,lIEl; p/o,b/o:bYr,Yv, kzcrjKwrxkKwr: anrwv; NHEC
(National Health and Education Committee)es bnr,hvjzo;
gUnr:b/o;ep:dcr:nmrjKwr:nnrxyU,El; ebv:awrekv;gf/mr:Cpv:bqnr
jwr;es lQgr;pJnrxkJnr:puYr, guYrxdUYr:dI;bzcr,mnr:lIlIjJcr
mnr:bqnr^dv,n&anrkwr;bv:nfr: tmr:jwr;kunrgmrsibr:yKcr;nnrx
gmr:lqwr amr,pidr:ywrx> noEl; dI;no; edlo;hnrwv; b/o:wUnrxkbrx
El; ekv;scr,sznrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnrx kwrycr:awrjfr.dJwr: edv,
4
Dighanikaya, Silakkhandha vagga atthakatha, Ambattha sutta, p. 222 (in
Myanmar)
188 \ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD< 2005
gUnr:nfr:lumr;Fv.dcr:sqcr;yU,nonnrx bqnrbUicrdQgr;mnr:ywrx> gUYr:
gv; jUwr;bo,edv.do,ko;en ^tmr:jwr;kunrgmr sibr:yKcr;&nox kfr;lUcr;
nv;es edl/dr;enbv: lzcr;bKcrnfr:lumr;Fv.noxaidr:azdr:aznr
d/cr: ncr,gv;yJnr:'.lUmQnr; nnrxlU:gznr,>
mKcr:nJcr;mKcr:nox dv,dcr;bqnrmKcr:kJnr;yfr, jzmr:g/br;b/nrlfr
b/nrnnrx anrbqnrl/o:aubrxbKcr,pzcr:cmr:jzmr:bgr:bKcrnox bqnrcwr;
bJnrxmnr:ywrx> lzcr;aznr'wrEl; lzcr;emvjzmr:nnrx bqnranrbinr,
b/o,gbr:g/o, aicrlcrpcrnzcr;gnrwoxywrx> mKnrncr, awrmU, mugrx egv gzcr
jumr: cunr: jJcr; Ed,gfv, l/o:pU;aznr'wrEl; gUnr: mKcr:dcr:nmr
aznrpzmrxgnrhqdr:hv jnrxnJcr;ywrxjnrxnJcr;gfv,> ebv:amr,nnr
kinrhqdr:kinr'x.egv; edbqnrkinrbqnrkqnrmI:nnrxes sQnrhqdr:
sQnr'x.egv; edbqnrsQnrbqnrsQnrmI:nnrxgUYr:ywrx> g/br;b/nrmKcr:
kJnr;yfr, ncr,wnr:mKwr;noxnox gUnr:mKcr:lfresmwr,wv; dJnr:mucr;mzcr:wox
hcr:pfrmnr: H;lo;mI:pU;aznr'wrlI< aznr'wrbunr;dv, jKwrxkKwr:Ficr;
tucr:El; sv,snv, H;”iwr;”icr:mKwr:nv;nnrxyU,>
mKcr:lfrmKcr:nnrx bun;r dv,d/crdUwrgUnr:mKcr: nfr:mKcr:bdr:
bJnrxkwrnox mI:wox@@pU;nmr:mKcr:## (head of state) noyU,ywrx> anr
lo;hnrsJwr;nv;sJwr;dvwoxyU, nfr:mKcr:lumr;Fv.gU;mKcr:mKcr: wnr:mKwr;
nox bKcrlUcrmnr:jgr:Epwoxlo; pU;nmr:mKcr: mI:szcrmqwr:woxyU,ywrx>
szcrmqwr:nnrx bqnr@@kunrehvkmr:## El; @@jzmrjJcr;##noywrx> mKcr:
anrkunrehvkmr: amr,nnr n/cr:ehvkmr: aznrnmr:woxnnrx Wcrx
higr;jJwr;wv; ^jJcr;mKcr:ehvkmr:& (kingdom)noes mKcr:anrjzmr
jJcr;nmr:woxnnrxsmrx Wcrxwv; ^jJcr;mKcr:jzmrjJcr;& (republic) no
ywrx> mKnrncr, ed,awrmKrcr:aicr:glqdr; mKcr:to: mKcr:env,ew:
mKcr:sbinr, edv,tJcrmKcr:gLv,b/nr,kwrjKwr:nox bqnrmKcr:ehvkmr:es
mKcr:pzmrx'mr;aem,Rignr, mKcr:lcr:gved,gfv, kwrjKwr:nox bqnrmKcr:
jzmrjJcr;ywrx> m/crmKcr: mKnrncr,mKcr:s/wr,dI,av,eR:bI:yv:nox bqnr
mKcr:jwr;Fv. egv.bqnrpU;yfr,nmr:nv; jJcr;mKcr:es mKcr:kEn,dv,

nox smrxbqnrkunregv.anrd/crdUwr n/cr:ehvkmr:aicr:glqdr;nnrx
bqnrpU;yfr,nmr:jJcr;mKcr:woxEl; lo;hnrmI:d/cr:bQgr,bKcr;bKnr;woxyU,
ywrx> l/o:lKgr;dcr;pU;yfr, nmr:jJcr;mKcr:nnrx mKcr:pfrmKcr:mnr:
yibr:l/o:pfrl/o:mnr:es lKgr;d/cr,dcr;woxyU,ywrx>
pU;aznr'wrjumr:lUcrbzcrjJcr; anraubrxbKcr,pzcr:cmr:nv;
w/nr;nv;sUnr g/nrw/nr;g/nrmKcr: gU;lzcr;lzcr;yU, gU;mJwrxgU;wnr:
nnrx Wcrxwv; ^pU;aznr'wrlUcrbzcrjJcr;& (head of governor) no
ywrx> pU;aznr'wrlUcrbzcrjJcr;nox ^jzmrpzcr:lUcr&noegv;wv;< ^jzmr
jJcr;&noegv;Wcrxywrx> lzcr;mnr:jmrx aicrnKwrl/o:kzdr,pzdr; egv,
dcr;woxlUcrbzcrjJcr; mKcr:lfrmKcr:nnrxywrx> nfr:lumr;Fv.nox l/o:wox
jJwr;bgr:bKcr m/omI;mKcr:nJcr;dcr:mKcr:nJcr; amr,mKnrgnr> dI;dQgr;
mnr: mKnrncr,mKcr:aem,Rignr,nox Wcrxwv; kznr,gRQdrx (congress)<
mKcr:aicr,glnr,nox Wcrxwv;bv,lI,mnr, (parliment)nonnrxywrx>
sJbr,esedkUnrxko;engfv, lzgr:lo/: ^tmr:jwr;kunrsibr:yKcr;&
anrmv:nfr:@@jgrgwdrdi sIhnvD sudrd## nnrxlU:gznr,>
1. dv,n = jQgr,mQcr,kUwr:kzcrbnr
dv,nanrwv;nox dI;bzcr,mnr:azgr,mI:woxl/obKcrEl; ed
amr,lo;awrdI;bzcr, anrwv;g/nrlU,g/nrd/nr: jKcrxncr,gUnr:
”inr:kwrawrkUwr:kzcr yJnr;d/nr:jU:jwr;munrkwrnnrx bKcrlqwrgUYr:>
dI;no; ebv:yU,dI;p/o,kunr amr,nnr pU;aznr'wrkwr awrl/dr;
edv,gUnr:mKcr:jJcr bqnranrawrcJnr: kUwr:kzcrjQgr,mQcr, bnrdI;jKwr:
gUnr:anramr,bo,dqmrtUnr;< gUnr:jKwr:anrmucr;mzcr: H;lo;mI:egv.
bJdr,b/gr;ensqnr;dv;so/d/cr: b/o:bYr,Yv,lIjKwr:noxywrx> g/br;
b/nrnfr: 21 b/gr,bImKcr:(21st century)nox bKnr;ekxkqcr,d/cr:”.d/cr:
hnrgnr anrkJdr:jnrx anrpfr:p/ojKwr:noxmv: kKwr:kKwr:yfr:yfr:yU,
ywrx> ebv:l/dr;anrgQbr;mnr:jJcr awrcJnr:joz;tQmr dv,b/o:bYr,
Yv,nox bqnrcwr;cv,lgr:t/nr anrlmr,lzcr;dv, joz;tQmrgU;bKcrbKcr
nnrxywrx>
tQcr;l/o:nJcr; lzcr;mQcr,kUwr:kzcrbnranrwv;nox aicrnKwrej,
dnv, sdr,tv,lIesEl; lo;awrkUwr:kzcrcJnr:kmr: jwr;gwr,es
d/nr:tQmrgQmrjzo;gUnr:dcr:nmrnnrxywrx> lKwresnnrx kznr,cJnr:
kmr: anrgqbr:lo;mv:l/ol/odI;nnrx kJnr:tugr,lIlo;jfr.j/o, jzo;tQmr
bunr;dv,dUcr,wiUcr:g/nr nfr:mKcr:kJnr:nnrxyU,> mKnrncr, lUcrbzcrjJcr;
nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,kwr jzo;tQmrbnr (scholarship)lugr;hqnr: nfr:'cr:
hqnr: lugr;hqnr:nfr:jnrxjzmrjKwr:noxlTnnrxywrx> mKcr:edv,mKcr:jzo;
tQmrgnregv;mI: mKnrjKcrxncr, gUnr:mKcr:gLb/nr,kwr jzo;tQmrgUnr:mKcr:
sI,'wr, jqmrEm:d/cr:sKwr,d/cr: hqdr:kUwrjKwr:nox h/nrxedv,mKwr;lqwr
nnrxywrx> kUwrlUcrnfr:mKcr:sI,'wr,noxanrnJcr; anrWcrxjJwr;wv; ^kUwr
eg,lnI,y&nnrx bqnrgUnr:mKcr:gLb/nr,kwr mv:egv,dcr;bnrwox
noywrx> gUnr:mKcr:nJcr;El;mKcr:nJcr; jzo;tQmrgnr a/nr,'wrsibr:
sQnredv,lv,jKwr:nox mI:dcr:nmr> cJnr:edv,lv,nox ebv:mv:nbrx
cJnr:mKcr:hwr:jJcr hwr:ycr:edlIa/obKnr;lU:gznr,ywrx> m/crbzgr; hwr:
edv.Edxlo;d/nr: jQgr,mQcr,bnrbKnr;aidr:azdr:aznr,gUYr: hwr:
ebv:t/cr,yT,dUwrhwr:wv; hwr:noxjJwr;jT;nv,ywrx< kJgrxkQmrxnv,ywrxno
es kT;yibr:gmr cmrgQbr;nKwrbKnr; mqwr:nJcr;ywrxmqwr:szcr> Ficr;Fv.
gUnr:hwr: anramr,lImqwr:nJcr;nnrxEdx ebv:lo;bnrcJnr:bKnr;
nJcr;knr kT;jnrjKgr;nKwrbKnr;nJcr;hqcr< ebv:lo;jzo;tQmrbKnr;nJcr;
kJbr; kT;dJbr;dinreh.gQdr,d/cr:bKnr; nJcr;wv:nnrxywrx> gzbr;nnr
El; hwr:gfv,wv;bKnr;amr,jfr;gUnr:j/wr:budrx bKnr;amr,lU,amr,
d/nr:no amr,lo;> bigrxsmrx bKnr;amr,jT;gUnr:j/wr:budrxegv; ej,d
nv,bKnr; ycr:jJnr;sTlKwrhwr:< nmrxjTbKnr; ycr:k/dr,lKwrhwr:lU:
gznr,ywrx> gUYr:dznr:es bKnr;amr,l/dr;azgr,wv;^dv,n& no
nnrxgUYr:> anrnox aicrnKwrnmrxjTanrwv; bqnrkKwr:gUnr:'wrmUnr:

ncr,gnrEl; tugr,lIea:lUdUYr:edv,gnrnoes d/cr,jJwr;wv;
@@jzo;tQmr##no> dI;edxmnr: bqnrdv,nnox gUYr:ncr,gwr,ywrx>
2. sI,l = gmrbnr; mnr;sinrtmr:

kunrmKcr:nJcr;egv.nox edlo;mI:d/cr:dJwr:gmrlIes H;gUnr:
dcr:nmr ebv:lo;yKcr;jzmr:nv;g/nrlI bQcr;ncr,nv;g/nrd/cr:hqdr:
s/cr;kunrmKcr: wnr:lrfwnr:nnrxyU,> gqwr,lUYr;lzcr;lI lzcr;jv.
El; p/crh/cr;d/cr:dJwr:gmrkunr aigr,gUnr:mKcr:dcr:sqcr;jKwr:nox
bqnrbKcrlmr,lzcr;Edxywrx> gmrbnr;sinrtmr:dI;no;nox ebv:l/dr;
anrgqwr;lUYr;kunrmKcr: amr,nnr pU;aznr'wrnJcr;egv.nojJcr lUwr,
mI:bKcrjzmr:Cdv:> bKcrjzmr:Cdv: dI;no;smrxkfr;bzcr,wv; amr,bUnrxbQnrbgr:
bKcrm/omI;mKcr:noywrx> ebv:d/cr:dJwr:gmrkunrpidr:bKcr; nKwrmKcr:mv:ebv:
no gUnr:mKcr:edlo; eg;kobnrhvd/cr:pidr:nnrx H;ebv:kJnr:bqnr
jzmr:bgr:bKcrm/omI;mKcr:mv:es lo;sJbr,bqnrmKcr:cmr:yqnrmv:nnrxyU,>
lzcr;kunrmKcr:El;gUnr:mKcr:nox nfr:elv:gnI,dil/dr;woxdI;
gnrbunr;pznr:gzcr'wrpU;yfr,nnrx jQcr;woxwv;êbv:lugr;l/cr: hqdr:
amr,lIno lo;wv;bqnrebv;Em;hqdr:ywrx> ebv:deb:hqdr:amr,lIno
lo;wv; bqnrkU:hqdr:ywrx> ebv:gUnr:mKcr:hqdr:amr,lIno lo;wv;bqnr
kunrhqdr:ywrx> ebv:kunrhqdr:amr,lIno lo;wv;bqnrpzcr:mKcr:(bueRv:
hidr;)hqdr:ywrx& 5 noywrx> gf/mr:gbr:tugr,do:hwr:egv; mI:woxwv; ^gUYr;
bJcr;c/mr;< c/mr;bJcr;gUYr;> cwr;l/o:egv; b/ol/cr,< cwr;jJnr;j/cr,egv;
bo/jznr:cznr:&noyU,ywrx> nfr:bbrxligr;acr:gidr: bbrxnJcr;egv; wv;wox
‘The state is dependent on two elements, people and the ruler. 6
5
jwr;nnr,dwmr,s tmr,mv,jRiy< M.A binr,dQmr; elv:gnI,dibinr,do:< nv;-
130>
6
Phramaha Chanya Khongchinda, The Buddha’s Socio-Political Ideas,
New Delhi, India, 1993, p.92.
@@(dv,jJcr;mKcr:)nJcr;mKcr: edmnr;gJmr:k/wr:y/wr:es kJnr;yT,mT,
sucrlo;nox mnr:aicrbJcr;nKwr lgr:cwr;bJnrxt/nrszcranr anrbqnr
gUnr:El; bKcr## noywrx>
pU;aznr'wrnmr:nv;nJcr;egv.nox lUwr,awrjfrsfr,nKwrnv;
g/nres dQbr:ddr:lo; anrlfrbqnranrjfr; anrlfrbqnranr
pidr:nonnrxyU,> bKcrmnr:mQnr;yU,esdv. ebv:kwr;jfrpidr:jJcr
edbqnrpznr:h/o.lUcr dv,gUnr:w/nr;gUnr:mKcr: dcr:sqcr;esamr,gv:
nmrxgdrxd/cr:kQnr,pU;aznr'wregv; dUgr:jzmr:gnrdcr:mUdr:nnrx
ywrx> 1. p/o,d/cr:gmrlI 2. p/o,g/nrm/gr;mI: 3. p/o,dUcr,wUicr:gUnr:
El; 4. p/o,g/nrmKcr:g/nrsJgr:jKwr:nox bqnranrkwrlo;bJcr;aicr
gnres mKcr:jcr,kJnr;yfr,kJbr;nv;mv:lo;nnrxywrx> nfr:gv;sI,p/o,
nnrxsmrx p/o,d/cr:gmrlInnrx bqnranrlmr,lzcr;lKwres s/mrp/o,
nnrxywrx> ebv:amr,mI:d/cr:gmrlIjJcr egv.nJcr;El;dcr:egv.nJcr;
edamr,yumr,gnres p/o,g/nrm/gr;mI:egv; edyUbr;yzmr:gfv,< p/o,
bo/:bYr,Yv,egv; amr,j/cr;kJbr;nv;es g/nrdv,w/nr;mKcr:egv; ed
sugrxyucr;mv:amr,h/crxnnxrywrx>
3. bRijrjv,g = yJnr;dmr: mQcr,w/cr:bnr

kunrmKcr:nJcr;egv.nox lUwr,lo;dUwr;dnr: tJcrsmrxebv:lo; wox
w/cr:g/nrsunr,dUwrjwr;gwr,woxes jzo;tQmrkv;w/nr;gUnr:mKcr: ebv:
lo;m/gr;mI:lIbqnrmv:nnrxyU,> dJgr:sUnr:kv;w/nr;gUnr:mKcr: H;emvwox
jfryfr,y/wr: dv,ycr,woxhQcr:jfrdv,mKwr:nv;es H;bqnrsqnr;d/cr:
dv,bUgr:dcr;b/o:bYr,Yv,El; g/nrm/gr;mI:gf/cr;kf/cr,mv:lKwrgwr,nnrx
yU,> smrxmI:bunr;pznr: dv,jzo;tQmrb/gr;ensqnr;d/cr:bnr gUnr:
mKcr: ncr,hJwrH;ebv:mI:nmrxgdrx dv,hqdr:g/nrlqcrxs/ojTlo;lIlI
nnrxywrx> smrxbnrhQcr:lugr;nzcrxd/mr:jfrEl; gUnr:mKcr: H;ebv:mI:
hQcr:jfr dv,gKdr,kJnr;bqnrmv: pU;mI:nmrxgdrxd/cr:kQnr,es bqnrmv:
pU;aznr'wrlImKwr:nv; dv,b/nrsJbr,b/nr jubr;sJbr,jubr;nnrxyU,>

lKwrnnrxtQcr; j/cr;bUgr:dcr;bnr 'cr:hqnr:jnrxsucr anrkJdr:jnrx
nfr:lUgr;El; 'cr:yvkJdr:jnrx anrmI:kKcr;dv,jT.dJwr:dqmrtUnr;
nnrxywrx> lugr;aznr,mKwr;nox edbqnrpU;aznr'wr anrmI:d/cr;gdrx
kQnr,kJdr:jnrxmKwr:nv;lo;nnrxyU,> ebv:mI:'cr:yvanrkQmrxegv; eRv:
gv,d/cr:bqnr anredjbr:pudr: mudr:azgr,mv:dI;gUnr:mKcr:jKwr:
nnrx edyUdr:yvkJdr:jzmr:lo;nnrxywrx> lzcr;^yJnr;mQcr,w/cr:
bnr&dI;no;nox dI;gQbr;mnr:kfr;wv; yJnr;mQcr,kUwr:kzcrcJnr:kmr:amr,
gv: bv:jqmrd/cr:'.d/cr:hnrnnrxywrx>
4. ajrjw - jfrsJwr;edv,gnr
pU;aznr'wrnmr:nv; edamr,lo;bQdrxlQnr< edamr,lo;
bnrgf/mr:mnr;lU.lQwrnKwrkv;w/nr;gUnr:mKcr:< edlo;hqdr:edlo;
l/dr; ncr,gv;mQnr;jzmr: sJwr;wzcr,m/omI;kunrmI:woxnnrxyU,> ncr,’iwr
edgJcr,c/mr, hQcr:nmrxgdrxjwr;gwr,mI:woxnnrx edlo;woxjfrjJnr;j/cr,
es s/cr;g/nrw/nr;mKcr: yv,H;ebv:lo;gKcr:yznr, yznrxgzbr;jframr,
sJwr;edv,gnr nfr:Eg;g/cr dUcr,wUcr:gUnr:mKcr:nnrxywrx> g/nrgU;smr,
sQnrbKcr tugr,lIlo;bnrgf/mr:mnr;dI;gUnr:mKcr: ncr,jwr;gwr,hqdr:
lo; jJnr,lo; s/cr;lo;nnrxgUYr:> l/o:nJcr;egv; edlo;hqdr:ncr,
l/dr;< edlo;l/dr; ncr,hqdr:nnrxywrx> ebv:bqnrlo;mzgr;nnrx
gznr, gUnr:mKcr:jcr,edmI: lzcr;nbrxymr nmrxjfrlInKwrpU;nmr:nv;>
egv.bqnrpU;aznr'wregv; j/cr;mI:d/cr:dKwr:yumr,dUwrmv:nnrxywrx>
lzcr;lfrmwr,wv; ebv:mI:d/cr:pqcr,bqcr:edv,gnrjJcr mI:lzcr;
yumr,jfrgnrmv:es amr,t/cr,pidr:gnrlo;> ebv:nnr dv,sI,egx
eh;dvgnregv; y/nrgoywrxEl; nrf:wUcr;g/crso/didr:edv,gnregv;
edamr,mI:lzcr;t/cr,tKmrgnrywrx> ebv:mI:d/cr:jfrsJwr;edv,gnr
mv:ywrxEdx hqdr:g/nrdv,jKwrxkKwr:jzmr:gnregv; kJnr;yfr,lo;< dv,b/o:
m/gr;mI:egv; eddKwr:dznr:mv:< dv,b/o:bYr,Yv,egv; edkJbr;nv;
jzmr:lo;nnrxywrx>
5. mdrdw = aUnr;aznr,
bqnrkunrmKcr:nJcr;egv.nox edlo;F/crxes l/dr;jvdidr:
edv, gbr:sJbr,lugr;nzcrxd/mr:jfrEl; gUnr:mKcr:ywrx> yznrxbKwr;
bqnregv.anr aznrgUnr:mKcr:bosqnr;d/cr:lI yv,H;mI:lzcr;aUnremv:
pidr:pQgr,jdrxdQgr,gnr nfr:dUcr,wUicr:nv;g/nrlmr,lzcr;nnrxywrx>
gzbr;bKwr;nnr tugr,lImI:jfrmqdrxdv,(hgrxWmr)< gRunv, (aI:lU)< mudi
dv, ('mrjUmr:)< aubqgrxkv,(pqcr,bqcr:)es gbr:sJbr,gnryU,ywrx> H;
gUnr:mKcr: ebv:lo;y/cr;bogfv, jzmr:sqnr;d/cr:anrpqnr;pqnr; ncr,
anrpU;aznr'wr mI:lzcr;mnr;jfr< lzcr;aUnr;aznr,nnrxes nmr:
nv; H;mKcr:lo;gJgr:bJnr:lIgfv, yznrxkunrmKcr:nnrxyU,>
6. db = pJgr:gmr hqdr:g/nrlI
pU;aznr'wrnox edlo;pJgr:gmr H;mI:d/cr:y/mr;lIes h/mr;
d/br;bQdr; lzcr;gwr,swr;wwr:lmr anredamr,bnrpznr:lIjwr;
gwr, aigr,bv:lugr;nzcrx anredsJbr,bqnrkunrmKwr:nv;El; gUnr:
mKwr:nv;nnrxyU,> edamr,tugr,lIjzmr:g/crjfr ncr,kfr;lo;lzcr;mUnr;
d/cr:egLv,nQnr,> edlo;pJgr:gmrawrloz:lzo: amr,hibr;amr,nQdr;
h/nrxedv,H;d/cr:y/mr;lI lo;kJbr;nv;mv:es lugr;nzcrxd/mr:jfrEl;
gUnr:mKcr:egv; tJcrebv:lo;boy/cr;j/cr;jzmr: d/cr:y/mr;kunrmKcr:lI
nnrxyU,>
7. agregvt = amr,jfrlmr
kunrnox gJcr,lIlo;woxjfrgf/cr;kf/cr edlo;Ew;lzcr;sI,egxeh;
dv< edlo;h/mr;d/br;lzcr;woxjfr anrkfr;dzbr,dQnr:d/cr:pidr:sfr,
nKwrgUnr:mKcr:nnrxyU,> ebv:mI:lzcr;lUwr,dQbr:ddr: anrgqwr,lUYr;
p/o,g/nrmKcr: amr,nnrgUnr:mKcr:jJcr tugr,lIwoxjfryfr,y/wr:es jcr,

gzo;dQbr:ddr:nv;g/nr anrtugr,mQnr;nnrxlIesbKnr;ywrx> g/nr
anrlmr,lzcr;nox ebv:dQbr:ddr:mQnr; mKwr;edv:sdJgrxazgr,jJcr
es,el,nv;dvgUnr:mKcr: eddUgr:jzmr:esamr,gv: pU;aznrhUwr
egv; gv;lo;pv;w/cr:nv;g/nr bQcr;ncr,bgr:bKcrm/omI;mKcr:bnrwoxgmr:
lqwrnnrxywrx>
edlo;cKcrxEw; d/cr:jfrlmrso;gmr, anrj/cr;aznred,
s/cr;nv;g/nr anredyv.gwr:gUnr:dcr:nmr lo;lU.sumr:jzmr:
nnrxyU,> awrd/cr:jfrnimr(jfrfjbr:woxnKwrnv;g/nrr)nnrx H;lo;gJgr:
jbr:jzmr:dUwresywrx wUnrxtJcrjKwrxkKwr: w/nr;mKcr: gUnr:mKcr: H;ebv:
lo;dcr;d/cr:gdr:yqnrgJgr:wox nfr:mJwr:kunrmKcr:es H;gUnr:jubr;
sQnr:numr,kwr ebv:lo;yKcr;bojzmr:gfv, jubr;sJbr,jubr; b/nrsJbr,b/nr
nnrxyU,> kJnr:pJnrxdUYr: gf/mr:gbr:tugr,do:hwr:mI:wox nnrxegv; wv;wox
êdv:samr,bnrlI< awrd/cr:kIsfr,h/cr;&nolU:gznr,ywrx>
8. awihimrs = amr,dqgr:dqcr
edlo;woxjfrpqcr,bqcr:gnrdcr:sqcr; jqmrgUnr:mKcr:El; jKwr:
pU;h/br,g/nrjzmr: dv,gUnr:dcr:nmrnnrxes eh.gcr;lzcr;anr
amr,h/nrxjfrnKwrgnr lzcr;anrkI,nqgr:dqgr:dqcrgnrnnrxyU,> ed
lo;woxjfrpv,g/crw/cr:kJcr;es H;lzcr;cmr:yqnr anrlzdr;d/cr:pidr:
pQgr,gnr(amr,dqgr:dqcrgnr)El; tugr,emvgnrnfr:dUc,r wUicr:dcr:
nmr jUwr;gv;aznrgUnr:mKcr:s/cr;nv;g/nr dv,jKwrxkKwr:lo;d/cr:
kJnr;yfr, kJbr;nv;mv:yfr:yfr: yznrxkunrmKcr:nnrxyU,>
edlo;gQdr,ekbnrsqnr;d/cr: anredjzmr:yv.gwr: p/o,
kUwr:kzcrcJnr:kmr: anredlo;dKwr:lKwrmv:hcr:pfrhcr:mnr:El; ed
lo;cKcrxEw; anrawra/mr:ndr; anramr,mQnr;jzmr:wzcr,Cdv:es kI,
nqgr:ginrjigr:dzgr,jzgr:gnr nfr:sunr,pfrsunr,mnr:nnrxyU,> lKwr
esa/mr:ndr; bgr:bKcrm/omI;kunrmKcr: anrdmr:woxnnrx amr,tugr,
lIlo;awrd/cr,jKwrxd/cr,bKcr mv:cmrsfr,elv:bKcr anrgUnr:mKcr:dcr:
nmr amr,lo;jfres ebv:lo;lU.sumr:jzmr:tQcr;nnrxyU,>
9. knrdI = jTyT,y/wr: yKnrxgnr;

yKnrxgnr;dI;no;nox kfr;H;bzcr,jfrwv; woxjfryfr,y/wr:es kdr:
ddr:bQdr; anrbqnrjfrbidr:jfrbzdr:(‘idr:h/dr,)edv,lugr;nzcrx
anrlo;h/br,g/nr dv,jKwrxkKwr:Ficr;tucr:El; sv,snv, jzmr:pU;
aznr'wrnnrxyU,> ebv:scr,sznrlugr;nzcrx jKwr:pU;hqdr:g/nr pU;
h/br,g/nrjzmr:jJcr ^yKnrxgnr;&noxlmr,lzcr;dv,nfr:Eg;g/cr kunr
El; lugr;nzcrxEdxywrx> bJnrxcwr;dv,bqnrlo;mv:d/cr: ^yKnrxgnr;&
nnrxEdx egv.nJcr;dcr:egv.nJcr; lUwr,bzcr,jfrnKwrgnrnnrxgUYr:
ywrx>
lKwresnnrx edamr,lo;esv,yUcr: egv.nJcr;dcr:egv.
nJcr; H;kdr:gnry/o;gnr> edlo;pJgr: H;d/cr:yKnrxgnr;El;
lzcr;bzcr,jfrnKwrgnr gJdr:woxnfr:jfres jfr.dJwr:nfr:dUcr,wUicr:nv;g/nr
H;ebv:mUnr:< gUnr:mKcr:egv; H;ebv:lo;bJcr;aicr tJcrdI;lo;gdr:yqnr
nnrxyU,> ncr,’iwrebv:ed amr,jQgr,amr,dQgr,y/o;gnrnnrx tugr,
lImI:d/cr:y/mr; anryKnrxgnr;edv,gUnr:dcr:nmr< emvyKnrxsI:
edv,gnryU,ywrx> ncr,hJwrnfr:dUcr,wiUcr:gUnr:mKcr: ebv:lo;yKcr;jzmr:
sqnr;d/cr: anrtugr,emvgnrnnrx mI:dI;jwr;kunrnmr:nv; aznr
gmr d/cr:yKnrxgnr;edv,gnrnnrxyU,> lUwr,k/mr,d/cr:y/br,pJdr,
lo;lU:gznr, gUnr:mKcr:jcr,edyugrxyzcr;nmrxjfrEl; d/cr:kdr:jfr
jwr;kunr> bqnrpU;aznr'wrnJcr;egv.nox lo;s/cr;g/nrngr:nv g/nr
lmr,lzcr; g/nry/br,pJdr,Edxywrx> lKwresnnrx b/olo;k/mr,gUnr:
dcr:nmr esxen:tQcr;lU:gznr,ywrx> emvWcrxgf/mr:@j/o:mU:# Wcrxwoxwv;
^gUnr:Wnr:pJnr: dJnr:lo;kwr;tKnr,lJgrx< gUnr:gJgr:bJnr: dJnr:
dugrxktJcrdI;& ekv;gf/mr:anrnox bqnrlznrxgQnrdv, pU;aznr”wrlo;
jzmr:lIEdxywrx>
gUYr:gv; ebv:mI:lo/:pQnrlzgr:g/nr ^jdr:g/nr amr,nnr

bzcrg/nr (management)&woxlIlIjJcr g/nranrlUwr,hqdr:dcr:sqcr;
jKwr:nnrx amr,d/br;lUwr,hqdr:jzmr: pU;mI:bunr;pznr:awrnv;g/nr
kwrsqcr;sqcr;< gUYr:lUwr,bfr.jzo;tQmr jKwr:anramr,bo,'.lzcr; g/nr
c/nr:lIlIjKwr:nnrxgUYr:> yznrxbKwr;lUwr,lo;aicrnKwrl/o:pU;aznr
'wr kUcrwoxbKcrlI ^jIxen jdr:en jgr:en jQgr,en nmr:en
l/dr;enEl; epbnr& g/nranrlra f nrnnrxEl; mI:bgr:bKcrwox
nnrxgUYr:> bKwr;pU;aznr'wr dUwr;dnr:lzcr;^dQgr,lQcr: dQdr; nQdr;
Enxnznr:&woxEl; gUnr:jKwr:anrboy/cr;jzmr:nv;g/nr nnrxegv;
mI:d/cr:aunr,jfraunr,ekv:es dJnr:mI:d/cr:mUnr;sKwr: jzmr:nv;
g/nrpfrmnr:lo;yU,>
ebv:l/dr;dUwry/cr,dI;gQbr;mnr: H;ebv:bzcr,jfrlo;nnrx wUnrx
dUYr: jzmr:ncr,gf/mr:do:mI:wox ^linrxkqwr; gKdr,gJgr:bv:< edv;ycr:
kUbr:Yv:gnr&nnrxEdxjJcr edebxjfrlo;es yKnrxgnr;edv,gnr
lo;c/o;c/o;yU,> ebv:nnrgznr, jwr;kunrEl; dcr:gUnr:jKwr:anr
hKwr,loko:yzo.es lo;h/br,g/nrjKwr:nnrxegv; jcr,sKwr:jfrjzmr:nv;
g/nres edjqwr:pQwrlo;dJwrxd/cr: anrkunrmKcr:yKcr:m/owoxnnrx
El; dI;gdr:yqnr anrgUnr:mKcr:mucr;mzcr:woxnnrx amr,h/crxyU,ywrx>
10. awieRvt = amr,s/nrkdr:

kunrmKcr:nox amr,tugr,lIs/nrkdr: g/crjfrgUnr:mKcr:> bunr;
dv, sqnr;d/cr:gdr:yqnrgUnr:mKcr: edmI:mv:nnrx edlo;bzo,w/cr:
bnr H;gUnr:mKcr: ebv:mI:sunr,lo;sunr,bqnres ncr,’iwrb/o:bYr,Yv,
b/o:m/gr;mI: ebv:lo;kJbr;nv;dKwr:dznr:gfv,lo; jzmr:g/br;jzmr;b/nrmKnr
mKcr:bKnr;nnrxyU,> smrxtQcr; edlo;mI:bKcrdQdr;edv:< amr,lUwr,
lo;h/mr;d/br;lzcr;kJnr;yfr, b/o:bYr,Yv, b/o:bJnrx'. b/o:m/gr;mI: b/o:bKcr
kzbr,wUicr:gUnr: b/o:yU,swr:ginrs/cr; gU;b/o:b/o:gU;bKcrbKcr jKwr:anr
edEp;dKnr:kJbr;nv;lo;nnrx> kunrmKcr: amr,nnr pU;aznr'wr
El; gUnr:mKcr:nox tugr,lIlo;jfrbzcr,jfrnKwrgnr ncr,gf/mr:do:hwr:
mI:woxwv; ^bI:'.szcr nzcrx'.nJcr;< edv;H;bJcr;Wmr:gnr&nnrxyU,>
ekv; âmr,s/nrkdr:&anrwv;nnrx yU,dI;kunraubrxbKcr,
pzcr:cmr:mKcr:es awrjfr.dJwr:dv,jKwrxkKwr:El; w/nr;mKcr:jJcr ed
bqnrjKwrxkKwr: anramr,lo;nv;lqgrx anramr,lo;dUgr:dQmr,es bqnr
mKcr:kJnr;yfr,kJdr:jnrxbqcr:bKnr;lo; nT:lumr;Fv.noxyU,amr,h/crxywrx>
yU,dI;mugrxjumr: esjumr:jumr:jfr.dJwr:p/o,jdr:g/nr bzcrg/nregv;
edbqnrjmu r:anrlo;jfrgnr amr,hnrd/cr:pidr:gnr amr,mI:jfr
kI,eg.gnr amr,kdr:gnr hnrlIgnrgU;egv.es bqnrmv:jumr:anr
gUnr:dcr:nmrlo;yzcr;a/mr:nnrxyU,> yU,dI;nfr:nv;”inr:es jfr.
dJwr:jzmr:egv; dgr:edbqnrnv;”inr: anrtugr,emvg/fmr:gnres
bqnrmv:^nv;”inr:mUnr:&nnrxyU,> mKwr;pU;dQmr;ligr; dJgrxegv.lqgrx
nnrx y/mr;lo;cinr: ebv;Em;pU;dQmr;ligr;kwr aubr,gnrwv; ^nv;
“inr:kwrnnrx mUnr:lIgLv.& noyU,> pzcr:mKwr;nnrxEdx amr,bo,'.
lzcr;lIlzcr;jv.scr> ebv:mv:wUnrxdUYr:kJnr: mKwr;lqwrjJcr Wo:wv;
lmr,lzcr; dv,nv;”inr:woxEdx> yU,dI;aUYr:egv.es jfr.dJwr:egv;
edbqnraUYr:egv.lIgnrmv:es emvawrnmrxjfrgnr emvjzo;tQmrgnr
emvdUYr:tJcrgnrnnrxywrx> bKwr;nnr âmr,s/nrkdr:&nnrx gfv,
dUgr:dmr:woxyU, nfr:dUcr,wiUcr:gUnr:anrlref gv; edv;edlo;pznr:lI
yznrxmnr:yU,amr,h/crxywrx> pU;egv.anr gUnr:jcr:ea,es gUnr:
hgrxnmrnnrx ebv:mv:hvdUYr:ekv;dzbr,mnr:jJcr yznrxbKwr;kwramr,mI:
b/o:hnr anrs/nrkdr:bKnr;hQcr:nnrxywrx>
anrjKwrxj/dr;kKwr:gUnr:nJcr;kKwr: w/nr;mKcr:nJcr;lugr; ed
lo;lIlo;jv.< edkJnr;yfr,yUbr;yzmr:< edbqnrkunrbqnrkv;< edmI:
munrmI:wdr;nox mI:dI;nmrxgdrxd/cr:kQnr, pU;aznr'wrkwrnmr:mv:
gUYr:anrwv;nnrx pU;mI:bJnrx'.b/o:hnrgU;egv.kwr dJnr:ed'.bzcr,
hbrxducr: mgr:mnr;dcr:nmramr,pidr:yU,ywrx> ekv;gf/mr:anrjfr.

dJwr:wox nfr:dznr;ligr;anrnoxnox edlo;hnranrbQgr,bKcr;gnrwv;
^kunrjwr;kunr pU;nmr:nv;El; pU;aznr'wr&nogU;mqwr:mqwr:woxyU,>
bqnrhJwregv;lI dI;gQbr;mnr:Edx yUicr:a/nr:jT.dJwr:wv; dv,kunrno
esdv. gqwr,gbr:bv:dv, pU;aznr'wrkwr gU;azcr;gU;dI;es awrjT.
dJwr:gQmrmJwr:lo; gU;pU;aznr'wryU,ywrx> gzbr;nnrEl; anrbqnr
^d/cr:gmrkunrsibr:yKcr;&nox kfr;H;pU;lUligr;hwr:kwr bzcr,jfrwv; amr,
gv:dv, ^kunr& gmrjzmr:gUYr:< ycr:kwr;bv: dv,pU;gU;aznr'wrgmrjzmr:
lo;gU;dI;dI;yU,nonnrxywrx> gU;pU;aznr'wrgU;dI;dI; anrwv;nnrx
smrxmKnrncr,pU;aznr'wr p/o,b/o:mKcr:b/o:sJgr: b/o:m/gr;mI: b/o:sUnr:
dumr b/o:bJnrx'.b/o:hnr b/o:yU,lI b/o:bYr,Yv, b/o:Ficr;Ec; ligr;l/o:
jKwr:noxEd,gfv,ywrx> lzcr;bJdr,b/gr;end/cr: lzcr;hqdr:lo;bqnrlo;
El; lzcr;aznr'wrnox amr,mKnrgnr< m/cregv.m/crjKwr:nox
1. emvanrnJcr; amr,emvanrnJcr;<
1. j/cr;l/o:nJcr; amr,j/cr;lo/:nJcr<
1. '.lzcr;nJcr; amr,'.lzcr;nJcr; noywrx>
gUYr:gv; gUnr:egv. anrkwr;bv:nfr:dcr:s/mrt/nr;s/mr
sQnr:jKwr:nox dJnr:bqnregv.anrkJgrxdznr: bqnrp/crh/cr;dUwry/cr,
dUwrlIyKcr; bunr;dv,gUnr:numr,jubr;sQnr:mfr,El; gUnr:dcr:nmr
lo;pznr:lIjzmr:es gUnr:dcr:nmregv; jcr,lKgr;d/cr,bqnr ^kunr
pU;aznr'wr pU;nmr:nv; pU;End/cr: pU;bJdr,b/gr;enlQcr:& nnrx
ywrx> ebv:bqnrpU;aznr'wrmv:jJcr hqdr:g/nrbunr;dcr:l/onox ebv:wv;
bqnrg/nrywrxyv, tJcrdI;mv:egv; bqnrdv,gUnr:dcr:jumr:dcr:jKwr:
mUdr:mUdr:< ebv:budr:bcr:lU.lQwrsmrx dgr:lo;bqnr bunr;pznr:dUwr
gwr,(pU;aznr) hbrxducr:awrd/cr:pidr:egv.lqwrEl; edlo;wv;
pznr:lI hdr:bnrbKnr;sqcr;sqcr;< pznr:jv. hdr:hbrxawregv.lqwr
sqcr;sqcr;nnrxywrx> yznrxbKwr;mI:d/cr:gdrxkQnr, mI:jfrgf/cr;woxEl;
gUnr:dcr:nmr jcr,lo;lKgr;bqnr pU;nmr:nv;mv:nnrxywrx> Ficr;Fv.
bKcrbqnr nfr:lumr;Fv.noxegv; dJnr:mgr:mnr;bnr jzmr:ncr,d/cr:gdrx
kQnr,pU;aznr'wr hqdr:lo;s/cr;lo;d/cr:gdr:yqnr d/cr:kJnr;yfr,
bunr;dv,gUnr:mKcr:nnrxgmr:lqwrywrx>
d/cr:gmrkunr amr,nnr pU;aznr'wrnox mnr:lJgrxlmr,kJgrx
kmr,gf/cr;kf/crEdxEdx> bunr;dv,pU;'.gUnr:emvkwr anrl/dr;lo;ko;
j/cr;nnrxjmrx Fv.amrdKgr;mKcr:amr,dnr amr,hnrdI;suudr:dI;
sqcr;lo;c/o;c/o;ywrx>
yznr.nnres lJnr:sudr: scrwv;pU;lUligr;hwr:kwr
lo;lUmQnr; tmr:kunrgmrsibr:yKcr;noywr. bigr.smrwv; dUwrjwr;gwr,
amr,jT;kunresdv. scrwv;awryibr:dJwr:jJcr mnr:edmI:pznr:lI
dv, nv;ehvedv”inr:jwr;gwr,< scrwv;jwr;gwr, bqnrpU;yT,gUnr:lUcr
nT:bzgr.nT:w/nr;< nT:mU,nT:jumr:< nT:aKcr,< nT:ej;wqcr:ej;dznr;
jKwr:no. mnr:edbqnrkKcr;yibr:lIlUcr dv,jwr;gwr,Ed.Ed.nnr.
yU,> gzbr;bKwr; lo;awrm/omI; anrkwr;nT:dUcr,Cdv:esyibr:gmrEl;
Ed,awrdUwrjwr;gwr,El; gUnr:jwr;gwr, ncr,gv;jwr;gwr, aznr
hqdr:aznrs/cr;nnr. mnr:edkJnr;yT, mI:pznr:lIdcr:szcrpo/,
szcrbv; aigr,dcr:j/dr;no.j/dr;nv;nnr.yU,amr,h/cr.> yznr.
nnres H;anrmo/mI;tmr:anrno. Wdr;tJcrnT:mJwr:jwr;gwr,es
aznrbKnr;dcr:nmrdJw:r gmrjzmr:lIlI lJnr:sudr:H;anraznrgnr
sKwr:jTlUYr;pznr:lI anrlo;hqdr:jzmr: tmr:kunrgmrsibr:yKcr;
no.esgmr: ... >
pJnraicr
1. dUnrkU:lUcrjwr;Csv,bYr,Yv,epv:g mKcr:sU;< gmr,ebv:j
hidRv,sI,< ebv.gmr:hv;< bI 1998>
2. 'mr;"br;gf/mr:gbr:tugr,< egvbzcrg/nrbbrxhqnr: kzmr,mdI, b/o:

bnrr,Yv,jJcr;do:< mKcr:to:< (amr,bv:bIebv.mnr:)>
3. kf/nrsQcr< pfrbqnrpfrnfr:mKcr:do:< ebv.gmr:nJcr;< mzgr,gU,szo;
lQcr< dv;gucr;< 1997>
4. Phramaha Chanya Khongchinda, The Buddha’s Socio-
Political Ideas, New Delhi, India, 1993.
5. Ven. Pategama Gnanarama, An Approach to Buddhist
Social Philosophy, Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association,
90, Duku Road, Singapore 429254.
6. Siddhi Butr-Indr, The Social Philosophy of Buddhism,
Mahamakut Buddhist University, Bangkok, Thailand,
1979.
7. Ven. Dr. K. Sri Dhammananda, What Buddhist Believe,
Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
8. Kenneth Blanchard (Ph.D), Leadership and The One
Minute Manager, India, 1992.
owf.ykwf.xodpj,I tgguf.qf'ldwf.wf
Oxford Buddha Vihara
¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥¥ ¥ = jwr;mhv,es,n
mKwr;bo,lo;l/dr;En lzcr;wdr.budr.twihv,Rno. pU;dQmr;
ligr; kfr;l/dr;En lzcr;jnr.jzmrEl; wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr.drEl;
lzcr;jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr: Ed,awrrmKwr;mnr:jwr;
dJgr.mI:bo/:wUnr. dv,eddcr;wdr.El; kdr:jfrh/cr;hQnr:dUwr;dnr:
dv,kJcrbzcrs/cr;wdr.kJnr;mv:> mnr:y/br,’iwr? mnr:co/;anrwv;nnr.
kT;H;pU;lUligr;hwr:kwr ”.jzmr:lzgr:lo/: bo/:wUnr.< pQnrg/nr< bKcr
hqdr:bKcrs/cr;mnr:jwr;nnr.yU,> jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi
kmr: go.l/dr;wv;-
@@yKcr:a/nr:wo.sucrsucr< jucrgnry/cr;kJdr:kJdr:<
dJdr.bgr:pQnrdQdr;dQdr;< lQdr:kwr;azgr,gUnr:sucr<
mucr;hvWmr:bYr,Yv,< dznr;dv,lo;bUgr:bzcr jKwr.j/dr;<
pv,sv, El;sv,snv,## ncr,noywr.>
bo/:wUnr. dv,eds/cr;wdr.do:nzgr;mKcr:no. jwr;kU:emvlUcr
hwr: dJnr:dmr:w/cr:pQnrwo. jqmrmKwr;mnr:jwr; bo,lo;azgr,nzgr;mKcr:
nnr.ywr.> mnr:jwr;go.go.l/dr;wv; ebv:hwr:eda/nr:s/cr;jnr.
jzmr nfr:mKcr:do:no lUwr,lo;mI:wdr.nzgr;mKcr:hcr:gUYr:gznr, jcr,ed
j/cr;hqdr:lo;noywr.> wdr.dI;nzgr;mKcr:no. yKcr:a/nr:dv,jnr.
jzmrhwr: ebv:edmI:dI;gbr:sJbr,didr:edv, kwr;azgr,nzgr;mKcr:lo;<
dv,H;kU:sznrdI;jnr.jzmrhwr: ebv:lo;gfv,hvdUwrtUbr:nzgr;mKcr:es
yzcr;jnr.t/nr;dUwrgwr, H;ebv:kJdr:jnr.< hqdr:H;bKnr;yzmr:hbr.
mgr:mnr;hwr:lo;noywr.> mKwr;pzcr:pU;dQmr;ligr; lo;gfv,jzo;g/nrmnr:
jwr; dI;wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.drnnr. jwr;kU:go.y/mr;l/dr;wv; @@gqwr,
lUYr;g/nrgfv,hvlqbr;hqnr:nzgr;mKcr:no. lUwr,H;gUnr:hwr:gfv,mv: jKcr.
owf.tgguf.qf'ldwf.wf ykwf.xodpjI \ 203
ncr, hwr:lugr.awrdI;w/nr;es gfv,gfv,mv:mv: dv;gucr;< dv;lKwr,jKwr:

nnr.gUYr:## noywr.>
lzcr;wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr.dr El; jnr.jzmr

wqcr:azgr.jrFUidr.drno. bqnrwqcr:lUcr mKcr:aicr,glnr,< y/nr
gnrdcr:wqcr:lnr,dnr, mzgr; 57 lgr:< bqnrwqcr:anrmI: jzmr:jnr.
jzmrlUcrazgr.jrFKdr.dr anrbqnrjnr.jzmrgwr,Eg, El; jJwr;lJwr:
lcresbKnr; nfr:lUgr;no.ywr.> jnr.jzmrno. mKwr;Ed,cwr;mnr:
Ed. bqnrwdr. (Church) anrmunrjwr;kRidr.kwr sznrhqnr:d/cr:
”.gUYr:> wo/:esnnr. awrbqnrmv:jnr.jzmrnoywr.> jnr.jzmrno.
egv,s/cr;kJnr;mv: mKwr;bIlfrnonnr. amr,lo;hnrbJnr:mnr: dQdr;
nQdr;noesdv. g/nrhqnr:Ed. lo;Ed,bJdr,bUcrsznrmv: jqmrmKwr;bI
1096 nnr.noyU,> yznr.bKwr; kU:sznrmnr: dqmrtUnr;lIwo.El;
jnr.jzmrlUcrno.egv; bqnranrkJnr;yT,mT,sucr kJdr:g/br;kJdr:b/nr
ed.ed.> dKgr;audr,dKgr;wv:m/crlcr anregv,s/cr;wo. nfr:jnr.
jzmrnnr. bIbzcr:mnr: ebv:mI:mzgr; 800 bIlKwrlKwres bqnranrnQnr;
nvlznr.lznr.nnr.ywr.> jnr.jzmrazgr.jrFKdr.drno. mI:wo. (39)
ekv:lqgr. (colleges)1 < lugr;hqnr: anrlo;ywr.g/nrhqnr: dI;jnr.
jzmrno.es gfv,bqnrjzmrjJcr;mKcr:< pU;mI:jJwr;sqcr nv;g/nryfr,lUcr<
bqnrkU:wv: mhv,av:j/RrjKwr:no. mI:dcr:nmrywr.> dv,edkwr;hqnr:
lo; nT:jnr.jzmrno.egv; lUwr,lo;bqnrgUnr:gdr.kQnr,es mI:cJnr:
tQcr;gznr, jcr,edkwr;hqnr:lo;ywr.>
jnr.jzmrno. mI:bv:g/nrhqnr: anrsznrawrpo/,sv,snv,
budr.tmv: smr.ebv:mII:lo/sibr:bImKcr:ywr.> mI:bv:jumr:kUcrazgr, ligr;
bv,li (Pali Text Society) anrmhv,av:j/RredOwidr.sr (Prof.
T.W. Rhys Davids) egv,dcr;kJnr;mv: mKwr;bI 1881 nnr.es H;
1
ekv;munr:dI;wqbrxso/. www.ox.ac.uk
bqnrg/nrbJnrEp;sv,snv,El; p/o,lqbr;hqnr:pv,sv,bv,linnr.
ywr.> dUwrligr;bv,li anrkwrkUcrazgr,nnr. bqnrwo.dUwrligr; agr.k
Rv,bv,li RUwrOmnrO (Pali texts in roman characters) es bidgdr;
tmr:jwr; anrbqnrdUwrligr;agr.kRv,bv,li RUwrOm/nrO (anrhwr:
wv; bv,liacr:gidr:)nnr.egv; lo;wv;gKdr,bqnrmv: mKwr;b/nrnnr.
ncr,gwr,ywr.>
anrbqnrjnr.jzmrjJwr;sqcrlJwr:yznr; Wnr;dUwr;gmr,pv,
jnr.jzmrazgr.jrFKdr.drno. jzmr:ncr, nmr.gdr.egv;lUwr,mI:<
cJnr:egv;lUwr,dqmrtUnr;gznr, jcr,kJnr;lo;noEl; t/cr,wv;nfr:do:
hwr:no. amr,mI:egv.lfr edkJnr;tJcrlo;noywr.> gUYr:nv, ‘iwrbqnr
nnr bKnr;kJnr;tJcrlo;dI;lfregv; lzcr;wv;do:hwr:egv; kJnr;tJcrlo;
mKnrbKnr; bqcr:bKnr;lo;yU,anrwv;nnr. jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,m
sv,mi kmr:hwr: lo;Enlgr:t/nrmnr:gfv, mKwr; October 2004 nnr.
jQcr;jQcr;yU,ywr.>
nfr:do:hwr:no. pU;anrlo;kJnr;hqnr: dI;jnr.jzmrazgr.
FKdr,no. bqnrjwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr: anrbqnrpU;
aznrbo k/wr:d/cr:sI,”wr, El; bqnrpU;anraznr”wr bUgr:dcr;wdr.
budr.twihv,R(Oxford Buddha Vihara)nnr.ywr.> nfr:wqcr:azgr.jr
FKdr.drnnr. mKwr;aznrd/cr: wdr.et,Rwvdanrwv;no. pTdJnr:
bo,lo;aznrdcr;mv:esbzgr;< anrjwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi
kmr: aznr”wrdcr;gfv,no. bqnrbzgr;aznrd/cr:bKnr;sudr:sudr:ywr.>
k/wr:d/cr:jwr;kU: Ed,azgr,nzgr;mKcr:<
jwr;kU:emvlUcrhwr:no. Ed,azgr,nzgr;mKcr: mKwr;bI 1991 nI;<
lo;gfv,lqbr;hqnr:g/nrhqnr: dI;mKcr:to: 7 lKnres sJbr,k/wr:d/cr:
mv:mKcr:sI,”wr,> mKwr;bI 1992 nnr. mnr:jwr;jUbr: M.A dI;jnr.jzmr
Kelaniya El; jnr.jzmr BPU szcrdI;> wo/:nnr.ywr. mnr:jwr;
sJbr,Wcr.scr,kdo: azgr,mv:nzgr;mKcr: edv,tJcry/mr:lqwrno.ywr.>

Ed,awrbI 1991 edv,tJcr bI 2005 no. scr,kdo:hwr: anrjUbr:ywr.
M.A, B.A dI;jnr.jzmrszcranrno. edmI:mzgr;”gr:sibr:bo/no.
ywr.> mKwr;pzcr:mnr:jwr; dJgr.hqnr:ligr;yU,nnr. y/mr;lo;jzo;tQmr
sznrbnrjzmr:”cr:hqnr: nfr:mKcr:sI,”wr,no.es gbr:sJbr,mJdr;gJwr: ”.
jgr:pU;yfr,gUnr:lUcrkwrEl; kU:sznrkwr gU;dI;dI;jKwr:nnr.egv;
mI:nmred.ed.> jKwr:anry/mr;lo;hqnr:ligr; dI;mnr:jwr;jKwr:
nnr. aznrgnryumr,ymr nbr.tJwrnmr.gdr. mnr:jwr;ed.ed.
ywr.>
gzbr;lzcr;jKwr:no.El; munrjwr;sI,”wr,kwr jcr,b/cr:mnr:
jwr; gfv,jzo;g/nrwdr. dI;mKcr:aicr,glnr,nnr.ywr.> mnr:jwr;
pQwrgfv,mKcr:aicr,glnr, nfr:bI 1996 nI; 2 nnr.es gfv,bqnrkU:sznr
aznr“wrhqdr:s/cr; ”cr:hqnr:sv,snv,budr.t wnr:swr< wnr:av:
didr. El; bJdr,b/crCdv:wibsrsnv< dzbr,bnrekv;t/mr El; Eg;ko
bnrhv anrgbr:go/,lUYr;tmr,mjKwr:no.ywr.> g/nrehv:Cdv: nfr:”cr:
hqnr:< nfr:kzgr;(tzcr,)jKwr:no.egv;ycr:mI:< gUnr:dcr:nmregv; lo;”.
jgr:mnr:jwr;< hbr.”mrjUmr:dznr;mnr:jwr;< yumr,ymrnmr.gdr.
d/cr:kQnr,mnr:jwr; El; nmr.jfrej,dnv,mnr:jwr;ed.ed.>
w/o:es bKnr;lo;”.jgr:mnr:jwr;ywr. kwrjcr,aznrgnr b/cr:awr
mnr:jwr; mKwr:bJdr,b/crCdv: dI;nJcr;ywr.dI;nJcr;< mKcr:nJcr;ywr.
mKcr:nJcr;< mKnrncr, mKcr:aem,Rig< gLViwr,m/nr,< ken,dKwr,< jicr,g
bUwr,< mKcr:to:jKwr:no.ywr.> p/o,nJcr;egv; ncr,’iwrlugr;l/cr:kwr ebv:
edlgr:lQmr< ed”.ekv;scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;nnr. mnr:jwr;
2
j/cr:sQcr gqcr:ducr< ^”cr:hqnr:tmr,m dv,lugr;aznr,< wdr.sI,Risdr.tv,disr.s<
wqcr:lnr,dnr,&< nfr:bbr.k/wr:d/cr:sI,”wr,mo/ (4) nnr.wv; jwr;kU:emvlUcr
bqnrkU:yfr, jdr:g/nr“cr:hqnr: wnr:av:didr.< bJdr,sznrsv,snv,budr.tEl;
pv,sv,sicr,hlv,< mI:lugr;hqnr: mzgr; 80 bo/noywr.>
amr,lo;lJwr;lo;swr:< k/mr,y/br,pJdr,es sznrbnr l/dr;bnr
edv,tJcry/mr:no.yU,ywr.>
tJcrmv:bI 2000 nI;nnr. mnr:jwr;lo;kwr;hqnr: dI;jnr.
jzmrazgr.jrFKdr.drnnr.ywr.> gzbr;mnr:jwr;y/mr;hqdr:bnr pznr:
lIbKnr;mv:dcr:nmrEl; mKwr;mnr:jwr; kwr;hqnr:jnr.jzmrmv:egv;
mI:gUnr:jUmr:jzo;jUmr:tQmrmnr:jwr; dcr:nmrywr.> gv;jfr.jo/, nfr:
g/nrhqnr:mnr:jwr;nnr. ebv:nbr.sznr,edv,lv,nojJcr eddUgr:
mzgr;bQdr,mJnr, tJcrgwr;mJnr,nnr.yU,>
Ed,dcr;bqnrwdr.jUwr;k/wr:
mKwr;mnr:jwr; yU,swr:dI;”cr:swr: nfr:jnr.jzmrazgr.jr
FKdr.drnnr. nfr:k/wr:d/cr:s/mrbIbo/nnr. go.go.mI:dgv,do:< to:<
m/nr;< glv:< ek,El; gUnr:acr:girdr:kwr mv:sU,jfr:El; mv:tzmr,
Cdv:dI;mnr:jwr;jKwr:nnr. mI:nmred.ed.> ebv:dgv,stv:kwr
mv:nmrjJcr dI;yU,dI;swr:smr.gQbr;wo.El; tJcrmv:bI 2003 nI;
nnr. mnr:jwr;jcr,aubr,aUwr:gnr dcr:dgv,stv:kwr jKwr:bqnr
dzgr.dKwr,emvyvdo:< m/nr;< glv:< jwr;kzcrsQcr,kwr;pgr:to:El;
gUnr:acr:gidr:kwres pzdr;jumr:dv,hqdr:wdr. nfr:w/cr:jnr.jzmr
azgr.jrFKdr.drnnr.ywr.> wo/:eskzdr,pzdr;jumr:mv:ywr. lo;hqdr:
b/crgumr dv,edhvk/dr;dI;”inr: hqdr:dI;Wcr;g/nrwdr. wo.dv,jUwr;
k/wr:noywr.> jzmr:ncr,m/okbr:mnr:jwr; mI:wo.nnr. jcr,lo;k/dr;
”inr:szcrjnr. dI; 34 Croft Road, Marston, Oxford OX3 0LA
nnr.es bnrjJwr;wv; azgr.jrFKdr.drbudr.twihv,R (Oxford
Buddha Vihara) noywr.>
gv;k/dr;”inr:nnr. nJcr;lKnrlo;bnr 750 bznr:dr (cJnr:
acr:gidr:)> tJcrmv: lKnrsQbr.tQmr,BKwr, bI 2003 nI;nnr. mnr:jwr;
ko/.azgr,dI;”cr:swr: nT:jnr.jzmrnnr.es mv:yU,dI;wdr.nnr.
ywr.> w/o:esnnr. aznrdgv,stv:kwr hqdr:b/crgumrlo/lo/bzgr;es

dQmr;jnrmo/mI; bgr:bKcrwdr.wo.lIc/mr:ywr. jcr,d/cr,tJcr dI;egv
g/nrsv,snv, (charity committee) dv,mgr:mnr;bqnrwdr. anr
tugr,mQnr;jzmr:bgr:bKcrmo/mI; mKcr:aicr,glnr,nnr.yU,ywr.> mKwr;
nnr. lUcrbzcrjJcr;mKcr:aicr,glnr,kwregv; dUgr:lUcr:anuY/dr;
bnr (register charity No. 1099361) jzmr:ncr,mo/mI; mKcr:aicr,g
lnr,kwrmI:nnr.es mgr:mnr;bqnrwdr.mv:yU,ywr.>
jwr;scr,kdo:hwr: anrbqnrlugr;nzcr.mnr:jwr; anryU,
jzmr:wdr.glv:< to: nfr:wqcr:lnr,dnr, mKnrncr, jwr;kU:nnr,d
em,tv,< jwr;kU:mhv,Yv,ninr,< jwr;kU:mhv,subYr,Yv,< jwr;kU:
ejv:digEl; jwr;mhv,wisidr,jKwr:no. aznrgnrmv:jzo;g/nrwdr.
dI;mnr:jwr;yU,dv,es,ywr.> wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.drno. lo;lU,
d/nr:y/dr,nmr.gfv, mKwr;wnr:tI. 22< lKnrazgr,tUwr,BKwr,< bI 2003
nI; (2546) nnr.ywr.> mKwr;y/dr,nmr.wdr.nnr. lo;b/cr:munr
jwr;wdr.to:< wdr.m/nr;El; wdr.sI,”wr, mv:”mr;w/nr:bRidr;jzmr:
es dgv,stv:to:< m/nr;< glv:El; acr:girdr:kwregv; mv:”mr;lU,
”mr:d/nr:jzmr:nmred.ed.> wo/:esbqnrwdr.ywr. dgv,stv:kwr
”.jgr:nmrmv:ywr.nnr. ebv:tJcrwnr:anrlmr,lzcr; nT:lKnrlfr
lKnrnnr.mv:no jzmr:ncr,Ficr;tucr:j/wr:budr.hwr:mI:nnr. dgv,
stv:kwr go.go.mv:hqdr:b/crlU,b/crd/nr: dI;wdr.nnr.yU,ywr.>
yznr.bKwr; g/nrnmrmv: gU;mJwr.gU;wnr:El; pzcr:mKwr;mnr:
jwr; jmrd/cr,pJnrligr;El; jmrb/crdzbr,ligr; nT:bI 2004 nI;
nnr. mnr:jwr;lo;yznr: d/cr:jzo;tQmrpU;dQmr;ligr; H;mv:jzo;g/nr
dI;wdr.azgr.jrFUidr.drnnr.yU,ywr.> tQcr;lzcr;nJcr;egv; yznr.
bKwr; mnr:jwr;lo;hbr.awrekv;pidr;b/cr: dv,edgfv,kJnr;b/crgumr pU;
gdr.kQnr,sv,snv, dI;gunryU:TUbr.< ea:sLv:El; aem,RigEd,
gfv,jKwr:nnr.ywr.> mKwr;y/mr:nnr mQnr;pzcr:pU;dQmr;ligr; dJgr.
ywr.ligr; dI;jnr.jzmrscr,kto: mKcr:gzgr,nnr.es g/nregv;dUwr;
dnr:wo.El; jcr,lo;hbr.awrekv;pidr;mzgr, mnr:jwr;nnr.ywr.>
pU;dQmr;ligr; pQwrgfv,dI;wdr.nnr. wnr:tI. 19. 05. 2004 nnr.
es tJcrmv:wnrtI. 20A05A2004 nnr. mnr:jwr;azgr,k/wr:d/cr:
gfv,aem,Rig dv,gfv,bnrlQgr,kLViwr, (lecture) nfr:b/crgumrpU;gdr.
kQnr, anrgbr:go/,lUYr; sv,snv,budr.tjwr; dI;jnr.jzmrs
dQnr:FKdr. (Standford University) nnr.ywr.> wo/:esnnr.
mnr:jwr;jcr,b/cr:awr jwr;kU:bYr,Yv,wmr,s (sQcrbnr) anr
dJgr.hqnr:jnr. dzgr.dKwr, (PhD) dI;mKcr:sI,”wr,nnr.tQcr;> hqdr:
nnres jwr;anryU,swr: nT:wdr.y/mr:nnr. mI:wo.s/mrjwr;
yU,ywr.>
sJwr.lo;dI;ncrlinrwdr.
wo/:eskwr;mv:yU,nT:wdr. anrk/dr;wo.ywr.nnr. jwr;kU:
emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr:El; scr,kdo: mKcr:aicr,glnr, ”mr;
bv: jumr:bzcrg/nrwdr.dcr:sqcr; go.go.hqdr:b/crgumrgU;lKnr dv,hvsJwr.
nv;dI;hqdr:wdr.nnr.ywr.> dI;”inr:anrbKnr;kfr;ko/nnr. mI:nmr
yU,esdv. m/crdI;mQnr;jfres amr,mQnr;gv;mnr:< m/crdI;mQnr;gv;
smr.amr,tugr,jTEl; dv,edsJwr.ncrlinrwdr.no. k/wr:y/mr:
mnr:ebv:‘icrbqnrbIywr.>
tJcrmv: lKnreav:g/dr.< bI 2004 nI;nnr. jcr,hnrmQnr;
dI;anrtugr,jfr< anrgv;mnr:egv;tugr,< gfv,gfv,mv:mv:egv;co/; smr.
bqnr dI;anrgdr:gdr:yqnryqnr amr,sugr.sgr.nnr.yU,> “inr:
lcrno. bqnr”inr:szzcrjnr.es Wcr;nznr:mI:hv;Wcr;< Wcr;nmr. mI:szcr
Wcr;< nv;w/cr:mnr:egv; mI:dI;gJdr:lUdr.lo;nmr< d/cr:lcr”inr:
nnr. smr.mI:sUnrwo.El; edlo;wv; bqnrdI;anrs/cr,tugr,wo.ed.
ed.noywr.> “iinr:lcrno. hqcr:ligr;mnr: 33 Cherwell Drive,
Marston, Oxford, OX3 0NB, UK. gv;knrmnr: lo;bnr 340,000

bznr:dryU,ywr.> ebv:wv;lo;hnr”inr:lcrno. s/cr,edv,wo. gU;lzcr;
lzcr;jKcr.nnrywr.egv; jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr:El;
jumr:bzcrg/nrkwr jcr,dQbr:ddr:wv; edsJwr.”inr:no. nohcr:gnryU,
ywr.> jzmr:ncr,mo/mI;bgr:bKcr mKcr:aicr,glnr,mI:nnr. jcr,lo;j/cr;
pU;kQnr,mo/mI; po/,sJwr.ko/”inr:kwr kbr:kJcrlzcr;sJwr.ko/bnryU,ywr.>
dv,edywr.dUwr; lzcr;sJwr.lzcr;ko/”inr:nnr. lo;jfr.k/wr:y/mr:szcr
lKnrbo/>
ko/.yU,wdr.mfr,
mKwr;wnr:tI. 12< lKnrsQbr.tQmr,bKwr,< bI 2004 nI;nnr. jcr,
lo;ko/.yU,wdr.mfr,nnr.ywr.> wnr:ko/.wdr.nnr. yznr.wv; amr,ebv:
gognr dcr:dI;yU,gwr,nnr.El; lugr;hqnr:jKwr:bqnrgUwr:RI:yv:<
to:El; m/nr;kwr aznrgnrmv:jzo;edv.kUwr:dcr:nmrEl; kJcr;wnr:
nJcr;gUYr:egv; ebv:ko/.ywr.mUdr:ywr;> kUwr:gmr;nmrEd. bqnrbbr.
ligr;jwr;kU:emvlUcrhwr: lo;Wmrmv: jqmrmKwr;kwr;hqnr: dI;jnr.jzmr
azgr.jrFKdr.dr< edv.mv:dI;mKcr:to:< mKcr:m/nr;< mKcr:sI;”wr,El;
sJwr.dI;aicr,glnr,jKwr:nnr.ywr.> bbr.jKwr:nnr. ebv:a/nr,”wr
hqcrmnr:ywr.> dv,Wcr;nJcr; awrhqdr:bqnr”cr:dUYr:ligr;es lo;wv;
bqnr”cr:dUYr:ligr; anrmI:bbr.ligr;ej:wo.anrnJcr;noywr.> lo;
cinr:mnr:jwr;wv; gv;bbr.jKwr:nnr. mQnr;cJnr:edv,lv,a/nr,mJnr,
mnr:noyU,ywr.>
bzo:lU,s/cr,g/nr:gtinr,El; y/dr,nmr.wdr.mT,
wo/:eskwr;mv:yU,wdr.nnr.ywr. yznr.wnr:bzo:gtinr,egv;
jmrmv:El; jcr,nQdr;kbr:kJcrhqdr:ligr; pidr;mzgr,tJcrdgv,stv:
kwr mv:”mr;lU,”mr;d/nr:nnr.ywr.> wv;nnresdv. yznr.bKwr;dI;
wdr.mT,nnr.gQbr;nv, amr,kwr;gUnr:nmrlo;> tQcr;lzcr;nJcr; jcr,hv
mv:yU,mfr,gUYr:es gUwrmnr:gJcr.g/cr.l/gr,lo/:dv gUnr:himr:Wmr:nnr.
El; dI;hqdr:boz:nnr. lo;k/dr;”cr:hqnr: anrjmrwdr.nnr.es
hqdr:s/cr;b/crbzo:gfv,yU,ywr.> mKwr;Ed,ko/.gfv,yU,nnr. dcr:jwr;kU:
bYr,Yv,wmr,s hv:szcrjwr; lo;gfv,dgr.no/ gbr:sJbr,mJdr;kwr< l/dr;
Enlzcr;d/cr: anrhwr:mv:yU, nfr:bzgr.nfr:yzmr,kwrnnr.yU,ywr.>
tJcrmv:wnr:tI. 7< nUwrwQmr,bKwr,nnr. lo;hqdr:bzo:gtinr,
El; boz:y/dr,nmr.wdr.mfr, nfr:wnr:lqwrgnryU,ywr.> nfr:wnr:bzo:
nnr. mI:dgv,stv:to:< l/wr:< m/nr;< glv:El; acr:gidr:mzgr;
300 egv. mv:”mr;lU,”mr;d/nr:jzmr:yU,> dv,hvcJnr:lU,kwr;nT:wdr.
nnr. dgv,stv:to:kwrgmr;pzcr; lo;hqdr:d/cr:ko/mv:ko/nrf:bzo:< gmr;
pzcr; hqdr:kwr;szo:es jv,g< gmr;pzcr; h/cr;hQnr:av:h/nr< m/gr,w/gr;
d/cr:ginrdI;”inr:es mv:”mr;lU,”mr;d/nr:> yznr.bKwr; dgv,stv:
kwr mv:lU,mv:d/nr:nmrEl; wnr:nnr. kwr;pgr:< m/gr,w/gr;d/cr:
girnr nmrebv:lUnrxebv:lKwryU,ywr.> pU;mv:kwr;bzo:kwregv; nv;jJnr;
dvsfr jUmr:jUmr:sKwr:sKwr: hcr:pfrhcr:mnr:yU,> scr,kv,kwrjwr; jKwr:
anrmv:hbr. dv,nd/cr:d/nr:nnr. bqnrjwr;to:< do:< m/nr;El;
sI,”wr,kwrywr.>
jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr: ehv:Cdv:lzcr; gtinr,
po/,acr:girdr:ywr.es g/wr,bJdr,puYr, wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.dr
gfv,yU,ywr.> kKwr:pRcr,kwr anrmv:”mr;mUnr;”mr;ebLv,jzmr:gmr;pzcr;
egv; yznr.bKwr; amr,dznr.y/mr;lo;hnrbzo:jKcr.nomv:esbzgr;El;
bqnranrl/gr,l/o: lIa/mr:wo.hcr:kwryU,> wnr:nnr. d/cr:ginrav:
h/nrnmrnv, ginrebv:amr,mUdr:amr,sqcr;lo;El; kwrycr:wv; wnr:
bzo:av:h/nr (food festival) nolU:gznr,> wo/:es boz:ywr.dUwr;ywr.
m/gr,w/gr;d/cr:ginrjKwr:nnr. ycr:dJgr.gJdr:dcr:nmrEl; lo;awr
gfv,dznr; gUnr:himr:Wmr:jKwr:nnr.yU,> gUnr:mKcr:nnr. yznr.kwr
amr,mI:Ficr;tucr: yJnr;bnrd/cr:ginr “inr:dT;”inr:nKwrEl; kwr
aznrgnr dUgr:jfrjUmr:sKwr:gfv,ed.ed.>
lzcr;cJnr:jfr.jo/,
gv;sJwr.wdr. dUgr:cJnr: 340,000 bznr:dr< lo;gU;yimr nT:ey:
cJnr: (Bank) dv, 250,000 bznr:dr yU,ywr.> dJgr.lo;so/;kJnr: dv,
90,000 bznr:drgUYr:> jUwr;gv;bo,dQnr:lo;kJnr:mUdr:mUdr:nnr. ed
lo;dQnr:kJnr: 1,600 bznr:drgU;lKnr dv, 25 bIyU,ywr.> cJnr:d/nr:
wdr. anrkwr;mv:nT:ey:cJnr: nJcr;lKnredmI:mzgr; 2,300 bznr:dr 3 <
gUYr:gv; amr,bo,lo;sznr,bv: cJnr:lU,d/nr:dcr:nzgr;El; cJrnr:
pv.bv,4 jKwr:nnr.> anrbqnrjwr;dv,nlUcr anrhQcr:yT, dv,egv,
s/cr;wdr.kJnr;mv:lo;no. edlo;wv; bqnrebv;azgr, dzgr.dKwr, egLv,
dqnr:+Em;azgr, n/cr:pUcr:gQwr;kwr El; ebv;azgr, dzgr.dKwr, jo/:
dinr,mzcr,+Em;azgr, jwr;tqcr,winr: 5 kwrjKwr:no.ywr.>
dgv,kwr;szmr: gU;wnr:wnr:
nfr:wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr.drnnr. mI:l/nr.ko/kwr;pgr:to:s/mr
sQcr,< kwrlU,d/nr:kwr;szmr: jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mihwr: jqmr
mKwr;mnr:jwr; dJgr.kJnr;hqnr:yU,nnr.ywr.> mKwr;lqwregv; kwrdJgr.
bqnrdgv,kwr;szmr:wdr.wo.yU,> dgv,stv: anryU,goegv; hqdr:sfr,
gzgr:sfr,gQcr.es mv:d/nr:< jKwr:anryU,jmregv; ebv:wnr:dnr:no
aznrgnrawrmv:d/nr:jKcr.noyU,dv,es,> gzbr;nnrEl; kKcr;jfr.
bRigr.kRv,El; d/cr:ginrd/cr:yQmr.jKwr:no. lKcr,nmrwo.dv,es,>
3
cJnr:kwr;”wrlKnr(Standing order)< anrjwr;ej,dnv,kwr scr,l/dr;wo.dI;
ey:cJnr:kwr dv,lzo:cJnr:kwr; nfr:mo/ey:cJnr:wdr. lKnrlfrlKnrnnr.>
4
pv.bv,anrwv;nnr. bzcr,wv; bJnrp/wr,pidr;mzgr, lzcr;wv;edhqdr:gGcr:< amr,nnr
bzo:lU,bzo:d/nr: esanranresazgr,ligr; amr,nnr azgr,k/wr,mQdr.dv,tJcr
jKwr:anrmI:ej,dnv, dv,jzo;”mr;s/cr;g/nrd/cr:lI anrgqwr,lUYr;g/nrgusUwr,
dcr:nmr>
5
dzgr.dKwr, egLv,dqnr: bqnrek,dUnr;dI:< bqnremvyvlUcr< yU,aicr,glnr, 30 bIbo/>
Em;azgr, pUcr:gQwr; bqnrlugr;l/nrjwr;Fv.gqcr:ducr> dzgr.dKwr, jo/:dinr,mzcr, bqnr
do:< bqnremvyvlUcr< yU,aicr,lnr, 30 bIbo/< Em;azgr,tqcr,winr: bqnrkKwr:jwr;Fv.
mzgr,mo,>
b/crCdv:wibsrsnv,
d/cr:yKcr:a/nr:wdr.no. H;bqnrdI;gUnr:dcr:nmr lo;bJcr;<
dv,bJnrEp; ekv;scr,sznrbudr.tjwr;< dv,bqnrdI;sJbr,hvkUnrxkfv.
ekv;munr:gqwr,lUYr; sv,snv,budr.tnoEl; jcr,lo;bJdr,b/crCdv:
gU;wnr:sugr:< d/mr:kmr; 6P30 mUcr: edv,tJcr 8 mUcr:< mI:g/nrsUdr,
mUnr:wo;Cpv:< ncr;Cdv:< jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mihwr: sbr:
lQcr:En lzcr;wibsrsnv,< dzbr,bnrhvCdv: ekv;kmrjfrdgv,< pU;mv:
ncr;Cdv: bqnrj/wr:gUwr:RI:yv:< to:< m/nr;El; acr:gidr:jKwr:no.
ywrx>
wnr:av:didr. nT:wUcr;tI.szcr gU;lKnrgU;lKnrnnr. lo;mI:
b/crCdv:wibsrsnv, dv,dgv,stv: jKwr:anramr,mI:k/wr:y/mr: mv:
lo;gU;wnr:sugr:nnr.ywr.>
“cr:hqnr: wnr:av:didr.
Ed,bJdr,mv: lKnreav:g/dr. bI 2004> dI;wdr.gwr,nnr.
mI:lugr;hqnr: 7 egv.< lugr;aznr,to: 2 egv.< lugr;aznr,acr:gidr:
s/mregv.El; gUnr:lUcracr:gidr:szcregv.< kU:sznrs/mrjwr;> bzdr:
nfr sznrbnr anrgqwr,lUYr;lzcr; sv,snv,budr.t< bzdr:wnr:
sznrbnrligr;to:>
”cr:hqnr:mKwr;lqwrno. bzdr:wnr: 2 mUcr: edv,tJcr 3 mUcr:< sznr
bnr anrgqwr,lUYr;lzcr; sv,snv,budr.t< aznrwo;Cpv:El; ncr;
Cdv:> wo/:wnr: 3 mUcr: edv,tJcr 4 mUcr: sznrbnrligr;to:>
scr,kjwr; anryU,swr:nfr:wdr.
dgv,stv:wdr.no. mI: do:< to:< m/nr;< glv:sI,”wr,< l/wr:
El; acr:gidr:jKwr:no.El; scr,kjwr; anredmv:jzo;g/nrdI;
wdr.no.egv; tugr,lIbqnrjwr; anremvl/dr;lo/pv,sv,gznr, jcr,
edtugr,mQnr;ywr.> mKwr;lqwr scr,kdo: mI:wo.s/mrdUnr(1) jwr;kU:
emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr:< (2) jwr;kU:bYv,wmr,s sQcrbnr
(dJgr.hqnr: Ph.D) El; (3) jwr;kU:pdr.diy lcr:sT (ywr. M.A
sI,”wr,) “mr;bv: jwr;to:szcrjwr;< kwrjwr;mv:yU,jzmr: jUwr;nfr:wv,
s/mrlKnr> munrjwr;gUwr:RI:yv:jwr;nJcr;< mnr:jwr; jmrywr. Ph.D
dI;azgr.jr FKdr.drbqnrjKwr:no.ywr.>
lzcr;egv,s/cr;tQcr; nfr:wdr.
pU;yfr,gUnr:lUcrEl; munrjwr;mI:jJwr;sqcryfr,jKwr:no. ebv:
kwrmv:lqbr;hqnr: wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr.drno. kwrdJnr:Ew.swr: dI;wdr.
nnr.ywr.> y/mr:mKwr;mI:kQgr,mv:nnr. yznr.wv; wdr.lqgr.nv, bo,mI:
dI;bqcr:ebv:h/nr.jTEl; jcr,lo;egv,s/cr;svlv: dI;nfr:sUnr po/,
lcrwdr.nnr. tQcr;lcrnJcr;ywr.> sv,lv:nnr. yKcr:a/nr:H;
bqnr dI;k/mr,kQgr,< dI;lJwr;swr:kQgr,< “cr:hqnr:sznrlzcr;sv,snv,
budr.tEl; dI;ncr;Cdv:wibsrsnv,jKwr:no.ywr.>
jumr:pv.bv, 6 mKcr:gzgr,
mKwr;wnr:tI. 21< lKnr June< bI 2005 nnr. jwr;gf/nr:wdr.
lUcr wdr.pRv.R/mr:gwr; (วัดพระราม ๙ กาญจนาภิเษก)7 aznr”wr po/, scr,k
jwr;< jo/:apisidr, wqdrxkLv:kLIOw pU;bqnr”wrnv;bv,dI, po/,kdr:
s/cr;< bv,dI,BRv,kLv:tiBdr, aznr”wrpo/,gUnr:”inr:es lo;hqdr:bzo:
lU,pv.bv, dv,hvcJnr:gmr.jzo; wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.dr< dI;nfr:wdr.lUcr
Bwznr:niwqdr.wih/Rr anrbqnrwdr.scr,kRv,jv, mKcr:to:nnr.ywr.>
dv,to:kwr edj/cr;”mr;lU,“mr;d/nr:jzmr:lo;nnr. kwrlo;bJdr,
6
pv.bv,-anrwv;nnr. bzcr,wv; bJnrp/wr,pidr;mzgr, lzcr;wv;edhqdr:gGcr:< amr,
nnr bzo:lU,bzo:d/nr: esanranresazgr,ligr; amr,nnr azgr,k/wr,mqdr.dv,
tJcrjKwr: anrmI:ej,dnv, dv,jzo;”mr;s/cr;g/nrd/cr:lI anrgqwr,lUYr;g/nr
gusUwr,dcr:nmr>
7
wdr.pRv.R/mr:gwr;no. bqnrwdr. anrkunrehvkmr:bv:mKwr;lqwr egv,s/cr;lU,d/nr:
wo.nnr.ywr.>
puYr,wo. mo/ey:cJnr: (Bank Account) dI;ey:cJnr:b/crgzgr,
(Bangkok Bank) dI;mKcr:to:nnr.ywr.> k/wr:y/mr: anrlo;bJnr
p/wr, jdr:hqdr:pv.bv,nox mI:szcrb/dr;gUYr:esdv. gUYr:lo;hbrx
dv,ncJnr:d/nr: dI;to:kwr szcrl/nr.hv;sQnrw/dr, cJnr:to:
(2,500,000 bath) yU,ywr.> nT:jKwr:nnr. anrl/gr,lo/:nv,
nnr. dgv,stv:n/cr:yicr:egv.nJcr; lo;“.k/wr, lzcr;wv;bJnrp/wr,
hqdr:pv.bv,no mI:ejdnv,jKmr;jJmr:nv,es sJbr,s/o d/nr:
cJnr:mv: dv,egv,s/cr; wdr.mT,azgr.jrFKdr.dr cJnr:to:l/nr.w/dr,
(1,000,000) gmr:lqwryU, ywr.>
pzcr:mKwr; jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mihwr: gfv,kwr;”mr;b/cr
bzo:wisv,k(lKnr”gr:mUnr:) dI;gucr:tqbr;nnr. bKnr;pidr;b/cr:es
dzcr;t/mr (interview) mnr:jwr; lzcr;lo;bJnrEp;sv,snv,budr.
t mKcr:wnr:dUgr:El; egv,s/cr;wdr. aigr,bv:lzcr;g/nrhqnr: mKcr:
wnr:dUgr: Ed,gfv,jKwr:no. awrazgr,k/wr,bnr nT:tI:wI:(TV)El;
azmrlUmr: (Radio) dI;nT:mKcr:to:yU,ywr.> yznr.lUYr; lo;mI:sunr,
bJnrk/wr,azgr, lzcr;wdr.do:azgr.jrFKdr.dr jzmr:ncr,anrl/dr;
mv:nnr.El; dgv,stv:to:dcr:nmr lo;”.jgr: wdr.azgr.jr
FKdr.drno.wo.mKnrncr,wdr.to:nnr.yU,ywr.>
tJcrmv:wnr:tI. 30, June, 2005 nnr. pU:gf/nr:wdr.pRv.
R/mr:gwr; jwr;Csv,lUcrpRv.tqbr.y/nr:wisidr, “mr;bv:lugr;sidr;
mnr:jwr; awrd/cr:lU,pv.bv,es Wdr;pQwrmKcr:aicr,glnr,ywr.>
jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,miEl; dgv,stv:kwr aznranrgfv,
hbr.dznr;kwrjwr; dI;kUcr,”iwr:minr hqdrOtRUwrO(Heathrow) mv:ed
swr: dI;wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.drno.ywr.> pzcr:jwr;Csv,lUcrkwr mI:yU,
dI;aicr,glnr, 11 wnr:nnrx jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mihwr:
h/cr;hQnr:w/cr:pQnr dv,wnr:lfrwnr:nnr.es aznrawrjwr;Csv,
lUcrkwr El,lqbr;hqnr:dUYr: jnr.jzmrazgr.jrFKdr.dr< jnr.jzmr
kQmr:BRidr, 8 < wdr.wv: nfr:wqcr:BKwr,micr,hQmr< lnr,dnr,El; dI;lI

lqbr;hqnr:lo/lo/dI;yU,ywr.> tJcrmv:wnr:tI. 10 nnr. lo;hQnr:lU,
dv,npv.bv, dI;wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.dr< dgv,stv:kwr aznrgnr
y/dr,nmr.kfmr;mUYres tzmr,tmr:jwr; dmr;dI;jwr;Csv,lUcrnnr.
yU,ywr.> jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mismr. awrekv;“mrjUmr:kzbr;
jTtJcr jwr;Csv,lUcrkwrEl; dgv,stv: jumr:pv.bv,kwr> tJcrmv:”wr
kmr; wnr:tI. 11 nnr. jwr;kU:emvlUcrkwr jzmr:sUcr,jwr;Csv,lUcrkwr
El; dgv,stv:kwr anredkJnr:bzgr;mKwr: mKcr:to:nnr.yU,ywr.>
lugr;sidr;mnr:jwr; szcrjwr;Ed. yznr.wv; kwrjwr; mI:lzcr;kT;
lqbr;hqnr: g/nrhqnr:dI;nnr;noel; jcr,lo;gJdr:ycr.wo. dI;wdr.
nnr.ywr.>
bzo:dv, lKnrlfrlKnrnnr.
lKnr January bzo:wnr:kJnr;bImfr,
lKnr Febuary bzo:mv,kbU,jv, wnr:lKnrs/mrmUnr:
lKnr April bzo:sznr:nmr. lKnrhv;s/cr:gL/nr,
lKnr May bzo:wisv,kbUjv, lKnr;”gr:mUnr:
lKnr July bzo:asv,RhbU,jv, wnr:kwr;wv,
lKnr October bzo:azgr,wv,< wnr:apitmr,mv,
lKnr November bzo:lU,s/cr,g/nr:gticr,
lKnr December bzo:wnr:gKdr,kunrehvkmr:to:>
nfr:szcrbIbUnr.mv:no. lzcr;anrlIjUmr:sKwr: dv,bI;nzcr.do:
mI:wo. lo/lzcr;lo/anrwo.ywr.> mKnrncr, jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,m
sv,mi dcr;lo;wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.drmv: dI;nfr:wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr.dr<
jwr;kU:mhv,Yv,ninr, “mr;scr,kdo: dcr;lo;wdr.tQcr; nfr:lnr,
8
jnr.jzmrkQmr:BRidr, (Cambridge)no. bqnrjnr.jzmrgwr,eg,tI.szcrnT:lUgr;<
d/mr: azgr.jrFKdr.drywr.>
dnr,< anrjwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi lo;jumr;kU: PhD (Doctor
9
of Philosophy) dI;jnr.jzmrazgr.jrFKdr.dr> lKwresnnr. jwr;
kU:emvlUcr Dr. eg,lv,nnr,d lo;jumr;kU: PhD dI;ainr:dI:yv:<
ywr.egv; anrjwr;scr,kdo: hqnr:ligr;dI;sI,”wr, aznrgnrazcr,
ligr;dcr:nmrEl; lo;l/wrjzcr;dcr:nmr< jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,
msv,mi lo;kwr;bqnrgUnr:lUcr nfr:jnr.jzmrmKcr:to:El; mKcr;m/nr;<
anrmnr:jwr; lo;mKwr:kwr;b/crgumrlUcrj/wr:budr. dI;gmr,pv,ea:
(the world Buddhist submit)dv;gucr;> lKwresnnr. anrmnr: jwr;
lo;bqnrpU;kbr:kJcrh/cr;hQnr: dv,hqdr:b/crbzo:wisv,k (Visakha Puja)
dI;mKcr:gzgr, anrmunrjwr;j/wr:budr. dcr:lumr;Fv. aznrgnr
mv:”mr;kwr;nnr.ywr.> 10
dcr;awrno.gfv, hwr:edlo;hnr lzcr;kJbr;nv;kJnr;yfr,El;
lzcr;anrlI”mrjUmr:tQcr;dcr:nmrywr.> gUYr:gv; hwr:amr,gJcr,lI
bqcr:ebv:h/nr.jTes ”mrjUmr:lo/lo/gUYr:anrwv;nnr. kT;H;do:hwr:
bzcr,jTyT,nmres tugr,lIyKcr;awr d/cr:hqdr:d/cr:s/cr;kwrjwr;
El; kdr:jTH;mI:lzcr;kJnr;yT,kJbr;nv; hcr:pTmnr:es H;do:lo;mI:
bJnr:h/cr;lIgJgr:kKwr: nT:lUgr;esgmr:no yznr:sU:bdr.tnv,ncr,
noes-
dI;gbr:sJbr, wdr.azgr.jrFKdr.dr
Oxford Buddhavihara
33 Cherwell Drive, Marston, Oxford, OX3 0NB, U.K.
FUnr:- 0044-1865 791591
aIOmqwrO- oxford_buddhavihara@yahoo.co.uk
wqbrxso/.- www.oxfordbuddhavihara.org.uk
9
pJnrkUnr.kfv. lzcr;g/nrhqnr:scr,kmKcr:m/nr;< mKcr:to: Ed,jqmrmKwr;”wrb/gr, 17
edv,tJcry/mr:lqwr >
10
Dr. jwr;kU:tmr,m bqnrpU;d/crdQnr:scr,k nfr:gunryU:Rubr, dcr;sqcr;>
qkdef,sv;wkdef,pefzgef:vh;
jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr tmrmsvmi kmr:
nT: bI 2004-2005
jwr;kU:bYrYvepvg (‘icr:sQcr-mKcr:sU;)
gf/mr:nmr:
^jJnr,El;dJnr,hnrpznr:lo;jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmrmsv
mikmr:nT:bI 2004-2005&no.yKcr:jU:kT;H;bqnrbJnr:gQbr;< dI;m/odzcr:
gJmr:< mKwr;bIjwrr;kU:lUcrtmr,msv,mi lo;ywr.jumr;kU:nnr.esEl;
jcr,lo;d/cr,bJnr:wo.gmr;pzcr;yU,ywr.> lzcr;jJnr,kdr:jTanrwv;
nnr. gUnr:hwr:mI:yU,gU;egv.< gUYr:gv;mnr:bKcr;gnr> pznr:lo;
(result) anrwv;nnr.egv; gUnr:hwr:gU;egv. ncr,anrlo;kdr:
jTesjJnr,mv:nnr. lo;j/mr,bUYr;yU,hcr:pTmnr:> gUYr:gv;mnr:
bKcr;gnrtQcr; nonnr.Ed.jQcr;lQcr:yU,> gUYr:gv;bqnr’iwregv;lI
mKwr;lo;”.wv; gUnr:hwr:ey;egv. mI:lzcr;kdr:jTjJnr,hQcr: mucr;mo/sucr
esmI:pznr:lo;mnr:mv:nnr. pTpTegv; dJnr:gJcr,lIep;dKnr:muDi
dv, mI:lzcr;“mrjUmr:jzmr:< gJcr,lId/cr,bJnr:h/cr;lI gJgr:kKwr:wo.es
amr,gv: hwr:gJcr,lIawrhqdr:bqnrdznr;sznrlIdv,hwr:yU, yumr,ymr
ncr,no >
pI,aqgr.kLrDI, amr,nnr DI,pI:lr (PhD or DPhil)

jumr;kU:pIaqgr.kLrDI, anrwv;nnr.do:hwr:y/mr;”.jgr:mv:
esdv. jumr;kU:DI,pI:lr anrwv;nnr.Ed. do:hwr:edbo,”.jgr:
El;y/mr;yinr:nmrgv;’iwr> jnr.jzmrnT:lUgr;gmr;bv;nmr bKnr;
jT.dJwr:jJwr;mnr:wv; pI,aqgr.kLrdI,wv;noesdv.egv; dI;jnr.jzmr
azgr.jrFKdr,drEd. kwrjT.dJwr:jJwr;mnr:wv; dI,pI:lrnonnr.
ywr.> dI;Ed.mnr: bqnranrlqwrgnrgUYr:ncr,gwr,no pU;dQmr;
ligr;egv; edlo;wv; dJgr.hvmJdr;jJwr;anrno.mv: amr,bo,ebv:’icrgv;
’iwr> ebv:edl/dr;sJwr;sJwr;egv; Ed,”.jgr:mv: nT: 2004 nnr.
gUYr:> dI;bzcr,mnr:lIlIjmr. (PhD or D.Phil- doctor of
philosophy and a person who has gained the highest
university degree in any subject) 1 DI,pI:lr anrwv;nnr.bzzcr,wv;
^nmr.gdr. anrsucrlKwrbKnr; nT:g/nrhqnr: d/cr:”.b/o:wUnr.kbr.&
noywr.> dI;bzcr,gf/mr:do:hwr:gmr:sJwr;Ed. edlo;wv; pU;anrmI:
d/cr:”.hnr Wdr;tJcrpo/,bunr.pcr,noywr.> bqnr’iwregv;lI anrkT;
l/dr;Ed. kT;Wcr. PhD egv;lI DPhil egv;ywr. mnr:amr,lmr,
lzcr;> gUYr:gv;jumr;kU:anrno. nT:do:hwr: pTsmr.gfv,lo;mv:< sznr
hqnr:jKcr.’iwr< hqdr:jKcr.’iwres lo;mv:nonnr.ywr.> dv,edlo;
jumr;kU:anrno.mv:nnr. mnr:amr,co/;co/;> edlo;mI:lzcr;kT;lo;<
mI:mucr;mo/sucrEd.Ed.es kdr:jTawrgznr, jcr,edlo;nonnr.
ywr.>
mucr;m/o bzcr,wv;scr
anrgf/mr:bv,liwv; âvsv bdrtnv& 2 nonnr. bqnrspv,
w dv,gUnr:hwr:mucr;mo/ yznr:sU:kT;m/gr;mI:lIbqnr kT;gLv.dv,nT:j/dr;
no.esywr.amr,gv: dI;ea,sudr:mnr: edv,tJcrj/dr;nv;egv;
dJgr.j/cr;mucr;mzcr:wo.yU,> mKnrncr,gUnr:h/cr;jv. mucr;mzcr:dv,ed
bqnrgUnr:h/cr;lI< gUnr:amr,mI:dI;jnrjT mucr;mzcr:dT:kT;bqnr gUnr:mI:
lzcr;jnrjTlo;< egv.amr,mI:lugr;l/cr: mucr;mzcr:kT;H; mI:lugr;l/cr:>
1
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
2
Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume .V p466. reprinted by The Department
of Buddhist Affairs Ministry of Buddhasanana,Colombo Sri Lanka , 2000.
qkdefsv;wkdef,pefzgef:vh; \ 219
jKwr:mI:lugr;l/cr:wv;y/br,nnr.egv; smr.dKwr:yznr:sU: kT;H;mI:

lugr;anrlgr:lQmrsQmr:gv;< gUnr:amr,jJwr;sqcryT, mucr;mzcr:dv,H;
jJwr;sqcryT,lJwr:lcr< gUnr:anramr,mI: lzcr;lzdr;lQwr:jKwr:nnr.
egv; kwrgo.go.aubr,l/dr;hv lzgr:lo/:dv,edlo; lzcr;lzdr;lQwr:
nnr.es mucr;mzcr:dT:jU: lzcr;lzdr;lQwr:t/cr,h/cr;< j/wr:kKwr:gUnr:
anramr,ebv:mI:pU;mI:bYr,Yv,yT, d/cr:”.nmrnnr.egv; mucr;mzcr:
kT;H;mI:pU:mI:d/cr:”.nmr mI:mv:nT:j/wr:kKwr:kwrnnr.yU,> aicrnKwr
lzcr;d/cr: anrjwr;gwr,lo;mI: lzcr;yUbr;yzmr:jKwr:nnr.esEl;
awr,sunr,dUwrjwr;gwr,wv;< awrnv;”inr:wv;< awrnT:mU,jumr:wv;<
awrj/wr:jKwr.kKwr:wv;egv;lI gmr:lJnr:sudr: awrmKcr:mnr:wv;egv;
yv, mnr:dJnr:mI: ekv;mucr;mo/wo.yU,hcr:pTmnr: anrwv;nnr. pT
dJnr:amr,tqcrlo;no jQcr;lQcr:lInv,nnr.ywr.>
lzcr;mucr;mzcr:no. dcr:nmraznrgnryumr,ymr mgr:mnr;wv;
bqnrdI;anrjTmucr;mzcr:nnr. Wdr;bwr.mo/dqmrtUnr;El; hqdr:H;ekv;
yKcr:a/nr: ebv:bqnrdI;lo;h/nr.jTgfv,noywr.> aicrnKwrlzcr;gUnr:
hwr: mI:lzcr;mucr;mzcr:bwr.mo/(yKcr:mo/) jwr;gwr,mI:nnr.es gUnr:hwr:
gU;egv. aznrgnrkdr:jThqdr:g/nr dUcr.nJcryU,sJwr;pTmnr: wnr:
wnr:kJnr:kJnr:> dI;ea,sudr: bqnrpwgUnr:yznr:gUYr:egv; mnr:
dJnr:mI:ekv;mucr;mzcr: dv,edlo;lzcr;mnr;jTmnr: dv,wnr:lTwnr:
nnr.yU,>
jT;ywr.> anrhwr:hqdr:g/nrdUcr.nJcryU, gU;wnr:wnr:jKwr:
no.yznr.hwr:kT;kJnr;yT,mT,sucrkJbr;nv;El; lo;dUcr.nJcrjzmr:ncr,
g/crjThwr:mI:nnr.es kdr:jThqdr:g/nrgfv,nnr.ywr.> nT:ncr,
anrl/dr;mv: lzcr;mucr;mzcr:El; lzcr;hqdr:s/cr;dUcr.nJcrjKwr:
nnr. anrbqnrmv: jzmr:ncr,d/cr:mucr;mzcr:nnr. lIlIegv;mI:< anr
amr,bqnrmv: jzmr:ncr,anrjwr;gwr,mucr;mzcr:es nmr.jTdUgr:< ”nr
lcrgfv,egv; nbr.a/nr,amr,lo;nnr.ywr.>
dI;no;no. ebv:awrd/cr:hnrtJcr budr.tjwr;wv;Ed. mnr:
gqwr,lUYr;hQcr:nmr.jT anrmv:aubr.bKcr,pzmr:cmr: aznr”wrnmr:nv;
nnr.es mUgr:pcrwo.jqmrmKwr;Ed,hQgr;nv;g/nr anrjwr;gwr,hqdr:
nnr.noywr.> anrlUwr,gKdr,mUgr:pcrwo. anrwv;nnr.Ed. bqnr
atibdisI,bKcr esanranrnnr.ywr.> snrdvtibdi-mI:g/cr
jTmucr;mzcr: kT;bqnrdqmrtUnr;< wiRiyvtibdi-mI:lzcr;kdr:jTdqmr
tUnr;< jidrdvtibdi-mI:nmr.jT anrkT;bqnrdqmrtUnr;< wImMsvti
bdi-mI:hQcr:Y/nr,bo/:wUnr. hnrkJdr:dqmrtUnr;noywr.> nT:kwrsI,
anrno. edlo;mI:esanranr aznr”wrnmr:nv;< ebv:esanr
anrnmr:nv;egv; anrgJdr:s/mranrnnr. edbqnranrjbr:
jzmr:lcrnoywr.> ebv:wv;atibdisI,bKcrno. aznr”wrpzcr:cmr:wo.
esanranr dI;nT:nv;g/nrjwr;gwr, hqdr:s/cr;dUcr.nJcryU,ebv:
nojJcr anrjwr;gwr,kT;bqnrnnr. mnr:dJnr:edbqnramr,h/cr.
noywr.>
nT:bI 2004 El; nT:bI 2005 no.ebv:eddUYr:scr,kjwr;
do:jKwr:hqnr:ligr; nzgr;mKcr:yU,jKwr:nnr.jJcr edlo;wv;mI:lzcr;
kJbr;nv;< mnr;jT< kJnr;yT,tQmrsT,lzgr:bwr,< m/crpwr, jKwr:mKwr;b/nr
gwr, anrhwr:amr,y/mr;mI:mv:nnr.es edlo;wv;ekv;mucr;mzcr:bwr.
mo/ anrpcrwo. nT:m/gr,”wrjTdo:hwr:nnr. Ennmr.EndUwrmv:
gmr;pzcr;yU,noywr.> nT:anrjwr;scr,kdo:hwr: mI:lzcr;kJnr;yT,<
kJbr;nv;< mnr;jT< lQgr;lo/;binr,bQcrdKwr:lKwres mKwr;bUnr.mv:jKwr:
nnr. dI;no;edawrlzcr;anr jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr tmr,msv,mi kmr:
hwr:bqnryT,es d/cr,bJnr:wo.gmr;pzcr;yU,> ebv:edmv:dUYr: anr
mnr:jwr; mI:lzcr;lQgr;lo/;kJbr;nv; nT:bI 2004 El; bI 2005 ebv:
nojJcr edlo;hnrmQnr;dcr:nmryU,> gUYr:gv; anrjQcr;lIes
bKnr; ncr,anrpU;dQmr;ligr;lo;”.wo.gmr;pzcr;nnr.-
1. anrjwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr tmr,msv,mi kmr: dcr;lo;wdr.

mT,do: dI;wqcr:jnr.jzmr azgr.jrFKdr,dr Oxford< mKcr:
acr:girdr:> 3
2. anrmnr:jwr; lo;hbr.jumr;kU: dzgr.dKwr, PhD sudr:
g/nrhqnr:tJcrdI;< dI;wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr,dr< mKcr:acr:
girdr:>
3. anrmnr:jwr; lo;kJnr;Wdr; b/crgumrlUcrj/wr:budr. nT:
lUgr; (The World Buddhist Summit ) dI:dv;gucr;<
mKcr:m/nr;>
4. anrbKnr;yugr.yzcr;mnr:jwr; kJnr;bqnrpU;lmr,lzcr;
gumr:g/nrhqnr: (rector-dubv,mzgr.k) dI;jnr.jzmret,R
wv,D< wqcr:dv;gucr;< mKcr:m/nr;>
5. anrmnr;jwr; lo;kJnr;Wdr;nT:b/cregv,s/cr; bzo:lKnr
”gr:mUnr:-wisv,kvbU,jv,(ew,sgr.) anrlUcrbzcrjJcr;
to:El; jzmrj/dr;lumr;pv. nT:lUgr;(gulsmgr.g)
United Nations ”mr;Wmr:mJwr:gnres aznr”wrnmr:
nv:hqdr:dI;mKcr:gzgr,< mKcr:to:>
6. wo/:bzo:lKnr”gr:mUnr: dI:mKcr:gzgr,ywr. mnr:jwr;lo;k/mr,
bqnr pU;d/crdUwryU:RUbr.(EU)es bqnrpU;kwr;jumr:
(committee) dv,edkbr:kJcrh/cr;hQnr:bzo:lKnr”gr:mUnr:
dI;mKcr:gzgr,nnr.gU;bIbI>
7. mnr:jwr;lo;bqnr pU;kwr;jumr: dv,lqbr;hqnr:lzcr;j/wr:
budr. dI;wqcr:azgr.jrFKdr.dr mKcr:acr:girdr:> Trustee,
Oxford centre for Buddhist Studies and Oxford.
3
wdr.do:anrjwr;kU:dcr;dI; mKcr:aicr,glnr,nnr. jJwr;mnr:wv; âzgr.jrFKdr,dr
budr.twihv,R&noywr.>
8. anrmnr:jwr; lo;h/cr;hQnr: dv,edEd,dcr;jnr.
jzmrdo: dI;dUnr;dI: jqmrjKwr:no.Ed,gfv,jKwr:no.yU,
ywr.> 4
ncr,anrlo;l/dr:mv: dI;nKwrjKwr:no.egv; edlKgr;awr
lzcr;anrjwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr tmr,msv,mi kmr:lo;ywr. jumr; Ph.D
dI;jnr.jzmr azgr.jrFKdr,dr (Oxford) mKcr:acr:girdr:nnr.es
d/cr,bJnr:gQbr;wo.dI;no;gznr,> hqdr:’iwresEl; mnr:jwr;ywr.jumr;
kU: PhD? jzcr,mnr:jwr; mI:ekv;mUgr:sKcr,scr? Ed,gfv,jKwr:nnr.
hwr:gJcr,lI”.jzmr: sqnr;d/cr:anrmnr:jwr;y/cr;bo aznrb/gr;d/cr:
dv, do:hwr:ebv:lo;”.jgr:jumr;kU: PhD amr,nnr D.Phil nT:do:
hwr:no.es bqnr’iwregv; hwr:gJcr,lI awrgunr:munrcwr:mnr:jwr;<
d/cr:kdr:jTmnr:jwr;< nmr.gdr.mnr:jwr;< lzcr;wo.w/cr:nmr.jT
mnr:jwr;Ed,gfv,jKwr:nnr.yU,ywr.>
s/mrmKcr: ”gr:jnr.jzmr
lzcr;anrwv;jwr;kU:lUcrhwr: bqnrpU;aznr”wrnmr:nv;es
aznrscr,klugr;hqnr:do:dcr:nmr sJbr,azgr,sznrligr;nzgr;mKcr:mv:
nnr. do:hwr:gmr;nmraznrgnr”.tJcrwo.yU,> gUYr:gv; wo/:esjwr;
kU:lUcrhwr: azgr,p/dr,mKcr:sI,”wr,gfv,ywr.es mnr:jwr;smr.sJbr,
hqdr:s/cr;scr< sznrscr< kbr:kJcrscrtQcr;yU, anrwv;nnr.Ed.
gmr;nmredamr,ebv:”.tJcr> gzbr;bKwr; hwr:bzcr,jTgnrwv; g/nrhqnr:
mnr:jwr;sudr:ywr.es amr,lUwr,sJbr, sznrhqnr:scrtQcr;no
nnr.ywr.> dI;Ed.mnr: amr,jT;jJcr.nnr< wo/:esmnr:jwr;
ywr.jumr; M.phil gfv,ywr.nnr. mnr:jwr;amr,mI:lzcr;mUgr: sUicr,
scr lKwresmnr:jwr; sJbr,kdr:jT awratibdisI,bKcrnnr. bqnr
4
yKcr:a/nr:ed,dcr;jnr.jzmr dI;dUnr:dI:nnr. nT:bI2005noo.Ed,Wmrbbr.<
sJwr.bbr.gfv,es dI;ea,sudr: H;mI: 30000bbr. dI;nT:”cr:dUYr:ligr;> edv,tJcrbI
2010 a/nr:lo; bJdr,jnr.jzmrdo:yU,ywr.>
yT,aznr”wrlgr:nmrr: gmr:gmr:pcrwo. nT:aUgr:m/gr,”wrjTmv:wv; gwr

dJnr:edlo;ywr.jumr; PhD yU,no> dv,edywr.jumr; PhD tQcr;
nnr. mnr:jwr;lo;kdr:jTmv: dI;jnr.jzmrlo/lo/dI;> lzcr;no.
Ed. mnr:jwr;jcr,dJgr.hvl/dr;En mKwr;wo/:es mnr:jwr;ywr.
jumr; PhD ywr.nnr.gUYr:> anrmnr:jwr; gmr:gmr:kdr:jT wUnr.
kJcra/cr;a/nr: dv,edywr.jumr; PhD nnr. lo;gL/mr,mv: bKcrlUcr
mnr:bqnr ^s/mrmKcr: “gr:jnr.jzmr& nonnr.ywr.>
s/mrmKcr: “gr:jnr.jzmranrwv;nnr. mKnrncr,jnr.jzmr
dI;eg,lnI,y (Kelaniya University)El; jnr.jzmr Buddhist
and Pali University mKcr:lcr:gv< jnr.jzmr niwr:eD,lI,lr (New
Delhi University) mKcr:ainr:dIyv:< jnr.jzmr kqmr:BRqdr.
(Cambridge University)< jnr.jzmr lnr,dnr, (London
University) El; jnr.jzmr azdr.srFKdr.dr (Oxford University)
dI;mKcr:acr:girdr: kwrjKwr:no.ywr.> gmr:lJnr:sudr:Ed. edlo;wv;
d/cr:kdr:jTmnr:jwr;El; lzcr;mucr;m/o dT:kT;bqnrmnr:jwr; aigr,
dcr:jnr.jzmrnnr. mQnr;gnrEl;’iwregv;amr,”. jcr,lo;dQbr:
ddr:mgr:mnr;ddr:sqnr;jTwv; eda/nr:hqdr: dI;jnr.jzmr
azgr.jrrFUidr.dr (Oxford) nonnr.ywr.>
hqnr:sI,bIEl; “gr:lKnr
mKwr;pzcr: mnr:jwr;dJgr.hqnr:jumr;kU:yU,nnr. dcr:hqnr:
PhDEl; kdr:jTEd,dcr;wdr.do: dI;azfgr.jrFKdr.drnnr. ed
lo;wv; mQnr;mKwr;lqwrgnr lo;”.ncr,nnrywr.> 5 lKwresnnr.
amr,gv: pzcr:anrmnr:jwr; hqnr:jumr;kU: k/wr:d/cr:s/mrsI,bInnr.
lo;hbr.awrbunr;pznr: dv,edgfv,kJnr;l/dr; b/crgumrlzcr;j/wr:
5
scrkT;”.wv; yU,nzgr;mKcr:no. mI:lzcr;y/br,pJdr,jKcr.’iwrno sJbr,lUdI;bbr.
^k/wr:d/cr:hwr:sibr:bI&nv;ligr; 31-40 ^“br.tUbr:dzcr;t/mrjwr;kU: gqwr,gbr:k/wr:
d/cr:hwr:sibr:bI&nnr.esgmr:>
budr. (Buddhist conferences)< ehv:Cdv:bnrdgv,< dzbr,ekv;t/mr
bnrlugr;hqnr: anrgqwrgbr:sv,snv,budr.t mKnrncr,dI:mKcr:k
En,dKwr,< mKcr:aem,RI:gv:< gUwr:RI:yv:j/nr:< jicr,gv,bUwr,jKwr:
no.ywr.> yznr.gzbr;wv; jwr;kU:hwr: go.lo;azgr,k/wr:d/cr:< h/br,g/nr
nmr< jT.dJwr:sqcrnmrnv,El; tJcrmv:nT:bI 2003 g/crbI edv,tJcr
2004 nT:g/crbInnr.jcr,wv; jwr;kU:hwr:mI:d/cr:bqnr anrl/dr;
gf/mr:amr,azgr,sqcr (laryngitis) nnr.ywr.>
gzbr;emvyvkwrmv:gUdr,dUYr:es h/mr;l/dr;wv; edamr,lo;
l/dr;gf/mr: dv,”gr:lKnrnoyU,ywr.> gUYr:gv; wv;nnresdv.Egv;
dv,jwr;kU:Ed. amr,lo;l/dr;gf/mr:anrwv;nnr. mnr:jwr;dJnr:
amr,hnrtJcrwv; edmv:dumr.dKwr. g/nrhqnr:g/nrsznrmnr:jwr;
lv:lv:> pzcr:nnr. dgv,jKwr:anr mI:lzcr;nv;g/nrlUwr,tUbr:
dzcr;t/mr jwr;kU:esanranrnnr. lo;dQmr;ligr;es l/dr;edv,
dzcr;t/mrawrnoyU,ywr.> ebv:edl/dr; lzcr;jwr;kU:amr,l/dr;
gf/mr:no.egv; mKnrncr, lo/:dJwr:gmraJdr:sUbr: (gmrwjI,bigr.)nnr.
ywr.> bqnr’iwregv;lI ebv:edmv:dUYr: anrjwr:kU:ywr.jumr;
gfv,no. anrl/gr,lo/:lUcrtQcr;anrnJcr;nnr.jmr. mKwr;w/o:es
amr,lo;l/dr;edv,tUbr:gUnr:nmrywr.nnr. nv;g/nranrlo;
l/dr;g/fmr: yzmr:dUgr:gfv,nmrnv,ywr.El; mnr:jwr;egv; lo;k/wr:
y/mr:dQmr;pJnrligr;nmrmv:es mKwr;gU;bzgr;yU,ywr.> pJnrligr;
anrmnr:jwr; lo;dQmr;s/mrsI,bI mKwr;bUnr.mv:El; anrlo;dQmr;
pzcr: amr,l/dr;gf/mr:”gr:lKnrnnr. pqcr,bqcr:gnrlIlIyU,noywr.>
anrno.edlo;wv; bqnranrhqdr:H;mnr:jwr;jqwr:ywr.dUwr; nv;
g/nr hqnr:mnr:jwr;yU,noywr.>
bvmucr:lUcrav,nnr,dv,
ebv:edl/dr;lzcr; jumr;kU:dzgr.dKwr, PhD no. pU;dQmr;
ligr;gfv,kugr:jTlo; anry/mr;lo;cinr:mv: mKwr;av,yuycr:dJgr.lqgr.
nzo.nnr.yU,Ed.Ed.> ebv:aicr,snr,linrkznr:mKwr;lTegv; yznr.

lUYr;kT;”.wv; gzbr;scraicr,snr,noEl; go.go.t/mrmQnr; bU,mznr,
no/:yv;hwr:kwrwv;^ hqdr:scrEl; aicr,snr,linrkznr:kv;lv,& no
kwregv; amr,”.jgr:b/o:t/dr;esdv.gJcr.g/cr.es smr.dzbr,Eg;
ko;Enwv;lzcr;kKwr: ^bvmucr:lUcrav,nnr,dv,& nnr.gmr:lqwryU,
ywr.> gzbr;wv; bvmucr:lUcrav,nnr,dv, kUbr:Yv:h/crmnr:kJnr:El;
jcr,bqnrmv: aicr,snr,nonnr.ywr.> bqnr’iwregv;lI anrdo:hwr:
bzcr,jTwv; ^bvmucr:lUcr av,nnr,dv,do:& nnr.Ed. hqdr:’iwregv;
mnr:edamr,mI: nT:lUgr;no.lo;ed.> gUYr:gv; mnr:edbqnrgf/mr:
jUYr.aubjv,(metaphorical language) edv,mKwr;anrhwr: amr,
lQbr;bqnrlo;nnr.es go.ko;En lzcr;av,nnr,dv,amr,nnr ao/;
hQcr:lUcr< a/o:hQcr:mKcr:jKwr:nnr.ywr.> gzbr;wv; ebv:bqnrav,nnr,
dv,do: amr,nnr ao/;hQcr:lUcr< ao/;hQcr:mKcr:no anrd/cr:nmramr,
bqnrlo;nnr. mnr:dJnr:bqnrlo;dv,es,nnr.ywr.> mKwr;lqwregv;
ebv:edl/dr;En lzcr;jumr;kU: PhD amr,nnr DPhil no.En
do:hwr:gmr;pzcr; ncr,’iwrkwrebv:bzcr,jTlo;co/;co/;nnr. m/crpwr,
edlo;l/dr;Enwv; ^bqnrjumr;kU:lUcr av,nnr,dv,& nolU:gznr,
amr,”.ywr.>
gzbr;scrEl;wv;nnr pzcr:mKwr;anrjwr;kU:hwr:ywr.jumr;kU:
dzgr,dKwr,PhDgfv,nnr.jqmraUYr:egv.mnr:jwr;< kU:mnr:jwr;< lugr;
sisr;dbr.eb: aigr,bv:dcr:dgr.gv,sdr.tv:mnr:jwr; dI;jmrdI;
go< jqmrgUnr:do:<to:<m/nr;< acr:girdr:gUnr:gU;j/wr:kKwr: dQmr;ligr;sT,
aI:em:lr E-mail< sJbr,pUnr:kzbr;jTyinr:jUmr:jzmr:awrgucr,gunr:
munrcwr: mnr:jwr;a/nr,”wrb/gr,mnr:noywr.> scrbqnrbvmucr:lUcr
av,nnr,dv,egv;mnr:kUbr:Yv:h/crmnr:El;hqdr:H;linrkznr:aicr,
snr,El;’iwr> anrywr.jumr;kU:no.egv; yznr.lUYr;bqnrjwr;do:
hwr:noEl; hqdr:’iwregv;mnr:ed hqdr:H;do:hwr:mI:lzcr; ”mrjUmr:
dJnr,dqnr; dv,hnrsqnr;d/cr:d/cr:kJnr;yT, anrmT,dv,hwr:yU,
yumr,ymrnoywr.> gzbr;lo;”.lzcr;jKcr.ncr, anrl/dr;mv:dI;nKwr
jKwr:no.El;ebv:edl/dr;lzcr;jumr;kU:anrno.egv; pU;dQmr;ligr;
jcr,gfv,kugr:jTlo; ^bvmucr:lUcr av,nnr, dv,&nnr.yU,ywr.>
ligr;yJnr;dzbr, jwr;kU:gmr;pzcr;
anrgUnr:dcr:nmr lo;sUcr,ligr;< sT,aI:em:lrbqnrmuDidv,
”mrjUmr:jzmr:jKwr:nnr. yznr.lUYr; jwr;kU:ywr.jumr;gfv,nnr.
jwr;kU:amr,j/cr;dQmr;dzbr,egv.lTegv.nnr.El; jwr;kU:jcr,lo;
kznr;jU:gnres dzbr,aI:em:lrmv: jKwr:hwr:lugr;hqnr:gU;dI;dI;
anr lo;hnrmKnrncr,dI;dT;no.ywr.>
6
mfr,sucr jwr;do:hwr:kwr Tuesday,Octorber5,2004
nT:lUgr;dcr;sqcr;kv;…
ekv;mucr;mzcr:lI jwr;hwr:kwrmKwr:nv; kv;edmI:bzo:t/mr

dzbr,sUbr:nnr.El; d/cr:sKwr:jfrjwr;hwr:kwr lUYr;d/cr:
kJbr;nv;kv;hwr:w/o:lcrnnr. mv;dumr.yznr;tJcraUgr: tJcr
m/gr,'wrjfrkv;Ed.Ed.> aI:em:lrdcr:s/olUmr:jwr;hwr:kwr
lugrxgU;dI;dI;pQwrmv: jqmrawrdv;kI;lqgr:< kLI,kv,gUwr,< gUwr,
lmr,bUwr,< British Columbia nfr:mKcr:kenDv,< lnr,dnr,<
azsrxsred:RI:yv:< Mauritius jKwr:nox>
dv,edhbrxlo;jumr;kU:sucrsudr: dI;nfr:g/nrhqnr: jnrx
jzmrnox kv;hwr:bqnr egv.tUnr;sI,gUYr:kv;> jwr;sv,snv,
6
binr,dQmr;awrmv:dI; aI:em:lr anrjwr:kU:tmr,msv,mi d/mrdUwrmnr:jwr;
sUcr,mv:po/,acr:gidr:mKwr;wnr: ti 5.10.04 nnr.ywr.>
nnr,D (y/mr:noxbqnrgUnr:”inr:) bqnrjwr;do: anrlo;

jumr; PhD. aznrd/cr:sudr: dI;jnrxjzmrmv,gt nfr:mKcr:
ainr:dI:yv:> jwr;Csv,milinr,D bqnrjwr;tUnr;szcres
jwr;kU:eg,lv,nnr,D bqnrjwr;tUnr;s/mrywrx> mKwr;dJgrx
hqnr:awr PhD. nnr. mnr:jwr;lo;ed,dcr;mv:bv: wdr.
do:lcrnJcr; dI;linrsucr dznrhcr:j/wr:budr. dI;budrxtg
yv,nnr.El; d/cr:kJbr;nv;jwr;kU:eg,lv,nnr,Dnnr.
bqnranrkJgr.dznr:dI;sudr:ywr.>
anrlo;'.wv; jwr;hwr:kwr'mrjUmr:jzmr:kv;hwr: nfr:k/wr:
y/mr: anredhqdr:H; bqnrdI;dzcr:gJmr:gfv,y/mr:no.no. kv;
hwr:bqnranryinr: lUmrjfrEdxEdxkv;> ncr,jwr;hwr:kwr'.
woxnnr.kv;> H;pnr anrkQmrxsudr:es yKcr:awrlo;mv: anr
kv;”. nfr:pwkv;wv; bqnranrsucrsudr:nnrx bqnrg/crjfrkv;
hwr:ywrx> nv;g/nr anrkv;edhqdr:s/cr;nnrx amr,kfr;
j/cr;dQgr,lQcr:lImv:gU;dv,es,esdv.egv; kv;hwr:bqnr
egv.kdr:jfrmv:es wUnrxwv;kv;hwr:mI:nv;g/nr anrlUwr,lo;
hqdr:s/cr;anrnJcr; noyU,dv,es,kv;ywrx>
kv;hwr: mucr;hnrbudrxtjwr; bqnregv.lIdI;sudr: anr
bqnrekv;dv.mv:gU;bKcrbKcr anrnJcr;ywr.anrnJcr;es gmr:
lJnr:sudr:mnr: awrlo;mv: anrgUnr:pisidr,kwrgUYr:
pnrawrlo;nnrxywrx> p/crh/cr;budrxtjwr; anrhbrxawr
ekv;dv.kqcr, nfr:pw< edv,mKwr;gU;smr,sQnrbKcr amr,mQnr;
jzmr:ncr,g/crjfrmnr:jwr;nnrx anrmnr:jwr;amr,pv;
w/cr:bQdr; d/cr:mucr;mzcr:esbzgr;El; anrmnr:jwr;wo.nv;
g/nrmnr:jwr;bqnryfr,dI;sudr: nfr:lUgr;nnrx kv;hwr:lo;jfr
Ed.Ed.>
dv,edbqnr deb:lIbudr.tjwr;mv:no. pnrawramr,
sudr:amr,sqcr;> hbrxawrekv;dv.kqcr, jKwr:anrmI:nKwrsqnr;
d/cr: kv;hwr:mv:nnr.es kv;hwr:kdr:jfrmv: ncr,gv;bqnrlo;
ywr.> ekv;dv.kqcr, kv;tQcr;anrnJcr;no. bqnrdv,ebv.azgr,
pJnrkUnr.kfv.kv;hwr:dI;nfr:mKcr:wnr:dUgr:es dcr;jnr.jzmr
scr,kv, dv,jwr;do:hwr: H;wo:lo;gv;’iwrlIgv;n/nr.nnr.
ywr.> kv;hwr:wUnr.hnr lzcr;kJbr;nv;anrno. dJgr.bqnranr
Ed,mnr:gUYr:es amr,bo,jfr;dI;sudr:sqcr;nonnr. amr,
d/br;l/dr;kv;ywr.>
kzbr;jTtJcrjU:aI:em:lrjwr;hwr:kwrdcr:sqcr;tQcr;gmr:nJcr;
“mr;lUYr:mqdr.dv,yT,nmres…
jwr;kU:tmr,m
azgr.jrFKdr.dr< lnr,dnr,>
wo/:esmnr:jwr; ywr.jumr; PhDgfv,ywr. ‘icrtQcr;bInJcr;

jmrjmr tJcrlKnrjU,lo, July, 16, 2005mv: jcr,mI:b/crhbr.jumr;
dI;jnr.jzmr azgr.jrFKdr.dryU,ywr.> gqwr,lUYr; lzcr;anrmnr:
jwr; lo;kJnr;hbr.awrjumr;kU: PhD nnr. gUnr:dcr:nmr aznr
gnrdQmr;ligr;”mrjUmr: jzmr:mnr:jwr;tQcr;gmr:nJcr;El; nnr.egv;
mnr: jwr;jcr,lo;’br;es dQmr;ligr;aI:em:lr kzbr;jTtJcr mKnr
ncr,dI;dT;no.yU,ywr.>
^mfr,sucrdcr:sqcr;kv;… 7
Sunday,July,17,2005
kzbr;jfrtJcranr jwr;hwr:kwr sUcr,em:lrmv:EdxEdx> mKwr;

wv:nox bqnrwnr:anr lIkugr:kUnrxwUnrxkzbr;EdxEdxkv;> b/crhbrx
7
binr,dQmr;awrmv:dI;aI:em:lr anrjwr:kU:tmr,msv,mi d/mrdUwrmnr:jwr;
sUcr,mv: po/,acr:gidr:mKwr; wnr: ti 17.7.05 nnr.ywr.>
kQbr:kU: dI;azgrxjrFKdr.drnox bKcr;gnrdcr: anrkv;hwr:lo;

kJnr; mKwr;bUnrxmv:nnrxEdxEdxkv;> gmr:no.no. hqdr:scregv;
bqnrp/o,lQdr.dinr, (Latin) mUdr:es no.en.nmr:enwo.
Ficr;tucr:lUYr; bJnr:jnrxjzmranr’icry/wr:mv: 800 bIb/o
nnrxywrx> gmr:aznrd/cr:sudr:no. lugr;hqnr:dcr:sqcr;
nucr;kUwr:gv,wunr,gwr,gwr, anrkwrnucr;wo.nnrxes kwr;gfv,
nfr:”cr:hbrxkU: ywrxDinr:(Dean8 ) egv:lqgrxkwr awrkwra/br;
bnr Voice Chancellor ywr. lugr;hqnr:kwr azgr,”cr:hbr.kU:
gfv,l/o;kUwr:gv,wunr,mfr, anrEnF/crh/cr; anrkwrlo;kQbr:kU:
mfr,mfr,nnr.es kwr;kJnr:nfr:'cr:hbrxkU:tQcr;> mKwr;kwr;gfv,
nnr. sqcrdUbr:mJwr: ebv:bnr:aUnrlUcrwo.yU,>
Voice Chancellor l/dr;wv; - ^ lJnr:sudr:mnr: b/cr
hbrxjumr;kU:nox bqnrpznr:lId/cr:kdr:jframr,t/dr, anr
awrjfrbgr:sfr, dI;kzdr,bnrhvnnrxes kUnrxko;hvekv;eg;ko
y/br,pJdr,lUcrjKwr:nnrxywrx & noywr.> mnr:sJbr,l/dr;
tQcr; ^ kQbr:kU:azgr.jrFKdr.drno. bqnranrlo;y/br,El; kv;
hwr:awrgucr,eyv:munr d/cr:kdr:jTsUEd.Ed.&no ywr.>
dv,kQgr,kv;nox kv;lo;mfrdJdr:hv;mfr- dgv,m/nr;egv.nJcr;
(bqnrlugr;bfr.lUcr sUYr,gLv:bL/nr, dUnr;dI:)< do:szcregv.
(j/o:mKcr: dI;jnrxjzmr Westminster< jwr;bYr,Yv,wmr,s
sQcrbnr)< dcr:to:szcregv. (FRv.adrxdgidrxejv: wdrxRv,m
gwr; mKcr:gzgr,< dzgr.tKwr,lr sRilgrxsn gLKnr,gLn
ayudr.tyv: dI;jnrxjzmr University College of
London)> kwrjKwr:no.dcr:sqcr; '.hnrb/crhbr.kU: sJwr;nv;
dnr:dvmv:ywr.>
8
Dean-anrwv;nnr. bqnregv.anrpzmr:cmr: nT:jnr.jzmr,amr,nnregv:
lqgr.no ywr.>
pzcr:y/mr:b/crhbrxkU:nnrx gmr;pzcr;yU,bfr.woxdI;nzgr;> wo/:
nnrx lugr;hqnr:to:gmr;pzcr; anrdJgrxhqnr:awrjumr;dzgr.
tKwr,kwr dI;azgrxjrFKdr.drnox mv:awrgucr,eyv:munres to,
h/cr;gbr:kv;woxywrx> noxbqnrF/crh/cr;kQmrxlQbr;EdxEdx anrkwr
Enmv:nnrxywrx> dI;no; kv;kfr;kzbr;jfrjwr;hwr:kwrdcr:sqcr;
anrlo;jzo;tQmrkv;hwr:mv: l/ol/obIbUnr.mv:jKwr:nnr.> scr
jKwrxwv; amr,bv:d/cr:jzo;tQmr sUjwr;jKwr:nnr.jJcr dv,kJbr;
nv; awrlo;g/nrhqnr:kv;no. edy/br,lKwrwo.ywr.> ed,awr
mKwr;wnr:nJcr;nnr. gUnr:do:hwr:dcr:nmr yumr,ymrmv:wv;
anrkv;hwr:wUnrxmQnr; jzmr:lzcr;jzmr:Wo:mnr:mv:nox edbqnr
pznr:lIdv,hwr:l/ol/obKcryU,noywrx> lzcr;yumr,ymrkwr dI;
nKwrkv;hwr:no. bqnrwo.lgr:swrsucrhQcr:lUcranrnJcr; mKwr;
k/wr:y/mr: y/br,pJdr,jKwr:nnrxes bqnrhQcr:gU;bKcrbKcr dznr;
dv,d/cr:kdr:jfrkv;hwr: H;Wdr;pQwrlo; dI;anrkv;hwr:kfr;
Wdr;pQwryU,noxywrx>
kzbr;jTtJcrjU: “mr;lUYr;mqdr.dv, jwr;hwr:kwrtQcr;gmr:
nJcr;es…
jwr;kU:tmr,msv,mi ( kmr:mo/)
azgr.jrFKdr.dr>
Sunday, July 30, 2005
bunr;pznr: anrhwr:lo;awrgucr,munrcwr:mnr:jwr; lo;ywr.

jumr;kU:dzgr.dKwr,gfv,no. pU;dQmr;ligr; amr,kT;H;mnr:bqnrdI;bqcr:
ebv:jT pU;lUligr;hwr:kwr ”mrjUmr:lo/lo/esywr.gfv,gUYr:> anrkT;
H;pU;lUligr;hwr:kwrbqnred. jzmr:ncr,gf/mr:do:mI:wv;…
^mo.lImI:ey;dUnr;< nUgr.mJnr,mUnr;sQnrdUwr<
pU;lImI:ey;jwr;< mJnr,gUnr:dwr;gJwr:lI>& 9 noesdv.
scrhwr:mI:mo.lImJnr,dUnr;El; pU;lImJnr,jwr;mv:lU:edbqnr’iwr
anrwv;nnr.H;bzcr,jTesgmr:> yznr.lUYr; do:hwr:mI:k/wr:y/mr:
bQdr;lo/mv:nmrnv,ywr.El; y/mr:lqwrhwr:mI:mo.lIdUnr;nJcr;gUYr:
dJnr:amr,bo,dqmrtUnr;lo;< hwr:ycr:dJgr.edlo;jJnr, dJnr,sznr
hqnr: H;do:hwr:gKdr,azgr,lo; pU;mI:d/cr:”.nmrnmrtQcr;yU, anr
wv;nnr. bzcr,jTgnresgmr: ... >
pJnraicr
1. ^k/wr:d/cr:hwr:sibr:bI& Our Ten year’s Journey,1991-2001
2. ^mo/gJmr:bIgznr:cJnr:&wdr.sI,Rimcr,glv,so/kKwr: wqcr:mKcr:gudr;<
bIkRidr. 2002< bIdo: 2096< jwr;Csv,nnr,dwmr,s>
3. lankajourney@yahoo.com herngseng@yahoo.com
4. Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume No V.466.Colombo, Sri Lanka.
5. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
6. www.oxfordbuddhavihara.org.uk
9
mo/bbr.mo/gJmr:bIgznr:cJnr:< wdr.sI,Rimcr,glv,s/okKwr:< wqcr:mKcr:gudr;> nv;ligr;52>
ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef
qof;cl:arjvlifOmrfqof;sv; qof;cl:arjurf;zgif;
e[:yD 2004-5
sI,Riaznr,
gf/mr:nmr:
b/crgumrlUcrj/wr:budr. gU;mKcr:mKcr: (The World Buddhist
Summit) lo;hqdr:gfv, dI;dv;gucr; mKwr;wnr:tI. 9.10.11A 12A 2004
nnr.yU,ywr.> nT:kQgr,pisqdr, (special guest kQgr,atU:) anrkwr
lo;pidr;mzgr,mv:nnr. bv:jwr;kU:lUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi kmr: jwr;
nJcr;yU,ywr.> nT:b/crgumrnnr. H;mnr:jwr;l/dr;gf/mr: gqwr,lUYr;
lzcr;nv;g/nrsv,snv, nT:mKcr:wnr:dUgr:nnr.noywr.> gUYr:gv;
amr,dnr:lo;l/dr;< gzbr;wv; mo/kbr:b/crgumrlUcrnnr. amr,jT;bKcr
do/lIlI< g/crnTlo/;nJcr;mqwr:< g/crwnr:lo/;nJcr;mqwr:< mo/kbr:anr
hqdr:wo.mKwr;no. dv,mKwr;pugr;nnr.egv; ebv:tJcrg/crkmr;mv: smr.
j/cr;lo/;tQcr;anrmT,nnr.ywr.> nT:b/crgumrlUcrnnr. amr,lo;
l/dr;scrwo.aznrd/cr:lIlIes gJcr.g/cr.lo;hnrjwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m
El; pU;jdr:g/nr anrbqnrjwr;Csv,YvnidrsR (sI,dgU,Csv,
edv,) yznr:d/cr:jzo;tQmr dI;jwr;kU: H;hqdr:bnrpU;kbr:b/cr nT:
b/craubr,aUwr:gnrnnr.ywr.> bunr;pznr: pU;kbr:b/crno. edlo;”.
jJwr;sqcr pU;kJnr;aubr,aUwr:< ekv;aubr,gumrnnr. edlo;”.jzmr:<
d/mrncr,k/wr:y/mr:mnr:mI:nnr. ebv:l/dr;y/wr: ekv;amr,gqwr,
ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef \ 233
b/crgumrnnr. edlo;emvddr:< ebv:ekv;aubr,aUwr:nnr. amr,jQcr;

lQcr:El; mI:ekv;t/mrmv:jJcr edlo;dzbr,eg;ko H;jQcr;lQcr:jgfv,
jKwr:no.ywr.> nT:b/crgumrlUcrno. lo;jT.gf/mr: acr:gidr:gUYr:>
dv,edtzmr,lo;(bzcr,jT) sqcrl/dr;gf/mr:acr:gidr: gU;j/wr:kKwr:
nnr.egv; y/br,wo.Ed.Ed.>
wo/:es b/crgumrlUcrywr.dUwr;gfv,ywr. jwr;kU:wijidrd (tmr,
mv,jRiy< M.A< lo/:kv;)< jwr;kU:nRinrd (tmr,mv,jRiy< M.A<
lo/:kv;)< jwr;kU:siRinrd (tmr,mv,jRiy< M.A< nmr.kmr:)< jwr;kU:
sIhnvdvlcrgvR (sv,men,egLv,< B.A, M.A< mKcr:nzcr)El;
pU;dQmr;ligr; lo;jzmr:lcrjwr;kU:lUcrtmr,mgfv, wqcr:emv,lmQcr,< mKcr:
mznr:< dUnr;dI:< mKcr:bznr< b/crlUcr< lzolQmr< lo/:kv;< wqcr:lKwr,esywr.
jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m lJwr;swr:wo.dI;wqcr:lKwr,es pU;dQmr;kwr lo;sJbr,
k/wr:d/cr:gfv, nzcrmznr< tucr.bUcr:< gqcr:ducr< dv;kI;lqgr:< gGgr.Em:<
sI,ebv.< lv;sqwr;< gUdr.ko/< mU,ej;El; nmr.kmr:jKwr:no.yU,ywr.>
wqcr:emv,lmQcr,< mKcr:mznr:
mKwr;wnr:tI. 16. 12. 2004 nnr. Wdr;tJcrwqcr:emv,lmQcr,<
ed:swr:dI;wdr.dzcr,bzgr. 1 > jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m lUcr:lo/:mJwr:es
awrwdr.dzcr,bzgr.no. a/br;bnrjwr;Csv,wvyvm (tmr,mv,jRiy<
mKcr:g/wr< d/cr.y/nr:) ncr,’iwrmnr:jwr; edsJbr,hqdr:g/nrlo;
dQdr;dQdr;edv:edv:nnr.ywr.> mKwr;pzcr:hqdr:b/cra/br;wdr.
nnr. dgv,stv:kwr wqcr:emv,lmQcr, hqdr:b/creyv:munr jwr;kU:lUcr
tmr,m anrlo;jumr;kU: Ph.D dI;jnr.jzmr Oxford< mKcr:acr:gidr:
nnr.ywr.> smr.tQcr; mKwr;pzcr:nnr. mI:b/crdzbr,ligr; sdr.tmr,m
bv,l nT:wqcr:emv,lmQcr,El; jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m gfv,tUbr:pU;mI:bunr;
1
jwr;Csv,lUcr bv:aznrd/cr:nnr. lUcr:lo/:mJwr:es a/br;bnrjwr;kU:lUcr>
234 \ cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, rhm 7 yD 2005
pznr:kwres lo;aubr,aUwr:gnr lzcr;g/nrhqnr:El; sv,snv,jKwr:
nnr.ywr.>
b/cryzcr;gucr,eyv:munr jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m
1. wdr.do:< gwr;lgr: (bv:eyv:munr t/br;g/mr,)>
2. wdr.dzcr,bzgr.< emv,lmQcr,>
3. wdr.ew,luwnr,< dUnr;dI: (bv:eyv:munr t/br;g/mr,)>
4. gGcr:dUgr:< mKcr:bznr>
5. wdr.bidg/dr;< b/crlUcr>
6. gGcr:b/cr,< lo/:kv;(bv:eyv:munr t/br;g/mr,< gGcr:audr,egv;
eyv:munrt/br;g/mr,)>
7. gGcr:t/dr;edv,< lzolQmr>
8. wdr.”wrkUcr,< dv;kI;lqgr: 2 >
9. wdr.so/mKcr:< dv;kI;lqgr: 3 >
10. gGcr:sv,snewbunrl< wqcr:lKwr,>
11. gGcr:g/crmKcr:< lv;sqwr;>
12. gGcr:Wcr,< mU,ej;>
13. gGcr:edv,g/crwqcr:< nmr.kmr:>
14. gGcr:gmr,mt/nr:< nzcrmznr tucr.bUcr:>
anrpidr;b/cr:wo.es jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m amr,lo;gfv,hbr.
awrnnr.egv; mI:lo/lo/wqcr:>
dUnr;dI:
mKwr;wnr:tI. 25. 12. 2004 nnr. Wdr;tJcrdUnr;dI:> wnr:
tI. 26. 12. 2004 hqdr:b/cryzcr;gucr, eyv:munrjwr;kU:lUcr anrlo;
2
“iwr:winramr,bqnrmv:El; amr,dnr:bqnr>
3
jwr;kU:wv:lUcraznr”wres d/nr:bbr.tmr:bidg/dr;po/,mKcr:< “iwr:winramr,kJnr;
El; jwr;kU:lUcramr,lo;Wdr;pQwrmv:>
jumr;kU: Ph.D szcrjwr; (jwr;kU:tmr,m< jwr;kU:eg,lv,nnr,d) dI;
wdr.ew,luwnr,> b/cryzcr;gucr,eyv:munr anrno.bqnrdI; lIawrgucr,
awrmunrjzmr:Ed.Ed.> yznr.bKwr;wv; lo;yzcr;eyv: jwr;azcr,ligr;
jnr.sucrsudr:szcrjwr; dI;lqwrgnrnnr.ywr.> mKwr;wnr:tI. 27.
12. 2004 nnr. jwr;Csv,lUcrwijy (tmrmvjRiy)El; jwr;kU:
mehvstvlcrgvR (svmenegLv,< tmrmvjRiy) aznr”wrscr,k
jwr;< jwr;k/wr< dgv,jo/:yicr:kwres hqdr:b/crgumraubr,aUwr: gqwr,
lUYr;g/nrsznrhqnr:gfv,yU,ywr.>
mKwr;pzcr:jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m dJgr.mI:dI;dUnr;dI:nnr. mnr:
jwr;dJgr:sUnr:jumr:n/cr:yicr: sujvdvn/cr:glLv, aznr”wrnmr:
nv;es dcr;bnr”cr:dUYr:ligr; nT:wdr.jwr;k/wrsv,snwmr,sI,
nnr.ywr.> mKwr;lqwr “cr:dUYr:ligr;anrno. bqnrF/crh/cr;mnr;
gQnr,lIes bbr.ligr;egv; jqmrligr;do:< ligr;m/nr;< ligr;acr:gidr:
El;ligr;d/cr,mqwr:jKwr:no. mI:wo.d/nr,d/nr,El; edbqnrdv,gmr.
tQmr pU;lqbr;hqnr:kwrEd.Ed.ywr.>
jwr;kU:y/mr;l/dr;wv; nT:wqcr:azgr.jrFUdr. dI;anrmnr:
jwr; gfv,kJnr;hqnr:nnr. “inr:lTesamr,wv; dv,nJcr;Wcr;no. dJnr:
aznrgnrwo.dv,”cr:dUYr:ligr;noywr.> k/wr:”wrkmr;mv:egv; lo;hnr
do;Fo:es dUYr:ligr;yU,pTpTmnr:mnr:noywr.> bKcrjKcr.nono. kT;
H;bI;nzcr.do:hwr:kwr emvyKcr;jzmr:yU,> pJnrligr;no. amr,kT;H;awr
d/cr,wo. nKwrkqcr,Cpv:es wo;awrlo/lo/< wo;awrlo/lo/no. edamr,
lo;d/cr:”.scr>d/cr:”.gU;smr,sQnrbKcrno. mI:wo.nT:ligr;lo/:El;
edlo;lUa/nr,gznr, d/cr:”.jcr,dKwr:mv:ywr.> gzbr;nnrEl; “cr:
dUYr:ligr;no. bqnrcwr;h/gr; lzcr;d/cr:kJnr;yT,mT,sucrywr.>
mKcr:bznr< b/crlUcr
mKwr;wnr:tI. 28. 12. 2004 nnr. Wdr;tJcrmKcr:bznr> hqdr:
b/cryzcr;gucr,eyv:munr jwr;kU:lUcr anrlo;jumr;kU: Ph.D szcrjwr;
dI;gGcr:dUgr:> wo/:b/cryzcr;gucr,eyv:munrywr. aznrgnrsJbr,k/wr:
d/cr: mKwr:b/crlUcr> mKwr;jmredkwr;wqcr:nnr. lo;hnrCsv,El;dgv,
stv:kwr anraznrgnrmv:bT.hbr.nnr. nmrEd.Ed.< anrkI,
lUdr.kKcr;mv:hbr. mI:mzgr; 300 bo/< gv:mI:mzgr; 30 bo/< “wrtQwr bUnr.wqcr:lzo
lQmrywr.egv; h/crtQwr ycr:dJgr.mI:nzgr;wqcr:yU,> g/crkmr; (7)mUcr:
nnr. jwr;Csv,lUcrYvnsmrpvR aznr”wrnmr:nv;es jwr;Csv,
t/dr;edv,< lzolQmr< scr,kjwr; mzgr; (30) jwr;bo/El; jwr;kU:lUcr
tmr,m lo;hqdr:b/craubr,aUwr:gnr lzcr;g/nrhqnr: scr,kdo:mKwr:nv;>
tJcrg/crnTmv: lo;aznrgnraubr,aUwr: lzcr;dv,edhqdr: b/crbzo:bRi
ydrdi sdr.tmr,mbv,l gQnrjwr; jJcr;do: bI:gznr:kmr: nT:bI 2008
nnr.yU,ywr.>
tJcrmv: (9) mUcr: hqdr:b/cryzcr;gucr;yzcr;eyv:munr jwr;kU:
lUcr Dr. tmrmsvmiEl; jwr;kU:lUcr Dr. eglvnnrd anrlo;
jumr;kU: Ph.D El; jwr;lo;jumr;kU: M.A hv;jwr;yU,ywr.>
lo/:kv;
wnr:tI. 29. 12. 2004 nnr. Wdr;tJcrlo/:kv;> jqmrmKwr;Csv,
El;dgv,stv:kwr lo;cinr:wv;^jwr;kU:tmr,mhwr: edbzgr;mv:
w/nr;gwr,mKcr:lcrwv,&nonnr. gmr;pzcr; aznrgnrmv: bT.hbr.dI;b/cr
lUcrywr.> scr,kv,El; dgv,dI;b/crlUcrgmr;pzcr;egv; jzmr:sUcr,
edv,ebv:tJcr wqcr:lo/:kv;ywr.> jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m lo;y/nrw/nr;
gKdr, mKcr:lcrgfv, 19 bIes kJnr:Wdr;mv:El; bqnranrjTdUcr.dJnr,
jUmr:sKwr:wo.Ed.Ed.ywr.>
dI:lo/:kv;no. d/cr:lIanrjwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m lo;hqdr:gfv,
dI;w/nr;gKdr,mKcr:lcrmnr:jwr; nnr.jJcr hQnr:d/nr:lU,jzmr:ebv;
mnr:jwr;< edv,bnrso/Fo:Fv. dI;w/nr;nzcrb/cr, bzgr.b/cr,dQdr:
dQwr:< Em:gumr:nmr.emv,El; ehv:Cdv:scr,sznrbnr dgv,jKwr:no.
ywr.> nT:b/crCdv:nnr. jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m yznr:ekv;mnr;gQnr, dI;
dgv,stv:kwrwv; êbv:bqnrbzo:sv,snv,< boz:k/mr,s/cr,k/mr,j/cr:

El; bzo:lU,bzo:d/nr: esbKcrbKcrjJcr yv,ebko/nmr.lwr;< yv;mwr:gmr&
noyU,ywr.< dgv,stv:kwregv; bnrekv;mnr;gQnr,wv; âmr,ko/kv;<
amr,ginrkv;&noyU,ywr.> pU;dQmr;ligr;egv; kT;H;gU;dI;dI; bqnr
jKcr.noyU,>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 30. 12. 2004 nnr. “br.tUbr:scr,klo/:kv;es
dcr;bnrcJnr:gzcrg/cr dv,gmr.tQmrkU:sznr nT:dUcr,wqcr:lo/:kv;El;
dcr;bnr”cr:dUYr:ligr; sI,dI;- gGcr:”wrwqcr:< gGcr:ehv< gGcr:”wrlzo
El; gGcr:”Yr;yqnr,jKwr:nnr.yU,ywr.> wo/:esnnr. Csv,El;d
gv,stv:kwr aznrgnrhqdr:b/crt/br;g/mr,El; eyv:munrjwr;kU:
lUcr anrlo;jumr;kU: Ph.D szcrjwr; jwr;kU:tmr,mEl; jwr;kU:eg,
lv,nnr,dEl; M.A szcrjwr; jwr;kU:wijidr.d< jwr;kU:nRinr,
d dI;gGcr:b/cr,nnr.yU,ywr.>
lzolQmr
mKwr;wnr:tI. 02. 01. 2005 nnr. Csv,El;dgv,stv:kwr
wqcr:l/o:kv; aznrgnrjzmr:sUcr,tJcrlzolQmr> g/crkmr;mv: jwr;kU:wijidr
dEl; pU;dQmr;ligr; lo;”mr;gnr lo;ehv:Cdv:< po/,do:< po/,m/nr;
El; po/,acr:gidr:> tQcr;wnr:nJcr; Csv,El;dgv,stv:kwr wqcr:lzo
lQmr hqdr:b/creyv:munres jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m d/nr:cJnr:dv,dcr;
ehvdUYr:ligr; dI;wdr.t/dr;edv,es bnrjJwr;wv; êhvdUYr:
ligr; jwr;tmr,mdin,r n&noywr.>
tucr.bUcr:< nzcrmznr
tucr.bUcr:< nzcrmznr aznrgnrmv:b/cr:tJcr dI;wdr.t/dr;edv, es
dv.egv; gzbr;bKwr;bo/:yU,lI jwr;kU:tmr,m amr,dqmrtUnr;El; dUwr
mnr:jwr;amr,bqnreyv:Wdr;> gUYr:lo;pidr;b/cr:awr jwr;kU:eg,
lv,nnr,dEl; “mr;lUYr; jwr;kU:siRinr,d< jwr;kU:wijidrd<
jwr;kU:nRinr,dEl; pU;dQmr;ligr; gfv,ehv:Cdv:bnr dgv,stv:
kwrywr.>
tucr.bUcr:no. dI;nJcr;El;dI;nJcr; gzbr;bKwr;wv; gfv,mv:hvgnr
y/br,wo.El; scr,kjwr; anreyv:mv:no. jcr,lo;jQgr,Epgnres
gfv,ehv:Cdv:bnr H;jzdr,dI;nnr.yU,ywr.> pzcr:mKwr;pU;dQmr;ligr;
kwr lo;gfv,ehv:Cdv: dI;nnr;nnr. lo;cinr:dgv,stv:kwrwv;
^dI;hwr:kv;no. jKcr.ncr, jwr;ebv;sinrtmr:wunr:jumr.< jwr;Csv,
sukmr:< jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,msv,mikwrjwr;jKwr:no. amr,dznr.y/mr;
Wdr;mv:esbzgr;kv;< kT;H;kwrjwr; eyv:kicr:mv:yU,eav;< dv,edb/cr:
kwrjwr;no. dUwr;dnr:wo.dv,es,kv;ywr.> kQnr:edv; jwr;hwr:kwr
l/dr;tJcrkwrjwr;esgmr:kv;&noyU,ywr.> bzgr;no.egv; jwr;kU:lUcr
tmr,m amr,ebv:yU,lIes lo;lugr.dI;lzolQmres bUnr.lUdr;gfv,
dUnr;dI: gmr:lqwrywr.> ncr,’iwr edmI:”cr:dUYr:ligr; dI;gGcr:gmr,
mt/nr: w/nr;yqnr,nnr. lo;lU,gmr.tQmrbnryU,ywr.>
gqcr:ducr< dv;kI;lqgr:
mKwr;wnr:tI. 10. 01. 2005 nnr. a/nr:lugr.ho/:wUwr:es
jzmr:“iwr:winr mKwr:gqcr:ducrnoywr.< gUYr:gv; pKwr,”iwr:winr tJcrdI;
wqcr:lKwr, kKcr;j/gr;”iwr:winrlU.El; amr,bqnrkJnr;es lo;aznrgnr
gJdr:lJwr; dI;wqcr:lKwr,nnr.ywr.> mKwr;wnr:nnr. dI;gqcr:ducregv;
h/cr;hQnr:wo.wv; jwr;kU:lUcrkwr Wdr;mv:k/wr:lTegv; edhqdr:bzo:eyv:
munrgmr:lqwrnoEl; aznrgnrmv:bT.hbr. dI;kUcr,”iwr:winrnnr. jqmr
mKwr; 12 mUcr:noywr.> mzgr; 5 mUcr:d/mr:kmr;nnr. jcr,lo;”.wv; “iwr:
winramr,mv:noEl; jcr,lo;aznrgnr bzgr;mKwr:kJnr:lo/lo/ywr.>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 11. 01. 2005 nnr. gzbr;wv; jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m bo/:yU,lI
amr,dqmrtUnr;es gJdr:lJwr;wo. dI;wqcr:lKwr,El; d/cr,jwr;jcr,
aznrgnrjzmr:”iwr:winr Wdr;mKwr:dv;kI;lqgr:> g/crjTjwr;kU:wv:lUcr
wdr.so/mKcr: anrkT;b/cr:jwr;kU:lUcr mv:kwr;”mr;b/crbzo:y/dr,nmr.
lU,d/nr: tmr:bidg/dr;binr,po/,mKcr:nnr.egv; amr,dqmrtUnr;

lo;> dI;nnr;egv; hqdr:b/creyv:munr jwr;kU:lUcreglvnnrd
Ph.D El; jwr;kU:sIRinrd M.A ncr,gwr,ywr.> lKwresnnr.
jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m d/nr:mv:dv,”cr:dUYr:ligr; dI;wdr.snrso/:do:
nnr. szcrsQnrbo/yU,ywr.>
wqcr:lKwr,
mKwr;wnr:tI. 12. 01. 2005 nnr. dgv,stv:kwr dI;wqcr:
lKwr, hqdr:b/cryzcr;gucr,eyv:munr jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m dI;wdr.sv,s
newbunr,lnnr.ywr.> mKwr;lJwr;swr: dI;wqcr:lKwr,nnr. dgv,
stv:kwregv; awrjTsT, lumr:lv:dUYr:tJcr jwr;kU:lUcrhwr:Ed.
Ed.> mKwr;yU,dI;wqcr:lKwr,nnr. dcr:jwr;Csv,sukmr:es lo;hqdr:
b/craubr,aUwr: gqwr,lUYr;bIgznr:kmr:b/crlUcrEl; g/nrsznrhqnr:tQcr;
yU,ywr.> gzbr;bKwr; bo/:yU,lImnr:jwr; amr,ebv:dqmrtUnr;es dv,
edkI,lUdr.gv:egv; y/br,wo.El; dv,edmKwr:hbr.awr b/creyv:munr
dI;lv;sqwr;< mU,ej; nmr.kmr:nnr. mnr:jwr;l/dr;gf/mr:scr,es
jwr;Csv,sukmr: jcr,to,awrcwr:El; adr:sqcrmnr:jwr;es mKwr:
EnmKcr:do:bzdr:Wcr,nnr.yU,ywr.>
mKcr:do:bzdr:Wcr,
lv;sqwr; aznrgnrmv:b/cr:tJcr dI;wqcr:lKwr,El; jwr;Csv,sukmr: lo;
aznr”wres sJbr,k/wr:d/cr:mKwr: mKcr:do:bzdr:Wcr,> nT:k/wr:d/cr:
nnr. lo;kwr;Ew.gGgr.Em:> scr,kv,El; dgv,kwr hqdr:b/crhbr.Wcr:
dI;gGcr:pv.bzdr:es kJnr:sJbr,k/wr:d/cr:gfv, lv;sqwr;ywr.> Csv,
El;dgv,stv: lv;sqwr;kwr aznrgnrbT.hbr. smr.ebv:gJnr:aJgr.
aJgr.wo.El; bqnrdI;jTdJnr,s/nr;wo.Ed.Ed.> hqdr:b/cr:eyv:
munr jwr;kU:lUcr anrlo;jumr;kU: Ph.D s/mrjwr; (jwr;kU:tmr,m<
jwr;kUwr:eg,lv,nnr,d< jwr;kU:milinr,d)El; jwr;Csv,sukmr:
dI;gGcr:g/crmKcr:> lKwresnnr. lo;hqdr:b/crgumraubr,aUwr: gqwr,lUYr;
bIgznr:kmr:El; g/nrsznrhqnr:tQcr;yU,ywr.>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 17.1.2005nnr. jwr;Csv,sukminr,dEl;
jwr;kU: Dr.eg,lv,nnr,d aznr,”wres sJbr,k/wr:d/cr:gfv, dI;mU,
ej;< nT:wUcr;g/crnnr. scr,kv,El; dgv,sdr.tv:kwr b/cr:hqdr:
b/crhbr.Wcr: dI;gGcr:g/crwqcr:sqnr;wI< wo/:esnnr. scr,kv,El;d
gv,kwr dI;gUdr.ko/ smr.b/cr:hbr.Wcr:tQcr; dI;wdr.eg,wl m/nr,azcr,
es jcr,sJbr,k/wr:d/cr:gfv,dI;mU,ej;ywr.> scr,kv,El; dgv,
sdr.tv:wqcr:mU,ej;egv; bT.hbr.Wcr: smr.ebv:gJnr:aJgr.aJgr.wo.yU,
ncr,gwr,ywr.> pzcr:pQwrtJcr dI;mU,ej;nnr. wnr:tI. 17.1. 2005
g/crkmr;nnr. mI:b/crtzmr,Cdv: dI:gGcr:Wcr,es wnr:tI. 18.1. 2005
dznr;g/crnTnnr.smr. mI:b/crgumraubr,aUwr: lzcr;g/nrhqnr:scr,k
do:El; dv,edhqdr:boz: bIgznr:kmr: bRiydr.di sdr.tmr,m bv,l
gQnr,jwr; jJcr;do: wqcr:b/crlUcres wo/:wnr:smr. mI:b/cryzcr;gucr,
eyv:munr jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. tmr,msv,miEl; jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr.
eg,lv,nnr,dyU,ywr.> wnr:nnr.ncr,gwr, wo/:esb/cryzcr;gucr,
ywr.gfv,es d/mr:”wrkmr;nnr. scr,kv,El; dgv,kwr wqcr: nmr.kmr:
smr.mv:b/cr:eyv:mKwr:nmr.kmr:ywr.> scr,kv,El; dgv,kwrwqcr:mU,
ej; gmr;pzcr;egv; jzmr:sUcr,tJcr wqcr:nmr.kmr:yU,ncr,gwr,ywr.>
nT:wUcr;g/cr mKwr;bo,tJcrwqcr:nmr.kmr:nnr. scr,kv,El;dgv,
kwr dI;w/nr;gucr:sv, (w/nr;gKdr, jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. eg,lv,nnr,
d) kwrsmr. b/cr:hbr.Wcr:jwr; anreyv:mv:dcr:sqcr;es jcr,sJbr,
gfv, wqcr:nmr.kmr:ywr.> dI;wqcr:nmr.kmr;egv; scr,kv,El; dgv,kwr
bT.hbr. smr.ebv:gJnr: aJgr.aJgr.wo.ncr,gwr,ywr.> dznr;g/crkmr;
nnr. mI:b/crtzmr,Cdv: dI;gGcr:edv,Cpv:lUcrg/crwqcr:es tJcrmv:
wnr:tI. 19.1.2005 nnr. scr,kv,kwrdcr:sqcr; lo;hqdr:b/crgumr
gqwr,lUYr; lzcr;g/nrhqnr:scr,kdo: mKwr:nv;El; dv,edhqdr:

b/crbzo:bRiydr.disdr.tmr,mbv,l gQnr,jwr;jJcr;do: dI;wqcr:b/cr
lUcrnnr.ywr.> wo/:nnr.smr. mI:b/cryzcr,gucr, jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr.
tmr,msv,miEl; jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr. eg,lv,nnr,d anrywr.
jnr. Ph D El; jwr;Csv,sukminr,d< jwr;kU:gwinr,d< jwr;kU:RU
biy< jwr;kU:siRinr,d< jwr;kU:Yv,nsI,Ri< jwr;kU:sI,hnv,dv,
lcr,gv,R< jwr;kU:wijidr.d< jwr;kU:nRinr,dEl; jwr;k/wraudr.
dmnnr,dI, anrywr.jnr. M.A mv:nnr.ywr.>
mKwr;pzcr:jwr;Csv,sukminr,dkwr dJgr.azgr,k/wr:d/cr: mKwr:

bzdr:Wcr,nnr. jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,mEl; pU;dQmr;ligr;kwr jcr,aznr
gnrjzmr:”iwr:winr mKwr:dv;gucr;> gfv,dv;gucr;bzgr;no.Ed. bqnrdv,yv
dUwrEl; lJwr;dUwrjTmnr:jwr;ywr.> wv;nnresdv.egv; g/crnT<
g/crwnr:< g/crkmr; kQgr,amr,t/dr,esbzgr;> mKwr;wnr:tI. 16. 01. 05
nnr. jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m b/cr:awrjwr;Csv,wvyvm (mKcr:g/wr< d/cr.
y/nr:)< jwr;Csv,nnrdwmrs (tmrmvjRiy< M.A)< jwr;kU:jv
eny (dgrgsIltmrmvjRiy< B.A, M.A jnr.jzmrscr,kjJcr;
mKcr:< dv;gucr;)< jwr;sIhnvdvlcrgvREl; pU;dQmr;ligr; lo;hqdr:
b/crgumraubr,aUwr: lzcr;bIgznr:kmr:El; g/nrsznrhqnr:bRiydrdi
sdrtmrmbvl szcrwnr:yU,ywr.> kJnr:gfv,hqdr:b/crgumraubr,aUwr:
gqwr,lUYr;dUwrligr;mKcr: dI;wdr.gqcr:ducr>
dI;jnr.jzmretRwvdnnr. kwrpidr;b/cr:awr jwr;kU:emv
lUcr Dr. tmr,msv,mi hqdr:pU;gQmratibdi (pro-ractor)< dI;jnr.
jzmrsI,dgU,< jgo:egv; H;mnr:jwr; jzo;wUnr.Em:bnr lgr:sudr,
El;mo/mI;< dI;jnr.jzmrlUcr dv;gucr;egv; pidr;b/cr:H;mnr:jwr;
tdr:bnrpJnrligr; anrlugr;hqnr: Ph.D kwrd/cr,wo.nnr.yU,
ywr.>
kzdr,yzdr;
yKcr:a/nr:jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m mv:El,mKcr:do:bzgr;no. bqnr
dv,Em:pJmr.sT, nT:lgr:sudr, bKcrg/nrhqnr: bRiydrdisdrtmrm
bvlgQnr,jwr; jJcr;do:< b/crlUcrnnr.ywr.> mnr:jwr;gfv,Wdr;dI;
lTegv; yKcr:a/nr:anrno. awrl/dr;Enes yznr:d/cr:hnrtJcr
dv,es,ywr.> gzbr;bKwr; kT;H;bKcrsznrhqnr: dI;b/crlUcrnnr. kJdr:
jnr.bKcrg/nrhqnr: ncr,gU;mKcr:mKcr:nnr.ywr.> b/crdzbr,ligr; dI;
b/crlUcrnnr. anrkwr;dzbr,kUnr.ko;no. dJgr.mI:scr,kjwr;El;
jwr;k/wrkwrgUYr:> scrwv; d/cr:yKcr:a/nr: anrjwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m
dJgr:sUnr:wo.nnr. Ennmr.EndUwrmv:lo;jJcr jqmryicr:elv:jo/:
edj/cr;kwr;dzbr,lo;mKnrgnres g/nrhqnr:egv; edkJbr;nv;mv:>
jnr.jzmrhwr:egv; edlugr.dI;nnr;es azgr,mv:bnryU,ywr.>
wnr:tI. 26. 01. 2005 nnr. bqnrwnr:jwr;kU:lUcrtmr,m
kJnr:p/dr,azgr,dv;gucr;nnr.ywr.> nT:k/wr:d/cr:szcrlKnrbo/no.
mnr:jwr;lo;hqdr:bnrpznr:lIdcr:nmr< mKnrncr, dcr;bnrcJnr:
gzcrg/cr< ”cr:dUYr:ligr;es d/nr:cJnr:jzo;tQmr< hqdr:b/crgumr gqwr,
lUYr;g/nrhqnr:< cJnr:d/nr: anrlo;mv:dI;b/creyv:munrgU;dI;dI;
jKwr:nnr. lo;mzgr; 5,000,000 bo/< cJnr:jKwr:no.egv; kJnr:awrjT.
jo/, jzmr:ncr,l/dr;mv:bv;nKwrno.ywr.>
vkuf;wh:uwf.vD yDOgifpAifpj;
(pUnrszbr, 1 g/nrhqnr: azgr,nT:bI 2005)
s/cr,jnr.jzmr
ekv;nmr:
g/nrhqnr:scr,kdo: sI,”wr,> lzcr;g/nrhqnr:scr,kdo:sI,
”wr,no. lugr.dI;ekv;lUmr: jUmr:yzdr,kzdr,bqnrdUwrligr;es go.lo;
dzgr,migr;EnpU;lUhwr:kwrmv: nT:bbr.k/wr:d/cr:sI,”wr, jUwr;bUnr.
nnr.dcr:nmryU,> gUYr:gv; jzmr:ncr,bIlKnrwnr: bnr,budr; sudr.
k/o. l/o;lQgr; bQgr,bKcr;mv:digr:digr:nnr. bIno.egv; smr.mI:lzcr;
l/gr,l/o: kJgr.k/o: amr,ebv:kT;c/o:mKnr gU;bIbIbUnr.mv:jKwr:nnr.es
smr.lUwr,j/dr, l/dr;lUYr;lzcr;kJgr.mnr:yU,noEl; jcr,lo;
s/nrhqdr:ekv;k/nrb/gr, dQmr;F/gr,mv:tQcr; wv; @@lugr;do:gdr.lI
bIszcrhqcr;hv;##> nT:s/ok/wr:d/cr:scr,kdo:hwr: azgr,hqnr:ligr;
mv:El; bqnrlzcr;l/gr,l/o:nnr. lo;wv;bI 2005 no.egv; kJgr.k/o:dI;
sudr:yKcr;nJcr;noEl; jcr,lo;gKdr,azg,r gwr.ligr;”wrno.mv:ywr.>
edkwr;bv:lUYr;lzcr; jwr;jUbr:2 bUnr.jnr.kU:(BA) El;
jnr.kU:emv(MA)kwres< bKcrlUcrmnr:Ed. kT;l/dr;lUYr;jwr;
jKwr:jUbr:bUnr. lo;t/nr;tI.nJcr;(First Class) nT:jnr.kU:El;
jwr;jKwr:jUbr:bUnr.lUYr;l/wr;jzcr; (Distinctions) nT:jnr.kU:emv
kwr anrazgr,mv:nT:bI 2005 no.nnr.ywr.>
1
pUnrszbr,(do:nzo.) = nmr.dznr: (do:yT,)< Result (acr:gidr:) = &v'f(m/nr;)>
2
jUbr: (do:nzo.) = bUnr. (do:yT,) = azcr, (m/nr;)>
dI;nT:jnr.kU:(BA)no. mI:lzcr;tugr,sbr:lQcr:aidr:nJcr;
yU,> yznr.wv; nT:jnr.no. mnr:mI:hqnr:gU;lzcr;lzcr;(General
Studies)El; hqnr:kJgr.dznr:(Special Studies)no szcrl/o:nnr.
ywr.>
dI;hqnr:gU;lzcr;lzcr;nnr. ebv:jUbr:bUnr.no awrgmr;m/o
mnr: lo;nmrlo;ea,wv;es edazgr,mv:lo;sI,t/nr;- t/nr;nJcr;
(First Class)< t/nr;szcrsucr(2nd Upper Class)< t/nr;szcrdQmr,
(2nd Lower Class) El; t/nr;tmr:mdv:(Simple Pass)noywr.>
dI;hqnr:kJgr.dznr:nnr.egv; scrwv;jUbr:bUnr.no awrgmr;m/omnr:
lo;nmrlo;ea,wv;es mI:lo;tQcr;sI,t/nr;ncr,gwr,- kJgr.dznr:
t/nr;nJcr;(First Class Honours)< kJgr.dznr:t/nr;szcrsucr (2nd
Upper Class Honours)< kJgr.dznr:t/nr;sucrdQmr,(2nd Lower
Class Honours) El; kJgr.dznr:t/nr;tmr:mdv:( Simple Pass
Honours)noywr.>
nT:pUnrszbr,bI 2005 no. jwr;do:hwr: anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.
kU:lUYr;t/nr;tI.nJcr; nT:hqnr:gU;lzcr;lzcr;nnr. kwr;bv: (3) dUnr
es< anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU:emv lUYr;l/wrjzcr;mnr:egv; kwr;bv:
(3)dUnrncr,gwr,ywr.>
jwr;anrjUbr:bUnr. jnr.kU: (11) dUnr
nT:jwr;anrjUbr:jnr.kU:(11)dUnr nT:bI 2004 es sqnr;
bUnr.mnr: azgr,mv:nT:bI 2005 no. (9)dUnrnnr. bqnrdI;jnr.jzmr
bvliEl;budr.t(BPU)es tQcr;(2)dUnrjmr. bqnrdI;jnr.jzmr
eg,lnI,y(Kelaniya)ywrx>
jwr;anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU: dI;jnr.jzmrbvliEl;budr.
t(9)dUnrkwrjmr.- (1)dUnrkU: jwr;kU:suwR m/wr:kmr:< (2)dUnrkU:
jwr;kU:nnredvpvs jzmrsQcr< (3)jwr;kU:nnrdmvlv pUcr:wnr:<
(4)jwr;kU:nnrdiy (lzoekv)< (5)jwr;kU:gnrtmv env,sQcr<
vkuf;wh:uwf.vD yDOgifpAifpj; \ 245
(6)jwr;kU:snrDvtig dJnr:jJnr;< (7)jwr;kU:bYrYvnnrd

tqnrgQwr;< (8)jwr;kU:ekmvjvR kKwr:kmr:El; (9)jwr;kU:tmrmsvmi
env,kmr:l bqnrjKwr:no.ywrx>
jwr;anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU: dI;jnr.jzmreglnIy (2)
dUnrjmr.- bqnr (1) jwr;kU:bYrYvsvR nv.gGcr:El; (2) jwr;kU:
bYrYvnnrD env,kKwr:ywrx>
lugr;hqnr:jnr.jzmrbvliEl;budr.t jwr;do:(9)dUnrkwr
jJcr hbr.awrkQbr:jumr;jnr.kU: dI;b/crnzbr,kU: anrhd q r:dI;”cr:
ehv:lrlUcr(BMICH) mKwr;wnr:tI. ( 26/ 4/ 2005)nnr.ywr.es<
lugr;hqnr:jnr.jzmreglnIy jwr;do:(2)dUnrkwred. yznr.wv;
b/crnzbr,kU:bo,bqnrEl; bo,lo;hbr.gznr,> jnr.jzmrkwrbKcr;gnrwo.es
k/wr:dcr;b/crnzbr,kU:kwregv; amr,jT;mKwr;lqwrgnrEl; jcr,wv;ywr.
jnr.kU:ncr,gnr bIlqwrgnresdv. amr,lo;hbr.jzmr:mKwr;lqwrgnr
nnr.ywrx>
l/o:hbr.kQbr:kU: dI;mKcr:sI,”wr,no. amr,mI:bKcrd/o k/wr:dQdr;<
scr,kdcr:gUnr:”inr:kwr “mr;hbr.jzmr:gnrbqnrjubr;bqnrgmr:wo.El;
ebv:gUnr:hbr.mnr:nmregv; b/crnzbr,kU:mnr:jqwr:bqnres ebv:amr,
mI:nmregv; n/nr:bqnrnnr.ywr.> gmrOamr,lIEl; ebv:amr,s/cr,
edv, dv,edlo;kQbr:kU:nJcr;anrgUYr:no. j/cr;lo;tv;bqnrs/mr
sI,hv;bIegv; ycr:mI:gznr,ywr.> m/crbzgr;egv; ebv:eddcr;b/cres
nzbr,bnryU,yv,yv, cwr:l/o:g/nrgUnr: g/nrmKcr:amr,nimrswr:El;
lo;ycr.sudr.k/o.gfv,tQcr; bqnrl/olKnrl/obInnr.egv; gmr:gmr:ywr.>
gdr.kQnr,lKwrdznr: lznr.mznr:t/nr;nJcr;
nT:gv;(9)dUnr anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU: dI;jnr.jzmrbvli
El;budr.tnnrx bI 2005 no. hwr:lo;hnr jwr;c/nrgdr.kQnr,hwr:
jwr;nJcr;- jJwr;wv;jwr;kU:snrDvtig dJnr:jJnr;(gunrhqcr)> mnr:
jwr; jUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU:amr,gv: smr.b/olo;bv:t/nr;tUnr;tI.nJcr;
(First Class)nnr.gznr,ywr.>
mKwr;wnr: sqnr;m/obUnr.jnr.ligr; azgr,mv:nnr. k/wr,anr
wv; mnr:jwr;lo;t/nr;tI.nJcr;nono. smr.ebv:”wr,”nr;gfv, nT:
jumr:jKwr:hqnr:ligr;”mr;gnrkwryU,> hqdr:H;hwr:lugr;hqnr:scr,kdo:
hqnr:ligr;mKcr:sI,”wr, dUcr.dJnr,jUmr:lUcrjUmr:l/crjzmr:gnr gU;
jwr;jwr;amr,gv:< smr.ebv:lJwr:bv:yznr;tJcrdUcr,wKcr:scr,km/nr;
mznr:< y/cr:kwr jKwr:hqnr:ligr;mKcr:sI,”wr,jzmr:gnrnnr.gznr,>
jwr;do: jwr;m/nr; jwr;mznr: jwr;y/cr:kwr mv:”mr;hqnr:jnr.kU:
jzmr:gnr mI:dcr:nmr< pTycr:amr,dznr.lo;> pTpTegv; aznrgnrko;
azgr, mzgr,l/dr;kKwr:mnr:jwr;es a/mr:kzojzmr:Ed.Ed.> mnr:
jwr;bqnrdo:jwr;nJcr;El; yU,dI;bqnrdo:egv.nJcr; jumr:nJcr;kKwr:
nJcr;es hwr:scr,kdo: jwr;hqnr:ligr;dcr:sqcr;egv; awrgunr:awr
munr “mrjUmr:jzmr:mnr:jwr; tJcraUgr:tJcrjTEd.Ed.wv;wv;es
d/cr,pJnrgJgr:bJnr: k/wr:d/cr:sI,”wr,hwr:wo.yU,>
nT:bJnr:jnr.kU: anrjwr;do:hwr:jUbr:bUnr. dI;mKcr:sI,
”wr,no. anrbUnr.lUYr; t/nr;sucrjKcr.noegv; ycr:y/mr;mI:mv:yU,>
t/nr;sucr(honours)nJcr;no. bqnrjwr;kU:nnrDemtv sQcrkzcr,
El; jwr;kU:agrgwmrs (l/o:kv;) mKwr;bIhqnr:ligr; 1998 aigr,jwr;
kU:bYrYvnnrD (d/cr.y/nr:) mKwr;bIhqnr:ligr; 1999 nnr.es<
t/nr;szcrsucrjmr. bqnrjwr;kU:bYrYvwmrs sQcrbnrEl; jwr;kU:
ainredv pvs kmr:sv, mKwr;bIhqnr:ligr; 2000 nnr.ywr.> 3
ebv:wv;lo;”.cinr:k/wr,ywr.amr,’icr jwr;kU:emvlUcr Dr kmr:
m/o tmrmsvmiegv; yU,dI;wdr.do: budr.twih/Rrazgr.jrFzdr,dr<
mKcr:acr:gidr:es lo;sUcr,ekv;“mrjUmr:yzcr;eyv:nmr.gdr.mnr:
jwr;El; bnrhQcr:mv: nT:aI:emlr:tQcr;yU,> tJcrmv:wnr:tI. (31/ 5/
3
k/wr:d/cr;hwr: sibr:bI< nv; 21>
2005) mKwr;jwr;kU:emvlUcr mv:sU,jT:Wdr;tJcrsI,”wr,nnr. jwr;

snrDvtig dJnr:jJnr; lo;hbr.awrR/cr:wnr:(sU:)kzcrdznr; yznr.
bUnr.jnr. kU:lUYr;t/nr;nJcr;nnr. dI;jwr;kU:emvlUcryU,> bqnr
bbr.bJdr,ekv; bvli-acr:gidr:- bbr.lUcrsIgmr, anrd/cr:nvnv;
ligr;mnr:mI:mzgr; (738)nv;< anrjumr:egvbvli (PAli Text Society,
London)kwr bJnrazgr,nnr.ywr.> bqnrbbr.anrmI:gv;knryT,nmr
es kwr;d/cr:dJwr: dv,edsJbr,bqnrlugr;hqnr: jnr.yT,gfv,mKwr;nv;
Ed.ywr.>
jwr;do: anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU:lUYr;t/nr;nJcr;mnr: nT:
bI 2005 no. tQcr;szcrdUnrjmr. bqnrjwr;kU:bYrYvsvR nv.gGcr:
El; jwr;kU:bYrYvnnrd env,kKwr: kwrywr.> kwrjwr; jUbr:bUnr.
dI;jnr.jzmreg,lnI,yywr.> jwr;do: anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU:
dI; jnr.jzmreg,lnI,y nT:bI 2005 no. mI:kwrszcrdUnrgUYr:es
smr.lo;t/nr;nJcr;mnr:ncr,gnr dcr:szcrdUnrywrx> szbr,4 l/o
dUnregv; jUbr:bUnr.l/odUnr smr.lo;t/nr;nJcr;mnr:ncr,gnr
jKcr.no dcr:l/odUnrno.egv; amr,lv;lI;mI:> no.egv; bqnrlzcr;kJgr.
k/o:yKcr;nJcr;ncr,gwr,es EnbKcry/cr,dI;hwr:El; hqdr:H;hwr:lugr;
hqnr:scr,k jwr;do:dcr:sqcr; “mrjUmr:jzmr:< h/nr.jTd/crjzmr:< awr
gunr:awrmunrjzmr:Ed.wv;ncr,gwr,ywr.>
gUYr:gv; kwrszcrjwr;no. yznr.wv;sqnr;jUbr:bUnr.jnr.kwr
azgr,dUgr:lJnr:nv,es k/wr,amr,dnr:yznr;goEl; bo,lo;hbr.R/cr:
wnr:kzcrdznr;scr dI;lTgznr,< lKwres gf/mr:jUmr: “mr;dznr;gnr>
jwr;lo;t/nr;nJcr;kwrEl;scr< amr,lo;kwrEl;scr kwr
jwr;dcr:sqcr; jUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU: mKcr:sI,”wr,ncr,gnr dcr:sqcr;
El; w/o:essqnr;bUnr.jnr.kwr azgr,ywr. nT:bI 2005 no. kwrjwr;
sJbr,kdr:jTkJn;r hqnr:jnr.kU:emv ncr,gnrmUdr:ywr.>
4
szbr, (do:nzo.) = dzbr, (do:yT,)< bqnrekv;do:nzo.kwr jT.dJwr:dI;b/crt/mrligr;>
jwr;anrjUbr:bUnr. jnr.kU:emv (9)dUnr
jwr;do: jKwr:szbr,jnr.kU:emv nT:bI 2004 es pUnrszbr,
mnr:azgr,nT:bI 2005 dI;jnr.jzmreg,lnI,yno. mI:(9)dUnryU,>
(dI;jnr.jzmrbvliEl;budr.ted. amr,bv:< yznr.gUnr:szbr,mnr:
egv; amr,mI:El;>)
(9) dUnranrwv;jmr. - (1) jwr;kU:gwinrD mzgr,kmr:szo;<
(2) dUnrkU: jwr;kU:wisudrt gQwr;< (3) jwr;kU:nRinrD kmr:yzdr;<
(4) jwr;kU:bYrYvsiRI s/obznr< (5) jwr;kU:ejvdig sumnr;<
(6) jwr;kU:gumvR kmr:l/o:< (7) jwr;kU:bYrYvwmrs sQcrmUnr:<
(8) jwr;kU:eavjinrd mznr:kmr:El; (9) jwr;kU:pdrdiy lcr:sT
bqnrjKwr:no.ywr.>
kwrjwr;(9)dUnrjKwr:no.egv; lo;hbr.kQbr:kU:jnr.kU:emvkwr
ywr.gfv, dI;b/crnzbr,kU:”cr:ehv:lrlUcr(BMICH) mKwr;wnr:tI. (23/
07/ 2005)nnr.lIc/mr:yU,> dI;mKwr;wnr:b/crnzbr,kU:nnr. jwr;do:
dcr:nmr lo;kJnr;Wdr;jzmr:es “mrjUmr:”mr;gnrto,h/cr;gJgr:bJnr:
g/crwnr:smr. kJnr:mI:b/crlqcr.lUm/odzcr:wnr:hbr.jumr;kU:notQcr;yU,>
gdr.kQnr,lKwrlznr. gznr.bv:l/wrjzcr;
jwr;c/nrgdr.kQnr, anrjUbr:bUnr.jnr.hqnr:es l/gr,
l/o:wo. nT:jubr;lTjubr;nnr.no. amr,gUYr:gv:nT:jnr.kU:gUYr:< nT:
jnr.kU:emvnoegv; ycr:mI:bv:tQcr;lU:gznr,ywr.> nT:jnr.kU:emv
(9)jwr;nnr. jwr;anrlo;l/wrjzcr;mnr: kwr;bv:yU,tQcr; s/mr
dUnr- (1) jwr;kU:bYrYvsiRI s/obznr< (2) jwr;kU:nRinrd kmr:
yzdr;< (3) jwr;kU:eavjinrd mznr:kmr: bqnrkwrjwr;jKwr:no.ywr.>
no.egv; hwr:hv:jwr;bI;jwr;nzcr.dcr:sqcr; awrd/cr:”mrWmr
hwr: sznr;sznr.d/cr:jUmr:’inr:kwrjwr;dcr:s/mrdUnrtQcr;es lo;
dzgr,bJnr:gJgr:pJnrlugr;Em;do: jKwr:bok/wr:d/cr:g/nrhqnr:sI,”wr,
wo.yU,ywr.>
jwr;c/nrlugr;Em;do: anrlo;jUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU:emvlUYr;
l/wrjzcr; dI;mKcr:sI,”wr,no. mKwr;aznregv; dznr.mI:mv:yU, bqnrmKwr;
bqnrbzgr; scrgzgr:kJnr:pJnr.dUYr:> mKnrncr, mKwr;bIhqnr:ligr; 1999
nnr. jwr;kU:sutmrm s/mrsQcr El;scr< mKwr;bIhqnr:ligr; 2000
nnr. jwr;kU:nnrdemtv sQcrkzcr, El;scr< mKwr;bIhqnr:ligr; 2002
nnr. jwr;kU:wijidrd gGcr:lQcr< jwr;kU:jng szo;kmr:sQcrEl;
jwr;kU:wvyvm kKwr:WmrkwrEl;scr kwrjwr;jKwr:no.ywr.>
edv,sU;k/mr;kqcr,ek. lzcr;bUnr.eb.bzdr:dznr;b/nrgUnr:
kdr:jTsT,hQcr:szbr,jUbr:es lo;mI:jnr.ligr;jnr.l/o:no.
bqnrbzdr:dznr;anrgUnr:hwr: bUnr.eb. nT:jUwr;b/nrpTmnr: dv
nJcr;ywr.> bqnrgUnr:mv: dv,edmI:nmr.jT kT;hqnr:ligr;hqnr:l/o:no.
amr,sU;> mI:nmr.jT kT;hqnr:esegv;yv, dv,edmI:sunr,hqnr:< dJwr.
d/cr:kwr;bv:lo;nnr. amr,lv;lI;>
sunr,El;dJwr.d/cr:anrwv;nnr. kT;wv;jUwr;b/nrav,yu<
k/wr:lIy/mr:gv; dUwr;dnr:kJdr:pzcr:El; cJnr:dzcr:g/nrm/gr;mI:
Ed,gfv,jKwr:no.ywr.> mI:nmr.jT mI:cJnr:esdv. scrjUwr;b/nrEg,
twr;nv,egv; pJdr,> mI:nmr.jT bqnrpzcr:av,yu dJgr.kJdr:mKwr;es
dv. ebv:nv;g/nrbunr;pznr:gU;sQnrsmr, mv:d/cr,mv, dqcr”wrwoxegv;
y/br,> nmr.jTegv; mI:< av,yuegv; kJdr:< k/wr:y/mr:egv; bnryU,es
dv. ebv:amr,mI:aqnrhQcr:cJn:r dzcr: Wcr;Wcr:jzo;tQmregv; smr.kQnr:
ginr:nv,lUcrl/crywr.>
jcr,wv; bqnrgUnr:mv: dv,edlo;hqnr:ligr;l/o:es mI:d/cr:
”.nmr d/cr:hnrgf/cr; ”bzcr,dvlQcr:ncr,bKnr;nnr. y/br,> lo;hqnr:
esegv;yv, dv,edszbr,bUnr.kJbr;nv;gfv,lo;jnr.lTjnr.nnr.
egv; yqnr:> jUbr:bUnr.esdv.egv; dv,edkwr;lo;nT:sqnr;kJgr.
dznr: tI.nJcr; tI.szcr tI.s/mranrwv;nnr. nJcr;kQnr:amr,c/o;>
ligr;l/o:no.egv; edv;mKnrg/nrc/nr:d/cr,anrgUYr:ncr,
gwr,< gU;awr gU;lo;< gv;szbr, gv;bUnr.dcr:sqcr;dcr:mUdr: amr,jJwr;>
jwr;kU:emvpqcr: Dr. j/o:kmr:lqgr: wv; @@mKcr:gUnr:no. h/cr;lIdv,egv.
nJcr;egv; mKcr:gUnr:no. h/cr;jv.dv,egv.nJcr;aKwr;##no< ligr;l/o:no.
egv; mnr:c/o;dv,egv.nJcr;esdv. j/cr;gfv,y/br,dv,egv.nJcr;yU,>
mnr:y/br,dv,egv.nJcr;esdv. j/cr;c/o;dv,egv.nJcr;yU,>
y/br,dcr:c/o;< lUmraigr,pJdr,nnr.smr. aicrnKwrmunr
(gmrO)< azgr:eavpT:p/o(Y/nr,) El; d/cr:kdr:jTsT,hQcr:(wIRiy)
sunr,dUwrgKdr,bv: pJgr:awr dJgr:awr gJgr:awrpTmnr:tQcr;ywr.>
gUnr:nJcr;egv. H;ebv:mI:lUYr;dcr:s/mranrno. mKwr;lqwrjzmr:gnr
egv; n/nr:jcr,sQnrmI:> gmr;pzcr; azgr:eav amr,p/o< d/cr:kdr:jT
amr,mI: bT.ginrmunrgusUwr, bKcrlqwrmQgr:mQgr:gUYr:> gmr;pzcr; munramr,
bv:< d/cr:kdr:jT amr,mI: gUYr:jTyT,bJcr;aicrazgr:eavdUwrgwr,lQdr:
sQwr:es ywr.gfv,dv,lTdvnnr.> m/crjKwr:smr. munregv; amr,mI:<
azgr:eavegv; amr,pT:p/owUnr.kJdr: gUYr:gJdr:d/cr:kdr:jT bojzmr:
sqnr;l/o:sT @@pIgQnr amr,eb.pInUgr,< pIlunrbUgr, amr,eb.pImQcr:
mnr:##nnr.es dJwrdJgr:awry/br,yqnr:k/wr:’icrEl; m/crbzgr;egv;
ywr.dUwr;< m/crmKwr;egv; amr,tJcrdI;lI>
ncr,nnrywr.< jwr;hwr:kwr jKwr:jUbr:bUnr.jnr.kU: aigr,
jnr.kU:emvkwr dcr:sqcr; nT:bI 2005< bKcrlUcrmnr: jwr;jKwr:lo;
t/nr;kJgr.dznr:mnr:kwrno.egv; dI;hQcr:bJnr.s/mrh/nr.no. “.gv;
kwrjwr;edlo;ycr,bJcr;mv:esh/nr.h/nr. amr,nnr dcr:s/mr
h/nr.”mr;gnres bUnr.eb.mv:nT:jUwr;b/nrkwr bzdr:aznr,dznr;
nJcr;noyU,ywr.>
bqnr’iwregv;lI< lzcr;hdr:kdr: dv.kqcr,edv,sU; amr,”nr
bUnr.eb.anrwv;no. bqnrd/cr:kJnr;yT,mT,sucr kJbr;nv;sqnr;nJcr;
ywr.> egv; bqnrgunr:munrlUcrbKcrnJcr;ncr,gwr,El; dI;gunr:munrkwr
jwr;nnr. yU,dI;bqnrdo:egv.nJcr; jumr:nJcr; kKwr:nJcr;es lo;awr

gunr:awrmunr yznr.sUjwr;bqnrgUnr:kKwr:hwr:nnr.yU,> H;gunr:munr
jKwr:mI:gJgr:dUwr”wrjTpTmnr:wo.nnr. kJnr:mKwr:”mr,gQdr, bnrlzcr;
gdr:yqnr dI;jKwr.kKwr: w/nr;mKcr: sv,snv,do:hwr:mKwr:nv;esgmr:>
kzdr,yzdr;
nT:bI 2004 mKwr;lKnrsibr:aqdr:nnr. dUnrkU:jwr;Yvn
wR< wdr.mhvepvti< wqcr:gqcr:ducr nmr:nv;es dUnrkU:jwr;bnrdi
d< wdr.snrbv,egv,< wqcr:gqcr:h/o:< dUnrkU:jwr;nRnvt< wdr.mhv
wnr,< wqcr:mU,ejOEl; dgv,sdr.tv:hwr:kwr wqcr:gqcr:ducr< dv;kI;
lqgr:< mU,ejOEl; dv;lKwr,kwr mv:aQwr,wo;Cpv:tJcrmKcr:sI,”wr,> lo;
“mr;gnr”mrjUmr:bImT,do:es smr.mI:b/cr”br.tUbr:sUcr,scr,gnraidr:
nJcr;>
dI;nT:b/crnnr. dUnrkU:jwr;bnrdid dznr;p/gr,gf/mr:
scr, dI;scr,kdo:hqnr:ligr; mKcr:sI,”wr,gfv,wv; @@kdr:jThqnr:ligr;
H;jqwr:ywr.jqwr:dUwrsJwr;pTdnr:mnr:es H;aznrgnrjqwr:lo;
bzgr;mKwr:pzcr;< g/nrhqnr:ywr.ywr. yv,eblJmr: kugr:jTlo;jKwr.kKwr:
bI;nzcr. w/nr;gwr,mKcr:lcrhwr:< nmr.kUcr:egv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:kwr
yU,< nmr.dqcr:egv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,< nmr.dU;egv; bT.mzcr:
hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,< nmr.b/cregv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,< nmr.
kJnregv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,< nmr.gv;egv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:
kwryU,< nmr.sU;egv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,< nmr.m/wr:egv;
bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,< nzcrlUcrh/o:yv;hwr:egv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;
hwr:kwryU,> lJnr:sudr: Em;mKcr:do:hwr:egv; bT.mzcr:hbr.jwr;hwr:
kwryU,##noes>
sJbr,nnr. dUnrkU: jwr;nRnvtsmr. anrdUnrkU: jwr;
bnrdid scr,l/dr;gfv,nnr. bo,dqmrtUnr;lI edwv;no’iwr< jcr,
kJnr:pKmr.scr,gfv,tQcr; wv; @@anrmucr;mzcr:jwr;hwr:kwrno. amr,gUYr:
gv: Em;mKcr:do:gUYr: jwr;hwr:kwraKYr:< ebv;mKcr:do:hwr:egv; bT.mzcr:
hbr.jwr;hwr:kwryU,aKwr;##noEl; scr,kEl;dgv,kwr yinr:dKwr.
tJcrjTtJcrekv:nv,es smr.ebv:yumr.kUwr”mr;gnrmv:woxyU,>
El; dI;no; kT;lUbr:wv; jnr.kU:hv. jnr.kU:emv? jnr.kU:
emvyT,’iwr jnr.kU:emvlUcr? jnr.kJgr.dznr:En, jnr.l/wrjzcr;?
anrwv;nnr.Ed. mKwr;lTjwr;hqnr:ligr;nzgr;mKcr:kwr gU;jwr;jwr;
anrdJg.r hqnr:mI:yU,nT:gU;mKcr:mKcr: w/o,s/o,kJnr:mKcr:do:nnr. nmr.
yT,gU;Em; aigr,dcr:Em;mKcr:do:El; ebv;mKcr:do:hwr:kwr edlo;”.
hnrlIyU, lzcr;wv;anrlT bqnranrlT-nonnr.>
y/mr:lqwrEd. dJgr.bqnrpU;bok/wr:d/cr:El; pzcr:mI:yU,nKwr
k/wr:d/cr:no. hwr:hv: amr,bo,j/cr;awrnv;g/nrkJgr.k/o:bKcrlT binr,
w/o, s/o;dzbr, kzbr;kJnr:gunr:munrebv;Em; bI;nzcrx pU;lUhwr:kwrncr,
’iwr< lKwres awrk/wr,c/wr:lI d/cr:jUmr:bI,dimKcr:pIaznr,hwr:jKwr:
no. p/wr,bJnr yJnr;dznr;d/crtv;nnr.> >
cmof:wmif:
edof:QD,vSef,(New Zealand) sv; atj:qfwaI:bldof:(Australia)
qof;cl:eef,war,xj, OSifcgif,
acj;Oif,
zl;yhcmof:wmif:cofwif:OAif;eh. uGj,zSofomef;vfG rldif:vfGauj;
vD wkdef:awolef.xkdif auj.pof:puf.(ayj;sr;? yD;egif.? qldof.cldof:qof;
uof,)bl,ul;auj./ rldof;vh;bdef:qlrf:auj;vD? rldof;vh;bdef:cDauj;bof.
wkdef:olef.pefckdef:aO rmifauj. ayj:vh;erf.wjqkdrf:bgwf,auj;rD:
bof;/ bof.auj; ayj:vh;pef vgif;ckdef;bfG,cdkwf:qef. rldif:ydlef;eef.
auj; awj;ckdef:olef.xkdif omef;rldif:qof;uof,aO yAeftefvDacj:clrf
trf,vlrfqfGoh.bl,/ yAef’dofauj;vD zl;wSrf;vduf;auj; bmrf;yAefzl;yh
cmof:wmif:rj:auj.ekdif;sv; cfG;tofvgif;wlofxlyf: Nyf.rj:tdwf:tD;
qldof:eef. uyf:Okdyf,rguf,vmwf;se zl;vlvduf;pof:cofaO olef.oj;
trf,erfauj;at, awqmif;rD;zgef:vD ykef;wj,qldof:tefyh,rD:
tlof:umwf,sv;cmof:bmrf: uGj,tSof,Mwf;xkdifeef.bl,ehbof;/ (bgef:
bdkefpyf.oj; vgif;vh;wSrf;se cmof:wmif:eh. trf,qfG;sv;oj; cfG;
Orf,rSef bgif;wlofqof;uof,aO wSrf;serj: trf,qfG;ehbl,/)
cmof:wmif:wlofxlyf: zl;wSrf;vduf; ygwf:tgef,wgef;ekdif;urf:
eh.sw. yAefcmof:wmif: rldif:edof:QD,vSef,sv; rldif:atj:qfwaI:
bldof: Ogifrldif:eh.bof;/
mKwr;wnr:tI. 04. 07. 2004 nnr. jwr;Csv,lUcrwimlpigr.ku
(mKcr:sU;) Wdr;mv:tJcr dI;pU;dQmr;ligr;kwr< lnr,dnr,nnr.ywr.>
wo/:nnr. mnr:jwr;edsJbr,k/wr:d/cr: gfv,aem,Rigv:El; eav:jr
deR:lI:yKwr:(mKwr;bUnr.mv: mzgr;sibr:bIbo/nnr. mnr:jwr;y/mr;gfv,
awrwv,) noywr.>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 26. 10. 2004 nnr. pU;dQmr;ligr; lugr.dI;
lnr,dnr,es kI,'iwr:winr mKwr:jU:mnr:jwr; dI;wqcr:sidr.nI,< mKcr:
eav:jrdeR:lI:yUiwr: (Sydney, Australia)ywr.> lugr.dI;wqcr:lnr,
dnr,es gfv,wqcr:sidr.nI,no. "icrmzgr; (21) jUwr;mUcr:> 'iwr:winr anr
pU;dQmr;ligr;kI,nnr. bqnr”iwr:winrEk,lQcrEl; lo;gfv,Ew.dI;kUcr,
”iwr:winr wqcr:sQcrho/:(Shanghai) mzgr;s/mrjUwr;mUcr:es jcr,suibr,k/wr:
d/cr:gfv, Wdr;pQwrwqcr:sidr.nI,ywr.> kUcr,”iwr:winrsidr.nI,no. gzbr;
bqnrkUcr,”iwr:lUcr anrmI:”iwr:winrdUwr;lUgr;mv:lUcr:El; bqnrkUcr,”iwr:
anryfr,gf/cr;mUdr:sfr kuidr:jnr.anrnuicr;es mI:himr:pcr,nmr.b/cr,
lo/,< mI:”iwr:winrkuinr;kuinr;lUcr:lUcr: smr.ebv:amr,k/dr,esbzgr;>
dgv,anrmv:hbr. bqnraU:mzcr,dzcr:(av,yumzgr; 60 bo/)El;

dcr:dEb:mnr:< kvbqnrj/wr:mznr:ncr,gnr> pU;dQmr;ligr; amr,
y/mr;”.jgr:kwresdv. kwr'.jgr:jwr;Csv,lUcrwimlpigr.kuEl;
jwr;Csv,lUcr H;kwrmv:hbr.ywr.> szcrkvl/dr;wv;- ^hwr:kv; mv:yU,
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:no. "icrmzgr;s/wr:bIbo/ywr.> lo;jzo;awr
gUnr:j/wr:mznr: mv:yU,dI;mUicr:no. mI:mzgr; 40 egv.bo/noywr.> ebv:
jwr;gfv,Wdr; wqcr:kQmr,bUiwr,lUiwr,nnr.jJcr mKnrdcr:pQwrgfv, mKcr:mznr:
ywr.> gzbr;wv; dI;wdr.nnr.egv; mI:munrjwr;mznr:< anrmv:sUcr,
szmr: yU,gU;wnr:nnr.egv; bqnrmznr:ncr,gwr,El; mKnrwo.mKcr:mznr:
ywr.&noywr.> aubr,gnrgfv,nKwrlUdr.nnr. lo;mzgr;nJcr;jUwr;mUcr:
es Wdr;tJcrgfv,dI;wdr. anrCsv,lUcr jwr;wimlpigr.ku ycr.luiwr;
bfr.tv;nnr.ywr.> dI;wdr.nnr. mI:jwr;munrszcrdUnr< dUnr nJcr;
bqnrjwr;Csv,jv,gR(j/wr:y/cr:)< mnr:jwr;mv:pKYrEp;sv,snv,
dI;mKcr:no. ‘icrmzgr;s/wr:bIbo/noywr.> tQcr;dUnrnuicr; bqnrjwr;Csv,
cmof:wmif:edof:QD,vSef,sv;atj:qfwaI:bldof: \ 255
tmr,mjv,R (j/wr:twzo,)< bqnrjwr;anrjzo;tQmr jwr;Csv,lUcres

lUlzmrnv;g/nrdvc/nr: nfr:wdr.nnr.ywr.>
wj,awuGj,tSof, rldif:edof:QD,vSef,eef. qof;TOj,vlifodrv
zduf.ckeh. bgef.yldof;trf,vh;pAwf:oh. oD,qj,cof;tguf,vhmyguf;sv; aw
trf,yAefuGj,qgrf:/ qmif;mQnr;mKwr;s/cr,tugr,El; mI:dgv,Em;azgr,
y/cr:egv.nJcr; anrmv:aQwr,dI;wdr.nnr. y/mr;gfv,yU, niwr:jI,
lQnr,mv:El; mnr:l/dr;wv;- ^kv;mI:gUnr:”.jgr:yU,kv;< juiwr;wv;
lucr:jo/:hgr. bqnrj/wr:do:eav;&noEl; pU;dQmr;ligr;egv; jcr,lo;
yznr:mo/pUcr: lucr:jo/:hgr.es gbr:sJbr,didr:edv, lucr:jo/:hgr.
gmr:lqwrywr.> mnr:pidr;b/cr:wv;- ^mv:kv;lv;< amr,bqnrscrkv;< hwr:
kv;edgfv,bfr.hbr. dI;kUcr,”iwr:yU,kv;&noywr.>
wo/:nnr. jcr,nQdr;h/cr;hQnr: dv,wfr”iwr:winres azgr,gfv,
niwr:jI,lQnr, mKwr;wnr:tI. 06. 12. 2004< k/wr:y/mr:”wrkmr; 7.00
mUcr:nnr.ywr.> gv;”iwr:winr d/cr:gfv,d/cr:mv: mQnr;cuinr:edv,lv,
eav:jrdeR:lI:yUiwr: 580> lo;minr‘icrmzgr; 3 jUwr;mUcr:kuicr;> k/wr:
y/mr:dI;niwr:jI,lQnr, jwr.lKwreav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:El; Wdr;
tJcrgfv,dI;nnr; ebv:jmrdqcr;kJnr:ywr.> lo;hnrdgv,lUcr lucr:
jo/:hgr.El; Em;azgr,n/cr:em:mnr: aznrgnrmv:hbr. dI;kUcr,”iwr:
yU,ywr;>
lucr:jo/:hgr.no. as/gr;mI:mzgr; 80 bo/esdv. ycr:ehv;gv:
lo;yU,> mnr:l/dr;En pwwnr:lcrmnr:wv;- ^kv;hwr: bqnrgUnr:
b/nrjwr;Fv.kwres y/mr;jzmr:bKnr;lugr.puinr. suigr:acr:gidr:kwr
mv:< lo;mv:yU,dI;niwr:jI,lQnr,no. mI: 20 bIywr;&noywr.> gzbr;bo,
y/mr;tUbr:gnrEl; kvbU,azgr,egv; jUmr:jUmr:sKwr:sKwr:es l/dr;
En dI;gfv,dI;mv:jgfv, edv,ebv:tJcrwdr.ywr.> aubr,aUwr:gnr
aidr:aI;es dgv,kwrbzgr;mKwr:gfv,> pU;dQmr;ligr;egv; kwr;nznr:
lJwr;'iwr.mzo; dv,kmr;kJnr:nnr.yU,ywr.>
mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr, (New Zealand)
mKwr;bo,aQwr,lqbr;hqnr: nfr:wqcr:kwrnnr. aznrd/cr:sudr: ed
gbr:sJbr, mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr, bnrpU;lUligr;kwr aidr:aI;lU:gznr,>
d/cr:yfr,gf/cr;mI: 268,680 sq km< d/cr:nmr”wrgUnr:mI: 4 l/nr.bo/<
mzgr; 75% bqnrgUnr:nv;pKgr, anrlugr.d/cr:yU:Jlbr. ko/.mv:yU,> mzgr;
10% bqnrj/wr:m/wr:RI: (Maori) bqnrgUnr:bJnr.mKcr: (gJgr:mKcr:)< mzgr; 5%
bqnrgUnr:d/cr,mqwr:< pv,sv,gf/mr:l/dr;- acr:gidr:El;m/wr:RI:> sv,
snv,nbr.tJwr- mzgr; 75% bqnrkRidr.sL/nr,< nzgr;esnnr. bqnr
sv,snv,d/cr,anr< lUcrbzcrjJcr;- lzdr;lQwr:swr:ekv< kwr;”mr;bv:
nfr:jumr:tnshv,y Independent member of the Commonwealth
of Nations< “wrnv;jJcr;mKcr:- n/cr:ehvkmr: aI,lI,jbQdr.(Elizabeth)
egv.tiszcr< mKcr:acr:gidr:< pU;nmr:lUcrbzcrjJcr;- jzmrjJcr;lUcr
n/cr:Eh:linr: kl/gr.kr (Helen Clark) mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr,no. jQgr,
azgr,bqnrszcrgunr< gunrWcr,El;gunrj/nr:>
wqcr:anrpU;dQmr;ligr;gfv,lo;lUcr:no. bqnrwqcr:aUgr.glQnr,
(Auckland)< wqcr:no. mI:gUnr:yU,nmrgJnr:lKwrgunrWcr,> nfr:wqcr:no. mI:
gUnr:mKcr:m/nr; mzgr;hqcrbo/< mI:jqmr do:< m/nr;< mznr:y/cr:jgfv,> kwr
jUiwr:no. gzbr;jwr;nv;dI;s/nrlUgr;kwr jdr:g/nres jzbr,t/mr
dUYr:wv; mKcr:lfrmI:ej,dnv, dv,hbr.awrgUnr:bo/;ep:noes gUnr:
bo/;ep:nnr.egv; jwr;gwr,kfr;gfv,yU,mKcr:lfrnoegv; awrgmr;jfrkwrwv;
ywr.> ebv:dUgr:lUcr:gnrlo;mUdr:ywr.egv; kwrazgr,bnrwI,jv,kwr;
mKcr:es yU,edv,jUwr;b/nrlo;ywr,> aicrnKwr mKcr:anrhwr:edgfv,
nnr.es m/crmKcr:egv; edgUdr,jQdr;dUYr: bo/:yU,lIjgfv,jKwr:no.
El; anrlo;bfr.’icregv;mI:> ebv:Wdr;nfr:mKcr:ywr. lUcrbzcrjJcr;kwr
awrbunr;pznr: dUYr:bnrdI;yU,swr:< dI;hqnr:ligr;< pJgr:g/nrbnr
jKwr:no.ywr.> lKwrnnr. ycr:gmr.bnrcJnr: 'wrlKnrtQcr;lU:gznr,>
ebv:gfv,”mr;gnr dcr:lugr;dcr:em:jJcr kwrbnr”inr:lcrnuicr;gmr:
lqwrywr.> mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr,no. bqnrmKcr:kJnr;yfr,mfr,sucr mKcr:nJcr;

es bqnrdI;bKnr;gfv,hqnr:awr d/cr:'.d/cr:emvgUYr:amr,gv: gUnr:
anrgfv,yU,jKwr:nnr.egv; lo;jfr.sunr,lo;sunr,bqnrkwr dqmrdqmr
tUnr;tUnr;es lugr;l/cr:kwregv; lo;hqnr:ligr;lo/:lIlItQcr;El;
lzmrkugr:jfrlo;bI;nzcr.do:hwr: anramr,mI;aUwr:g<dr, lo;mv:yU,mUicr:
bUinr;jUicr.nonnr.ed.ed.>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 07. 11. 04 nnr. dcr:dgv,jo/:jqcr,winr:lo/,

(do:pvbunr< mKcr:y<cr:lQcr)es gfv,aQwr,lqbr;hqnr: nfr:wqcr:aUgr.g
lQnr, anrbqnrwqcr:gUnr:gJnr:lKwrbKnr; d/cr:gunrWcr,nnr.ywr.>
nfr:wqcr:no. mI:gUnr:yU,swr:mzgr;nuicr;l/nr. lo;'.ncr,no> nfr:wqcr:
no. anrlUwr,l/dr;lKwrbKnr;Ed. bqnrswrehvmucr; (Sky Tower)
anrsucrlKwrbKnr;< jJwr;lJwr:lcrlKwrbKnr; nrf:mKcr:no.nnr.ywr.>
swrehvmucr;no. egv,s/cr;kJnr; mKwr;bI 1997< d/cr:sucrmI: 328 mI,dKwr,<
nmr.ngr:mI: 20,000 d/nr,noywr.> ebv:kJnr;d/cr:kU;lojJcr sigr;
mnr:mI: 1,267< mI:libr.pr(kU;lot/dr;) kJnr;lUcr: 3 anr< gU; 15
mqdr.no. awrgUnr:kJnr;lUcr:lo; 225 egv.> k/wr:y/mr:kJnr;lUcr: "icr
40 sQgr.gQn.r > dI;nKwrbo/swrsudr:sudr:nnr. kwrjfr.bqnr swrdidr:
edv,tI:wI:< so/lUmr:El; azmrlUmr: jgfv,jKwr:nnr.ywr.> nJcr;bI
nJcr;bI gUnr:mv:kJnr;mnr: mI:mzgr;nJcr;l/nr.noywr.> gv;kJnr;nKwr
mnr: nJcr;egv.(gUnr:lUcr)lo;bnr 18 edv,lv,niwr:jI,lQnr,> scr
nv;Fv.b/cr,sfrlIjJcr yU,dI;nKwrmnr:es j/cr;mucr;hnrtJcrdI;go
mzgr; 80 gI,lUwr,mI,dKwr, dcr:sI,nv;mKcr:noywr.>
wqcr:aUgr.glQnr,no. gzbr;mI:himr:pcr,nmr.b/cr,lo/,El; ebv:
yU,dI;nKwr swrehvmucr;es mucr;dUYr:jJcr d/cr:lfregv; lo;hnrdKgr;
yfr,'inr:lUcrEl; nmr.b/cr,lo/,szmr,sfrjKcr.nnr bqnranrlImucr;
lIyqmr;dUYr:> hqdr:H;eb,lzcr;”iwr.mzo;ed.ed.> lKwresnnr. scr
kfr;yU,dI;nKwrswrehvmucr; anrsucr 192 mI,dKwr,nnr.es wQnl r Ucr:
mv:tuicrd/cr:dfr;nojJcr jwr;nv;dI;kwr h/cr;hQnr:bnrmUdr:> kwrawr
so/jKgr;mdr.jbr:dUwres jcr,jfr.wQnrlUcr:ywr.> anrno. lo;bnr
gv;mnr: 195 edv,lv,> ebv:lUcr:mv: d/cr:dfr;ehvmucr;jJcr mI:dI;ko/wfr
dJdr:gU;bKcr> kfr;gfv,aQwr,d/cr:lfregv; sJwr.lo;wfrdJdr:dI;nnr;dcr:
sqcr;ywr.> mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr,no. gzbr;wv; bqnrmKcr:h/cr;lI lugr;nJcr;
El; ebv:tJcrk/wr:gdr: d/cr:mUicr:wnr:dUgr:jJcr mI:j/wr:yU:Jlbr.kwr
mv:aQwr,lJwr;ycr.jfrnmred.ed.> anrno. hqdr:H;lo/:lo;cuinr:
dI;gUnr:nzgr;mKcr:kwrnmrnnr.ywr.>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 09. 11. 04< g/crnfrjwr. lo;azgr,gfv,aQwr, wqcr:wI,
licr,dnr,(Willington) anrbqnrwqcr:lUcr mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr,es mI:
himr:pcr,nmr.b/cr,lo/, dI;gunrWcr,El; gunrj/nr:j/br;gnrnnr.
ywr.> dcr:gfv,dcr:mv: lo;bnr 200 edv,lv,< "icrmzgr; 10 jUwr;mUcr:>
nfr:k/wr:d/cr:nnr. Wdr;tuicrdI;lfregv; gUnr:ehv;gv:kwr awrmQgr.g
Jlof,pUcr:es l/dr;sbr:lQcr:Engfv,gU;dI;> m/crwqcr: didr:pcr,nmr.
b/cr,lo/,< m/crwqcr:egv; mI:”Yr;mI:lozEl; k/wr:d/cr:anrno. lo;hnr
nmr.b/cr,lo/, sIszmr,szmr,esamr,gv: smr.lo;hnrbv: lzoyKwr;yv;
kqwrkqwr mI:dUwr:< Eb.< wUwr: so.ginryUiwr;yU, gdr:gdr:yqnryqnrtQcr;
El; hqdr:H;gUnr:mv:aQwr,lqbr;hqnr:kwr sKwr:jfr egLv,mUnr;jzmr:s
pv,w mKcr:h/cr;lIniw:r jI,lQnr,no.ed.ed.> wqcr:wI,licr,dnr,no.
smr.wv;bqnrwqcr:lUcresdv. amr,ebv:jJwr;lJwr: d/nr,wqcr:kRidr.
kLVidr. (Christ Church)< wqcr:kRidr.kLVidr.no. bqnrwqcr:dcr;g/nrbo/:
m/gr;mI:es mI:spv,wh/cr;lIed.ed.> nmr.linrhinrpvegv; mKnr
gnrdcr:mKcr:swidr.sKwr:lQnr: (Swaziland)wo.> gzbr;bKwr; mI:spv,w
nmr.linrhinrpvh/cr;lIEl; bqnrdI;bKnr;gfv,to,cwr:nmr dI;nJcr;
ywr.> gzbr;noEl; ebv:l/dr;lKcr;mKcr:niwr:jI,lQnr,nojJcr gmr;nmr
nmr ed'.jgr: wqcr:kRidr.kLVuidr.no.yU,>
tJcrmv:wo/:wnr: lugr.dI;wqcr:wI,licr,dnr, kI,'iwr:winrjlqgr.
anrkwr;mzgr; 20 egv.nnr.es gfv,wqcr:kRidr.kLVuidr.< lo;winr"icr mzgr;
nJcr;jUwr;mUcr:< dcr:gfv,dcr:mv: lo;bnredv,lv,niwr:jI,lQnr, 200>

wqcr:kRidr.kLVidr.no. bqnrwqcr:anrkwrlumr:lv: 'inr:dKgr;gwr,Eg,
anr nbr.'wrb/gr,bImnr:nnr.ywr.> “inr:dKgr;yfr,dKgr;sucr anr
kJdr:g/br;b/nrmfr,jKwr:nnr.egv; lo;hnrkbr.yognrgfv, h/cr;ebv:mKnr
ncr, k/br;edv,k/br;dQnrywr.> dI;nfr:g/crwqcr:nnr. lo;hnrgGcr:
kRqdr.gwr,Eg, anrkwrWcr.wv; kRidr.kLVidr.nnr. bUgr:dcr;yU,dugr:
sugr:es bJdr,bnrgUnr:lqbr;hqnr:kwr kwr;gfv,lqbr;hqnr: gv;ncr,jfrmI:
nnr.ywr.> gGcr:lcrno. mI:av,yu nbr.'wrb/gr,bInoywr.< jJwr;wqcr:
no.egv; Wcr.jzmr:gGcr:lcrno.ywr.>
mKcr:no. gzbr;kwredamr,y/mr;hnr munrjwr;’iwregv;amr,“.<
mKwr;pU;dQmr;ligr; aQwr,dUYr:nfr:wqcr:nnr. kwraznrgnrdUY:r < gmr;
pzcr;egv; mv:t/mr< lo;l/dr;sbr:lQcr:Enkwrywr.> anrno.egv;
edlo;wv; bqnrg/nrbuinrEp;sv,snv,budr.tjwr; anrnJcr;no
yU,> mKwr;wnr:tI. 12. 11. 04 nnr. mQnr;wnr:av:didr.El; dgv,
kwr aznrgnrmv:aQwr,dI;wdr.> mKwr;”wrkmr;nnr. kwrmI:b/crgumr bunr;
dv,hvsJwr. dI;wdr.mfr,tQcr;noywr.> nfr:jumr:nnr. anrbqnrcwr;
bqnrgnr:kwrEd. bqnrdgv,lucr:jo<:hgr.El; lucr:egLv,winr:lo/,no
ywr.> gzbr;kwrav,yuyfr,es dUwrtUbr:nmrlKwr bKnr;nnr.ywr.> tuicr
g/crkmr;mv: mI:dgv,jKwr:bqnrdo: jumr:ebv;Em;dgv,egLv,winr:lo/,
anrbqnrdo: d/cr:mKcr:y/cr:lQcrlfr< jo/:gQwr; (mUicr:s/dr,) gfv,kJnr;
hqnr:dI;nnr;< n/cr:sQcrpiwr,(gqcr:ducr) hqdr:g/nrdI;nnr;El;
yicr:do:dv;lKwr,< dv;kI;lqgr: anrEd,nv;”inr:jzmr:j/wr:nv;
pKgr, aznrgnrmv:dUcr.dgr. gnr,edv:wo;sv pU;dQmr;ligr;yU,ywr.>
do: jKwr:yU,dI;niwr:jI,lQnr,no. amr,y/mr;”.jgr:gnrmv:

esdv. gzbr;lo;cinr:k/wr,wv; munrjwr;do:mv:aQwr,tJcrnoEl; jcr,
lo;mI:d/cr:”mr”mrjUmr:jUmr:es mv:dUcr.dgr.gnr,edv:wo;svjKcr.
noywr.> wo/:kwrgnr,edv:ywr. lo;bnrekv;scr,sznrCpv:bqnrjwr;
bqnrkzcrdznr;lI dv,pU;dQmr;ligr;es dgv,do:egv.nuicr;smr. d/cr
dUwrkwres l/dr;wv; ^hwr:kv;amr,t/cr,wv; edmI:munrjwr;do:hwr:
mv:aQwr,tJcrhwr:kv;dI;no;< edv;lqwr hwr:kv; lo;mI:aUwr:g/dr, mv:”br.
tUbr:gnr,edv: jwr;hwr:jUicr.nono. hwr:kv;bqnr anr”mrjUmr:ed.
ed.kv;> gUYr:gv; k/wr:y/mr:anrjwr;hwr: mv:dI;hwr:kv;no. ea,gfv,
aidr:nJcr;El; ebv:bzgr;nv;tv,lJnr:mv: scrmI:aUwr:g/dr,tQcr;kv;
jJcr mv:Ew.El,hwr:kv;tQcr;esgmr:kv;> H;mI:k/wr:y/mr: yU,dI;hwr:
kv;no. ‘icrlKwrno.esgmr:kv;&noywr.>
mKwr;wnr:tI. 13. 11. 04< g/crnfrnnr. gnr,edv:wo;sv scr,
jwr;av:w/dr;es bzgr;kJnr: mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:ywr.> k/wr:
y/mr:mzgr;nJcr;mUcr:g/crwnr:nnr. kJnr:Wdr;tJcr wqcr:sidr.nI, lI
c/mr:yU,ywr.>
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr: (Commonwealth of Australia)

dI;dcr;- dcr;yU,nfr:wUcr;g/cr nmr.mhv,smudr; ainr:dI:
yv:El; pQdr.jipigr;< bIlo;lzdr;lQwr:swr:ekv- bI 1901 nI;< wqcr:
lUcr(Capital)- kQnr,bUiwr,lUiwr, (Canberra)< ”wrgUnr: (Population) mI: 20
l/nr.< pRcr,nKwr.k/wr(Caucasian) mI: 92%< gUnr:ea:sLv: (Asia) mI:
7%< gUnr:bJnr.mKcr: (Aboriginal) mI: 1%< d/cr:yumr,ymrnbr.tJwrsv,
snv, (religion)- sv,snv,kRidr.sL/nr, mI: 75%< j/wr:budr.mI: 1%<
sv,snv,aijr.lmr,mI: 1%< sv,snv,gLV: mI: 0.5%< d/cr:yfr,gf/cr;
(Total Area)- 2,967,893 lgr:bnr,mUnr:< lUcrbzcrjJcr;- lzdr;lQwr:
swr:ekv< kwr;”mr;bv: nfr:jumr:tnshv,y (Independent Member of
the Common wealth of Nation)< pU;nmr:juicr;mUicr: (head of state)-
mo,kUiwr, gLQbr.pUiwr,RI, (Governor General Michael Jeffery) bqnrpU;
nmr:gU;lzcr;lzcr;< pU;nmr:lUcrbzcrjJcr; (head of government)- jzmr
pzcr:lUcr gGnr,hv:wUidr. (Prim Minister John Howard)>
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:no. jQgr,azgr,wo.hv;dznr;-
1. niwr:szgr.ew:lr (New South Wales)

2. cdGef:lQnr: (Queensland)
3. eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:bzdr:j/nr: (South Australia)
4. eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:bzdr:Wcr, (Northern Territory)
5. eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:bzdr:dUgr: (Western Australia)
ncr,noywr.>
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:no. d/cr:yfr,gf/cr;mnr: bqnrtUnr;

6 nfr:lUgr;> jJcr;mKcr: anryfr,gf/cr;lKwrmnr:jmr.-
1. mUicr:Rdr.sUiwr: (Russia) mI: 6,592,735 bnr,mUnr:
2. mUicr:Ek:nv:dv: (Canada) mI: 3,851,788 bnr,mUnr:
3. mUicr:aem,Rig/nr, (USA) mI: 3,717,792 bnr,mUnr:
4. mUicr:Ek, (China) mI: 3,705,386 bnr,mUnr:
5. mUicr:bv,Rv,jiwr: (Brazil) mI: 3,286,470 bnr,mUnr:>
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:no. smr.wv; lo;lzdr;lQwr:swr:

ekvywr.esdv. kwrdJgr.yU,dfr;”mr;cwr: Ficr;tucr:acr:gidr:kwres
amr,gv: ycr:yugr.awrn/cr:ehvkmr:mKcr:acr:gidr: bqnr”wrnv; pU;
nmr:mKcr:kwres cuinr:kwrm/crwfregv; ycr:awrh/cr;n/cr:ehvkmr: ebv.
sfr,tQcr;gznr,ywr.> gf/mr:l/dr;kwregv; jfr.gf/mr:acr:gidr:gUYr:> bo/:
g/nrmUicr:< bo/:bYr,Yv,jgfv,gU;bKcrbKcr bqnrbKcrlqwrgnr dcr:mKcr:acr:
gidr:gUYr:amr,gv: jJwr;dKgr;yfr,”inr:lUcrlfr< “cr:yvlfr< sqnr;d/cr:
lfrjUiwr:no. awrjJwr;d/cr:mUicr:acr:gidr: mv:d/cr,wo.gmr;nmr< jKcr.
ncr, wigr.dUwr:RI:yv:< azgr.jrpUdr.< kQmr:bRigr.gLrlfr< jJwr;pU;nmr:
acr:gidr: gLqmr:kugr: egv.anraznrj/wr:acr:gidr: kwr;mv:eav:jr
deR:lI:yKwr:nnr.El; av,tKwr,lfrjKwr:no. lo;hnrgfv,gU;dI;El;
pfresamr,wv; ebv:lo;gfv,aQwr,tJcr mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:jJcr
mKnrncr, lo;gfv,aQwr,tJcr mKcr:acr:gidr:ywr.>
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:no. gzbr;nv;linryfr,gf/cr;es dI;
linrbwr,egv; ycr:dJgr.mI:yU,El; amr,wv;sv,snv,anrlfr ebv:
bqnrjumr: anrkwrhbr.awrmv:jKwr:nnr.jJcr yznr:nv;dI; dv,hqdr:
wdr.wv:< dI;bU,ejv,mU:jv:jJcr lUcrbzcrjJcr;kwr edmQcr,bnrdI;linr
es hwr:gLVigr;bKcrp/crh/cr;jKcr.’iwregv; hqdr:awrhcr:gUYr:lo;> gzbr;
noEl; edv;lqwr nfr:mKcr:no. gUnr:j/wr:ea:sLv:hwr: yU,dI;lfregv;
edlo;hnrwdr.wv:< “cr:tmr:jgfv,jKwr:no. mKnrncr,mKcr:hwr:nnr.
ywr.>
wqcr:sidr.nI, (Sydney)
wqcr:sidr.nI,no. bqnrwqcr:yfr,dI;sudr:El; guinr:dI;sudr:
mKcr:eav:jrdeR:lI:yKwr:ywr.> dcr;Ed,wqcr: mUiwr;bIkRidr. 1788
nI;< j/wr:acr:gidr:kwr awrgUnr:kmrkzgr; nfr:mKcr:kwrmv:yU,es dcr;
bqnrwqcr:aznrd/cr:bUinr;El; lo;wv; bqnrwqcr:anrgwr,Eg,lKwrbKnr;
nfr:mKcr:no.ywr.> wqcr:no. mI:gUnr:yU,swr:mzgr; 4 l/nr.bo/> nuicr;bI
nuicr;bIlfr mI:gUnr:mv:aQwr,tJcr 5 l/nr.bo/noywr.> bKcrlUcrmnr: ebv:
k/wr:gdr:d/cr:yU:Jlbr.El; aem,Rigv:juicr kwrbo/;gdr:es mv:lJwr;
”iwr.ycr.jfr hvso/lQdr,aunr,aunr, dI;mUicr:no.nmred.ed.> gzbr;
wv; ebv:k/wr:gdr:d/cr:yU:Jlbr. smr.bqnrk/wr:mo; mUicr:no.nnr.ywr.>
wqcr:sidr.nI,no. nuicr;bIlfr anramr,mI:so/lQdr,nnr. mI: 23 wnr:
gUYr:noywr.>
smr.tQcr; lo;”.wv; wqcr:no. bqnrwqcr:anrlIgfv,aQwr,lJwr;
”iwr.ycr.jfr lIlUiwrbUinr;dI;sudr: nfr:lUgr;no.no jumr: International
Travel & Leisure Magazine kwr bnrmo/sucrsudr:noywr.> kwrbnr mo/
wqcr:FlUwr:RQnr:jr(Florence)< mKcr:aI,dlI, 83.3%< wqcr:Jlmr: (Rome)<
mKcr:gLVwr,m/nr, 83.8%< wqcr:sQnr,pRQnr,sisgUwr, (San Francisco)<
mKcr:aem,Rigv: 82.2%> wqcr:sidr.nI, (Sydney)< mKcr:eav:jrdeR:
lI:yKwr:no. 87%> lKwrnnr. ebv:Wdr;gfv,wqcr:sidr.nI,jJcr edlo;
hnrbv:kUwrlUcr k/mr;Em;nmr. po/,j/nr:sidr.nI, gfv,jU:po/,Wcr,

anrWcr.wv; “iwr:bKwr:bRidrxgLr (Harbour Bridge) nnr.El;scr< eav,
bRv,Wgr.sr (Opera House) nnr.lfr bqnrkKcr;mo/d/crdUwr wqcr:sidr.
nI,ywr.> lKwrnnr. anrlIgfv,lqbr;hqnr:mnr: ycr:mI:tQcr;lzoszmr,
(Blue Mountain) anrwv;nnr.gznr, ywr.> lzono. gzbr;bv,mo.dUnr;mo.
anrmI:nKwrlzojKwr:nnr. bqnrdUnr;yU,gRibr.El; ebv:so/lQdr,
tzcr,sfr,juicr awrbqnrsIszmr,gfv,dcr:lzoEl; jcr,aznrgnrWcr.wv;
lozszmr,noywr.> lKwresnnr. lzoszmr,no. jumr:yU,nQdr.jrgUwr, gul
smgr.gs/nrlUgr;kwr mgr:mnr;H;bqnr kUwr:kzcrlUgr;gznr,ywr.>
qgrf:eif, zl;wSrf;vduf; vh;uGj,vAyf;pAef:pefrj:eef. qif,
vh;tofpAwf:cgifzmuf,vD wgef;xkdifzl;vlvduf;pof:cof rj:ygwf:tgef,
wgef;ekdif;eif,ehbof;/ P;wlofq[Ogifyldif uwf:bAefae.egef:aO
urf:… /
vduf;rgifq[qgrf:
qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOfOe
(xrfruxdu y’qepdwxI)
owf.ydwuwf;? oAif:wlef;wD:? qkdif;wh:
tefcof;qmrf, Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj, rldof; 10. 05. 2005
trf,rkif;trf,rgif:aO rldof;oef:xD. 10. 05. 2005 eef.

qldof:yAefvkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh: tefwkduf.pAef:vduf;bl, wD;rldif:OD,Nof,
eh. vh;idef:cmof,oj; qof;wlef;cl:vlifodyOfOe (owf.ydwuwf;?
oAif:wlef;wD:)cof;qmrf,Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf: uGj,ySwf;pof:bof.ehsv;
yAeftefqfGvAuf.acj:clrf aOvhmqgrf:sw.sw./ qof;wlefcl:vlifod
yOfOeeh. yAefqof;wleftef cof;qfGpuf.ySif:zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,?
qldof.qmwf;qof;ekdif;bl,bof./ bgef.oj; trf,zgif:vldofvh; Oazj:
Oif,cj,Ixrf:qof;aO vh;cof;Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,ySwf;pof: qldof:
yAefvkuf;egif. way:wif:OAif;eh. aOvhmbl,aOwj. erf.qfG? ej;
umef qof;wlefcl:vlif tefvh;pAwf:rj:qldof:eef. awudkuf:ykdef:oh.
aO yAefwD;Nrfqlrf: tofukef:rkefqgrf:sw.sw./
rldof;oef:xD. 20. 05.2005 eef. bldif:tmef:ql: qof;wlef
cl:vlifpof:cj;aO pof:cj;vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:wif:OAif; qldof:rj:pAef:
vduf; rldif:OD,Nof, zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,uefaO wmef:umyf;Ogrf:oef: vl,
wmef:bmwf,erf. Olif,ukOlof,xkdif qof;wlefcl:vlifpof:bl,atj;/
qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: cof;qmrf,Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,aOwj.auj;
erf.qfG? aq,wej,? rAwf.wj,? ej;umeftefqof;wlefcl:vlifpof:
ygifOmif;oh.eef. awqyf:ukdrf:bl,oh. eGf:rmuf,NofqfG pof:cj;wif:OAif;
ykdef:uSyf;qof;wlefcl:vlif odyOfOe \ 265
bl,/ P;vh;Mwf;xkdif wD;uwf:wD;bAef wD;trf,rD:cAefeef.aOurf:

vlnf;atj; ... /
vkuf;pAef:Oif,cwh:
rldif:OD,Nof,
ykdef:uSyf;
qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOfOe
}}}}
yDuldwf,/ / 1283 eD;?1 vldefurfvgif;(13)crf;? oef:ykwf. (25.01.
1922)/
qj,wd/ / omef;phm:OSif? tldif,rldif:bh:? rldif:egif/
ayj;sr;/ / vkif:uRif:aw,odef,? ehm:uRif:tl./
rD:yD;egif.tguf,/ (7) auj.- vkif:qaI:tj,Idb? vkif:vghnj,e? qhm:
crf:vl,(TOj,qof;)? ehm:pAiful,? vkif:qaI: Okynf,
nj,? vkif:eef,w? yl,pAiftgef,(Mif.qaI: tdef,awj:zj,O)/
yAefOmif,/ / 1296 eD;? ayj;sr;Ogifqof; toftmyf;pAwf:uyf.yD,
wD;TOj,qof;vlifOkre? uRif:vlifpdefap;? tldif,
rldif:bh:? oAif:rldif:egif? xkdifyD 1299 eD;eef. yl,vghblnf:? ehm:vhg
OSifrkif:cof pAwf:yAef ayj;tguf,sr;tguf,aO ckdef;yAefOmif,/
yAefqmif:/ / 1307eD;? vldefNuf:rGf,(8)crf;? oef:Oof? (8)rlif:
qof.? TOj,qof;vlifOkre? uRif:egifwof: pAwf:
tkywf.Omh,? pyf.tof ywf.aq:OD,yldif yl,vghuef,e? ehm:vghOSifNdif:
aO yAefqmif:wD;Odrf,cef,x? uRif:zjOSif? oAif:rldif:egif/
1
yDtefq[.oh. e[:ykdef;uSyf;qof;eh. yAefyDauj:qj,Ouf.uImqf.rlwf:bof./
pAef:yIdbwf;/ / pAef:tofykdef.xmef wD;TOj,qof;vlifOkre? TOj,
qof;aOjIdb? uRif:pdefap;? rldif:bh:/ pAef:tof
vhm:wSrf;? vhm:apj: vif,uj,vlif wD;TOj,qof;vlifeIdefw? uRif:
omef;ej:? rldif:emif:/ yD 1308 eD;? pAef:tofwmif:arj wD;owf.
rpjodOkwfxjIlif? oAif:ymif,tl;vlif(ar,rBLof.) wD;TOj,qof;vlif tj
eefwjyefwdw (tzdxqrpjIwfxukIk)/ yD 1313 eD;? wlduf;
tzbj,Ij,rOlnf,ul,? oAif:wj;vldof,/
pAwf:ywdywf;/ / yD 1316 eD; yhm:bl,vD blyf;bgrf:sv; ukdwf:vkdof;
umefpAef:aO Oof:bl,wD;uRif:Noferf.? oAif:uRuf.
sr:? wD;TOj,qof;vlifOkreaO pAwf:umefzj,oej,urf,rxmef:/
ohm:eef.Okdyf,pAef:tof vhm:zj,oej, wD;TOj,qof;vlifoDIdb? owf.
auovrmef,tgif,? oAif:ulwf.chm? xkdifrj:yD 1317 eD;? cof;eGf:xldef,
yj:vAof pdrf:omef;Omif: olof:vlif? oAif:vhm:cj;/
ygifumefOj,Oej,/ / 1318 eD; qof;uGef:yhm:vlif TOj,qof;yef
wdw(rldif:egif)sv;wuj, ymif:tofoj, wD;
rldif:emif:? ref:qof; zknf,yefwlduf;Ogefvduf;? apj:Twj:yefwuj,
bl,bof./ yD 1319 eD; wif:qof;uGef:yhm:vlifrldif:egif? Qof;TOj,aOj
zerldif:egif cofqof;Omrfwlef Nrf;uefzknf, ygh:clef.ch;wSrf;wgyf,
vduf; odebjekufup wD;rldif:emif: awj,xkdifrldof;vAofbl,bof./ 1327
eD; tofuRif:vlifrldif:emif: tmyf;yefqof;rkedefw(xrfrjqIdb)?
Qof;Ijqdefw (xrfrjqIdb)aO wlefvAofuGj,bl,eGf:xldef, zhm,
qmef:vj;OAof; wD;erf.rj. rguf,wgif:aO udefOkif:tj:pmeff rmuf,rh.
pmuf;Nofulnf:bl,bof./ yD 1328 eD;eef. ref:qof;Okdyf,pAef:tof
vhm:zj,oej,urf,rxmef: wD;TOj,qof;vliftjavju (tufurpjyef
wdw) OSefoDaO seTwj:yefwuj, omef;yAif:tgh;bl,bof./ 1329
eD;eef. TOj,qof;vlifrldif:Ol; ckdef:Mif.ref:qof;rj:ymifvlifaO
xmyf;umrf,abj:rkef wD;eGf: Odrf,Owfxrfrokwfxd? owf.ydwuwf;?

ymifvlifbl,bof./
ohm:aOeef. ref:qof;vh;pAwf:zl;xwf:vduf; (atjOje
aOjaxbB ywfxyjwu) ydwuwf;wh:sv; vh;uGj,bl,Oof: wD;uRif:
uRuf.rRif:? oAif:wj;ukif;? wif:TOj,qof;njedefw(zdof:) TOj,qof;
aOjze(rldif:egif) qgh;uefxwf:ydwuwf;wh:bl,bof./ zgif:eef.
ref:qof;uh.uh.uGj,tkyf,tlof:TOj,qof;cof qkrf:rldif:ukwf; vgif;odyOfO
ej, (rlof:uluf.odyOfOej)/ yD 1331-1333 eD;eef. TOj,qof;vlif
rpjejburldif:Ol; trf,ayj:bl,vDsv; ref:qof;vh;ckdef:rj:vkrf:
vj: wD;ymifvlifbl,bof./ yD 1333 eD;? vldefOdyf:tdwf:rlef: vh;
ymif:TOj,qof;vlifrldif:Ol; vlif:uGj,ckdef;bjNif:bj rBj.bwej, wD;
wj;ukif;bl,bof./ 1333 eD;? vldefOdyf:tAwf:vyf: TOj,qof;vlifrldif:
Ol; cof;qmrf,Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,bl,bof./ vldefOdyf:OgifrfG,(6)crf;
vh;ymif:tofcmyf;wlofTOj,qof;vlifrldif:Ol; cldef:yguf;rj:ymifvlifbl,
bof./ 1334 eD;eef. tgefNofvkrf:vj: Omif:uBLof,bl,bof./
efG:yDeef. ref:qof;vh;uGj,zldnfsz;Oj,Oej, eGf:rldif:urf,
yl:cBj: wD;ayj:xdrj:Imrf:? owf.zj:pdaO xkdifrj:yD 1338 eD;eef.
Okduf:cgrf,rdof,edwf.crAefvSif vkuf.zkdef.? pSrfulef:rldif:sv; ref:qof;
vh;tgefNofwuj, tguf,yhm;cof;rldif:xh:aO ckdef:yguf;rj:bl,rldif:wh:bl,
bof./ yD 1339 eD; ref:qof;bl,Oof: wD;owf.aovkoef? wlef;
wD:aO Okdyf,ygifumefOj,Oej,uGj,bl,bof./ yD 1341 eD;eef. wif:
TOj,qof;vlifrldif:egif tgefuefsw,wif; owf.ydwuwf;wh:? wD;oAif:
wlef;wD:bl,bof./ ref:qof;bl,Oof: ckdifygifOj,Oej, awj,xdkif
ref:qof;ayj:vh;vgef,uGj,bl,bof./ yD 1348 eD;eef. wif:TOj,
qof;vlifrldif:egif tgefuefsw,wif;yef wlduf;Ogefvduf;qof;cmofwh:
tefqldof;oj; Oj,Oeorf,OD, wD;oAif:wlef;wD:eef.bl,bof./ xkdif
rj:yD 1357 eD; wlduf;vduf;tefeh. qkdof;OAifvkdof:vifrj:bl,bof./
ref:qof;eh. uwf.cSef,ul;yhm:yhm:aO yAefzl;arjwSrf;vduf;oguf:? vif,
uj,wh:bl,bof./
tefvh;wSrf;tguf,yyf./ rldefeif,-
1. Olduf;ykdef: TOj,qof;vlifrldif:Ol;? zgef:vDvh;vl, ydwuwf;
Omrfugifsv; Okwf;quf.uowf.wd qof;quf.uBj,(Omrfrl,ukduf:
uef yAefvif,uj,vlif)
2. Twj:ulef:tlef;tgef,
3. Owf.quxj, wD,yeD,
4. ywdqOrkyf.yjw
5. xrf,ryw vif,uj,vlif
6. Owf.qj,eyf.wluf: Odyf:Nuf:yj:
7. avj:ueD,wd vif,uj,tgef,
8. xrf,rquf.uBj, vif,uj,wh:
9. tewf.wvuf.cej,Okwf; vif,uj,wh:
10. yIdwf;vlifzhm,wh: tlrfOlyf:oh:P;vh;
11. vhm:wSrf;vif,uj,wh:
12. xrf,ruxduf;uGmrf:vof:sv; Nrf;yj:Twj:ydwf:ygwf: vif,uj,
tgef, vif,uj,vlif uAof,vgif;xrf,r? Orf,ao,uqldof:eh.bof./
wj,awauj,Omif;owf.oj:eh. cmrf,wmif:bmyf,zkdwf, ul;vgif;

vgif; tguf,apj:Twj: vl,cmrf,ul;omef;ul;rldif: rmifyguf;nj:ulef:qlef?
ulef:phm.? uGmrf:sO.Ogrf:? bgif;tmrf:? cmrf,tlwf:bldef.tof? tef
vmuf,vhm: xkdifwD;vGfauj; yldef;puf.Nrfqlrf:wgef;erf? rD:zkif:vmyf;
bGf,/ bmrf;auj,Omif;ugif:rl: vhmvhmwD;? bmrf;yAefzl;rmhvlif iof;ikef:
rkuf.qkrf:vlifOif,cqkdif;wh:sv; vh;pyf.qkrf;xrfruxdu yHqe
pdwxI rldof;yD 1355 eD;eef.bl,/
yDvgef,/ / 1367 eD;? vldefNuf:rfG,(3)crf;? yDwh: 2099 bmrf:zgif:

umifcrf; 9:13 wD;owf.ydwuwf;? oAif:wlef;wD:/
Omif:uBLof,/ / oef:xd 09.06.2005 /
vduf;rgifq[qgrf:
qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: urf;zgif;
qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOfOe zl;ywdywf;qgrf:Odefxrf: ayj:
xdOwf.w qArfrldof;vh;rldof:Nyf.xlyf:oh;Oj qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: efG:
vldef January, 2005 yDeh. wD;wlef;wD:eef.bof. efG:qfGcj;way:
wkdef:vgrfolef.oh.oj; oef:tefqof;wlefcl:vlif awOkdyf,rD:qgrf:pof:
uGj, efG:rldif:ulef:eh.aw. awtrf,ayj:ukdwf:erfbof.eh/ ref:qof;
trf,wgif:zfGbof./ awj;wj,awxlrf,erf.vhm:ulnf:auj; trf,rD:Owd
qyf:wlof? trf,yfG.uguf:xlrf,vh;bof./ wmif:yAef Acquirer tefyef
wkuf.cref:qof;rj: cmof:wmif:qAwf:yDeef. vSyf;awtrf,rD:wmif:
cSef: wmif:blwf:bjvh;/ ref:yAefaIj:uj, rldefuefwif:qgrfqkdif;rldif:
tar,Iduef, aIj,se,vfaI,udef, (Ronald Reagan)/ awj,bmrf:
eh. wmif:yAefeh. yh,rD:bjref:/
zgif:xkdifwlef;wD:urf:eh. vh;pefqof;cl:ODpejwvifujI
uGj,pefrSef; ykdef:wlofqof;wlefcl:vlif tefwlofref:qof; auj.wSrf;
oh.efG:yyf.yof,tefedkif;eef.sv; vh;wkduf:Olef: P;uAyf:Mrf ayj.ykdef
tguf,bl,/ ayj:awvmwf;se ykdef:qof;wlefcl:vlif tefwlofcj;w
ay: vh;N.oh.qkdif qof;wlefcl:vlifpof:eh. yAefzl;wh,qgrf:OAef;
wmif: ayj:xdOwf.wbof./ ohm:aO vh;pAef:vduf; wD;owf.Olnf,ul,
(tzbjIjr)oAif:vldof,sv; wD;owf.yj,Ij,eOD, (wrf;wD;TOj,qof;
vlif tjeefwjyefwdw) rldif:yBD,bof. qof;qmif:odyOfOe vh;
omif:Oduf.cj, vlif:yAefqof;IaO:aO rldof:ywdywf;Twj: efG:xrf;
erf.rrguf,wgif: pdrf:erf.ygif;eef.bof./ ref:qof;bldif:’yf;vh;edyf.
ymef, efG:ymefeh./
ulnf:uj; zl;uwf.vSwf:OSof:efG:Oif,cwh: yh,vldif,? Orf.xSif;
cofqof;Orf. vlof,ydef,ydwuwf;wh:sv; TOj,qof;vlifrldif:Ol; qif,
Mif.ref:qof; rj:ckdef;yAefqmif:ckdef:aO pmyf,umefOif,cqkdif;wh:
uGj,/ qof;IaO:odyOfOeauj; vh;wrf:omif:oh. wmif:uGj,edyf.ymef,
urf:Okdof;eef.aO rj:ckdef;qmif: pmyf,umefOif,cwh: awj,ayj:yAef
zl;rhmvlifrj:/ eif,’dofOif,cwh: ayj:awckdyf;ej;efG:yIdbwf;? ywd
ywf;eef. ref:qof;uGj,apj:Twj:? Olef:wkrful;wD; yj:qArfarj,zh:
vSif: rldif:crAefsv; ukif:xAyf;/ ohm:eh. Orf.rj:zkdwf.wif;owf.wh:
ydwuwf; wD;wlef;wD: P;pof:rD:ej;wjrj:/ ref:qof; oh.wj,xkdif
edyf.ymef, Okef,wlofyAefbfG,aOwj. bgef.oj;wj,nj,wwf.x? avj:
uwf.xqIdbj,sv; vh;tofumefwif:erf yAefbfG,rj:/ tefeh.
awrD:rguf;OD,Odyf:yD qlof;tj,bkcj;way:bof./
cj;way:bgef:umof,xkdif Iwej,Omrfqof; P;yfG.yj:qof;
wlefcl:vlifodyOf.Oepof:aO P;qof;TOj,pof:cj; qAof:ylef.wkuf.c?
qAof:N.pefedyf.ymef, wD;uwf:bAefaOurf:wD;cj;/
qof;cl: Dr.xrf,rOj,rd
rldif:tif:udwf.? Qlof;cmof:OD,Nof,
1st June 2005
qgrf:eif,uGmrf:wh:rD:oh.oj; ]]rh.vDrD:ekdif;wlef; eluf.rlef;
rkdef,OSefwlof}} eheef. Qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOf.Oepof:eh.auj;
eldofqkdof.cldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,pof:eef. ref:qof;wkdef:yAef wD;
pof:pj:wif:vhm vh;ykdif;wlefedkif;eheef. wkdef:trf,qmif;xAifvh;/
oj;eefaOw bmrf:vAofsw. bgef.trf,zgif:vldofvh; eldofOazj:
Oif,cj,Ieef.aO vh;cof;Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf: uGj,ySwf;pof:cj; rldof;
oef:xD. 10. 05.2005 eef.bof./ vldif;eh. cj;qof;egif.pof:cof
bdef:yAefvgif;vDacj:clrfvlif? vgif;vDaOvhmvlifqgrf:sw.cj;atj;/
yduf.Orf.oj; qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: cof;Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,bof.eh
aOw cj;qof;egif.cofwif:vhm wkdef:tofukef:rkef erf.uwf.vD?
erf.q[vD qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: tefpuf.Ojeldofqldof.cldof:? zj,Oj,?
Oj,Oej,pof:eef.bl, ul;cmof:bmrf:... bof.auj; P;wlefcl:vlif
odyOf.Oepof: wldof:vgif;Oldof:erf ul;qmwf;vkdef:aO ...
qof;cl:ynf,nj,OD,Id Ohmygef
qlof;cmof:OD,Nof,
20.05.2005
eyf.brfoh;Ojxkdif ukef:rkefqof;wlefcl:vlif odyOf.Oepof:
aw.aw.cj;atj;/ bgef.yldof;trf,zgif:vldofvh; Oazj:Oif,cj,Isv;
qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: vh;cof;qmrf,Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf: uGj,ySwf;aOwj.
auj; qgrf:eif,acj;Oif,Ogef erf.qfGpuf.ySif:zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,?
qldof.qmwf; tefqof;wlefcl:vlifpof: uh.Oif,Ogef vmwf;apj:yef
way:? wuj,wif:vhmeef. Qkdrf:oh.bl, efG:rmuf,NofqfGzfGref:bl,wj,
aO,cj;bof./ qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: uh.bmrf;vmwf;oj; auj.zl;puf.
ySif:zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,? qldof.qmwf;eh. vlof,rD:qfGvDrAwf.wj,? qfG
bkdef:bmof:? bldef.uef;? eluf,wkduf:ehbof./ P;qof;wlefcl:vlifpof:
Mwf;xkdifwD;uwf:bAefaOurf:vlnf; ... /
qof;TOj,OkoI rmof:cmrf:
trf,rkif;trf,rgif:aO zgif:rldof;ukdif.umif.vh;idef:acj;uGmrf:
zmuf,rj:efG:Zlef:oj; qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOf.Oe? oAif:wlef;wD:
vgef,uGj,bof.eheef. yAeftefuyf.qfG? rgifqfGuGj,aO efG:wjOrf.
ckdef:rkif;pefckdef: rldof;qof;wlefcl:vlifwkduf.bl,vD? pAwf:vh;? ch;qmif;
eef. qof;wlefcl:vlif uh.wlif.wuf.vmwf; wD;zl;rgifqfGoj; rldof;zgif:
pAef:vduf;eh. trf,ayj:vlof,uGj,wj;yhwmif:erf? ref:qmif;pAwf:P;
umefpAef:vl.? pAwf:P;qfGydoftldof;ehbl,/ qof;wlefcl:vlif odyOf.Oe
pof:cj;eh. wkdef:yAefzl;yefpSif:zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,ckdef;bfG,bl,wj,
aO,wlefedkif;bof./ wlofref:qof;trf,rD: efG:rdlif:ulef:bof.aOwj.
erf.qfGpuf.ySif: Oj,Oej,ref:qof;sw. wkduf.ukdwf:oh. efG:rmuf,NofqfG
pof:cj;bl,/
qof;cl:odqdwf.w
20.05.2005
eyf.brfoh;Ojxkdif ukef:rkefiof:qof;wlefcl:vlif odyOf.Oe
pof:bl,cj;atj;/ bgef.yldof; trf,rkif;trf,rgif:aOsv; vh;idef:oj;
qof;wlefcl:vlif odyOf.Oepof:cj; cof;Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj, rldof;
oef:xd 10.05.2005 eef.ehsv; cj;ay:pof:yAeftefqfGvAuf.?
acj:clrfrgifqfGsw.sw.oj;oj;wD;cj;atj;/ qof;wlefcl:vlifpof:eh.
bgef.yldof; yAefzl;tgefNofpof:cj;wif:OAif;aO yAefzl;pmefOj,O
ej,ehsv; trf,yh,ukdif,wmef, zmwf,bmefySwf;pof:cj;wif:OAif;aO
wj.auj; bgef.yldof;trf,zgif:vldofvh; Oazj:Oif,cj,ITwj:sv; trf,
qmif;pAwf:Hdof? ugyf;eef urf:vkdef:Okwf: bgef:Ol:yef P;wlefcl:
vlifpof: Mwf;xkdifwD;uwf:bAefaOurf:cj;/
qof;oj,bj,rdef,wj. (OD,ayj.)
qof;wlefcl:vlif odyOf.Oe zl;sewmif:ykdwf,OhmvSif: vh;

yluf:ygifumefqldof.qmwf;? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,rj: yDbmof:cmof:’difbof.
sv; xkdifcmof:bmrf:ref:qof; vlof,vh;vdkof;bof.ehsv; acj;bldif:
tmef:ref:qof; tefwkduf.vlof,pAwf:vlof,Omif;xSif;wif:erfeef.
Oif,cwh:ymefrfG,sv; vkuf;egif.ygif;yhmref:qof; xkuf,vh;Okdyf,pmyf,
pmrfej;umefaOsv; pAwf:Omif;uGj, P;xkdifwD;rkif;rgif:ref:qof;
eef.bl,bof./ qof;TOj,vlifodyOf.Oeeh. cmrf,wkuf.cmrf,bmyf,aO
trf,vdkof;trf,Oof: tgefyluf:ygifumefpAef: Oif,cwh:? Oif,Ogef
qmof:cldof: efG:rldif:wh:pof: P;yAefulef:vD? rD:Odefxrf:? arjpuf.uef?

qgh;xSrfuefaO qkdof;OAifref:qof; ayj:vkdof:vifoh.bl,/ bgef:Ol:P;
qof;TOj,pof: Mwf;zovD? zorBmwf;? edyf.ymef,wD;uwf:bAefaO
urf:cj;/
qof;rpj,el. (OD,Nof,)
01.06.2005
trf,rkif;trf,rgif:aO vh;idef:cmof,qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: cof;
qmrf,Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,ehsv; cj;way:pof: rD:wif:rgifqfG? yAef
Oif,ao,ubl,aw.aw.cj;atj;/ cj;way: sw,vh;idef:N.quf:qkdof;
qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOf.Oe qArfrldof;tj,bk
wkduf.vh;uof;clyf,Odyf:clyf,eef.aO vh;N.oj; qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: rD:
erf.qfGvD eldofqldof.cldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,? bof.auj; qof;wlefcl:
vlifpof: arjckdifygif tefwmif:rkif;rhmrD:oj; “wj,wh:rldof:ej;... wj,wh:
rldof:ej;”ehaO qkrf:qldof:cldof:wh:wif:erf vh;aOj.wfG;Nrf;iof:rAwf.
wj,bl,eef.auj; cj;way: tofukif,ukef:rkefiof:bl,sw.sw.atj;/
eyf.brfoh;OjaO ... /
qof;yef,nj,azj:u (rldif:Ol;)
uSyf.ekdif; rldif:vif:uj
wh:pof:eh. ref:wkuf:bgef:rkif;rgif: zl;tgefNofvDbl,wj,

aO,/ qgrf:eif,umyf;vfGymefeef.auj; wgef.rD:rj:bl,/ efG:eef.
qof;wlefcl:vlif odyOf.Oepof:eh.auj; cof;yj:qof;ekdif;/ bldif:rhm
pof:cj;eh. ref:trf,yh,ykdwf,vD? Qduf:qgrfvghrldif:Oldof: wD;pof:rmif,uldof:
cfG;tmef:xkdifeef. ref:yh,ymif,qSif;vD/ qlof;tefyh,qmif;Hyf;vh;
tefpof:cfG;vh;eef. zl;tgefNofwh:pof:cj;urf;zgif; tgif;vfGtgif;
eef.Orf. vh;vlrf.umef.vlnf;vgif;vfGvgif;eef. uGj,qgrf:qkyf;zfG,
ymefref:/ Okef,wkduf.rD:bl,auj; wkdof.wmif:Orf.trf,rD:bof.sv;
pSif:qfGMif.Mrf:bl,aOwj. pSif:wlofOrf.trf,qgrf:vh;bof.sv; bldif:
tmef:yh,ykwf: zoekdif;qlof;qmwf; Orf.Okwf:ySwf;bof.sv; bl,wD;
yAefqldof.qmwf;wh:auj.ekdif;aO zgif:bmrf:eef. bdef:tkdwf,zkdwf,
crfuyf.tluf: wluf:qfGoh.bl,/ yAefHdofehauj; txmif,trf,ay.wmif:
umwf;bof.cj;sv; bgef:vh;bgef:Ol: rkif;rgif:P;qldof.qmwf;wh:pof:
vh;Okdyf,rD:zl;tgefNofvD? zl;ykdwf,ymuf;sewmif: qldif.eif,qof;wlef
cl:vlifpof:eh.uGj, trf,xmwf,trf,ohm:aOurf:... eh.trf,uj: bgef:
Ol:yj:yef P;tefqof;wlefcl:pof: vh;qAof:zSofuGj, wD;tefbldif:
tmef:oh.eef.aOurf:ehbl,atj;/
qof;Ol,Idb (Omif,qef.qgrf)
trf,rkif;rgif:aOsv; ukdif.umif.vh;idef:cmof,imof: qof;wlef

cl:oj:vlif TOj,qof;odyOf.Oe vgef,uGj,qldif.eh ao,wej, tef
trf,wmif,qkdof;vh;eef. wif;ywdOef,ax, efGrmuf,NofqfGurf:vAof
bof.cj;/ cj;way:pof: bgef:Ol:P;qof;TOj,vlifpof: qAof:N.pef
xkdifTwj:aO Mwf;xkdifedyf.ymef, qldif.eif,tIdbj,cofqof;qldof:
eef.aOurf:/
bkrf,brfeyf.xkdofoh;OjxkdifaO…
qof;ynf,nj,OD,Id (wkqhm:) uAif:wkif
qlof;cmof:OD,Nof,
03.06.2005
trf,rkif;rgif:aObof. Orf.ukdif.umif.vh;idef:cmof, TOj,qof;
wlefcl:vlifodyOf.Oe cof;qmrf,Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj,eh cj;way:
pof:bdef:rgifqfGsv; aOvhmaw.aw.cj;/ TOj,qof;vlifpof:eh. yAef
zl;puf. xgwf;rBmwf;OD,bldif;? qldof.cldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,? vduf;
vhm:? omef;rldif:aw.aw. qof;edkif;cj;bof./ ugyf;eef vh;oj;qmof:
cldof:yD;egif.wh:pof: vh;Okrf:qof;zl;uwf.cSef,vduf;vhm: zj,Oj,aw.
aw.cj;bof./ cj;way:pof: bgef:Ol:xkdif P;TOj,qof;vlifpof: vh;

qAof:ylef. vgif;wkuf.c qAof:Mwf;xdkif wD;uwf:bAefaOurf:/
qof;eef,awj:zj,O (ymifvlif)
cmof:wmif: OD,Nof,
04.06.2005
TOj,qof;vlifodyOf.Oepof:cj;eh. yAefqof;tefcmrf,bmyf,
cmrf,Ndof.aO yluf:ygifyef P;qldof.qmwf;wh:pof: qof;ekdif;aOtrf,uj:
tefxmif,qSif;wD;Okwf:aw. TOj,qof;vlifpof: vh;aw,wif;uRif:
owf.ydwuwf;? oAif:wlef;wD:rj: P;qof;wh:pof: ayj:vh;cof;tguf,
uef? vh;rj:vkdof;bif.Oof:aO OgefpAef:P;Oj,Oej,wh:pof: ckdef;
bfG,cj;bof./ bgef.eef P;tefqof;TOj,pof:cj; vh;uGj,xkdif wD;vD
rSwf;uwf:bAefaOurf:ehaO rD:wmif:rgifqfGacj:ckrfqgrf: vgif;TOj,
qof;pof: vyf.vghikdef:vghcrf: uGj,ymh;ySwf;pof:eef.aw.aw.cj;bof./
Qof;eef,wrj,vj,
Qlof;cmof: rldif:OD,Nof,
03.06.2005
ukef:rkefiof:qof;? eyf.vof;trf,qmif;ughvlyf:/ tlyf:ulyf.rkdof:

aO? oh;Ojxkdifoef:efGqof./ TOj,qof;eh.bof. tefwSrf;oguf: yj,vd
aO? vgwf;seoj; ]]P;wh:uwf:bAef ckdef;bfG,rfG,OkifaOurf:}}ehoj,/
cmyf;wlofqof;phmuGj,aOwj./ rkefiof:qof;sv; Oef,wtefcfG;yAef
eef.? pmrf.wkduf.Nrf,irf:pof:oh./ qldof:yfG.oh. wkduf.qgrf:rj:bl,oj;/ P;
qAof:ylef.cj;wefpj(wefej)sv; xkdifwD;uwf:bAefaOurf:eh…
bgef:Ol:Olif,/ eyf.brfaO-
cj;ay: xrf,rOj,rd aej,crf:v
qlof;cmof: OD,Nof,
]]wlef;rh.vDekdif;wlef; eluf.rlef;rkdef,OSefwlof}} qgrf:eif,
acj;uGmrf:rD:rj:eif,eheef. tefyAefqof;wlefcl:vlifpof:cj; qof;cl:
vlifodyOf.Oeeh. yAefqof;cl:vlif teftgefNofOif,cwh:sv;
wuj,wh:wif:OAif; P;ygif,qfGumefqldof.cldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,Oej,
vDaOtgef wgef:aOuof,rj:aw.aw.oj;oj;aOtrf,uj: pAwf:P;
ckdef;bfG, tgefNofpAwf:P; tefxkuf,vDbldif;qgrf:OAef;wmif: tef
ref:qof;cwf:qfG cyf:ckdifwlif.ekdifuGj,sw.sw.sv; yAeftefvD
tofukef:rkef trf,vDvlifvkdrf:vh;aOyguf;/ ckuf:qfGvh;eldofukef:rkef
qof;wlefcl:vlifpof:wj,aO,? eyf.brfoh;Oj ukif,tlrkefref:qof;
wj,aO,bl,atj;/ tofwif:abj:edaOj:redOduj,I O[,qfGrIej
ekOfOwdaO P;qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: tguf,ylef.rlef.vgwf; wmif:
wkuf.cbmyf, efG:Orf,OIj,eh.aOurf:wD;cj;/ eyf.brfukif,rkeferf
bfG,aO-
cj;way: qof;ej,Iw
qlof;cmof:OD,Nof,
cj;pof:vh;idef:cmof, qof;TOj,vlifpof:cj;odyOf.Oe auj.
tefyAefqof;vlifqkdof;OAifbfG,vkdof:vif wmif:pefqof;bfG,uGmif;? Qof;
ykdwf,ymuf;wmif:yef? vgif;tAef:umefzj,Oj,? ygifumefOj,Oej,qmof:
cldof:? bmefpof:rldof:qmwf;rfG,uGj,bof.ehcj;sv; idef:aOvhmsw.
sw.cj;/ bgef:Ol:yef qof;TOj,vlifpof:qof; P;qAof:bmefwkuf.c
P;qAof:Mwf; zoedyf.ymef, uwf:bAefaOurf:wD;cj;/
qof;crj,okx aej,Okelef:
qlof;uSyf.ekdif; rldif:OD,Nof,
rldof;vh;N.oj; qof;wlefcl:vlifodyOf.Oepof: tguf,bmefohm,

ySwf; vkuf;OAwf.Oif,c? wuf.uj,wif:erfaO trf,rD:oef:awckdef:
rj:ql: rldefuof,xSif;urf:Ogifbof.eheef. eif,pmif;wD;wlofuof, ukdif.
umif.tguf,rj: acj;xmrftefedkif;oj; ]]trf,N.oj; awtofOifckdef:
rj:wSef:wmifwD;pof:eh.bl,? N.bl,ulnf:eif,uof, zl;vGfzfGauj; trf,

vldofvh; vgif;vSuf;vhm;whmuldwf, ulnf:ej,yh,Ndwf,ugef,vl: vgif;acj:
clrfaOvhm wkduf.rhmxkdifoj; yh,ukdif,vDbmef bgef.oj;yAefauj.imefpof:
wif:OAif; wkdef:tdifykdif;? vkdef:Okwf:aw.auj; awqmif;pAwf:Hdof...
vldofaOwldif,umof,yefoj; P;qof;wlefcl: zSofql:xkdifwD;uwf: bAef
wD;pmrf:cAefaOurf:eheef./ erf.uwf.ukef:rkefqof; wlefcl:pof:
sw. wkdef:awukduf:ykdef:pof:uGj,aO}}bl,atj;/
qof;yef,wo (vhm:cj;)
qlof;cmof:OD,Nof,
25.05.2005
trf,rD:vgif;rkif;rgif:aO vh;idef:cmof,oj; qof;wlefcl:vlif
odyOfOe vh;cof;Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj, rldof;oef:xd 10.05. 2005
bof.ehsv; cj;pof:cof yAefvgif;uyf.qfGeSifqfGqgrf:aO idef:aO:vhm
qgrf:sw.sw.cj;atj;/ ulnf:uj; pmif;zmifref:qof;? acj;uGmrf:Oif,
Ogefref:qof;sv; vgif;pAwf:wmif:Omif;ref:qof;eef. bif:wkduf.
Okdyf,bl,vlnf; efG:su;tluf:su;qfG Oif,csv;wuf.uj, rdlif:wh:pof:
bl,eheef. cj;pof:cofbkrf,brfNofymuf,wArfbl,atj;/ efG:acj;vlyf:
eh. cj;pof:bgef:Ol:yef P;wlefcl:vlifpof: Mwf;xkdifwD;uwf:bAef
wD;trf,yAeftrf,vl.eef.aOurf:atj;/
qof;ynf,nj,Oj,I (OD,ayj.)
27.05.2005
]]wlofwhmoh.vhm: qhm:whmoh.qkdof;}} zgif:cmof:ulef:wif:erf
tgefuef atpjrkif;rgif:bl,eef. Orf.qmif;zkwf:tguf,rguf,uD;rj:
sv; tgefuefNrfqlrf:trf,bof.ohm:vh;/ ulnf:uj; trf,xmif,xldrfaO
xkdifrldof;oef:xd 10.05.2005 eef. ckdef:ugifviftguf,bmefySwf;
ulef:wif:erfuGj,sv; vh;tgefuefvAuf.qfG? egh.qfG? rgifqfG? cDqfG?
zmefqfG qgrf:sw.sw.bl,cj;/ oj;Hdofauj; pof:cj;wif:OAif; ]]'dif;
wkdef:yAef wkdef:qgrf:OAef;vAofuefulnf:bof./ oj;eefaOwj.auj;
ej;umeftef qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: pAwf:oh.ykef;wj,wif:erfqldof:
eef.sw. trf,vl. trf,phm trf,whmaO rD:ukdwf:qyf:ykdef:oh.bl,cAif,
urf,zj,cj;atj;/ eyf.brfoh;Oj ukif,rkefqof;wlef;cl:vlifpof:aO
P;vh;Mwf;xdkif wD;vDwD;rBmwf;aOurf:vlnf;atj;/
cj;ay: atj:aq,bj.
Qlof;cmof: rldif:vif:uj
]]wguf,qkrf;oh. efG:rldif:wh:wif:erf}} trf,zgif:vldofvh; vgif;

xrf: vSuf;vhm;uGj,vSuf;vhm;rj:sv; qof;vlifwlefcl:pof:auj; uj;vh;
zmwf, vkuf;egif.way:wif:OAif;bof./ oef:ekdif;qof.qof. qldof:
yAefvkuf;egif.auj; awqgrf:vifqof;wlefcl:eif,uof,/ yAefHdofauj;
bj, wlefcl:vlif trf,Okrf:OifaOqldof.aObmif, rD:wif:erf.rSwf;
wj,wif:erf/ wlefcl:vlifpof:Omif;ygifoh. umefcldof:? zj,Oj,? Oj,O
ej,wif:erfqldof:eh. yAefvuf:xmefref:bof./
qof;tj,qj,I
qlof;cmof:pAef:vduf; rldif:vif:uj
]]wD;zl;vDcof xkuf,Mwf;}} wD;tefzl;tgefNofvD qof;tef

tofwmif:aq,wej,? oj,Oej,? erf.qfGvDaO pmyf,umefqldof.qmwf;?
Oj,Oej,uGj,eef. vldofaOwD;vD? wD;rSwf;(Okuwd)trf,rD:wD;
vfGehbkrf,brfbl,atj;/ P;qof;wlefcl:vlifpof: Mwf;xkdifwD;uwf:
bAefeef.aOurf:vlnf;/
cj;way: qof;tuf.uorf,O (egifcAof)
qlof;cmof:pAef: wD;vif:uj
zl;uAyf:Mrfykdef:-
qof;OD,Idtgef,? qof;ynf,nj,orf,O OSifrlef:
A Shan Manuscript of Mahasatipatthana Sutta
Housed at the Bodleian Library, Oxford
University
Jotika Khur-yearn (SOAS, University of London)
The satipatthana, “mindfulness meditation”, is one of a

number of popular subjects in Shan Buddhist literature. There
are at least 3 versions of the Mahasatipatthana Sutta in Shan:
the Manuscript version at the Bodleian Library; “the
Mahasatipatthan” by Sao Amart-long Moeng-nawng; and the
Mahasatipatthan Vatthu” Sao Punnasara of Wan Yok;
However, this essay will limit itself to discussing the
manuscript of the nissaya of Mahasatipatthana Sutta at the
Bodleian Library of Oxford University. I shall examine its
date, author and poetic style and then point out some
significance of the text.
Date and Style

The date and author of the manuscript, kept at the Bodleian
Library, are still not known. That manuscript is well protected
by hard covers although originally it seems to have been a
scroll. Scrolls that usually rolled up with a wooden cap at one
end are a common format for Shan writing of the 19th century
and earlier. The Bodleian manuscript has 49 paper sheets
excluding the front and back covers the sheets are still in good
condition the paper is a native Shan hand-made product. Shan
paper is called ‘ze-sah’ in Shan, and is made of the skin of ‘sah
tree.’ The paper in is known to the Burmese as ‘Shan zekku’
meaning Shan paper. It is noteworthy that the style of
pagination is different from that of today. The page numbers in
this manuscript are written on the second page of each sheet,
i.e. there is only one page number per folio, while today page
numbers are put on both sides of each sheet. The practice of
paginating both sides of a folio probably dates back to
European influence.
The author
When I started looking for the author of this treatise, I found in
the book itself the names of two people, ‘Kyaw Kham-Sau’
(egLv,kmr:srf) on the first page and ‘Kummavara’ (gumr,mv,wv,R), on
the last page. There is still no clear evidence to suggest either
Kyaw Kham-Sau or Kummavara to be the author. In fact, if
any, there are facts on Kyaw Kham-Sau to suggest he is not the
author. I will argue this case first and then come back to
Kummavara afterwards.
Although Kyaw Kham-Sau’s name is mentioned on the first

page of the treatise, he introduces himself as the copyist of the
treatise. The second page of the first sheet is left blank,
indicating a separation between this statement and the actual
content of the text. This suggests to me that Kyaw Kham-Sau
is the copyist of the manuscript. The distinction being made
here is between the original author of the text and the copyist
who reproduces it. This means ‘Kyaw Kham-Sau’ is not the
author but rather someone who copied it from an existing
version, which is made clear by following a translation of the
first two lines of the first page:
“The name of this Dhamma book is the treatise of
Satipathan, sirs.
The copyist [of this treatise] is Kyaw Kham-Sau of
Moeng Senwi (Senwi State), sirs.”
In Shan manuscripts, here is often a close association between
the authors and the copyist, sometimes making it hard to
differentiate between the authorship and copying. For, there
was a tradition among Shan scholars to be surrounded by many
assistant pupils who wrote down or copied their works.
Authors May either have composed orally and their students
A Shan Manuscript of Mahasatipatthana Sutta \ 281
wrote down the first copy or they may have written the first
version themselves, and, after that, asked their pupils to make
copies. Here, however, there is a question of why Kyaw
Kham-Sau, who mentioned his own name, did not mention the
date and author of the treatise? It suggests that he did not know
the date and name of the author. Alternatively, he left out the
anther’s name, which the Shan writer’s often did in the olden
days, because he is himself the author of the work. Further
research is needed to clarify these issues.
Now, I return to the case of Kummavara whose name is found

on the last line of the last page of this treatise. The whole
paragraph, which bears his name, was in Burmese, instead of
Shan. This raises a doubt that perhaps it was written by
someone else at another time. However, when compare with
Kyaw Kham-sau, Kummavara has more possibility of being
the author of the manuscript, although this name is unusual in
the history of Shan scholars, not attested elsewhere to my
knowledge. It is possible that this name, perhaps, is an
alternative name of a great Shan scholar usually known by
different epithet, as most of Shan scholars have a number of
names.
The Significance
Nevertheless, the important point here is that at least there is a

Shan version of Mahasatipatthana Sutta nissaya at the
Bodleian Library, which can provide us with further evidence
of the Shan tradition of lanka tradition for discussing
meditation. Anyhow, the version at the Bodleian Library may
be assumed to be the oldest version of Mahasatipatthana Sutta
in the Shan language. As a matter of fact, if it really belongs to
the 18th century, it is even older than the method of the
Burmese Ledi Sayadaw (1846-1923), who is historically
regarded as the earliest master of vipassana meditation in
Burma. When an analysis of these two versions or a
comparison between them is made, perhaps some light should
then be shed to help clear up these questions. A preliminary
examination of this Shan version of Mahasatipatthana Sutta,
carried out when I was visiting Bodleian Library, revealed it to
be well composed in the old style of Shan lanka. This poetic
style seems to be older than the one used by Sao Amart-Long
Moeng-Naung (1854-1905) in his Mahasatipatthan (1875).
But it cannot be said for certain unless and until the date and
author are confirmed, or until unshakable evidence, such as
might be discovered from carefully comparing the system of
Shan writing of that period and the like, is found. However, it
is certain that it is the type of work that would have been done
by a learned Shan scholar who had studied well the Tipitaka.
To sum up, it is my contention that the manuscript of

Mahasatipatthana sutta, kept at the Bodleian Library of the
Oxford University, is earlier than the other Shan texts of
Satipatthana or mindfulness meditation, possibly as early as
the 18th century. Therefore, I would like to conclude, by the
skills and beauties of poetic style in the text, that it must have
been the work of an eminent Shan scholar of the time.
------------------------------
(Note: I would like to thank Venerable Dhammasami (D.Phil,

Oxon) of the Oxford Buddha Vihara and the staff of the
Bodleian Library of the Oxford University for helping me
access to the Shan manuscript of Mahasatipatthana sutta. My
deep acknowledgement also goes to my teacher Dr Kate
Crosby, a senior lecturer on Buddhist studies at SOAS,
University of London, who has given me terrific supervision
throughout my studies at SOAS.)
Jotika Khur-yearn
25/5/05
Thai Buddhism and Environmental
Issue
Note. The following is an edited version of a dialogue

between Natsu, a Japanese student at Oxford, and Ven.
Dhammasami Thai Buddhism and environment. The
main discussion is centered on forest monks. Natsu
asked these questions as a part of his presentation.
Q. Some monks in Thailand live in the forest, which I

think is positive but, on the other hand, they seem to take no
activism in environmental preservation, which is negative.
What is your opinion?
A. Buddhist monks renounce the world (of family life) to seek

peace and calm within. They are always the minority in the
world. Their way of life, based on voluntary vow of poverty, is
straightly against the way of the world that seeks pleasure
out of material world. Forest monks, in particular, live the
ideal of a content life based on spiritual practice. They carry
only essential belonging, such as robes, alms-bowl, umbrella,
razor and a cup.
However, by nature, the forest monks are not, except during the
Ayutthaya time when they had their own fraternity and
administration, organized into big groups; they have no direct
relationship with political authority. But forest monks are more
revered than town-dwelling monks for their ascetic practice.
Their dwelling in the forest creates an idea in people's mind that
forest is associated with holiness. By their presence in the
forest alone, the monks preserve forests.
Moreover, by their exemplary life of living under trees or in a

hut, they demonstrate that we can survive with little if the
nature is well preserved. It is a living demonstration of a simple
way of life. Regarding the influence of their exemplary life,
please read Forest monks of Sri Lanka (1983) by an
anthropologist from Durham University, Dr. Michael B.
Caruthers. For general information on the 20th century forest
monks of Thailand, you may read Forest Reflections (1997) by
Dr. Kamala Tiyavanish of Cornell University. Of course,
works by practitioners are more numerous, particularly by
Ajhan Chah (1918-1992), one of best known forest meditation
masters, and his disciples. For general information, you may
visit: www.forestsangha.org. “A Spiritual Biography” of
Ajahn Mun (1870-1949) by his famous disciple, Ajahn Maha
Boowa, himself in his early 90s, is another book you should
consult.
Just as Zen Buddhism in Japan, the number of forest monks is

relatively negligible. However, the influence of the forest
monks on Thai culture has been much greater, in the same way
Zen practitioners on Japanese culture.
As to the positive and negative points, I think this is very much

the view of the questioner. For a forest monk, on the other
hand, he would see his role only in a positive way: he is non-
violent, non-confrontational; leaching by example in
preservation; not destroying forest and environment through
respect and through self-control of greed. You know that in
many cases human beings use natural resources more than they
need to, thus unnecessarily putting “strain on the nature service
of the planet”. (See also “Millennium Ecosystem Assessment”,
a report on Ecosystem by 1,360 scientists from 95 countries
published in March 2005. Tim Radford, Science Editor of The
Thai Buddhism and Environmental issue \ 285
Guardian (30 March 05), commenting on the report says that
“The human race is living beyond its means”, “having two-
thirds of world’s resources ‘used up’”. Consult also with Planet
under Pressure is a six-part BBC News Online series looking at
some of the most pressing environmental issues facing the
human race today.)
I think the forest monks are active in preserving forest and its
bios stem. Apart from their simple way life, they follow the
example of the Buddha by living, meditating in the forest. As we
know, the Buddha was born, attained enlightenment and
passed away under a tree. Even when we pour water in a
symbol of sharing merit with the departed one, we pour the
water on a plant. To “activism”, if you take it to mean being
active in the way a pressure group does it, then the forest monks
do not subscribe. The aim may be the same, but the forest
monks do not react like the pressure groups do. In other words,
the forest monks only act, and do not react.
They act to prevent deforestation and unnecessary water

withdrawal. Today "Flow from rivers has been reduced
dramatically. For parts of the year, the Yellow River in
China, the Nile in Africa and the Colorado in North America
dry up before they reach the ocean". (The Guardian, 30/3/05)
Q. Do you think Thai-Buddhism is in a sense, aesthetic

and intellectual contemplation of nature?
A. As far as I am concerned, Thai Buddhism, as an
official institution, does not have a policy on
ecoenvironment or biodiversity. However, this does not
mean Thai Buddhism is silent on contemplation of nature. In
fact, the Buddha himself often comments on the beauty of
nature or ecoenvironment. As to biodiversity, well,
Buddhism teaches that animal life is as valuable as human
life. I cannot and need not say more than that.
Q. Is Thai-Buddhism integral to the biological and
cultural inheritance of many peoples?
A. Thai Buddhism teaches that in trees there are some
unseen non-human beings, you may call it, spirits. It is
important to respect them. Otherwise, you may cause
disharmony and evil may befall upon you. But the big
commercial companies do not really care about this belief.
Q. Is it true that Thai-Buddhism (or monastic

community) structure is, to the certain extent, forced by
government?
A. Buddhist monastic community is by nature devoid of
Vatican-style hierarchy. The Buddha did not appoint a leader to
succeed him; nor did he consider himself the leader (although
he was seen as such). The main bond was through the
teaching, not personality of the teacher or leader. However,
from the earliest time in India, Buddhist monastic
community has had a hierarchical structure. The hierarchy has
been where the kings and governments deal with the Sangha
(community) and there have been many instances that the
kings use the religious Order to legitimate themselves or to
force the community into a model that would legitimate their
style of governance. The present hierarchical structure of
Thailand began in 1902. (For more on this, please read,
among others, S. Tambia, World Renouncer and World
conqueror and Yoneo Ishii Sangha, State and Nation.)
Q. In your opinion, do you think Thai-Buddhism should

contribute to structure people mind for the environmental
conservation, if so, why’?
A. Thai Buddhism certainly can and should be more
actively promoting environmental issues than it has done. I
think this is true of any monastic institutions in other countries
as well. For the Buddha says that climate (including forest,
Thai Buddhism and Environmental issue \ 287
weather, vegetation, water) is a reflection of human's mind: if
people are greedy, the water withdrawal will be greater, and
consequently the water will go dry; there will be deforestation
and thus a flood; the weather will become abnormal. If there
is any limitation on the part of the Buddhist monastic
communities around the world, it has been because of the
ineffectiveness of the highly centralized hierarchical
structure, which has been imposed on the monastic community.
I must say, however, that many Thai Buddhist monks are very
much aware of the importance of preserving ecosystem and
biodiversity.
Q. How is the consciousness of the Thai-people toward the

environmental issues, especially environmental disaster
within the own country or biodiversity?
A. I do not know exactly how the consciousness of the
people is on environment. As far as 1 knows, it is His Majesty
the King who has campaigned tirelessly for this issue and led
the people in preservation.
umefwlif.ekdifpof: urf;zgif;
efG:yD< 2004-2005
wlofyh,yguf;rj:xkdif olef.cyf:ckdifoh.bl,
rldof;oef:xD. 27_2_2004 eef. pAwf:ymifukrf wj,olef.qhg;
xSrfyef vgif;yldifOgef'dif;si;ykwf.xzj,Oj,sv;vduf;wh: wD;owf.
rukwj,Ij,r? oAif:ulof,vrf,ylof, uGj,bl,bof./ xdkifrj: 6_3_2004 eef.
vh;ukrfuefxSif;yguf;xD.Ogif/ rldof;oef:xD. 27_3_2005 eef. vh;
ilyf:nD.uefxSif; yguf;xD.OmrfuGj,bl,bof./
cmof:wmif: ymifukrfvlifqmof:ykwf. ul;rldif:rldif:

qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rdeh. yAefzl;tefqkrf:
ygifumef ymifukrfvlifqmof:ykwf. (The world Buddhist submit) wj;
ukif; vof;ymif:oh. P;wmifwlofqmof:ykwf. rldif:tif:udwf: wlefekdif;aO
rj:ckdef;Mwf;ehsv; rldof;oef:xD. 20_11_2004 eef. ref:qof;
vkuf.wD;rldif:tif:udwf:aO Mwf;xkdifowf.rukwj,Ij,r? oAif:ulof,vrf,
ylof,? rj:so.qfG: Oif,cvkuf;pAef:wh: rldif:OD,Nof,bl,bof./
oef:xD. 22_11_2004 Oif,cwh: qldof:tefrj:pAef:vduf;
wD;rldif:OD,Noff, Nrf;uefpAwf:yAefwD;rhmwgif:oef:uldwf, qof;cl:arjvlif
Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rdaO wmef:Ogrf:oef: wD;owf.rukwj,Ij,r?
oAif:ulof,vrf,ylof,/
oef:xD. 25_11_2004 qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,
rd tduf,yj:qof;cl:odqdwf.w uRif:vSif? qof;cl:eIdef,w Ol.elef:
OSif vkuf.oAif:ulof,vrf,ylof,aO Okdyf,cmof:wmif: rldof:uGj,rldif:rmef;? wj,
rldof:ckdef;ymifukrfvlif qmof:ykwf. wD;wj;ukif;/
umefwlif.ekdifpof: urf;zgif; \ 289
oef:xD. 27_11_2004 eef. wuj,Oxj:wh: oAif:wj;ukif;

ymif:apj:Twj: tekarjwej uxdef, wD;owf.wh:uof;vuf:/ oef:xD.
28_11_2004 TOj,qof;sv;wuj,Oxj:wh: oAif:wj;ukif; pAwf:ymif
bgif;ukif,abj:rkef qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd wD;owf.
wh:uof;vuf:? oAif:wj;ukif;/ oef:xD. 30_11_2004 awj,xkdif 7_12_
2004 eef. qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd vh;rldof:vkdof;
wlofvkdof;qfG efG:umefzj,oej, wD;owf.cdyfyjzdnfnOwfxrfrI>OD?
tdif:whm,? wldif:yj,uldof,eef.bl,bof./
oef:xD. 08_12_2004 wj,ckdef;ymifukrfvlifqmof:ykwf.eef.
vh;uGj,tofwD;bl, wD;Nif:vSrf: tdef:bj:vAuf.aO sw,oef:xD. 09-
11_12_2005 vh;ckdef;Mwf;ymifukrf tofykef;zgef: yAefzl;uSof;ymif
uGj,wif:Omrfoef:bof./
ohm:aO ymifukrfvlifqmof:ykwf.bof. rldof;oef:xD. 15_12_04
eef. qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd abj:uGj,Ol,qfG: wuj,
qmif: wD;oAif:arj,vrSif, rldif:rgef:/ oef:xD. 16_12_04 eef. qof;
TOj,oj,bj,r Nrf;vlnf;wuj,Oxj: owf.wgif,yguf. pAwf:ymifbgif;ukif,
abj:rkefref:qof;bof.aO oef:xD. 24_12_04 eef. yguf;rj:ckdef:
wj;ukif;bl,bof./
oef:xD. 25_12_04 vkuf.wj;ukif; rldof:wlef;wD:? oef:xD.
26_12_04 Oif,csv;wuj,Oxj: oAif:wlef;wD: pAwf:ymifbgif;ukif,
abj:rkef qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd sv; qof;cl:arj
vlif Dr. au,vj,eef,w wD;owf.ao,vkoef,bl,bof./
oef:xD. 28_12_04 tguf,cmof:wmif:uGj, oAif:ymifvlifaO
oef:xD. 29_12_04 ygwf:efG Oif,csv;wuj,Oxj: oAif:ymifvlif
pAwf:ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef qof;cl:arjvlif 2 qof; sv; qof;cl:arj
tSrf,at, 7 qof;bof. ohm:oef: Okdyf,cmof:wmif:uGj, oAif:vhm:cj;bl,
bof./
oef:xD. 31_12_04 Oif,csv;wuj, wlif,oAif:vhm:cj; pAwf:
ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef wD;uRif:ymif,? vhm:cj;/ oef:xD. 1_1_2005
eef. qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd sv; rl,yD;qkrf:egif.
hqdr:d/cr:lIgusUwr,bnr kU:wv:Csv,jwr;< ebv;jwr; “mr;lUYr;bI;nzcr.
jKwr:anrlU.ho/do/gfv,jKwr:nnr. wrf;wD;uRif:tkwf,? vhm:cj;/ oef:
xD. 2_1_05 eef. tguf,oAif:vhm:cj; rj:xkdifoAif:vhgvSrfbl,bof./
oef:xD. 3_1_05 eef. Oif,csv;wujOxj: oAif:vhgvSrf
pAwf:ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef qof;cl:arjvlif Ogifqof; wD:owf.xmwf;
awj,eef.bof./ oef:xD. 4_1_05 yguf;ckdef:rj: oAif:wlef;wD:/ oef:
xD. 10_1_05 eef. tAef:Okdyf,uGj, uAif:wkif? wj;cD;vAuf:aOwj. ugyf;
Ohmihmvhmvgif;vhmwmif:sv; trf,yAefuGj,Mwf;aO vh;Okdyf,cmof:wmif:
uGj,vkdof;bif. wD;oAif:vldof,/ oef:xD. 13_1_05 eef. Oif,csv;w
uj,Oxj:wh: oAif:vldof, pAwf:ymifbgif;ukif,abj:rkef qof;cl: arjvlif
Ogifqof; wD;owf.Oj,Oeodykv/ oef:xD. 15_1_05 qof;cl:arjvlif
Dr. au,vj,eef,w Okdyf,cmof:wmif:uGj, rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,aO qof;cl:
arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd vh;ckdef:yguf;rj:bif. wD;oAif:wj;ukif;/
oef:xD. 26_1_05 eef. vkuf.wD;wj;ukif; rj:rldif:xh:/ rldof;
oef:xD. 30_1_05 eef. Oif,csv;wuj,Oxj:wh: efG:rldif:xh: vh;
pAwf:ymifabj:rkef qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd wD;owf.rfG,?
oAif:rldif:uguf,/
rldof;oef:xD. 3_2_2005 eef. ref:qof;vkuf.wD;rldif:xh:
abj:uGj, rldif:qdif,uylof,aO rldof:rAwf.wj,Twj:yef wuj,Oxj:cof wD;
eef;/ oef:xD. 6_2_2005 eef. ref:qof; vkuf.wD;qdif,uylof,
aO ckdef:abj:rj:rldif:xh:/ oef:xD.eh. ref:qof; tduf,wif: qof;
TOj,atj:aq,b? qof;cl:yef,wo? qof;odvj,Ouf.u sv; qof;Iuf.
cdw tguf,bmefrldif:xh:aO rj:Mwf;rldif:OD,Nof, rldof;oef:xD. 7_2_
2005 eef.bl,bof./ vkdof;Oof: pAwf:ymifNyf.xlyf: Oif,cvkuf;pAef:
wh: wD;OD,Nof, 3 oef:aO oef:xD. 11_02_2005 eef. qof;cl:

arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd ckdef:yguf;rldof: rldif:tif:udwf:bl,bof./
ymifNrfqlrf:pyf.wgef;yD<rfG,wh:sv; Nrfqlrf:pyf.wgef;wlif.wuf. qkrf:oh;Tzj:
oef:xD. 12_12_2004 qof;TOj,nj,eoI (rpj,ayj:xd uAif:
wkif) tgefNofaO qof;TOj,yef,wdw uAif:phm:? qof;TOj,eIej,x
rl,aq;? tduf,yj: wuj,Oxj:rldif:wh: (wj;cD;vAuf:? uAif:wkif? rl,aq;?
oAif:vldof,) rj:oh;Tzj: wD;rldif:OD,Nof,/
oef:xD. 13_12_2004 qkrf:oh;Tzj: tefqof;TOj,nj,eoI
tgefNof tgefuefwmef:yAef:(Ogrf:oef:) wD;owf.rukwj,Ij,r oAif:
ulof,vrf,ylof,aObof. ohm:eef. tgefuefNrfqlrf:pyf.wgef; yDrfG,wh:
2099aO Okdyf,pAwf:ymifNyf.xlyf: pyf.wgef;wlif.wuf.uefuGj, NrfNrf
qlrf:qlrf:bl,bof;/ efG:ymifNyf.xlyf:eef. vh;bgef:xgrf, acj;Oif,
Ogef wrf;wD;qof;TOj,vlifcofqof;? qof;TOj,nj,eoI sv; qof;
TOj,yef,wdw uAif:phm: zmuf,uGmrf:atj:oj,w uGj,eif,eh-
]]cj;cghqof;cof vh;rj:Ogefvduf;sw.sw./ Oifref:qfG;rAof:
ref:sw. pof:ayj:cfG;vAuf.ckdef:bl,/ ayj:wlnf:rldif:xh:eh trf,rldeful;
yguf;bof.? Oif,ceguf;rldif: trf,rj:bl,vh;ihm;ihm;/ ugyf;eef Oifoj; rD:
qof;wh:pof: tefuwf.cSef,eh ukdif,vDrldof:bl, wD;rldif:xh:aO ygif
umefbl,/ wD;rldif:wh:pof:auj; Orf.vlof,oh.sw.sw.eif,uof,/ cj;bl,
wD;rldif:xh: Hdif 30 yDyhmbof./ wmif:bldif:tmef:cj;sw. wj,awyluf:
ygif Oif,cwh:? yD;egif.qldof.cldof:wh:eef.bof./ ugyf;eef bl,wD;vfG
auj; pof:vlof,yluf:ygif wj,wh:pof:aO pAwf:yAefumefeef.ulnf:/ Ohm
ihmrldif:wh:tefoj;eef. tdifeldofqof;pof:coful;qof;qof;? wh:ul;auj.
auj.eef.bof;/ rldof;pof:cj; rj:zSoftdef:wD:bj:eef. ugyf;uRif:
rmef; trf,rD:wD;ref:bof.sv; vh;uGj,egef: wD;uRif:wh:pof:eef.
bof./ tefeh. yAefzgef:vD tefpof:rD:uRif:oh. pif:ulnf:acjacj
eef.bof./ cfG;bgef:Oif,qof;pof:cof tofuefoj; yj:uefyAef cof;
bAefyAefcof;tkef erf.ckef,yj:uefOfG bl,wD;vfGyj:uefckdif awxkdif
wD;bldif:rhmvh;bl,bof.}}ehbl,bof./
Okdyf,eef. qof;TOj,nj,eoI yefatj:oj,w wD;vkuf;pAef:
Oif,cwh:oj; ]]rfG,Okif wif:OAif;? acj;bldif:tmef:pof:rj:oh;Tzj:eh. rD:
oh.vhmvhmrAof: (1) ugyf;cfG;pef ykdef:wD;uldwf,Tzj: ykwf.xubj,sv;
(2) ugyf;cfG;xlyf: qof;yD;qof;egif.pof:cof cfG;yefpSif:qof;pof:cof/ Oif
oj; trf,rD:qof;pof:cofauj; pof:awtrf,yAefrj:vh;erf rldefeif,rldof;
eh./ qof;pof:cof bj,ayvlifvkdrf: rldif:wh:vj:vj:/ wD;at,Okwf:
qof;pof:cof awvh;rldof:pAwf:umefyefrldif:wh: OmrfyD bgef:xkdifeif,
eh/ Orf.xSif; qof;pof:cof olef.yefvgif;uRif:wh:pof: wD;rldif:tdef:
wD:bj:zgif;/ eif,HdofOif,cwh:pof: ayj:awtrf,xmwf,trf,ohm: wD;
tdef:wD:bj:eef. qof;pof:cofukdif,vDcwf:qfGbl,/ cj;cfG;tof uRif:
wh:wD;tdef:wD:bj:eef. tmyf;egyf,xkdifqof;pof:cof wlnf:xkdifvkrf:
vj:uGj,aOurf:}}ehbof./
ohm:eef. qof;TOj,eIej,x zmuf,wgef;atj:oj,w uGj,
eif,eh ]]rfG,Okiful;qof;cj;? rldof;eh. yAefymifpyf.wgef;yD<rfG,wh:sv;
ymifNyf.xlyf:rkdwf;ukdof:uefeh rD:oh.Ogifwgef;/ cj;bkrf,brfoj; yAefyD;
thm;cj;ehbl,bof./ ugyf;oj; tj,bkcj;bfG,aOwj. wmif:N.cj; trf,yAif:
qof;pof:cofsv; ugyf;eef trf,ayj:rD:vgif;vmuf,vhm:OifaO Oif,
Ogefqof;pof:cofcj;/ ulnf:uj; tdifeldofacj;bldif:tmef:qof;pof:cof
Omrfacj; tefoj; ]umefpAef:? umefOj,Oej,? umefqldof.qmwf;}aO
qof;pof:cof rj:wD;vif:ujeh. ygif,oj; qof;pof:cof rj:vyf.wmif:N.
]vyf.zhmzhm zuf.bgh;bhg;}eh acj;uGmrf:tefeh. ref:ygif,oj; ayj:vyf.
zhmbof. qif,zuf.vh;bgh;/ ayj:trf,zhmauj; trf,zuf.vh;ihm;ihm;
bof./ erf.clif: erf.rmof: vghvlifsr;rldif:wh: yfG.rgif:qof;pof:cofoh.bl,
cj;}}ehbof;/
ohm:eef. sr;vAif. ehm:rmef,tdef,(OSifcof;zuf: oQmrf;,Of,Of
rEÅav;) wmifwlofwuj,Oxj: qkrf:oh;Tzj:wif:OAif;aO rguf,vmwf;
acj;uGmrf:oj; ]]ugyf;qof;pof:cofsv;cj;cof rD:umrf,vDaOsv; qif,vh;

rj:Nyf.xlyf:pefuef/ cj;cof qlrf:qlrf:Oldof:Oldof: erf.wjayj:wluf:
bof./ ySif;eif,cj;pof:cofyAefvh;eef. awrkdof.cof;Nifzuf:aO aw
vl,wmef:xkdif qof;pof:cofatj;/ wArfrldof;yh,Mwf;vif:ujeef. ayj:
ph;aO rkif;rgif:qof;pof:cofbl,bof;}}ehaO Okdyf,eef. wuj,Oxj:
cof Nrf;uefbgef:Ol:oj; ]]scr,kv,jwr;dcr:jKwr: H;mUnr;sKwr: dznr:
dKwr:jJnr;gdr:yqnr }}ehbl,bof./
wnr:tI. 19A02A2005 nnr. hqdr:b/crhbr.awrcJnr:d/nr:

anrjwr;Csv,sukminr,d El; dgv,mKcr:do:d/nr:mv: dv,scr,k
lugr;hqnr:do: mKcr:sI,”wr, nJcr;jwr; edv,lv, 100 dv, 65 jwr;El;
dv,cJnr:gzcrg/cr edv,lv, 5,000 yU,ywr.> wo/:esd/nr:cJnr:ywr.
scr,klugr;hqnr:do:dcr:sqcr; pzmr.gnryznr:sU:bnr ^H;jwr;Csv,
sukminr,d El;dgv,mKcr:do:dcr:sqcr; yU,lIgdr:yqnr bqnrg/nr
sv,snv, gfv,wnr:dvmKwr:nv;esgmr:&noyU,ywr.>
oef:xD. 26_4_2005 qof;wh: 10 wlef qldof:teftgif,

ylef.qef. M.A sv; B.A wD;qef.qgrf (Buddhists and Pali
University) ckdef;pyf.qkrf; wD;Nif:apjvlif BMICH oAif:ulof,vrf,
ylof,/ oef:eef. cofqof;Odyf:wlef pAwf:yAefwD;rhmwgif: oef:ymif
pyf.qkrf;ehaO Nrf;uefumyf;Ogrf:efG Ogrf:oef:bl,bof;/
cofqof; 10 qof;qrf. -
1. qof;cl:tdef,wu qhm:tmrf: (M.A)
2. qof;cl:Oef,wj,xdu wkdef:qkdef; (First Class)
3. qof;cl:ynf,nj,eef,w xAefuSof; (Second Upper Class)
4. qof;cl:uef,wrj, aej,OSif (Second Upper Class)
5. qof;TOj,OkoI rmof:crf: (Second Lower Class)
6. qof;TOj,eef,awj:zj,O qgrfOSif (Second Lower Class)
7. qof;cl:eef,wdb (vhgauj,) (Second Lower Class)
8. qof;cl:eef,wrj,vj, zlif:oef:
9. qof;cl:ac,rj,qj,I cldof:crf:
10. qof;cl:xrf,rOj,rd aej,crf:vj.
ymifukrfvlif wj,Nrf;uefOvgifoef:odOj,c vldefNuf:rlef:

oef:xD. 06_05_2005 wj,awrldof:ckdef; ymifukrfvlifwj,
pAwf:ymifygh:odOj,cyl,qj, vldefNuf:rlef: wlof;vluf; tefvlifygif
qkdif;xh:sv;qkrf: U.N cof Nrf;pAwf: wD;rldif:xh:eef. (ayj:cfG;N.
vgif;eh. wD;uGmif;ref: vlwlnf:wD;ej;vduf; 13 efG:yyf.eh.wj.)
qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd vkuf.wD;rldif: tif:udwf:aO
rj:so.wD;oAif:ulof,vrf,ylof,/ oef:xD. 28_05_2005 qof;cl:arjvlif
Dr. crf:rhm xrf,rOj,rd ckdef:vkuf.wD;rldif:xh: rj:xkdifulof,vrf,ylof,/
oef:xD. 02_06_2005 ref:qof; ckdef:yguf;rldof: rldif:tif:udwf:bl,
bof./
oef:xD. 20_05_2005 Oif,cvkuf;pAef:wh: rldif:OD,Nof,wif:

OAif; Nrf;uefaO wmef:Ogrf:szzgef:vD Olif,xkdifqof;wlefcl:vlif
odyOf.Oe (yHqepdwxI) (owf.ydwuwf;? oAif:wlef;wD:) tef
cof;qmrf, Olefrmuf,pmuf;crf:uGj, rldof;oef:xD. 10_05_2005 eef.bl,
bof./
oef:xD. 23_06_2005 qof;teftgif,ylef. qef. M.A wD;

qef.qgrfau,veD,b (Kelaniya University) sv; Diploma cofqof;
12 wlef ckdef;pyf.qkrf; wD;Nif:apjvlif BMICH oAif:ulof,vrf,ylof, eef.
bl,bof./ oef:eef. cofqof;Nrf;uef pAwf:yAefwD;rhmwgif: oef:vh;pyf.
qkrf;ehaO Nrf;uefwmef: Ogrf:efGOgrf:oef: xkdifOif,cvkuf;pAef:wh:

wif:OAif;bl,bof./
cofqof; 12 wlefqrf. -
1. qof;cl:ynf,nj,OD,Id Ohmygef (Distinction)
2. qof;cl:eIdef,w crf:bgwf; (Distinction)
3. qof;cl:atj:qdef,w (Distinction)
4. qof;TOj,odOkwf.x uSof;
5. qof;TOj,uodef,w rguf,crf:Ogh;
6. qof;cl:OD,Idef,w ymefrfG,
7. qof;cl:ynf,nj,orf,O OSifrlef:
8. qof;cl:aqj:wdu Ol.ref;
9. qof;cl:ukrj,I crf:vhm:
10. qof;cl:zwf.wdb vif:OfG
11. qof;TOj,crj,okx aej,Ol.elef: (Diploma)
12. qof;cmoftkwf.wreef,wD, OSifvD
oef:xD. 17_07_2005 qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. crf:rhm xrf,r

Oj,rd vh;pyf.tofqkrf; Ph.D wD;qef.qgrf Oxford rldi:f tif:udwf:
eef.bl,bof./
oef:xD. 31_08_2005 wuj,vliftl:wdef,rgif,odef:+emif:

crf:qSef, (oAif:vldof,) qhm:ymef: + emif:elef: (rl,aq;) wmef:Ogrf:
qAwf:yef sr;xof;ehm:idkef:bgwf; auj.tefOAif;uGmrf,uGj, rldof;oef:
xD. 25_08_2005 eef.bl,bof./
qof;teftgif,ylef.qef. B.A (Kelaniya University)

1. qof;cl:ynf,nj,Oj,I ej.uRif: (First Class)
2. qof;cl:ynf,nj,eef,w aej,cldof: (First Class)
qldof:rj:Nrf;yh cmof:wmif:OD,Nof, yD 2004_2005
1. qof;cl:rkedef,w (omef;qmrfrldif:rl.) (Mwf; 01_12_2004)
2. qof;ae,rdef,w (vj;OAof;) (Mwf; 01_12_2004)
3. qof;cl:tjwdwfqjvifujI (uAif:wkif) (Mwf; 11_12_2004)
4. qof;rpj,aw,odef, (rldif:Ol;) (Mwf; 02_01_2005)
5. qof;rpj,oef:uSof; (rldif:emif:) (Mwf; 01._01_2005)
6. qof;rpj,aO,ej. (au:OD:) (Mwf; 07_01_2005)
7. qof;cl:ynf,nj,Oj,I (erf.wD:) (Mwf; 27_01_2005)
8. qof;TOj,atj:aq,b (vhm:cj;) (Mwf; 27_01_2005 )
9. qof;cl:yef,wo (vhm:cj;) (Mwf; 27_01_2005)
10. qof;Iuf.cdw (wj;cD;vAuf:) (Mwf; 27_01_2005 )
11. qof;odvj,Ouf.u (rldif:cmif) (Mwf; 27_01_2005)
12. qof;cl:aw,odef,w (erf.crf:) (Mwf; 16_06_2005)
13. qof;xrf,rOD,Id (erf.crf:) (Mwf; 16_06_2005)
14. qof;yef,wdw (erf.crf:) (Mwf; 16_06_2005)
15. qof;ynf,nj,azj:u (uAif:wkif) (Mwf; 27_07_2005)
16. qof;rpj,wdyf. (uAif:wkif) (Mwf; 18_01_2005)
17. qof;ynf,nj,azj:u (erf.vef;) (Mwf; 16_03_2005)
18. qof;eef,wOD,Id (uAif:wkif) (Mwf; 10_03_2005)
OAef;rhmqof;wj,e
ikdef:ugifumif ul;vgif;vgif;
Oif,cqof;pAef:vduf; rldif:vif:uj
nT:bIO 2005
mo/kbr. jJwr;jwr;dv,n d/nr:cJnr:
1 n/cr:kmr:b/cr, + n/cr:kmr:cJnr: gqcr:ducr U$. 100
2 bv;kmr: gqcr:ducr U$. 50
3 jo/:tunr: + n/cr:lv. mU,ej; U$. 100
4 jo/:yI; + n/cr:bQcr: gqcr:ducr Rs. 6000
5 no/:simr,kmr: kmr:tunr: mU,ej; U$. 100
6 jwr;Csv,nRnv,t gGcr:Wcr, mU,ej; U$. 100
7 no/:kmr:yzdr; mU,ej; Rs. 2000
8 jo/:el:no/,+n/cr:mLv.gLI,+eaamr mU,ej; U$. 100
9 no/:mLv.dinr, mU,ej; U$. 50
10 n/cr:gLv,aU: mU,ej; U$. 50
11 n/cr:d/nr:gLI, mU,ej; U$. 100
12 no/:gzcr:mU: mznr:lazcr,kcrx dv;lKwr, Rs. 3000
13 no/:cJnr:Wcr: mU,ej; Rs. 5000
14 Em;azgr,pUcr: mKcr:to: Rs. 4000
15 jo/:dKwrx + n/cr:tikmr:kzcr, mU,ej; U$. 100
16 n/cr:sUYr,yUcr, mU,ej; Rs. 1000
17 kicr:no/:yzdr;cJnr: mU,ej; U$. 50
18 no/:kicr:wdrxkmr: mU,ej; Rs. 2000
19 kicr:jJnr;Wcr: + no/:jJnr;Wcr: mU,ej; U$. 100
20 no/:m/nr,ainr, dv;lKwr, U$. 30
21 jo/:egLv,aU: + n/cr:kmr:kinr, dv;lKwr, U$. 10
22 gUwr,minrx + n/cr:kmr:jicr, U$. 10
23 n/cr:mLv.gLI, mU,ej; U$. 50
24 kicr:szo;sQcrs/cr,tunr:+no/:szo;sQcrazcr,em,
Rs. 1000
mU,ej;
25 no/:azcr,jUwr: nmrxkmr: Ks. 500
26 jo/:lQcr + n/cr:et: mU,ej; Ks. 5000
27 scr,k “wrgGcr:do: gqcr:ducr U$. 120
28 jo/:ea: + n/cr:kmr:mo, mU,ej; Rs. 3000
29 jwr;Csv,bnr,di gGcr:gqcr:ho/: U$. 100
30 Em;azgr,yqnr, wqcr:dUnr;dI: U$. 105
31 OD;pdkif;atmifrsKd;jrifh+eef;crf;rdkxGef; vm;½Id;
¥. 10,000
(*syefa&muf)
32 OD;pdkif;qdkifrkwf rdk;ukwf (*syefa&muf) ¥. 5,000
33 OD;pdkif;qrf + eef;tkH;tkH;oG,f wmcsDvdwf

¥. 5,000
(*syefa&muf)
34 eef;qD[Grf usKdif;wkH (*syefa&muf) ¥. 3,000
35 OD;pdkif;pdkif; vGdKifaumf (*syefa&muf) ¥. 2,000
36 eef;eef; awmifBuD; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 2,000
37 eef;ESif;oDwmxGef; &efukef (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,500
38 udkausmfrif;OD;+rvwfvwf[ef &efukef
¥. 1,100
(*syefa&muf)
39 a':t,feD Aef;armf (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
40 udkodef;atmif &efukef (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
41 jrefrmax&0g'Ak'¨bmomjyKtoif; (MTBA)
¥. 6,000
(*syef)
42 eef;atrD rdom;pk vm;½Id; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 5,000
43 udkxGef;OD; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 4,000
44 pdkif;apmxGef;+eef;pE´mrdk; vm;½Id; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 3,000
45 pdkif;0if;az vm;½Id; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 3,000

46 udktkef;jrifh (*syefa&muf) ¥. 3,000
OAef;rhmqof;wj,e ikdef:ugifumif \ 299
47 pdkif;xGef;vSdKif (*syefa&muf) ¥. 2,000
48 OD;wif0if;+a':at;oef; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 2,000
49 udkodef;wef (*syefa&muf) ¥. 2,000
50 a':cifwifh (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,500
51 ra0 (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,100
52 pdkif;rif;aZmf (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
53 udk0if;atmif (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
54 reDeD (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
55 udkoef;Edkif (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
56 rjzLjzLoif; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
57 udkcifarmifxl; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
58 rtdtdcif (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
59 armifoD[ (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
60 roDwmvIdif (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
61 rolZmEG,f (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
62 rEk,OfEG,f (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
63 udkodef;0if;+roD&d (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
64 rrmvm (*syefa&muf) ¥. 500
65 oQmrf;pmayESifh,Ofaus;rItoif; (*syef) ¥. 10,000
66 pdkif;ausmfodef;+eef;EkEkNidrf;rdom;pkrdom;pk
¥. 5,000
awmif;BuD; (*syefa&muf)
67 uG,fvGefol zcifOD;pdkif;&Guftm;&nfpl;í
¥. 5,000
om; pdkif;&Gufwpfyf usKdif;wkH (*syefa&muf)
68 udkEdkifpdk;vGif rdom;pk (*syefa&muf) ¥. 5,000
69 rpef;pef;0if; rdom;pk (*syefa&muf) ¥. 5,000
70 udkjrifhvGif (*syefa&muf) ¥. 5,000
71 eef;at;rGefESifhrdom;pk vm;½Id; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 3,000
72 udkaevif;atmif+rcifcifav;rdom;pk
¥. 3,000
(*syefa&muf)
73 eef;at;Munf rlq,f (*syefa&muf) ¥. 3,000
74 pdkif;EGrf;+Ms. Sachiko Hiraoka usKid ;f wkH (*syef) ¥. 2,000
75 eef;usefEGrf; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,500
76 eef;axG; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
77 eef;usef½Sef (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
78 eef;wefcrf; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
79 udkjrifhpdk;+eef;,Of,Ofodef; (*syefa&muf) ¥. 1,000
80 Mr. Masuda, Japan ¥. 1,000
81 Mr. Onisai Junji, Japan ¥. 1,000
82 Mr. Kenchi Iwasaki, Japan ¥. 1,000
83 Mr. Kaneko Yoshiyo + eef;atGausmuf usKdif;wkH
¥. 1,000
(*syefa&muf)
84 Daorueng Allen, Japan ¥. 500
85 Dr. Srilaksana Kunjara Department of
£. 600
Immunocacy, London
86 Dr. Kyaw Thin U$. 100
87 qof;TOj,odrvzduf.ck rdlif:Ol; U$. 200
88 qof;TOj,Okcrdef,wsv; wuj,rdlif:wh: U$.11200
89 jwf;xsv,lUcf gCcf:mUicf:wI: U$. 10
90 qof;cl:tdef,wu (qhm:tmrf:)? USA U$. 1000
91 wuj,rdlif:wh: wmef:rj:qgrf: qof;cl:odqdwf.w U$. 952
92 qhm:cemefOmrfOof rdlif:bl,eef,? qdkif;sc, U$. 100
93 qof;cl:eef,war,xj,? rdlif:tif:udwf: U$. 50
94 qof;cl:arjvlif Dr. xrf,rOj,rd rdlif:tif:udwf: U$. 250
OAef;rhmqof;wj,e idkef:ugifumifyhm:bl,vDOif,cwh:apjuAif:wkif efG:yD 2005
rhmcyf. qdkof;qof;wj,e idkef:wmef:

1 qof;TOj,Okcrdef,wsv;wuj,rdlif:wh: US $, 200
2 qof;TOj,ejIw ymif,Ohm: Rs, 4,500
3 Sao Kiao Murng Mangrai, UK US $, 50
4 Dr. Kyaw Thinn, Sao Phong Keau Thinn, UK US $, 100
5 U Maung Maung Kyi, Dr. Nyunt Nyunt Tin, UK US $, 500
OAef;rhmidkef:vl, Oif,cvkuf;pAef:wh:
qldof:pAef:vduf;eguf;rldif: eF:yD 2005
tefvl,wmef: wD;qof;Okcrf: (wmif.bmef:)
rhm qdkof;qof;wj,e idkef:
1 qkrf:yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj,v OSefoD 160850
2 qhM;ekrf,cldof: emif:atab; rl,aq; 100000
3 rl,qkrf:Omif,umef: 108 rguf,ugefcrf: rl,aq; 50000
4 qhm:OhmvSif; emif:wD,wj,at: rl,aq; 50000
5 ayj;zBj:rlid f:zlif: emif:Okuf: cofwif:Ndef: 50000
6 ymifTwj:rlid :f Omwf, uRi:f ymifp:h 370000
7 qhm:OSifrild f: wmif:OSifqid f, cofwif:Ndef: rlid f:wlef 150000
8 qhm:vgef.clod :f emif:ek rlid f:wlef 50000
9 ymifapj:Twj: uRi:f rln,f awj, rldi:f wlef 100000
10 ymifapj:Twj: uRif;rlnf,awj, rlid f:yef, 300000
ymifTwj: rguf,rh,? erf.vgwf,? erf.Huf:? ej:avj.?
11 159400
ugif:vdefrkuf.
12 ymifTwj: uRif:umifoAif: rlid f:ehm: 170000
13 ymifTwj: uRif;rln,f awj, ymifvgi:f +zhmcke,f 133500
14 emif:elef:qdif, apjrlid :f vle
d :f wle;f wD: 50000
15 ymifTwj: uRi:f ydwumwf; wle;f wD: 345600
16 ymifTwj: uRi:f umifymifw:D egiyf dif uRu.f sr: 107600
17 ymifTwj: uRi:f wj;ylu,f OD,ayj. 640000
18 ymifTwj: uRi:f umif OD,ayj. 410000
rhm qdkof;qof;wj,e idkef:
19 (cdif:idkef:Mif:vmof:Okod f, rlid f:ylof;) ehm:idkef:Mif: rl,aq; 50000

20 qhm:vpmef, (ymifvlif) wD;uRif:ydwumwf; ymifvlif 240000
21 qof;vSif:OF emif:tmrfelef: yguf.OD, erf.qmrf 100000
22 ymifTwj: uRi:f Okcw
d j,bli,f erf.qmif 650000
23 aujvdu;f vhm:sv;zdif;si;wh: erf.qmif 50000
24 ymifTwj: uRi:f ymif vhm:cj; 260000
25 ymifTwj: uRi:f rln,f awj, ymifvlif 450000
26 ymifTwj: uRi:f OD<Idrif,uvj,Ohmclod :f rlid :f ukw;f 260000
27 qhmrBe d .f tgif, emif:atrD: Nofrild :f rlid f:ukw;f 500000
qhm;yat: emif:wdef,at: sv; vkuf;bdif:
28 50000
bdi:f wef,wj,at: Nofridl :f rlid :f ukw;f
29 (cdi:f vmof:tlod ,f )? yj;crf;uBmef,? emif:atrD: rlid :f ukw;f 50000
30 ymifTwj: uRi:f OSif OSeof D 160000
31 qhm:vokef: TOj,remif:Olnf,wdef. yguf.(2) OSefoD 120000
32 ymifTwj: tlrkefxrf:Nrf;Oj, wmif.bmef: 200000
33 ymifTwj: uRi:f qdermef,tgi,f rlid :f ymwf, 76000
34 ymifTwj: uRi:f Mif, rlid ;f bh 100000
35 ymifTwj: vhgwkdifcrf: rl,aq; yguf;urf:(8) 658000
36 ymifTwj: uRif;Nrf;bAef vj;OAof; 220000
37 qhm:tgi,f az, emif:rdrdarj, ygu.f (12) vj;OAof; 100000
38 ymifTwj: uRi:f crf:rki,f Oj, erf.wl; 136300
39 ymifTwj: uRi:f vhgwidk cf rf: rl,aq; ygu;f urf:(9) 1100000

40 ymifTwj: uRif:au,ovrmef,tgif, ulwf.chm 232000
41 ymifTwj: uRif:umif OSefoD 316000
42 ymifTwj: uRif:wluf: Ougef: rlid f:cmif 250000
43 ymifapj:Twj: oAif;erf.wD: rlid :f cmif 500000
44 rl,qkr:f uRi:f urf,rxmef: oAi:f rl,aqj 300000
45 cdi:f ehm:Og;h ike
d :f OFauBj,cde,f rl,aq; 50000
46 ymifTwj: uRif:aq,bOkc erf.crf: 200000
47 qof;wj,eOmif,umef:crf: (108) rl,aq; 100000
48 Oif,cqof; oAi:f rl,aq; (yg:h uxde,f ) 50000
49 qof;wj,evl.bgh;(pj;rkdef,avj:wF; cgef;avj:uef) + 152000
cgef;vkrf:uefwif:OAif; 11077250
ymuf,yhmOdyf:OSef qAwf:rkdefqAwf:pAif Ogifymuf,pj;Odyf:uBmyf;/
qof;wj,e tefvl,idkef:aq;eguf;rldif: wD;qof;Okcrf:

1. emif:cdef,xlnf: Idwf.wrf, OSif,chmcSyf:uGmrf: rl,aq; US$ 100
2. qhm:crf:qkdef; emif:tj:OBD vhm:cj; US$ 131
3. qhm:ckefqkrf, emif:OSifcrf:rh, ymifOmif: US$ 100
4. qof;odqdwf.wOj,I uRif:urf,rxmef: rldif:wlef US$ 20
5. abj:uD, wj;cD;vAuf: (ikdef:xh:) B 6800
qgrf:eif,qof;aq,wej,pof:cof ul;omef;ul;rldif: tgefuefqgh;xSrf

vl,wmef:rj:eef. OAef;rhmNofbgh;ref: trf,qmif;OF,yefvh; eF:yyf.eh.
eh cSef:awj; omif:cGmif:yefaOurf:/ ugyf;eef qif,vh;Hyf;aO OF,yef
wrf;wD; eF:yyf.cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,eh.ulnf:atj;/
aq,wej, qof;wj,epof:cof tefvh;vl,wmef:oh.eef. ref:
wkdef:cof;yAef arj;tkrfcrf:tekuj,rdu (arj;tkrfcrf: tefawyj:uGj,
qmwf;ej;)bof.sv; tgefuefygif,qFNrfqlrf:qgrf: wmif:vl,qof;uof,aO
urf:/
acj;rhm / / Oif,cF;N.OAef;rhm wD;uGmif;ref:qkdif bgef:wlnf:wD;qof;Okcrf:

aOurf:/
vDtD:vl
auj.tefvh;cmrf,wmif:yldef; rdyf,iSef:xkyf.ayj.eef.
vDtD:vlref:bl,/
auj.tefrdyf,iSef:xkyf.ayj.yldef;eef.auj;
cSef:vDtD:vlref: vldofwgef:bof./
ugyf;Oifayj:oj;ehqkdif
auj.tefvhmcmrf,rdyf,iSef:xkyf.ayj.eef.
ref:Ohm;wSef: olwf;omwf;ref:bl,bof.sv;
olwf;omwf;ref: ay,uGj,urf;zgif;bof./
auj.tefrdyf,iSef:xkyf.ayj.yldef;eef.sw. bgef.yldof;
ref:auj,olwf;rF,sv; vDtD:vlref:
tefref:awvh;uGj,cmrf, rldof:ej;eef.bof./
qof;Okcrf: (wmif.bmef:)
owf.wh:ykwf.xubj, rldif:tdef:wD:bj:
(Khuva Boon Chum Tai Temple,
Buddha Gaya, India)
“owf.wh:ykwf.xuj,bj,” trf,eef “owf.wh:cl:oj:okef:qkrf.

ykwf.xuj,bj,”eh. sw,tguf,yhm:olef. wj,auj,wif;rj: qArfrldof;pmifyD
1996 eef.aO rSef;rldof;zgif: qof;Odefxrf: cl:oj:okef:qkrf.sv; qkrf:
wlefcl:qof;nj,eoI (owf.rpjazjxd? uAif;wkif)cof oh;Tzj:Nyf.nj:uef
wD;yj,Ij,eOD, rldif:tdef:wD:bj:eef.bof;/ tdifeldofyhm:olef.vD tkyf,
tlof:? vh;qFuef tefcF;rD:owf.wh: wD;ykwf.xubj, wj,yD;egif. qmof:
cldof:wh:eef.aO qif,vh;yefcmof, ykdefzmof, bkdef:pyf.Mif: idkef:wmef:
qof;aq,wej,Owf.xj:cofwif:vhmrj:bof./ rD:vdefwj,auj,? vh;pyf.
idkef:wmef: wj,Omif;rj:eif,eefrj:aOwj. bgef.wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,
udwf,cgif;ul;vgif;aO owf.wh:eh. awj,xkdifbmrf:eh. trf,xkdifwD;vDyAif:
ayj:pmef.qFrj:/
eF:yD 2005 zgif;qof;cl:arjvlif crf:rhm xrfrOjrd xlof:ej;
wuj,Owf.xj: rldif:tif:udwf:cof xkdifuGj,ykwf.xubj,aO vAyf;pAef:pef
rSef; yldifyAefowf.wh:emef:xkdifwD;eef. qof;qif,wSyf:wwf:oj; awcof;
yj:tgefNofpAwf:Omif;uGj, P;ayj:qAof:yAeferf.yAefwlofrj:- ehbof./ ayj:
pmifyD 2006 eh. bof.wlofuj;Hdofauj; awbmwf,erf.ref:xj;uGj, wD;ykwf.
xubj,? eif,HdofawyAefowf.oj: ckdfyf;ej;rj:eef.auj; awOkdyf,pAwf:
Omif;uGj,bl,- tefoj;eef. cF;yefvgif;ref;qFxkdif Owf.xj:cofwif:vhm
bl,-ehbof./
vgif;auj,Omif;owf.eh. trf,Hdif awtguf,vduf;cmof,wSwf;rj: wj,
qldof:cF;wmef:eef.bl,ehauj; bl,wD;ej;vduf; cmof:wmif:OD,Nof,eh.aO
vlif;ej;yefcmof,]mif.xkdif qof;Owf.xj:pof:cofwif:vhmbl,/
eif,Hdofqof;wj,ewif:vhm awvh;Nrfqlrf:qgrf:eef. OAef;rhm
ikdef:wmef:ref:auj; vh;qSif;serj: rD:eif,wD;wF;qldof:eh.bof./ eF:
OAef;rhmqldof:eh. Oifoj; rD:wD;wluf:Nif;phmvhm trf,vh;wSrf;rhmyj:rj:eh
cSef:awj;wluf,rguf,tguf,vmwf;xkdifaOsv; ygh,omif:yefaOurf:/
OAef;rhmidkef:wmef:
(yD< 2001-2006)
wj,auj,Omif; owf.wh:cl:oj:okef:qkrf.
wD;ykwf.xubj, rldif:tdef:WD:bj:
mo/kbr. jJwr;jwr;dv,n cJnr:d/nr:

1 qof;TOj,nj,eoI tgefNofxlof:ej: rl,qkrf:oh;Tzj: Rs.20,000
U$. 200
2 Bante Vipula (Vietnam) Rs. 4,700
3 Ven. Sao Sandima (Korea) U$. 500
4 yj;qmif:Olnf, tduf,vlnf;vkuf;vmif:
U$. 500
(omef;egifymif,? vhm:cj;)
5 ehm:crf:sv;vkuf;vmif: (wj;ukif;)
U$. 100
vkif:tgif,yj. (rldif:ukdif)
6 vkif:wdef,tgif,+emif:OSifMrf U$. 50
7 Dr. xkef:nkef. (vef,wef,) U$. 50
8 rl,qkrf:oh;Tzj: wj;cD;vAuf: Rs. 6,000
9 a':wifwif rdom;pk awmifBuD;NrdKU Ks. 40,000
10 qof;odykv (oSwf.emrf:) U$. 50

11 qkrf:oh;Tzj: uAif;wkif Rs. 11,820
U$. 125
12 cdif:vhgOlnf,uRif:thm;zlif: + ehm:vhgOlnf,uRif:
U$.1,000
tD,Omof cofsr;vkuf; wj;vldof,
13 TOj,qof;odqdwf.w? wlduf;rpj,uef,xj,Jlif,?
U$. 10
trIylI? wj;vldof,
14 qof;TOj,nj,e(uAif:wkif) yefoh.ikdef: wj,vgrf.Nof. U$. 500
15 qof;TOj,nj,e(uAif:wkif) yefoh.ikdef:
U$. 400
wj,zgwf;rl,qkrf: (Trust)
16 TOj,qof;OdIdef,w Culcutta Rs. 1,500
17 a':oD;aiG rdom;pk xm;0,fNrdKU U$. 10
18 OD;*sKd;Zuf+eef;prfqkdif (&efukef) U$. 100
19 emif:OSifyl:bD; vkuf;bdif: emif:bdif:bdif: uAif:wkif U$. 100
20 qhm;ekrf,+emif:zl: uAif:wkif U$. 100
21 qof;ckefOmrfvSrf+emif:ykuf: rldif:bmif: U$. 20
22 sr;vAif.erf.qmif Rs. 100
23 qhm:bD;oef:+emif:bAef, (vj;OAof;) U$. 100
24 Dr. OD;vSjrifh+eef;ESif;rIH (&efukef) Rs. 500
25 Dr. OD;oef;armif+eef;a&Tav; (awmifBuD;) Rs. 50
26 qkrf:xh: tefwmef:xdef, wD;owf. Holyland Rs. 11,530
27 qof;TOj,nj,esv;rl,qkrf:oh;Tzj: rl,aq<?
U$. 4,000
uAif:wkif? wj;cD;vAuf:
28 wmif:vl:qdef, erf.Olrf;? emif:yktdef, rldif:vmif: Rs. 670
29 OD;&SJef&Guf+eef;a&Txm; usKdif;wkHNrKd U Rs. 1,000
30 pkdif;&if+eef;Budrfcrf;(a'0l;) usKdif;wkH Rs. 1,000
31 TOj,qof;oqD,sv; qkrf:oh;Tzj: oAif:wj;cD;vDuf: Rs. 1,100
32 OD;0ZD&trSL;jyKí OD;ausmfausmf+a':cifarvif;
U$. 50
rdom;pk &efukef
33 (OD;vSaz)+a':axG;? ausmufrJ Rs. 500
34 OD;aZm0if;+a':,OfaxG;? ausmufrJ Rs. 100
35 a':apmjrifh ausmufrJ Rs. 100

36 a':pef;pef;aX; ausmufrJ Rs. 100
37 OD;aX;vIdif+a':crf;pdef? ausmufrJ Rs. 100
38 OD;eE´m+a':pdefNrdKif ausmufrJ Rs. 300
39 OD;0if;armif+a':aX;? ausmufrJ Rs. 100
40 OD;wufxGef;+a':&ifar? ausmufrJ Rs. 200
41 OD;qkdifpdef? ausmufrJ Rs. 100
42 rarjrwfol? ausmufrJ Rs. 100
43 pcef;om tzGJU? ausmufrJ Rs. 200
44 OD;iif;aqmif? ausmufrJ Rs. 600
45 ukdausmfausmf+rcsKdcsKdaX;? &efukef Rs. 50

46 rydkYydkY(c)rcsKdrmat;? &efukef Rs. 50
47 (9) &yfuGuftzGJU? ausmufrJ Rs. 200
48 OD;vSatmif+ a':olZm ausmufrJ Rs. 100
49 yumawm&ausmif;q&mawmf ausmufrJ Rs. 200
50 pcef;omausmif;q&mawmf ausmufrJ Rs. 500
51 qof;oef,edw (yxrauBj,) uRuf:sr: Rs. 100
52 OK;0drvbdu©Kudk trSL;xm;í pkdif;atmifxGef;? pkdif;[ef

U$. 150
crf;? eef;pH[Grf? eef;pHcrf; armifESrrsm; rdkif;&SL;NrdKU/
53 OD;pkdif;xGef;jrwf+eef;EGrf;pdef? jrpfBuD;em; Rs. 2,000
54 vkif:qmh:uBD:+yj;rgef:qdif,?vj;OAof; Ks. 6,000
55 a':eef;wifjr rdom;pk? jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU Ks. 5,000
56 OD;aumif;pGef;+a':usefpDaz;wdkY&JU om;rsm; vm;½Id;NrdKU Ks.100,000
57 TOj,qmh:nkef.rgif,+emif:OSifwj, oAif:vj;OAof; Ks. 10,000
58 vkif:crf:vl,+yj;OSifqdif, wmif.bmef: Ks. 5,000
59 vkif:xkef:cBdwf.+yj;crf:Oj, oAif:vj;OAof; Ks. 3,000
60 yj;vhgOlnf,? oAif:vj;OAof; Ks. 1,000
61 emif:ehg.? emif:yof:? emif:rlofcrf:?
Ks. 2,000
qmh:xkef:at:+emif:yBLif: vj;OAof;
62 yj;vhgrkif,? rldif:umof Ks. 5,000
63 TOj,remif:vj.ilnf, rdlif:umof Ks. 1,000
64 TOj,remif:elef:crf:? oAif:erf.crf: Ks. 1,000
65 zj.rpj,Olrfygif:? owf.xh: ykwf.xubj, Rs. 8,000
66 OD;oef;0if;+a':&ifat; &efukef Rs. 100

67 a':pef;pef;0if;? jyifOD;vGif Ks. 5,000
68 OD;vSxGef;+a':Munf? &efukef Rs. 100
69 OD;xGef;&Sdef+a':odef;ar anmifOD;NrdKU Rs. 500
70 OD;okZe? arC0wDawm& &efukef U$. 70
71 udkatmifjrifh+roef;wif ausmufrJ Rs. 250
72 a':Z0eÓPD? ausmufrJ U$. 100
73 a':atmif rdom;pk erfhcrf;NrdKU Ks. 20,000
74 a':atmifneG Yf erfcrf;NrdKU Ks. 10,000
75 a':wHk&if (a&SUodkY)? erfhcrf; Ks. 10,000
76 ehm:crf:qdkef;ckefthm; erf.crf: Ks. 10,000
77 ehm:rmef,tdef,rgef: erf.crf: U$. 100
78 ehm:Ogh;Ndif:rlnf: erf.crf: Rs. 1,000
79 cl:Ogefemif:vj.cdef,? rguf,crf:yof:?
Rs. 500
qhm:rdef.wmef:? oAif:erf.crf:
80 pkdif;oef;vGif+rolZmaxG;? &efukef Rs. 2,500
81 pkdif;atmifodef;+eef;aqGjr? awmifBuD; Rs. 2,500
82 pdkif;ausmf+a':vS&if? awmifBuD; Rs. 500
83 OD;pHvS+a':a&ToD? awmifBuD; Rs. 500
84 a':jroef;? awmifBuD; Rs. 500
85 vkif:Omif,tmh;? oAif:erf.crf: Rs. 2,500
86 yj;bgwf;crf:xgef:? oAif:wj;vldof, Rs. 300
87 OD;xGef;vif;+a':usifMunf? erfhcrf;NrdKU Rs. 500
88 a':arusif? a':a&Tjr? awmifBuD; Ks. 11,000
89 a':rkdifvdefY? erfhcrf;NrdKU Ks. 10,000
Rs. 500
90 udkrJ? awmifBuD;NrdKU Ks. 5,000
91 a':crf;usef? ydwfp, G f&yf? rkd;ukwfNrdKU Ks. 3,000
92 OD;avm0fqef? erfhcrf;NrdKU Rs. 500
93 TOj,remif:ar,? erf.crf: Rs. 500
94 OD;pdefaomif;+a':wifa&T rGefjynfe,f Rs. 200
95 vkif:crf:+yj;Olnf,tgif,? vj;OAof; U$. 100
96 vkif:xkef:at: vj;OAof; Rs. 2,000
97 a':oef;&if awmifBuD; U$. 20
98 a':&if&if? a':rkdifcrf; awmifBuD; U$. 200
99 ehm:xD:uRif:idkef: vj;OAof; U$. 10
100 ehm:rlofOgef:yD:? rldif:cgef U$. 100
101 ehm:edof.yof:rlofidkef:? rldif:cgef U$. 100
102 emh:rlofOgef:sr;thm;zl; oAif:vj;OAof; Ks. 10,000
103 pkdif;ausmfvGif+eef;qdkif[Grf &efukef U$. 10
104 ehm:OSifat:sr;tgif, vj;OAof; U$. 100
105 emh:vghrmef,crf: vj;OAof; U$. 100
106 emh:r[OSif (rdcsKdav;) vj;OAof; U$. 100
107 emh:rlofMif:? yguf.(5) vj;OAof; U$. 100
108 emh:Olnf,uRif:sr;zAif:tgif, vj;OAof; U$. 100
109 OD;Munfrif;+a':jrrIef vm;½Id; U$. 20
Bhs. 150
110 emh:rmef,OSifrkif. vj;OAof; U$. 50
111 qkrf:rj:oh;Tzj: vj;OAof; Ks. 10,500
112 Qkrf:wuj,oh;Tzj: vj;OAof;? wlef;wD:? rldif:cgef? U$. 1,110
Rs. 2,000
wj;ukif; Ks. 20,500
Bhs. 150
113 e[:wlduf;wkif:idkef: (Donation Box) U$. 2

Rs. 100
114 qof;odykv? oSwf.emrf: U$. 50
115 tj:qmefbmef:ej:oD: Rs. 500
116 yD;egif.uAif:wkif? oAif:vldof, Rs. 500
117 emh:xh: (tefrj:qgrf:qof;Olrfygif:) Rs. 1,400
118 wuj,rldif:Omwf,cof Nrf;uefwmef: Rs. 810

Rs. 300
119 yD;egif.wh: tefqof;Ogifyj: tgefNofaO rj:oh;Tzj: Rs. 150
120 OD;omEk+a':wifOD;? ausmufrJNrdKU Rs. 300
121 a':crf;pH rdom;pk? bk&m;zl;tzGJU Ks. 10,000
122 qof;rpj,Ij,qdef,w? rldif:xh: U$. 100
123 yD;egif.crf:wD:? omef;uRif:crf: Rs. 350
124 qof;rmof:vSif: cofwif:Ndef: Rs. 500
125 tj:qmef bmef:eoD: tgefNof wmef:uxdef, Rs. 14,710
126 Dr. Srilaksama Kunyara Na Ayutthaya, London £. 100
Dr. Aung Soe+Dr Nyo Nyo Htwe,

127 Son- Tun Soe Kent, UK.
£. 100
128 qof;rpj,nj,edef,w vef,wef, £. 50
129 Sao Hseng Ong & Sao Hom, USA U$. 500
130 Sao Dong Phong Noan, USA U$. 300
OD;armifarmifMunf+ DR. nGefYnGefYwif?

131 U$. 300
om;-oufydkifndrf;? orD;-,kav;rGef? UK
132 David Cave & Mrs. Daw Yu Yu Wai, UK U$. 50
133 Dr. jrifh0if;? t*Fvef U$. 50
Dr. armifarmifvwf + Dr. a':oef;oef;aqG

134 rdom;pk? t*Fvef
U$. 200
135 Sao Kiao-murng & Sao Sein Mya (Keng Tung)
U$. 100
UK
136 Dr. Kyaw Thim & Sao Phong Keaw, UK U$. 100
137 OD;armifarmifoef;+a':oef;oef;jrifh? t*FvefEdkifiH U$. 30
138 OD;0if;MuL+a':cifnGefY&if USA U$. 25
139 Dr. Kaysi Thinn, Aung Kyaw Thinn, UK. U$. 20
140 Dr. Hla Bu & Dr. Nyunt Nyunt Shwe, UK. U$. 10
141 OD;cspfpdef+a':jrifhjrifhvif;? OD;0if;MuL+ a':cifnGefY&if £. 10
142 Dr. ausmfaZ,s + Dr. &if&if0if; UK U$. 10
143 sr;qmif:Olnf, oAif:wlef;wD: U$. 52
144 a'gufwmarmifydk UK Rs. 1,000
145 a':jrifhjrifhOD; UK Rs. 500
146 a':wifwif0if; UK Rs. 500
147 a':jyHK;jyHK;jrifh ESifh orD;-,Of,Oftkef; Rs. 250
148 a':wmjrjrrl rdom;pk UK U$. 42
149 pdkif;xGef;&if rdom;pk? awmifBuD; U$. 300
150 a':cifaroD awmifBuD; U$. 20
151 pkdif;xGef;&D+eef;at;pdef? ar&Srf;acgufqGJ? rEÅav; U$. 87
152 pkdif;zkd;pdef+eef;aiGMunf? rEÅav; U$. 9
Hyf;wkrf ikdef: Rs 116,490

Hyf;wkrf ikdef: U$ 13,062
Hyf;wkrf ikdef: £ 360
Hyf;wkrf ikdef: Ks 311,000

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